Article(id=1268884515519885910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.16, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=1763481600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455243234, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455243234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455243234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455243234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884515721212504, articleId=1268884515519885910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Full-Scale Test of the Propagation Characteristics of the Initial Compression Waves of Sonic Boom in Long Tunnels of High-Speed Railways, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the characteristics of the initial compression wave associated with tunnel sonic boom in long high-speed railway tunnels and analyze its correlation with the occurrence of tunnel sonic boom, full-scale tests were carried out in a long tunnel. Taking the formation mechanism of tunnel sonic boom and the propagation path of the initial compression wave as the starting point, the longitudinal distributions of the aerodynamic pressure and pressure-gradient peak of the initial compression wave inside the tunnel before and after the occurrence of sonic boom were comparatively analyzed. The influence of train speed on these peak values during sonic boom occurrence was clarified, and the effects of portal hood configuration and train type on tunnel sonic boom were discussed. The results show that, under the action of nonlinear effects, the initial compression wave is progressively steepened during propagation, thereby inducing tunnel sonic boom. For the tested tunnel, regardless of whether sonic boom occurs, the aerodynamic pressure peak of the initial compression wave along the tunnel longitudinal direction first increases and then decreases. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure peak of the initial compression wave near the train exit end is higher than that near the entry end. Taking a train speed of 340 km · h-1 as an example, the positive peak, negative peak, and peak-to-peak value of the aerodynamic pressure of the initial compression wave at the measurement point near the exit end increase by 36.53%, 11.22%, and 20.71%, respectively, compared with those near the entry end. With increasing speed, the probability of tunnel sonic boom increases, and the variation rate of the aerodynamic pressure peak of the initial compression wave from the train entry end to the middle section of the tunnel is higher than that at lower speeds. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure-gradient peak of the initial compression wave increases sharply after propagating a certain distance, and the increase near the train exit end is significantly greater than that near the entry end; at 340 km · h-1, the difference between the two reaches nearly ninefold in the tested tunnel. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure-gradient peak inside the tested tunnel is proportional to the train speed raised to the power of 6.5-9.6, whereas when sonic boom does not occur, it is proportional to the train speed raised to the power of 3.5-4.6. In addition, compared with the recessed portal hood, the oblique portal hood is more effective in mitigating the occurrence of tunnel sonic boom.

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为探究高速铁路长大隧道音爆时初始压缩波特性,分析其与隧道音爆发生的相关关系,基于某长大隧道实车试验,以音爆产生机理和初始压缩波传播路径为切入点,对比分析音爆前后隧道内初始压缩波气动压力和压力梯度峰值的纵向分布规律,明确音爆发生时动车组速度对峰值的影响,讨论洞口缓冲结构型式和车型对音爆的影响。结果表明:在非线性效应作用下,初始压缩波在传播过程中发生激化导致音爆;对于测试隧道,无论音爆发生与否,初始压缩波气动压力峰值在隧道内均表现为沿纵向先增后减的趋势;音爆发生时,近列车驶出端的初始压缩波压力峰值较驶入端有所提高,以时速340 km为例,列车驶出端测点初始压缩波气动压力正、负峰值和峰峰值较驶入端分别增大了36.53%,11.22%和20.71%;速度提升后音爆发生概率增大,此时列车驶入端至隧道中心段测点初始压缩波气动压力峰值较低速时的变化率更高;音爆发生时,初始压缩波在传播一定距离后压力梯度峰值激增,列车驶出端较驶入端增幅明显,时速340 km时测试隧道内两者相差近9倍;发生音爆时测试隧道内压力梯度峰值与速度的6.5~9.6次方成正比,而未发生音爆时则与速度的3.5~4.6次方成正比;隧道的斜切式缓冲结构较倒切式缓冲结构更有利于避免隧道音爆的发生。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马伟斌(1977—),男,山东无棣人,研究员,博士。E-mail:
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田经纬(1998—),男,河北唐山人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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田经纬(1998—),男,河北唐山人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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试验正峰值负峰值峰峰值
第1次试验0.2530.1810.434
第2次试验0.2760.1980.483
第3次试验0.2700.1880.458
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隧道内距进口4 200 m处测点压力峰值(时速300 km)

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试验正峰值负峰值峰峰值
第1次试验0.2530.1810.434
第2次试验0.2760.1980.483
第3次试验0.2700.1880.458
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距进口位置占全长比例初始压缩波压力正峰值/kPa
不同速度下列车正向通过隧道时不同速度下列车反向通过隧道时
时速320 km时速340 km时速320 km时速340 km
0.020.8040.9260.8390.912
0.100.7660.8790.8370.899
0.200.6450.7070.6540.791
0.401.0061.3161.5811.738
0.500.3290.3810.3850.499
0.900.2560.2580.3290.452
0.980.4430.4610.5650.668
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不同纵向位置处测点初始压缩波压力正峰值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距进口位置占全长比例初始压缩波压力正峰值/kPa
不同速度下列车正向通过隧道时不同速度下列车反向通过隧道时
时速320 km时速340 km时速320 km时速340 km
0.020.8040.9260.8390.912
0.100.7660.8790.8370.899
0.200.6450.7070.6540.791
0.401.0061.3161.5811.738
0.500.3290.3810.3850.499
0.900.2560.2580.3290.452
0.980.4430.4610.5650.668
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车速/(km · h-1)不同测试列车对应的微气压波压力峰值/Pa
测试车1测试车2测试车3
3007.429.5410.70
34011.2035.2640.18
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典型速度级下测试隧道出口20 m处微气压波压力峰值

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车速/(km · h-1)不同测试列车对应的微气压波压力峰值/Pa
测试车1测试车2测试车3
3007.429.5410.70
34011.2035.2640.18
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高速铁路长大隧道音爆时初始压缩波传播特性实车试验研究
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田经纬 1, 2 , 马伟斌 2, 3 , 韩嘉强 2, 3 , 罗禄森 4 , 程爱君 2, 3 , 贾景超 2, 3
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 186-197
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 186-197
高速铁路长大隧道音爆时初始压缩波传播特性实车试验研究
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田经纬1, 2 , 马伟斌2, 3 , 韩嘉强2, 3, 罗禄森4, 程爱君2, 3, 贾景超2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国铁道科学研究院,北京100081
  • 2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
  • 3.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081
  • 4.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川成都610031
  • 田经纬(1998—),男,河北唐山人,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马伟斌(1977—),男,山东无棣人,研究员,博士。E-mail:
Full-Scale Test of the Propagation Characteristics of the Initial Compression Waves of Sonic Boom in Long Tunnels of High-Speed Railways
Jingwei TIAN1, 2 , Weibin MA2, 3 , Jiaqiang HAN2, 3, Lusen LUO4, Aijun CHENG2, 3, Jingchao JIA2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Academy of Railway Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of High Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4.China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu Sichuan 610031, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.16
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为探究高速铁路长大隧道音爆时初始压缩波特性,分析其与隧道音爆发生的相关关系,基于某长大隧道实车试验,以音爆产生机理和初始压缩波传播路径为切入点,对比分析音爆前后隧道内初始压缩波气动压力和压力梯度峰值的纵向分布规律,明确音爆发生时动车组速度对峰值的影响,讨论洞口缓冲结构型式和车型对音爆的影响。结果表明:在非线性效应作用下,初始压缩波在传播过程中发生激化导致音爆;对于测试隧道,无论音爆发生与否,初始压缩波气动压力峰值在隧道内均表现为沿纵向先增后减的趋势;音爆发生时,近列车驶出端的初始压缩波压力峰值较驶入端有所提高,以时速340 km为例,列车驶出端测点初始压缩波气动压力正、负峰值和峰峰值较驶入端分别增大了36.53%,11.22%和20.71%;速度提升后音爆发生概率增大,此时列车驶入端至隧道中心段测点初始压缩波气动压力峰值较低速时的变化率更高;音爆发生时,初始压缩波在传播一定距离后压力梯度峰值激增,列车驶出端较驶入端增幅明显,时速340 km时测试隧道内两者相差近9倍;发生音爆时测试隧道内压力梯度峰值与速度的6.5~9.6次方成正比,而未发生音爆时则与速度的3.5~4.6次方成正比;隧道的斜切式缓冲结构较倒切式缓冲结构更有利于避免隧道音爆的发生。

隧道工程  /  音爆  /  实车试验  /  初始压缩波  /  压力峰值  /  压力梯度  /  隧道缓冲结构  /  车型

To investigate the characteristics of the initial compression wave associated with tunnel sonic boom in long high-speed railway tunnels and analyze its correlation with the occurrence of tunnel sonic boom, full-scale tests were carried out in a long tunnel. Taking the formation mechanism of tunnel sonic boom and the propagation path of the initial compression wave as the starting point, the longitudinal distributions of the aerodynamic pressure and pressure-gradient peak of the initial compression wave inside the tunnel before and after the occurrence of sonic boom were comparatively analyzed. The influence of train speed on these peak values during sonic boom occurrence was clarified, and the effects of portal hood configuration and train type on tunnel sonic boom were discussed. The results show that, under the action of nonlinear effects, the initial compression wave is progressively steepened during propagation, thereby inducing tunnel sonic boom. For the tested tunnel, regardless of whether sonic boom occurs, the aerodynamic pressure peak of the initial compression wave along the tunnel longitudinal direction first increases and then decreases. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure peak of the initial compression wave near the train exit end is higher than that near the entry end. Taking a train speed of 340 km · h-1 as an example, the positive peak, negative peak, and peak-to-peak value of the aerodynamic pressure of the initial compression wave at the measurement point near the exit end increase by 36.53%, 11.22%, and 20.71%, respectively, compared with those near the entry end. With increasing speed, the probability of tunnel sonic boom increases, and the variation rate of the aerodynamic pressure peak of the initial compression wave from the train entry end to the middle section of the tunnel is higher than that at lower speeds. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure-gradient peak of the initial compression wave increases sharply after propagating a certain distance, and the increase near the train exit end is significantly greater than that near the entry end; at 340 km · h-1, the difference between the two reaches nearly ninefold in the tested tunnel. When sonic boom occurs, the pressure-gradient peak inside the tested tunnel is proportional to the train speed raised to the power of 6.5-9.6, whereas when sonic boom does not occur, it is proportional to the train speed raised to the power of 3.5-4.6. In addition, compared with the recessed portal hood, the oblique portal hood is more effective in mitigating the occurrence of tunnel sonic boom.

Tunnel engineering  /  Sonic boom  /  Full-scale test  /  Initial compression wave  /  Pressure peak  /  Pressure gradient  /  Portal hood structure  /  Train type
田经纬, 马伟斌, 韩嘉强, 罗禄森, 程爱君, 贾景超. 高速铁路长大隧道音爆时初始压缩波传播特性实车试验研究. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 186 -197 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.16
Jingwei TIAN, Weibin MA, Jiaqiang HAN, Lusen LUO, Aijun CHENG, Jingchao JIA. Full-Scale Test of the Propagation Characteristics of the Initial Compression Waves of Sonic Boom in Long Tunnels of High-Speed Railways[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 186 -197 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.16
目前,我国全力推进CR450科技创新工程,CR450动车组样车即将下线,也进行了京广、武广等多条线路的提速试验。列车速度的不断提高使隧道气动效应愈加明显,由此引发一系列空气动力学问题,如隧道内附属设施在反复气动压力作用下发生的疲劳损伤、洞口微气压波超标以及长大隧道音爆现象。
高速列车通过隧道时,在活塞效应作用下于车头前方产生初始压缩波并以声速向前传播,但在隧道内传播过程中,摩擦效应和惯性效应致使初始压缩波波前畸变,波形变陡,压力梯度升高。短隧道传播距离较短,壁面摩擦对压缩波畸变的影响相对轻微,而长隧道传播距离长,摩擦效应和惯性效应作用时间较长,加之无砟轨道对压缩波的激化作用1-2,初始压缩波强度增大,导致隧道洞口微气压波压力峰值显著增大。当压缩波强度达到一定程度时在洞口能监测到明显的爆破音即隧道音爆现象,部分隧道音爆发生时洞口外20 m处Z计权噪声峰值可达100 dB以上,影响隧道洞口声环境,危及周边居民身心健康,甚至干扰行车秩序。
日本是世界上最早发现高速铁路隧道音爆现象的国家3。1975年,山阳新干线冈山—博多段隧道洞口出现明显音爆噪声,日本铁路部门根据试验结果制定了微气压波限值4。随着列车速度的提高,近年来在德国、意大利、西班牙和中国等国家的高速铁路隧道也相继发现音爆问题5-7。马伟斌等8研究了某长大隧道内音爆噪声频域特性及斜井开闭对音爆特征指标的影响;韩嘉强等9基于实车试验,研究了时速200~300 km下长大隧道发生音爆时洞内压力梯度和洞口微气压波的变化规律,讨论了测试隧道音爆的缓解措施;Degen等10发现在轨道板上安装吸声设备可避免音爆现象的发生;Yoon等11在模型试验中发现了隧道音爆现象,试验结果表明音爆发生时微气压波压力峰值较高,并提出了基于欧拉方程的隧道微气压波预测式。
由于隧道音爆实车试验的限制条件(车速、隧道洞口型式、隧道长度等)多、难度大,仿真计算也较为困难,目前国内外对隧道音爆的研究较少,但对未发生音爆时隧道内压缩波传播过程和洞口微气压波特性进行了大量探索。压缩波传播过程方面,Ozawa等12基于实车试验建立了初始压缩波压力梯度计算式、Woods等13-14和Howe15-16对初始压缩波的波形和压力梯度计算方法进行了相关讨论;Ricco等17基于数值计算和模型试验,研究了列车进入隧道时初始压缩波的形成过程;Choi等18探究了车头形状对隧道内初始压缩波压力梯度的影响规律;骆建军19研究了低温低气压条件下初始压缩波的传播机制。洞口微气压波特性方面,Yamamoto等20提出了洞口微气压波计算方法,认为微气压波幅值与初始压缩波压力梯度成正比;Ozawa21基于线性声学对Yamamoto提出的计算方法进行了改进,随后梅元贵等22-23基于特征线法编制了微气压波幅值计算软件,探究磁悬浮隧道内微气压波特性。
总的来看,现有研究仍存在以下不足:一是研究内容主要集中在未发生音爆时隧道内初始压缩波和洞口微气压波特性上,对隧道音爆现象发生机制的实证数据支撑有限,特别是针对音爆发生时压缩波激化特征、压力梯度演化规律的研究较少;二是由于计算能力限制,多数研究主要聚焦短隧道工况,难以覆盖列车高速通过长大隧道时的复杂气动效应。
本文基于某高速铁路长大隧道音爆实车测试结果,对音爆产生机理及压缩波传播特性、音爆发生时初始压缩波峰值和压力梯度特性、洞口缓冲结构和车型对音爆的影响进行研究,以期为高速铁路隧道运营提供参考。
测试隧道全长8 434 m,净空面积为100 m2。隧道进口型式采用帽檐斜切式缓冲结构,顶部设4个缓冲井;出口采用倒切式缓冲结构,两侧腰墙分别设2个侧洞,洞口缓冲结构如图1所示。隧道内有2座斜井,与进口距离分别为2 659和5 839 m,在测试时均已封闭。
隧道气动效应测试系统主要由传感器、IMC数据采集系统、无线远程控制系统、GPS、无线远程数据传输系统和计算机组成,测试系统架构示意图如图2所示。
各传感器将测得的数据经IMC数据采集系统放大、数模转换后传输到计算机中进行处理,过程中用GPS确定标准时间。利用无线远程控制系统对数据采集设备进行远距离控制操作和测试数据的无线传输。选用量程为-8.0~8.0 kPa的风压传感器测量隧道壁面气动压力;选用量程为-200.0~200.0 Pa的Gras高精度噪声传感器测量洞口微气压波,数据采样频率为1 000 Hz;选用采样频率为0.05~100 kHz的测速传感器测试列车驶入隧道速度。测试仪器如图3所示。
隧道测点布置示意如图4所示。其中,瞬变压力测点布置于隧道壁面上,分别为距隧道进口170,840,1 700,3 300,4 200,5 600,7 200和8 260 m处,距地面高度为1.2 m,用于量测列车通过隧道时隧道壁面的气动压力;微气压波测点布置于隧道进、出口外距洞口20和50 m处,距地面高度为1.5 m,用于量测洞口微气压波压力变化情况。此外,测速传感器布置于距两端洞口外20 m的轨道上,用于记录列车驶入隧道时的速度。
试验初期采用8节编组的测试车1开展测试,测试速度为260~340 km · h-1;随后又采用8节编组的测试车2和测试车3分别进行不同车型的对比试验,测试速度为300~340 km · h-1。其中,测试车1高3 855 mm、宽2 950 mm,车头为剑形、车尾为火箭形,具有良好的流线型头尾结构;测试车2高3 700 mm、宽3 380 mm,头型与CRH380A型动车组相似;测试车3高4 050 mm,宽3 360 mm。试验时的行车工况均为单车分别由进口至出口(正向)、出口至进口(反向)通过测试隧道。
测试车1以时速300 km 3次通过测试隧道时,隧道内距进口4 200 m处测点的气动压力时程对比如图5所示。由图5可知:3次试验中该测点压力时程曲线基本吻合,第1次试验与第2次和第3次试验的曲线相关系数分别为0.902和0.926。
该测点3次重复性试验的压力峰值数据见表1。由表1可知:第1次试验下测点气动压力正峰值分别与第2次和第3次试验相差8.33%和6.30%,负峰值分别相差8.59%和3.72%,峰峰值分别相差8.44%和5.24%;3次重复性试验中测点压力数据重复性良好,说明试验系统稳定可靠;之所以3次试验结果存在差异,是因为实车测试中列车速度存在波动性,同时外部环境如风速、温度等也将对结果有一定影响。
动车组高速驶入隧道时,车头表面与隧道衬砌间的空气受到剧烈挤压作用,致使列车车身、隧道壁面压力骤然增大,从而形成初始压缩波并以声速向车头前方传播。在传播过程中,在惯性效应和摩擦效应的叠加作用下初始压缩波后波传播速度逐渐快于前波,致使波前不断变陡,表现出明显的激化特征。当初始压缩波传播至测试隧道出口时,由于断面的突然增大,部分初始压缩波转变为膨胀波反射回隧道内向隧道进口方向传播,另一部分则辐射至隧道洞外环境中形成微气压波。当初始压缩波激化至一定程度,则易产生人耳可听到的爆破音,即音爆。
测点气动压力的变化是隧道内压力波传播叠加的结果。测试车1以时速340 km从隧道进口驶入并通过测试隧道时,距进口840 m处测点的气动压力时程曲线和隧道内初始压力波传播路径示意图如图6所示。由图6可知:第0 s对应头车刚好到达隧道进口,并产生初始压缩波,其传播至测点使测点压力迅速上升(对应a时刻);随后尾车驶入隧道,并产生膨胀波向前传播,传播至测点时使测点气动压力迅速下降(对应b时刻);此后初始压缩波和膨胀波继续传播,在传播至洞口时一部分以相反形式反射回来,再次传播至测点时使测点继续产生较大的压力波动(对应e和f时刻)。值得注意的是,列车经过测点时同样将引起测点的压力波动,在列车车头到达测点时(对应c时刻)测点压力先上升达到峰值,随后由于车身周边的负压区使测点压力迅速下降,并在尾车驶离测点后迅速上升。
当列车由进口驶入并通过测试隧道时,各速度下均未发生音爆现象;当列车由出口驶入并通过测试隧道时,列车时速达310 km后开始产生音爆现象。既有研究表明24,音爆现象与初始压缩波特性相关。因此,本节以测试车1(下文简称列车)对应工况为例,探究音爆发生时测点初始压缩波压力峰值分布规律。
列车以时速320和340 km通过隧道时,测点气动压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值随测点纵向位置的分布情况分别如图7图8所示。其中,时速320和340 km下,列车正向通过隧道时均未发生音爆,而反向通过隧道时均发生音爆。
图7可知:时速320 km下,测点气动压力峰值纵向分布规律未发生音爆时与发生音爆后基本一致;测点气动压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值均沿列车驶入端至驶出端逐渐降低,而后逐渐增大,并在隧道中心附近达到最大值,再逐渐降低,最后在近列车驶出端有所提高;列车正向通过隧道时,隧道内距列车驶入端3 300 m处测点的气动压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值的最大值较距列车驶入端200 m处测点(进口)分别增大25.12%,21.70%和23.03%,而列车反向通过隧道时,较列车驶入端测点(出口)分别增大179.82%,106.83%和134.57%。
图8可知:时速340 km下,音爆发生前后测点气动压力峰值分布规律同样保持一致;列车正向通过隧道时距列车驶入端3 300 m处测点气动压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值较距列车驶入端200 m处测点分别增大42.12%,31.03%和35.09%,由出口驶入时较列车驶入端200 m处测点分别增大160.18%,88.33%和115.26%。由此可知,音爆的发生并不影响隧道壁面测点初始压缩波气动压力峰值纵向分布规律,而同一速度级下列车行驶方向的不同将影响测点峰值。
此外,列车正向通过隧道时,近出口端测点气动压力峰值较进口端降幅明显,列车反向通过隧道时隧道中心附近测点气动压力峰值较驶入端的增长率显著提高。以时速340 km试验为例,列车正向通过隧道时,出口端测点气动压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值较进口端分别降低50.22%,47.02%和48.31%,这是因为长大隧道内气压波受隧道壁面的摩擦效应和空气黏性效应作用时间增长,部分波能量在传播过程中以热能形式耗散,致使气压降低;列车反向通过隧道时上述现象不明显,近进口端测点压力正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值较出口端的变化率分别为36.53%,11.22%和20.71%,反而有所提高,原因可能是初始压缩波受激化作用较强,抵消了摩擦耗散效应。值得注意的是,对于本文测试隧道,相同速度下发生音爆时(对应图7(b)图8(b))隧道内气动压力峰值较未发生音爆时(对应图7(a)图8(a))有所增大,时速340 km对应的正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值增幅分别增大了32.07%,16.36%和22.99%,这是由于音爆发生时初始压缩波在非线性作用下激化,波能量加强,致使初始压缩波气动压力和其他特征参数增大。
前述对于测点初始压缩波气动压力峰值纵向分布的分析表明,测点压力正峰值变化幅度较负峰值和峰峰值更为显著。因此,以初始压缩波压力正峰值为例,进一步分析车速提升后同一测点压力峰值的变化情况。图9所示为列车以时速320和340 km分别由进口和出口驶入并通过隧道时测点压力正峰值的变化情况。图中:百分数表示时速340 km下测点气动压力峰值较时速320 km的提升率。测点初始压缩波压力正峰值见表2。由图8表2可知:速度提升后,即发生音爆的风险增加时,列车驶入端至隧道中心段的测点压力正峰值对速度的响应较隧道中心至列车驶出端更为强烈,以列车正向通过隧道为例,当列车速度由时速320 km提速至时速340 km时,进口至隧道中心段测点压力峰值最大提升率为30.82%,而隧道中心至出口段仅为4.06%。
前述提到,高速列车通过长大隧道时,由于活塞效应在车头产生初始压缩波并以声速向前传播,在沿隧道传播过程中,惯性效应、摩擦效应可能会致使初始压缩波受激化,产生波前畸变。为明确音爆发生时初始压缩波波形变化,绘制列车以时速340 km通过隧道时,近列车驶入端和驶出端测点初始压缩波的气动压力及压力梯度时程曲线分别如图10图11所示。由图10图11可知:未发生音爆时(对应图10),初始压缩波在经过长距离传播后波形无明显变化,距列车驶入端7 600 m处测点压力梯度峰值较170 m处的变化率为-4.32%,气动压力衰减明显,近列车驶出端测点压力峰值较驶入端测点降低了75.11%;发生音爆时(对应图11),近列车驶入端和驶出端测点初始压缩波波形存在显著差异,距出口8 264 m处测点波形较834 m处更陡,对应压力梯度峰值约为834 m处的9.4倍,初始压缩波存在显著激化现象。此外,近列车驶出端测点气动压力峰值较驶入端稍大,这是因为发生音爆时激化致使的波形挤压、列车对前方空气的剧烈压缩使初始压缩波温度升高,根据理想气体状态方程可知初始压缩波压力也相应提升。由此可知,音爆发生时洞口压力梯度显著增大。
图12为列车以不同方向通过隧道时,各速度级下测试隧道内测点初始压缩波压力梯度峰值的纵向分布。图中:vcr为音爆临界速度。由图12可知以下结果。
(1)未发生音爆时,测点初始压缩波压力梯度峰值随测点距列车驶入端距离的增加基本呈先增大后减小的趋势,在隧道中心附近达到最大。这是因为在传播初期非线性效应作用下,初始压缩波在无砟轨道隧道中发生激化,波形变陡,随后随着传播距离的增加摩擦耗散影响加剧,致使初始压缩波强度降低,压力梯度减小。
(2)当列车速度小于音爆临界速度vcr≈310 km · h-1时,测点压力梯度纵向分布规律与前述基本一致,当列车速度达到310 km · h-1及以上时,初始压缩波受激化作用显著,在传播至距列车驶入端距离占全长比例为0.6处的测点时压力梯度峰值激增,且近列车驶出端测点压力梯度峰值与占全长比例为0.6处的测点基本相同,即发生音爆时洞内压缩波激化作用强于摩擦效应。
图13为列车由不同方向通过测试隧道时,距进口3 370 m处测点初始压缩波的压力梯度峰值与速度的变化关系。由图13可知:列车正向通过隧道时,此时未发生音爆,将压力梯度峰值与列车时速按dp/dt|maxavb(其中p为气动压力,t为时间,v为列车时速,ab为拟合系数)拟合,得到b的取值范围为3.5~4.6;同样地,得到列车反向通过隧道时发生音爆的速度区间内b的取值范围为6.5~9.6,拟合回归系数均大于0.93,相关性良好;由此可知,发生音爆时隧道内压力梯度峰值受动车组车速影响显著,呈指数级增大趋势,此外,相同速度下列车反向通过隧道时较正向通过时测点的压力梯度峰值更大,以时速340 km为例,反向通过时距进口3 370 m处测点压力梯度峰值较正向通过时增大了442.30%。
由前文可知,测试车1以相同速度分别从进口和出口驶入并通过隧道时,隧道内同一测点压力梯度峰值存在显著差异;同时,在测试隧道进、出口处监测到音爆发生所需达到的列车临界速度不同,隧道进口监测到音爆噪声的临界速度约为时速310 km,隧道出口为大于时速340 km。
根据Yamamoto等20的微气压波幅值预测式可知,微气压波压力峰值与初始压缩波压力梯度峰值呈正比,且由2.1节可知音爆发生时微气压波压力峰值较高。图14为测试隧道出口外20 m处微气压波压力峰值。由图14可知:时速340 km下,列车反向通过隧道时隧道进口处微气压波压力峰值达117.5 Pa,而正向通过隧道时隧道出口微气压波压力峰值仅为11.2 Pa。
造成以上差异的主要原因在于测试隧道进、出口缓冲结构型式不同。隧道进口为斜切式结构,出口为倒切式结构,2种结构型式下隧道内受到车体挤压的空气总量不同。测试隧道进出口缓冲结构缓解效果对比如图15所示。图中:h1h2分别为隧道进出口处受挤压空气截面高度。由图15可知:在列车完全驶入隧道前,斜切式缓冲结构内受到压缩的空气总量小于倒切式(h2>h1),由此形成的压力波动相对倒切式结构小,对初始压缩波压力梯度的缓解效果更优;此外,隧道进口设置4处缓冲井,出口仅设置2个,缓冲井数量的增多加强了列车从进口驶入时空气的泄压效果,既有研究也表明顶部开孔较侧面开孔的气动缓解性能更好25
为探究车型对隧道音爆的影响,绘制时速340 km下测试车1和测试车2这2种车型反向通过隧道时对应的隧道内测点初始压缩波压力梯度峰值纵向分布图如图16所示,测试车3对应工况由于只设置了洞口微气压波测点,在此不再列出。由图16可知:时速340 km下,当初始压缩波传播距离超过4 km且发生激化后,车型导致的压力梯度峰值差异显著增大,测试车2通过时隧道内压力梯度峰值较测试车1增大了42.85%,此时测试车2对应工况监测到音爆噪声,而测试车1对应工况未监测到音爆。主要原因是测试车1作为曾经的速度冲高试验列车,优良的头型设计和较小的横截面积使其通过隧道时隧道音爆发生的概率相较测试车2(对标服役的CRH380系动车组)更小。
图17为测试车1、测试车2和测试车3这3种不同车型列车以时速度300和340 km反向通过隧道时,隧道出口外20 m处微气压波压力峰值对比,表3为对应的微气压波压力峰值数据。由图17表3可知:相同速度下,3种车型对应的洞口微气压波压力峰值排序为测试车3>测试车2>测试车1,时速340 km时测试车3对应的微气压波压力峰值较测试车2和测试车1分别增大了13.95%和258.75%,这是因为测试车3的横截面积大于其他2种车型;随着列车速度的提高,3种车型对应的微气压波压力峰值差距也逐渐增大。
(1)对于测试隧道,发生音爆与否基本不影响隧道内测点初始压缩波压力峰值的纵向分布规律,沿列车驶入端至驶出端,气动压力峰值基本呈先增大后减小的趋势,在隧道中心附近达到最大;相同速度下列车反向通过隧道时隧道内压力峰值较正向通过时显著增大,时速340 km下正峰值、负峰值和峰峰值较正向通过时分别提高了160.18%,88.33%和115.26%。
(2)未发生音爆时,由于摩擦耗散效应列车驶出端测点的初始压缩波压力峰值较驶入端有所降低,发生音爆时,由于激化作用列车驶出端测点初始压缩波压力峰值有所增大,且相同速度下隧道内气动荷载峰值较未发生音爆时有所增大;列车速度增大时,驶入端至隧道中心段测点初始压缩波压力峰值增幅明显。
(3)对于本文测试隧道,存在1个临界列车速度诱发音爆现象。当车速超过该速度时初始压缩波受激化作用显著,并在隧道内传播一定距离后其梯度峰值激增。以车速340 km · h-1为例,列车反向通过测试隧道时,距驶入端8 264 m处测点压力梯度峰值约为834 m处的9.4倍;发生音爆时,压力梯度峰值随动车组速度的增大而呈指数增大趋势,与车速的6.5~9.6次方呈正比,未发生音爆时则与车速的3.5~4.5次方呈正比。
(4)音爆临界车速与列车驶入端洞口的缓冲结构相关。试验结果表明,斜切式缓冲结构较倒切式缓冲结构、顶部开设缓冲井较侧面开设对音爆的缓解效果更好,一定程度下增加缓冲井数量有利于避免音爆的发生。
(5)相同车速下,3种测试车型对应洞口微气压波压力峰值排序为:测试车3>测试车2>测试车1,即在诱发音爆所需达到的临界速度方面,测试车1最大,测试车3最小。时速340 km下,测试车3对应的微气压波压力峰值较测试车2和测试车1分别增大了13.95%和258.75%。
(6)本文主要针对某一特定隧道进行隧道音爆方面的研究,后续可进一步探究隧道长度、净空面积、列车速度和洞口缓冲型式等因素对音爆的影响,明确与音爆紧密相关的特征参量与音爆噪声间的数学关系。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.16
  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
  • 修回日期:2025-11-19
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    1.中国铁道科学研究院,北京100081
    2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
    3.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081
    4.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川成都610031

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马伟斌(1977—),男,山东无棣人,研究员,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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