Article(id=1268884543252632146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=1772726400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455249846, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455249846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455249846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455249846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884543495901780, articleId=1268884543252632146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Backfill Grouting Effectiveness Analysis of Shield Tunnel Based on Herschel-Bulkley Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the influence of grout rheological properties on the backfill grouting process, a rotational viscometer was first employed to measure the rheological behavior of cement-based grouts with different ratios, analyzing the effects of various ratios on rheological parameters. Subsequently, combined with Herschel-Bulkley model and fluid simulation software, a numerical model for backfill grouting was established. Finally, the grouting process and effectiveness under the influence of factors such as location and number of grouting holes, grouting pressure, and grout ratios were investigated. The results indicate that yield stress and consistency coefficient are primarily affected by the water-binder ratio, but this influence diminishes when the water-binder ratio exceeds 0.85. The rheological index is noticeably influenced by the water-binder ratio, bentonite-water ratio, and cement-fly ash ratio, yet exhibits poor regularity. During grout filling, the top region undergoes 4 stages of evolution, whereas other regions experience only 2 stages. Positioning grouting holes near the vault can improve the filling effectiveness in the top region, and increasing the number of grouting holes accelerates the filling rate but reduces the total grout volume during the rapid growth stage. Increasing the water-binder ratio or decreasing the bentonite-water ratio reduces yield stress, thereby enhancing filling speed and volume. Increasing grout density delays early-stage filling but benefits the accumulation of total grout volume in later stages. Since excessive pressure at middle grouting holes suppresses later-stage filling speed and volume, achieving optimal filling performance requires the maximum pressure at upper grouting holes and minimum pressure at middle grouting holes.

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为探究浆液流变性对壁后注浆过程的影响,首先,采用旋转黏度计测试不同配比下水泥基浆液的流变行为,分析不同配比对流变参数的影响;然后,结合Herschel-Bulkley模型和流体模拟软件,建立壁后注浆数值模型;最后,探究注浆孔位置和数量、注浆压力、浆液配比等因素影响下的注浆过程和注浆效果。结果表明:屈服应力和稠度系数主要受水胶比影响,但水胶比超过0.85后影响减弱;流变指数受水胶比、膨水比和灰粉比影响均较为明显,但规律性较差;浆液填充过程中只有顶部区域经历4阶段演化,其余区域均为2阶段;拱顶附近布设注浆孔可提高顶部区域填充效果,增加注浆孔数量可加快浆液填充速度,但会降低快速增长阶段的浆液总体积;增大水胶比或减小膨水比均可减小屈服应力,从而提高填充速度与填充量;增大浆液密度会延缓前期填充,但有利于增大后期浆液总体积;中部注浆孔压力较大会抑制后期填充速度与填充量,为实现较好的填充效果,应做到上部注浆孔压力最大、中部注浆孔压力最小。

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封坤(1983—),男,陕西延川人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士。E-mail:
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梁晓明(1996—),男,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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梁晓明(1996—),男,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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因素12345
水胶比0.650.750.850.951.05
胶砂比0.450.550.650.750.85
膨水比0.050.100.150.200.25
灰粉比0.150.300.450.600.75
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不同因素水平

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因素12345
水胶比0.650.750.850.951.05
胶砂比0.450.550.650.750.85
膨水比0.050.100.150.200.25
灰粉比0.150.300.450.600.75
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组号方程R2组号方程R2
1τ=3.243+0.954 7γ0.896 40.98114τ=1.922+0.166 6γ0.879 80.932
2τ=1.309+0.295 9γ0.926 20.97915τ=8.128+0.296 6γ1.443 00.749
3τ=2.762+0.571 9γ0.889 70.98416τ=1.657+0.756 5γ0.764 20.992
4τ=9.165+0.232 0γ1.9900.71117τ=1.170+0.698 9γ0.764 40.994
5τ=1.066+2.232 0γ0.617 20.98018τ=2.478+0.028 6γ1.437 00.927
6τ=1.188+0.486 9γ0.904 30.98819τ=4.424+0.305 7γ1.152 00.953
7τ=1.316+0.393 3γ0.841 00.98620τ=1.633+2.522γ0.602 30.969
8τ=2.674+0.003 3γ2.033 00.88821τ=2.223+0.053 0γ1.290 00.970
9τ=2.013+0.358 8γ0.847 80.97722τ=2.711+0.613 9γ0.817 50.976
10τ=1.936+0.478 1γ0.946 80.97123τ=2.169+1.634γ0.783 70.943
11τ=0.382 0γ0.774 90.99024τ=1.387+0.950 8γ0.717 10.975
12τ=1.355+0.447 6γ0.825 50.98925τ=1.135+0.508 7γ0.796 90.990
13τ=10.000+0.034 1γ3.0330.576
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流变曲线拟合方程

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组号方程R2组号方程R2
1τ=3.243+0.954 7γ0.896 40.98114τ=1.922+0.166 6γ0.879 80.932
2τ=1.309+0.295 9γ0.926 20.97915τ=8.128+0.296 6γ1.443 00.749
3τ=2.762+0.571 9γ0.889 70.98416τ=1.657+0.756 5γ0.764 20.992
4τ=9.165+0.232 0γ1.9900.71117τ=1.170+0.698 9γ0.764 40.994
5τ=1.066+2.232 0γ0.617 20.98018τ=2.478+0.028 6γ1.437 00.927
6τ=1.188+0.486 9γ0.904 30.98819τ=4.424+0.305 7γ1.152 00.953
7τ=1.316+0.393 3γ0.841 00.98620τ=1.633+2.522γ0.602 30.969
8τ=2.674+0.003 3γ2.033 00.88821τ=2.223+0.053 0γ1.290 00.970
9τ=2.013+0.358 8γ0.847 80.97722τ=2.711+0.613 9γ0.817 50.976
10τ=1.936+0.478 1γ0.946 80.97123τ=2.169+1.634γ0.783 70.943
11τ=0.382 0γ0.774 90.99024τ=1.387+0.950 8γ0.717 10.975
12τ=1.355+0.447 6γ0.825 50.98925τ=1.135+0.508 7γ0.796 90.990
13τ=10.000+0.034 1γ3.0330.576
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流变参数水胶比胶砂比膨水比灰粉比
τ03.9511.5683.6802.734
k0.8730.4390.7080.622
n0.6790.3960.6500.715
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极差分析

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流变参数水胶比胶砂比膨水比灰粉比
τ03.9511.5683.6802.734
k0.8730.4390.7080.622
n0.6790.3960.6500.715
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基于Herschel-Bulkley模型的盾构隧道壁后注浆效果分析
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梁晓明 1, 2 , 何川 1, 2 , 封坤 1, 2 , 张景轩 1, 2 , 窦和潮 3 , 孙伟亮 3 , 吴自力 4 , 杨晓亮 4
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 120-133
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 120-133
基于Herschel-Bulkley模型的盾构隧道壁后注浆效果分析
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梁晓明1, 2 , 何川1, 2, 封坤1, 2 , 张景轩1, 2, 窦和潮3, 孙伟亮3, 吴自力4, 杨晓亮4
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室,四川成都610031
  • 2.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川成都610031
  • 3.中铁十四局集团第四工程有限公司,山东济南250002
  • 4.中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司,四川成都610213
  • 梁晓明(1996—),男,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

封坤(1983—),男,陕西延川人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士。E-mail:
Backfill Grouting Effectiveness Analysis of Shield Tunnel Based on Herschel-Bulkley Model
Xiaoming LIANG1, 2 , Chuan HE1, 2, Kun FENG1, 2 , Jingxuan ZHANG1, 2, Hechao DOU3, Weiliang SUN3, Zili WU4, Xiaoliang YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, ChengduSichuan610031, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory for Intelligent Construction and Maintenance of Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering in Extreme Environment, Southwest Jiaotong University, ChengduSichuan610031, China
  • 3.China Railway 14th Bureau Group 4th Engineering Co., Ltd., JinanShandong250002, China
  • 4.Sinohydro Bureau 7 Co., Ltd., ChengduSichuan610213, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.11
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为探究浆液流变性对壁后注浆过程的影响,首先,采用旋转黏度计测试不同配比下水泥基浆液的流变行为,分析不同配比对流变参数的影响;然后,结合Herschel-Bulkley模型和流体模拟软件,建立壁后注浆数值模型;最后,探究注浆孔位置和数量、注浆压力、浆液配比等因素影响下的注浆过程和注浆效果。结果表明:屈服应力和稠度系数主要受水胶比影响,但水胶比超过0.85后影响减弱;流变指数受水胶比、膨水比和灰粉比影响均较为明显,但规律性较差;浆液填充过程中只有顶部区域经历4阶段演化,其余区域均为2阶段;拱顶附近布设注浆孔可提高顶部区域填充效果,增加注浆孔数量可加快浆液填充速度,但会降低快速增长阶段的浆液总体积;增大水胶比或减小膨水比均可减小屈服应力,从而提高填充速度与填充量;增大浆液密度会延缓前期填充,但有利于增大后期浆液总体积;中部注浆孔压力较大会抑制后期填充速度与填充量,为实现较好的填充效果,应做到上部注浆孔压力最大、中部注浆孔压力最小。

盾构隧道  /  壁后注浆  /  水泥基浆液  /  浆液配比  /  Herschel-Bulkley模型  /  注浆效果

To explore the influence of grout rheological properties on the backfill grouting process, a rotational viscometer was first employed to measure the rheological behavior of cement-based grouts with different ratios, analyzing the effects of various ratios on rheological parameters. Subsequently, combined with Herschel-Bulkley model and fluid simulation software, a numerical model for backfill grouting was established. Finally, the grouting process and effectiveness under the influence of factors such as location and number of grouting holes, grouting pressure, and grout ratios were investigated. The results indicate that yield stress and consistency coefficient are primarily affected by the water-binder ratio, but this influence diminishes when the water-binder ratio exceeds 0.85. The rheological index is noticeably influenced by the water-binder ratio, bentonite-water ratio, and cement-fly ash ratio, yet exhibits poor regularity. During grout filling, the top region undergoes 4 stages of evolution, whereas other regions experience only 2 stages. Positioning grouting holes near the vault can improve the filling effectiveness in the top region, and increasing the number of grouting holes accelerates the filling rate but reduces the total grout volume during the rapid growth stage. Increasing the water-binder ratio or decreasing the bentonite-water ratio reduces yield stress, thereby enhancing filling speed and volume. Increasing grout density delays early-stage filling but benefits the accumulation of total grout volume in later stages. Since excessive pressure at middle grouting holes suppresses later-stage filling speed and volume, achieving optimal filling performance requires the maximum pressure at upper grouting holes and minimum pressure at middle grouting holes.

Shield tunnel  /  Backfill grouting  /  Cement-based grout  /  Grout ratio  /  Herschel-Bulkley model  /  Grouting effectiveness
梁晓明, 何川, 封坤, 张景轩, 窦和潮, 孙伟亮, 吴自力, 杨晓亮. 基于Herschel-Bulkley模型的盾构隧道壁后注浆效果分析. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 120 -133 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.11
Xiaoming LIANG, Chuan HE, Kun FENG, Jingxuan ZHANG, Hechao DOU, Weiliang SUN, Zili WU, Xiaoliang YANG. Backfill Grouting Effectiveness Analysis of Shield Tunnel Based on Herschel-Bulkley Model[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 120 -133 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.11
壁后注浆是盾构隧道中关键工序,其主要作用在于填充盾尾脱空导致的地层和管片间隙;而在软弱破碎地层中,注浆还兼具加固地层的作用。因此,注浆效果决定了管片和地层的稳定性1。壁后注浆效果受施工参数和浆液性能等多种因素影响2,如施工中注浆压力过小,会降低注浆效率和扩散范围;而注浆孔设置不合理,也会导致注浆效果不理想3。明确不同因素对注浆效果的影响规律,有利于实现更为精细合理的注浆施工控制。
壁后注浆填充过程具有典型的阶段性特征。注浆初始,浆液以注浆孔为中心向周围扩散;随着浆液前锋推进,相邻注浆孔形成的浆液开始接触并相互融合;最终,实现浆液的密实填充4。注浆压力、地下水压力、浆液密度与黏度等因素均会影响注浆填充,这几个因素对填充率的影响依此减弱5。由于难以施加控制,重力很少被视为影响因素之一,但这并不代表可以忽略重力对注浆效果的影响。重力作用既会阻碍浆液向上填充,加快浆液向下填充6,而且浆液压力沿重力方向逐渐增加7-8。因此,注浆控制不合理时,极易在隧道顶部出现注浆不匀或局部空洞等情况9,此时通常需通过2次注浆予以补偿10
浆液在地层中的扩散显著受到地层特征的影响。地层孔隙率、渗透系数和含水率三者增大均有利于浆液扩散11-12,而含水率低至10%后,浆液则很难注入地层13。施工参数中,增大注浆压力和注浆时间均能促进浆液扩散14,特别是增大注浆压力后不仅会缩短注浆时间,还能降低浆液在高渗透地层中的流失15。浆液参数也会影响浆液在地层中的扩散。浆液黏度越低,扩散距离越大16-17。当浆液黏度具有显著时变性,黏度随时间增长在抑制浆液扩散的同时也会降低浆液损失18
采用理论或数值模拟方法研究注浆效果时,常以浆液流变方程作为基础。而现有研究中,浆液流变行为常被简化或采用假定的流变参数。针对现有研究不足,为解决盾尾间隙顶部填充不充分这一常见工程问题,本文以水泥、粉煤灰、膨润土和砂组成的水泥基浆液为研究对象,首先,测试了不同配比下的浆液流变行为,并给出基于Herschel-Bulkley模型的浆液流变方程,分析浆液配比对流变参数的影响;其次,结合Herschel-Bulkley模型和流体模拟软件,建立壁后注浆数值分析模型;最后,探究稳定地层中不同因素对壁后注浆填充效果的影响,提出有利于提高壁后注浆填充效果的参考依据。
水泥、粉煤灰、膨润土和砂组成的水泥基浆液是最常用的壁后注浆浆液,因此本研究以该浆液组成作为试验对象。试验所用水泥为普通硅酸盐水泥,是主要的胶凝材料;粉煤灰为Ⅱ级粉煤灰,其圆形颗粒可以减弱水泥颗粒间的摩擦且填充孔隙;膨润土用于增强浆液稳定性和保水性;砂为标准砂,作为浆液骨料,粒径在0.25~0.50 mm。
水泥基浆液流变性主要受材料掺量的影响,主要影响因素可以归为水胶比、胶砂比、膨水比和灰粉比4种。水泥和粉煤灰被归为胶凝材料。水胶比即水和胶凝材料之比,胶砂比为胶凝材料和砂之比,膨水比为膨润土和水之比,灰粉比为水泥和粉煤灰之比。
为分析浆液流变性对因素的敏感性,采用正交试验设计,对水胶比、胶砂比、膨水比和灰粉比4种因素各设置5个水平,见表1。为在有限的试验次数内尽可能获得接近全面试验的效果,保证每种因素的5个水平都能被覆盖,共安排25组试验,每种因素的每个水平均出现1次。
采用LVDV-2T旋转黏度计测量剪切应力与剪切速率之间的关系,试验仪器如图1所示。黏度计可实现0.1~200 r · min-1无级调速。以10 r · min-1为起始转速,以10 r · min-1为间隔提升转速,直至转速达到200 r · min-1,可以获得稳定的流变曲线。
完成25组流变性试验后,采用式(1)所示Herschel-Bulkley模型对所有试验结果进行拟合。
τ=τ0+kγn
式中:τ为剪切应力;τ0为屈服应力;k为稠度系数;γ为剪切速率;n为流变指数。
试验结果及获得的拟合曲线如图2所示,对应的拟合方程见表2,拟合效果以决定性系数R2进行表征。由表2可以发现:21组流变曲线的R2超过0.900,这意味着Herschel-Bulkley模型对浆液流变曲线的拟合效果较好,该模型可以被用于描述水泥基浆液的流变行为。
Herschel-Bulkley模型的流变参数包括屈服应力τ0、稠度系数k和流变指数n。屈服应力决定了浆液发生流动需要的最小剪切应力,屈服应力越小,浆液越容易流动;稠度系数代表浆液流动过程中的阻力,稠度系数越大,浆液流动所受阻力越大;流变指数决定了流体类型,取值为1时浆液为Bingham流体,大于1时浆液为膨胀性流体,小于1则意味着浆液为假塑性流体。图3为25组流变性试验中,不同浆液配比对流变参数的影响。由图3可以得到如下结论。
(1)水胶比较低时,水胶比的增大会降低浆液中固体颗粒的浓度、增大颗粒间的距离,从而使浆液变稀,削弱颗粒间的相互作用和摩擦阻力,降低浆液流动所需要的剪切应力下限以及内部阻力。但水胶比大于0.85后,水胶比增大对屈服应力和稠度系数的影响会下降。总体上,水胶比对流变指数的影响未呈现出明显规律,意味着该因素不会对浆液流体类型产生显著影响。
(2)含砂量的增加会增强固体颗粒间的挤密程度、增大浆液流动时颗粒间的摩擦阻力,从而减弱浆液的流动能力,使之更容易表现出剪切增稠特性。此外胶砂比增大虽然意味着含水量降低、屈服应力和流变指数降低,但稠度系数受胶砂比变化的影响相对较弱。
(3)膨润土具有吸水膨胀特性,能在浆液中形成可以有效束缚固体颗粒和自由水的絮凝结构。这一特性不仅会缩小固体颗粒间的空隙,而且会降低对固体颗粒具有润滑作用的自由水含量。因此,膨水比增加会增大浆液流动阻力,提高屈服应力和稠度系数。
(4)粉煤灰的球形颗粒状形态有助于改善浆液的流动性。然而,粉煤灰作为细小颗粒也会填充浆液中的微小孔隙,使浆液结构更加密实。因此,灰粉比对流变性的影响程度较弱,也缺乏明显的规律性。
极差分析是正交试验设计中的1种常用数据分析方法,先计算各因素在不同水平下试验指标的平均值,再通过极差(最大值与最小值的差)的大小来判断因素的重要性。表3为不同浆液配比对流变参数影响的极差,代表了流变参数对浆液配比的敏感性。由表3可以看出:水胶比和膨水比对屈服应力和稠度系数的影响较为显著,而胶砂比和灰粉比的影响相对较弱;灰粉比、水胶比和膨水比对3种流变参数的影响均较为明显。
计算流体力学(CFD)被广泛应用于流体流动的数值模拟计算。体积分数(volume of fluid model,VOF)模型是CFD中用于模拟流体界面和多相流动的数值方法。该模型通过追踪流体的体积分数捕捉流体界面的位置和形状变化,适用于描述具有自由表面的流体流动。注浆过程可视为浆液对孔隙或空腔中的空气或水的驱替过程。因此,选用VOF模型来模拟浆液的流动过程并捕捉浆液的体积分数和界面变化。
为保证所选模拟方法的合理性,需对其进行验证。首先,通过坍落锥试验测定浆液的流动性,CFD模拟时的浆液流动性主要受流变模型和相关参数控制,本文中的浆液流变模型为Herschel-Bulkley模型,相关参数设置见表2。随后,进行坍落锥试验模拟,并采用文献[19]中的方法进行验证。最后,将试验和模拟的结果进行对比,结果如图4所示。由图4可以发现二者基本一致,能够证实本研究所选模型的合理性。
稳定地层中形成的盾尾间隙更稳定,对填充效果要求也更高,因此假设施工地层为稳定地层,并以流变性试验中流变参数和浆液配比的关系为依据,探究稳定地层中不同因素对盾尾间隙填充效果的影响。先对注浆孔设置均匀压力,探究单一因素对注浆效果的影响;再通过仅调整某一处注浆孔压力、其余位置压力不变的方式,探究不同位置非均匀压力下的注浆效果。
建模时,结合已有研究5,设置模型为1环管片,且不考虑上一循环中已注入浆液的影响。模型实体部分外侧为地层,内侧为盾尾间隙。采用压力注浆,注浆孔位置、注浆压力等因素均为均匀设计,以便设置对比工况,分析注浆效果;假设浆液从注浆孔注入盾尾间隙,向周围地层扩散,其流动路径的出口位于地层外侧;设置压力边界为注浆孔和出口,均匀注浆时所有位置注浆孔的压力均为150 kPa。
根据已有研究20-21,注浆过程中盾尾间隙顶部会出现填充不充分的现象,现场试验和数值模拟的结果均表明拱顶区域难被完全填充,而浆液在盾尾间隙底部堆积又会对管片产生浮力,并在顶部缺少足够浆液支撑的情况下引起管片上浮,而上浮过大的话,管片还会有开裂的风险。因此,有必要对盾尾间隙分块,探究不同因素壁后注浆效果的影响,进一步提升注浆填充程度。
为便于对比工况设置,给出3种常见的管片注浆孔分布形式如图5所示。图中:V1—V4为盾尾间隙沿环向均分而成的上下左右4个部分,这一划分是为了后续分析不同位置浆液注入时的填充效果,特别是盾尾间隙顶部注入时。图5(a)为常采用的经典工况,即工况1的管片注浆孔分布形式,4孔注浆,注浆孔位置与竖向夹角为45°,文献[35102021]及其他已有研究多采用这种形式。图5(b)图5(c)均为对比工况的管片注浆孔分布形式,其中图5(b)为工况2,注浆孔数量不变,但顶部、底部注浆孔位置与竖向夹角为0°,用于对比注浆孔位置的影响;图5(c)为工况3,注浆孔增至6个,各孔间隔60°均匀分布,用于对比注浆孔数量的影响。
基于常规地铁隧道尺寸,取盾尾间隙厚度为0.10 m,内径为6.00 m。壁后注浆的主要作用在于填充盾尾间隙以支撑管片和约束地层22。设置地层厚度时,需考虑浆液在地层中的扩散过程23,由于本文所研究的浆液配比(水泥、粉煤灰、膨润土和砂)黏度较高,在地层中的扩散范围有限,因此兼顾浆液在地层中的扩散能力、模型计算效率和收敛难度,取地层厚度为0.10 m。
现有研究发现,盾构隧道壁后注浆的效果主要受注浆孔布设、注浆压力设置以及浆液配比等常规因素影响,因此需要对这些因素的作用规律进行分析,并以此作为优化注浆效果的参考依据。
图6为注浆孔压力均匀时,工况1和工况2的浆液在盾尾间隙及地层中分布规律。图例中的数值为浆液的体积分数,体积分数越大表明浆液越多,取值为1时表示该区域完全由浆液填充;红色和蓝色分别表示浆液区域和非浆液区域,中间颜色表示不同浆液占比。由图6可以看出:注浆孔所在位置的浆液填充最为充分,扩散距离最远;盾尾间隙顶部未设有注浆孔,此时的浆液的填充和扩散效果最差,这与文献[2021]中拱顶难被充分填充的结果基本一致。
图7为注浆孔压力均匀时,2种工况不同注浆孔位置对盾尾间隙中浆液填充效果的影响。图7(a)为注入V1—V4不同区域中的浆液体积随时间变化规律。图7(b)为注入盾尾间隙中的浆液总体积随时间变化规律,并以25 s和曲线拐点处的浆液云图为例,展示并对比浆液填充规律。由图7可得出以下结论。
(1)各区域中浆液体积和浆液总体积均随时间的推移而持续增加,但变化规律存在差异。V1中浆液体积增长曲线可划分为快速增长、平缓、快速增长和缓慢增长4个阶段,其他区域中浆液体积和浆液总体积的变化曲线相对平滑,可大致分为快速增长和缓慢增长2个阶段。
(2)浆液在刚注入盾尾间隙时会受重力作用向下流动。当上部注浆孔流出的浆液进入V2和V4后,V1中的浆液填充量会趋于稳定,出现一段增长缓慢的平缓阶段。随着浆液自下而上不断堆积,当液面上升并进入V1后,V1被迅速填充,而在液面继续上升的注浆后期,V1中的浆液体积增加再次放缓。注浆结束时,V2和V4中的最终浆液体积和V3中的相近,均大于V1中的,主要是因为重力作用下,浆液难以充分填充盾尾间隙顶部区域,这与前述已有研究中试验和模拟的结果20-21一致。
(3)对比2种工况发现,注浆孔位置与竖向的夹角虽然对V2和V4中浆液填充的影响较小,但会加快V3中的浆液填充,减缓V1中的浆液填充,并导致最终浆液体积显著减少。相对而言,拱顶未设有注浆孔的基准工况即工况1更不利于浆液在盾尾间隙顶部汇集。
(4)2种工况虽然注浆孔位置不同,但注浆时浆液总体积的变化拐点一致,但拐点之后,工况2的浆液总体积更大。工况1的浆液总体积增长速率始终相对略低。由于工况1注浆孔位置与竖向存在45°夹角,浆液受重力作用,注入拱顶更为困难。因此,注浆孔的设置位置越靠近拱顶,越有利于提高浆液填充效果。由于工况2计算得到的效果更好,后续分析时以工况2作为基本工况。
图8为各注浆孔压力均匀时,工况2和工况3不同注浆孔数量对盾尾间隙中浆液填充效果的影响,依旧以25 s和拐点处的浆液云图为例,展示并对比浆液填充规律。由图8可得出以下结论。
(1)注浆孔数量增加后,V1中浆液体积增长曲线仍可划分为快速增长、平缓、快速增长和缓慢增长4个阶段,其他区域中浆液体积和浆液总体积的变化曲线也仍可分为快速增长和缓慢增长2个阶段。
(2)对于采用6孔注浆的工况3,不仅V1中浆液增长的平缓阶段有所缩短,而且最终浆液总体积减小,说明增加注浆孔数量会加快浆液填充过程,但最终浆液体积却不会随之增大。这可能是因为注浆孔数量的增加也意味着注浆孔间距的缩小,以及各孔注浆时相互影响程度的增大,导致最终持续堆积的浆液会阻碍顶部注浆孔的浆液注入。
(3)增加注浆孔数量还会缩短V1中浆液体积及浆液总体积变化曲线上拐点的出现时间,并降低快速增长阶段注入的浆液总体积,工况1和工况3中的总体积分别约1.97和1.62 m3。此外,拐点出现时,V1中已汇集大量浆液,而工况1中V1中仅有少量浆液,说明工况3的6孔注浆会造成V1中的浆液堆积,进而阻碍顶部注浆孔的注入效率。结合注浆孔位置对填充效果的影响可知,V1中的注浆量会受到顶部注浆孔的影响,而顶部注浆孔的注入效果被削弱后又会降低浆液对V1的填充能力,造成工况3中6孔注浆时的浆液体积会逐渐偏低。因此,增加注浆孔的数量虽然会增加初始阶段的浆液注入量,但不一定能增大最终管片中的浆液总填充量。
图9为工况1中所有注浆孔处注浆压力同步调整时,注浆压力增大对盾尾间隙中浆液填充效果的影响,其中图9(b)为注入盾尾间隙中的浆液总体积随时间变化规律,并以拐点处的浆液云图为例,展示并对比浆液填充规律。
图9得出增大注浆压力的影响在于:除V3中的浆液填充情况未受显著影响外,其他各区域中浆液体积的增长速率均有增加;V1中浆液填充量趋于稳定的平缓阶段被压缩;浆液总体积增长速率随注浆压力的增大而增大,但浆液总体积最终值受注浆压力影响较小。注浆压力越大,浆液总体积增长速率的增幅越小,且变化曲线上拐点的发生时间被提前。
在所建模型及参数设置的基础上,按照表2中不同配比下的浆液流变拟合方程进行注浆模拟。基于浆液配比与流变参数之间的关系,采用正交分析方法,得到不同配比下的盾尾间隙浆液填充量。图10图13分别为表1中不同因素水平下水胶比、胶砂比、膨水比、灰粉比对浆液填充效果的影响规律,图例中的“1”“2”“3”“4”“5”为表2中对应水平。由于V2与V4中浆液填充过程基本一致,分析时仅聚焦V1—V3。由图10图13可以得到如下结论。
(1)水胶比越大,浆液黏度越小,越易于流动并获得较高的注入速度。因此,水胶比增大会增大浆液填充的增长速率以及最终填充量。水胶比对V3影响显著,对V2的影响主要在于注浆后期。在第2次迅速增长阶段对V1影响较为明显。浆液总体积的增长速率和最终量均是随水胶比增大而增大。
(2)仅V1受胶砂比显著影响。胶砂比越大,V1中注浆量增长速率越大,主要表现在第2次迅速增长阶段。胶砂比对浆液总体积的影响主要在于拐点之前。但胶砂比和总体积之间无明显规律性。拐点之后,总体积受胶砂比的影响并不显著。
(3)膨水比对不同区域均有显著影响,且主要影响注浆后期。因此,最终填充量差异显著。其中,对V2中影响最为显著,对V1影响最小。具体而言,膨水比越大,最终填充量越小。因为膨水比越大,浆液黏度越大,注入难度越大。图12(b)中,膨水比对总体积的影响主要在于拐点之后,对拐点之前无显著影响。
(4)灰粉比对注浆效果的影响类似于膨水比。对V2影响最为显著,对V1中影响最小。灰粉比越大,V3增长速率越小。V2在注浆后期受灰粉比影响较大。浆液总体积与灰粉比之间未呈现显著规律性。
除常规因素之外,浆液流变参数、浆液密度、注浆压力分布方式对注浆效果的影响同样不可忽视。因此,还需结合常规因素的影响,进一步讨论以上因素的作用机制与影响规律。鉴于3种工况中工况2的注浆效果更好,开展后续对比分析时,以工况2作为基准工况。
3.4节讨论了浆液配比对注浆效果的影响。但当浆液材料组成改变时,前述内容的适用性需重新评估。浆液配比对注浆效果的影响主要通过改变浆液流变参数实现,分析流变参数对注浆效果的影响更具普适性。因此,结合工况2进一步分析注浆效果与流变参数之间的相关性,并对不同区域浆液体积和流变参数之间的关系进行拟合,如图14所示。图中拟合仅为分析浆液体积随流变参数的变化趋势,采用线性拟合。
图14可以看出:随着屈服应力、流变指数和黏度增大,浆液填充量逐渐减小,但稠度系数对填充量无显著影响;对于盾尾间隙的不同区域,总体积和V2中填充量随流变参数变化幅度更为显著,而V1中填充浆量受流变参数的影响最小;总体而言,黏度越大浆液越难填充充分,这是因为黏度反映的是流体的流动阻力特性,黏度越大意味着浆液填充需要克服的阻力越大;对于符合Herschel-Bulkley模型的浆液,控制屈服应力更容易实现更好的填充效果,而要更为有效地控制屈服应力,可以采用调整膨水比和水胶比的方式。
由前述分析可知,浆液在盾尾间隙底部的堆积主要受重力作用的影响。因此需要进一步分析不同浆液密度对注浆效果的影响。取浆液密度分别为1 600,1 800和2 000 kg · m-3,为不同浆液密度对盾尾间隙中浆液填充效果的影响如图15所示,并以拐点处的浆液云图为例,展示并对比浆液填充规律。由图15可以看出:在注浆前期,相同注浆压力作用下,低密度浆液注入速度更快,且不同区域中浆液的增长速率均会随浆液密度的降低而增加,但到注浆后期,浆液的总体积增长速率会随浆液密度的增大而增加;注浆后期,盾尾间隙顶部压力随密度增大而减小,注浆过程中更大的压差有助于获得的更好的顶部填充效果;尽管低密度浆液初期注入更快,但高密度浆液在整体填充效果上的优势更明显。
3.3节展示的是所有注浆孔处注浆压力同步调整时的注浆效果。实际工程中,不同位置的注浆压力并不相同,因此需要具体分析不同位置、不同注浆压力下的填充效果。
分别取上部、中部和下部的注浆孔压力为125,150和175 kPa,且仅调整一处注浆孔压力其余位置压力不变,得到不同位置非均匀压力下浆液填充效果的影响分别如图16图18所示,并以拐点处的浆液云图为例,展示并对比浆液填充规律。由图16图18可以得出如下结论。
(1)上部注浆孔压力减小时,各区域中注浆量增长速率均减小,其中V1受到的影响最为显著,且压力减小还会加剧顶部填充不密实的程度;上部注浆孔压力减小也会导致总体积增长速率减小,且最终填充量减少;V1是影响盾尾间隙填充程度的关键,上部注浆孔压力不应小于在下方注浆孔压力,即上部注浆孔的压力应最大。
(2)中部注浆孔压力减小时,所有区域填充量和总体积增长速率均在前期减小,在后期略有增大;最终浆液体积随中部注浆孔压力增大而减小;中部注浆孔压力小于上部和下部注浆孔压力时,浆液填充量无显著变化;为了获得更充分的填充效果,中部注浆孔压力不应大于其他位置注浆孔压力。
(3)下部注浆孔压力增大时,所有区域中填充量和总体积增长速率均增大。当注浆压力大于上方注浆孔压力时,填充量无显著变化;下部注浆孔压力增大会加快在注浆前期的填充速率;最终浆液体积并不会随注浆压力增大而持续增大;为了获得更充分的填充效果,下部注浆孔压力不应小于上方注浆孔的压力。
(4)综合以上分析认为,下部注浆孔压力应介于上部和中部注浆孔压力之间。
(1)Herschel-Bulkley模型适用于水泥基浆液的流变行为分析。屈服应力和稠度受水胶比影响最为显著,且均与之成反比。水胶比大于0.85后,水胶比增大对屈服应力和稠度系数的影响会下降。流变指数受水胶比、膨水比和灰粉比影响均较为明显,但与配比间的规律性较弱。
(2)盾尾间隙顶部的浆液填充过程存在快速增长、平缓、快速增长和缓慢增长4个阶段,而其他区域的填充过程主要是快速增长和缓慢增长2个阶段。盾尾间隙顶部最难被填充充分,若注浆孔靠近拱顶,则可实现更好的填充效果。增加注浆孔数量可加快浆液填充速度,但也降低了快速增长阶段注入的浆液总体积,由4孔注浆时的约1.97 m3降低为6孔注浆时的约1.62 m3。同步增加所有注浆孔的注浆压力能够加快浆液填充速度,但对浆液总体积最终值影响较小。
(3)膨水比减小、水胶比增大,均可增加浆液的填充速度和填充量。浆液填充量随屈服应力和流变指数增大而减小,受稠度系数影响较小。通过控制膨水比和水胶比调整屈服应力可以实现更好的填充效果。增大密度会降低前期浆液的填充速度,但可以增大后期的浆液总体积。
(4)增大上部和下部的注浆孔压力可以增大浆液填充速度和填充量。增加中部注浆孔压力,虽可增大前期浆液的填充速度,但也会降低后期浆液填充速度。最终的注浆量会随中部注浆孔压力的增大而减小。为实现更好的填充效果,当不同位置以非均匀压力进行注浆时,应上部注浆孔压力最大,中部注浆孔压力最小。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.11
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
  • 修回日期:2026-03-06
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    1.西南交通大学 交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室,四川成都610031
    2.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川成都610031
    3.中铁十四局集团第四工程有限公司,山东济南250002
    4.中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司,四川成都610213

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封坤(1983—),男,陕西延川人,教授,博士研究生导师,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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