Article(id=1268884512697127300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455242561, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455242561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455242561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455242561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=174, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884512936202630, articleId=1268884512697127300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=The Distribution Law of Aerodynamic Pressure of High-Speed Railway Tunnel with a Speed of 400 km · h-1, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By means of three-dimensional CFD numerical simulation method, the spatiotemporal distribution law of aerodynamic pressure on the tunnel wall and vehicle surface in the horizontal and vertical directions during single vehicle passage and double vehicle intersection of CR400 EMU with a speed of 400 km ∙ h-1 is studied, and the negative pressure area and boundary conditions on the tunnel wall and vehicle surface are quantified. The results indicate that the aerodynamic pressure inside the tunnel can be correlated with parameters such as vehicle type, train speed and tunnel length to form a theoretical model. When different types of single vehicle pass through the tunnel at a speed of 400 km ∙ h-1, the difference in peak aerodynamic pressure acting on the tunnel wall is limited. Compared with the CR400BF EMU, the CR400AF EMU only increases the positive peak of aerodynamic pressure by 1.1% and the negative peak of aerodynamic pressure by 0.9%. The aerodynamic pressure on the surface of the EMU shows high uniformity in both the horizontal and vertical directions. During single vehicle passage and double vehicle intersection, the surface of the vehicle body is basically in the same pressure state at the same time. At different tunnel lengths, when the speed of the EMU is 400 km ∙ h-1, the negative pressure of the expansion wave at the center of the tunnel and the negative pressure of the high-speed train body itself are superimposed when a single vehicle passes through the tunnel, and the negative peak value of the aerodynamic pressure borne by the body reaches -4.60 kPa. When 2 vehicles intersect at different positions with a constant speed inside the tunnel, the maximum negative pressure occurs at the intersection condition of the tunnel center, and the negative peak value of the aerodynamic pressure reaches -9.68 kPa. When 2 vehicles intersect at a constant speed in the center of the tunnel, there is an unfavorable velocity boundary that significantly strengthens the negative pressure effect in the intersection negative pressure area.

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通过三维CFD数值仿真方法,研究400 km · h-1速度级的CR400动车组在隧道内单车通过及双车交会时,隧道壁面及车体表面横纵方向的气动压力时空分布规律,量化隧道壁面及车体表面负压区域及边界条件。结果表明:隧道内气动压力可与车型及列车速度、隧道长度等参数关联,形成理论模型;不同车型以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,作用于隧道壁面气动压力峰值差异有限,相较于CR400BF动车组,CR400AF动车组的气动压力正峰值仅增加1.1%、气动压力负峰值仅增加0.9%;动车组表面气动压力在横、纵方向上均表现出较高的均匀性,单车通过和双车交会时,同一时段下车体表面均基本处于同一压力状态;不同隧道长度下,动车组速度为400 km · h-1时,单车通过隧道时隧道中心处膨胀波负压与动车组车体自身负压相互叠加,车身承受的气动压力负峰值达-4.60 kPa,隧道内不同位置双车等速交会时,最大负压出现在隧道中心交会工况,气动压力负峰值达-9.68 kPa;隧道中心双车等速交会时,存在导致交会负压区域内负压效应显著加强的不利速度边界。

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彭旸(1996—),男,湖北武汉人,助理研究员。E-mail:
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王辰(1998—),男,山东济宁人,助理研究员。E-mail:

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王辰(1998—),男,山东济宁人,助理研究员。E-mail:

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Analysis of Aerodynamic Load Characteristics of Train Operating Pressure Wave under the Most Unfavorable Tunnel Length [D]. Dalian: Dalian Jiaotong University, 2022. in Chinese, articleTitle=Analysis of Aerodynamic Load Characteristics of Train Operating Pressure Wave under the Most Unfavorable Tunnel Length, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1268884519978439092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884512697127300, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1268884519982633397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884512697127300, companyId=1268884519978439092, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1268884519991022006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884512697127300, companyId=1268884519978439092, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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工况编号车型

速度/

(km · h-1

通过方式
1CR400AF400单车通过
2CR400BF400单车通过
3CR400AF400隧道中心双车交会
4CR400AF400距隧道中心50 m处双车交会
5CR400AF400距隧道中心100 m处双车交会
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仿真计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号车型

速度/

(km · h-1

通过方式
1CR400AF400单车通过
2CR400BF400单车通过
3CR400AF400隧道中心双车交会
4CR400AF400距隧道中心50 m处双车交会
5CR400AF400距隧道中心100 m处双车交会
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隧道长度/

km

归一化后的负压最值区域范围
8编组,列车长度314 m16编组,列车长度624 m
1[0.335, 0.655][0.180, 0.805]
2[0.414, 0.571][0.336, 0.649]
3[0.440, 0.545][0.389, 0.597]
4[0.453, 0.532][0.415, 0.571]
5[0.461, 0.524][0.430, 0.555]
6[0.466, 0.519][0.441, 0.545]
7[0.470, 0.515][0.448, 0.537]
8[0.473, 0.512][0.454, 0.532]
9[0.475, 0.510][0.458, 0.527]
10[0.477, 0.508][0.461, 0.524]
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不同隧道长度下的负压最值区域XD-TU(单车通过)

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隧道长度/

km

归一化后的负压最值区域范围
8编组,列车长度314 m16编组,列车长度624 m
1[0.335, 0.655][0.180, 0.805]
2[0.414, 0.571][0.336, 0.649]
3[0.440, 0.545][0.389, 0.597]
4[0.453, 0.532][0.415, 0.571]
5[0.461, 0.524][0.430, 0.555]
6[0.466, 0.519][0.441, 0.545]
7[0.470, 0.515][0.448, 0.537]
8[0.473, 0.512][0.454, 0.532]
9[0.475, 0.510][0.458, 0.527]
10[0.477, 0.508][0.461, 0.524]
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隧道长度/km8编组下/(km · h-116编组下/(km · h-1
1[237, 579][70, 746]
2[323, 493][239, 577]
3[351, 465][295, 521]
4[365, 451][324, 492]
5[374, 442][340, 476]
6[380, 436][352, 464]
7[384, 432][360, 456]
8[387, 429][360, 450]
9[389, 427][374, 442]
10[391, 425][377, 439]
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不同隧道长度下的不利列车速度区域(双车隧道中心等速交会)

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隧道长度/km8编组下/(km · h-116编组下/(km · h-1
1[237, 579][70, 746]
2[323, 493][239, 577]
3[351, 465][295, 521]
4[365, 451][324, 492]
5[374, 442][340, 476]
6[380, 436][352, 464]
7[384, 432][360, 456]
8[387, 429][360, 450]
9[389, 427][374, 442]
10[391, 425][377, 439]
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时速400 km高速铁路隧道气动压力分布规律
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王辰 1, 2 , 彭旸 1, 2 , 答子虔 3 , 马伟斌 1, 2 , 郭小雄 1, 2 , 李山朵 1 , 郑泽福 1, 2
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 162-174
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 162-174
时速400 km高速铁路隧道气动压力分布规律
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王辰1, 2 , 彭旸1, 2 , 答子虔3, 马伟斌1, 2, 郭小雄1, 2, 李山朵1, 郑泽福1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
  • 2.高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081
  • 3.中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司,北京100055
  • 王辰(1998—),男,山东济宁人,助理研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

彭旸(1996—),男,湖北武汉人,助理研究员。E-mail:
The Distribution Law of Aerodynamic Pressure of High-Speed Railway Tunnel with a Speed of 400 km · h-1
Chen WANG1, 2 , Yang PENG1, 2 , Ziqian DA3, Weibin MA1, 2, Xiaoxiong GUO1, 2, Shanduo LI1, Zefu ZHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing100081, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Track System, Beijing100081, China
  • 3.China Railway Engineering Consulting Group Co., Ltd., Beijing100055, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14
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通过三维CFD数值仿真方法,研究400 km · h-1速度级的CR400动车组在隧道内单车通过及双车交会时,隧道壁面及车体表面横纵方向的气动压力时空分布规律,量化隧道壁面及车体表面负压区域及边界条件。结果表明:隧道内气动压力可与车型及列车速度、隧道长度等参数关联,形成理论模型;不同车型以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,作用于隧道壁面气动压力峰值差异有限,相较于CR400BF动车组,CR400AF动车组的气动压力正峰值仅增加1.1%、气动压力负峰值仅增加0.9%;动车组表面气动压力在横、纵方向上均表现出较高的均匀性,单车通过和双车交会时,同一时段下车体表面均基本处于同一压力状态;不同隧道长度下,动车组速度为400 km · h-1时,单车通过隧道时隧道中心处膨胀波负压与动车组车体自身负压相互叠加,车身承受的气动压力负峰值达-4.60 kPa,隧道内不同位置双车等速交会时,最大负压出现在隧道中心交会工况,气动压力负峰值达-9.68 kPa;隧道中心双车等速交会时,存在导致交会负压区域内负压效应显著加强的不利速度边界。

高速铁路隧道  /  CR400动车组  /  单车通过  /  双车交会  /  气动压力  /  负压最值区域

By means of three-dimensional CFD numerical simulation method, the spatiotemporal distribution law of aerodynamic pressure on the tunnel wall and vehicle surface in the horizontal and vertical directions during single vehicle passage and double vehicle intersection of CR400 EMU with a speed of 400 km ∙ h-1 is studied, and the negative pressure area and boundary conditions on the tunnel wall and vehicle surface are quantified. The results indicate that the aerodynamic pressure inside the tunnel can be correlated with parameters such as vehicle type, train speed and tunnel length to form a theoretical model. When different types of single vehicle pass through the tunnel at a speed of 400 km ∙ h-1, the difference in peak aerodynamic pressure acting on the tunnel wall is limited. Compared with the CR400BF EMU, the CR400AF EMU only increases the positive peak of aerodynamic pressure by 1.1% and the negative peak of aerodynamic pressure by 0.9%. The aerodynamic pressure on the surface of the EMU shows high uniformity in both the horizontal and vertical directions. During single vehicle passage and double vehicle intersection, the surface of the vehicle body is basically in the same pressure state at the same time. At different tunnel lengths, when the speed of the EMU is 400 km ∙ h-1, the negative pressure of the expansion wave at the center of the tunnel and the negative pressure of the high-speed train body itself are superimposed when a single vehicle passes through the tunnel, and the negative peak value of the aerodynamic pressure borne by the body reaches -4.60 kPa. When 2 vehicles intersect at different positions with a constant speed inside the tunnel, the maximum negative pressure occurs at the intersection condition of the tunnel center, and the negative peak value of the aerodynamic pressure reaches -9.68 kPa. When 2 vehicles intersect at a constant speed in the center of the tunnel, there is an unfavorable velocity boundary that significantly strengthens the negative pressure effect in the intersection negative pressure area.

High-speed railway tunnel  /  CR400 EMU  /  Single vehicle passage  /  Double vehicle intersection  /  Aerodynamic pressure  /  Maximum negative pressure area
王辰, 彭旸, 答子虔, 马伟斌, 郭小雄, 李山朵, 郑泽福. 时速400 km高速铁路隧道气动压力分布规律. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 162 -174 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14
Chen WANG, Yang PENG, Ziqian DA, Weibin MA, Xiaoxiong GUO, Shanduo LI, Zefu ZHENG. The Distribution Law of Aerodynamic Pressure of High-Speed Railway Tunnel with a Speed of 400 km · h-1[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 162 -174 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14
2013年8月在新山梨实验线中,日本L0系列车最高试验速度达到了603 km · h-1,更新了世界高速铁路的最高速度1。随着我国高铁技术的持续突破,隧道内更高速度运行试验也已展开2。CR450创新工程将着力突破中国高铁的速度上限3
高速动车组车头驶入隧道时,车体挤压隧道内有限空间气体形成压缩波,动车组车尾驶入隧道后被挤压的气体空间得以释放形成膨胀波,在这一过程中气压波会沿隧道线路方向往复传播并作用于隧道衬砌表面4。另外,高速列车在隧道内单车通过或双车交会时,均会引起隧道中气动压力的急剧波动,而这种反复作用于衬砌及附属结构表面的气动压力会对结构物安全产生不利影响5。为此,欧洲EN-14067标准6规定了列车以最大允许速度通过隧道时引起的压力变化范围;我国也已开展了若干关于高速动车组通过隧道时气动压力变化特性的相关研究7,并提出以350 km · h-1及以下速度通过隧道时作用于结构物表面的正压及负压参考值8
在隧道壁面气动压力波动研究方面,最初日本学者HARA9求解了隧道内产生的初始压缩波的幅值,同时推导了作用于隧道内列车的气动压力、空气的流速等。之后HOWE等10基于非线性声学理论分析导出压力上升量的预测式;YAMAMOTO4采用一维特征曲线线法分析了隧道内的气动压力变动;MIYAMOTO等11根据新山梨实验线的测量结果,研究了时速500 km动车通过隧道时衬砌表面的气压变动规律、衬砌结构强度和疲劳特性的特性11。国内学者针对更高速度下隧道气动效应问题,主要通过数值仿真开展了系列研究,包括动车组以400 km · h-1速度通过隧道时车体表面气动压力12-13、车体外部流场14、洞口微气压波特性15等,并研究了400 km · h-1速度级下不同隧道净空面积16、洞口缓解结构设计型式17的适配性。此外,张雷等18研究了隧道内双车交会时,不同线间距(5.0,5.2和5.4 m)下隧道壁面及车体表面的气动压力峰值变化规律。方雨菲19基于现场实车试验结果,总结了隧道壁面及附属设施表面气动荷载峰值与列车运行速度间的关系。张旭平20研究了动车组以350~450 km · h-1速度通过隧道时,隧道壁面和列车表面的压力分布以及压力峰值随速度的变化规律。魏雨生等21指出动车组以400 km · h-1速度通过单线隧道时,壁面气动压力最值出现在隧道中心位置。王东屏等22通过三维数值模拟研究了动车组通过中长隧道时的压力波传播规律,指出中长隧道中心位置处的压力波更可能发生叠加。结合400 km · h-1速度级下最不利隧道长度理论,杨斯涵等23通过三维数值模拟研究了壁面气动压力沿程分布规律;陆意斌24对比了不同编组(8,16和17车)下隧道内单车通过和双车交会时的车体表面气动载荷差异。彭雪25研究了隧道内单车通过、双车交会时压力波变化特性,以及不同车速下的隧道壁面压力峰值增长规律。
综上所述,既有研究为理解400 km · h-1速度级动车组的气动压力奠定了基础,但隧道内单车通过、双车交会等不同运行场景下的气动压力分布规律仍有待深化研究。为此,通过三维CFD数值仿真方法,研究400 km · h-1速度级的CR400系列高速动车组在隧道内单车通过及双车交会时,隧道壁面及车体表面横纵方向的气动压力时空变化规律,量化隧道壁面及车体表面最大负压区域及边界条件,系统建立隧道内气动压力与车型及列车速度、隧道长度等参数关联的理论模型,进一步为我国时速400 km高速铁路隧道气动压力研究提供理论基础。
以某试验隧道(长820 m,净空面积100 m2)为仿真原型,在计算域中建立隧道和CR400系列高速动车组的1∶1模型,如图1图3所示。鉴于研究重点为隧道内的气动压力变化规律而非列车车体的空气动力学效应,对动车组模型车体转向架、受电弓及表面进行适当简化;计算域均采用剪切体网格(Trimmed Mesh),网格在隧道缓解结构、列车头部和尾部等几何构造复杂的区域,以及在列车近壁面及隧道内等流动梯度大的区域进行局部加密,以保证计算求解精度。为改善边界层流场解,在列车表面处第1层高度为1.5×10-6 m的列车体上,拉伸8层增长率为1.2的棱柱层网格;在隧道壁面上拉伸第1层高度为2.0×10-5 m的6层网格;为高效利用计算资源,将外流场区域的网格划分为0.5,1.0,2.0和4.0 m共4种尺寸。最终得到模型计算域共生成网格单元8 728 312个。
采用滑移动网格技术模拟高速列车在隧道内的运动。将整个计算域划分为2个独立的部分,即静态计算域和动态计算域,分别如图4所示。静态计算域包含隧道洞口外流场和隧道内流场计算域,动态计算域为列车车身及其周围区域。为确保在模拟列车运动期间,动态计算域始终位于静态计算域内,对动态计算域进行适当的拓展延长,从而使静态域与动态域间滑移交界面上的数据交换能够稳定进行。
在仿真模拟中,当列车运行速度马赫数Ma≥0.3(约367 km · h-1)时,一般需要额外考虑流体密度的变化,按实际气体选择气体物理模型。湍流流场计算采用雷诺时均(RANS)方程方法,选用k-ω湍流模型族中的剪切-应力传递(SST)模型。得到动车组以400 km · h-1速度进入隧道洞口时的气动压力云图如图5所示。
CR400AF动车组以400 km · h-1速度通过上述试验隧道时,实车测试及数值仿真的气动压力时程曲线如图6所示。图中:取正压为方向垂直隧道壁面或车体表面向内的压强(产生压缩效应),负压为方向垂直隧道壁面或车体表面向外的压强(产生膨胀效应);PmaxPmin分别为气动压力正峰值差异和负峰值差异。从图6可以看出:经滤波处理的实车测试数据与仿真计算结果具有较好的吻合度,计算仿真精度在10%以内;距离隧道进口40 m处的压缩波及膨胀波已经形成,对比此处实测与仿真得到的气动压力峰值,发现正峰值差异为7.4%、负峰值差异为2.1%,气动压力峰值均表现出较好的一致性,表明所形成的仿真模型可以用进一步的分析研究。
基于上述仿真模型,为研究400 km · h-1速度级不同车型通过、不同交会位置的隧道气动压力差异,选取具有相同横截面尺寸的8编组CR400AF和CR400BF动车组,长度分别为208.95和209.06 m,列车车头均采用流线型设计,车头长度分别为12.0及12.5 m。共规划5组工况,见表1。其中工况1和工况2为不同车型的单车计算工况;工况3—工况5为同一车型的等速交会计算工况,交会位置分别设在隧道中心、距隧道中心50 m处和距隧道中心100 m处,以更深入地理解气动效应与交会位置之间的关系。
为监测不同工况下的气动压力数据,研究获得气动压力时空分布特性,在隧道壁面及车体表面每隔10 m布置气动压力测点,测点布置方案如图7所示。其中,布置在隧道壁面、距设计轨面高1.5 m处的测点共计80个,用于测量作用在隧道壁面的气动压力,记为A组,并按距进口位置命名,如距离进口10 m的测点标记为PA-10;布置在车身、距地面高2.0 m处的测点共44个,用于测量车体表面气动压力,记为B组,并按距车头位置命名,如距离车头10 m的测点标记为PB-10
工况1中CR400AF动车组以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,车身周围压力云图如图8所示。由图8可以发现:车头、车身和车尾周围可划分为相对明显的3种不同压力状态,这是由空气的挤压、分离和回弹效应造成的;在动车组运行方向上,车头如同活塞挤压着前端有限的气体空间,使得空气分子紧密聚集并被压缩,从而形成明显的正压区;随着车头逐渐接近测点,这种正压效应愈发显著,压力值不断攀升;当车头通过测点后,由于车身周围气流发生分离,流速随之增大,这一阶段动车组车身周围的气压普遍偏低,形成了一个负压区;随着动车组逐渐远离,车尾部分原本被挤压的空气开始逐渐回弹,这种回弹效应导致车尾后方出现了一定程度的压力上升。
为对比动车组车身横向方向上两侧气动压力差异,绘制车身两侧100 m处气动压力时程曲线及压力波轨迹如图9所示。图中:TD-TR-1为初始膨胀波传播至车身100 m处时刻;TD-TR-2为初始压缩波的一次反射膨胀波传播至车身100 m处时刻;TD-TR-3为初始膨胀波的一次反射压缩波传播至车身100 m处时刻;TD-TR-4为初始压缩波的二次反射压缩波传播至车身100 m处时刻。由图9时程曲线得到:在同一纵向位置处,车身两侧气动压力时程曲线波形及峰值相近,气动压力正峰值相差0.068%,负峰值相差0.002%,这表明作用于车体左右两侧的气动压力在总体上并无明显不同,车身横向方向上的气动压力具有分布均匀的特性;在[TD-TR-2TD-TR-3]时段,由于初始压缩波的反射膨胀波作用于车身100 m处产生了显著影响,导致气动压力急剧下降,最大负峰值达到-4.56 kPa,意味此时段车体表面承受着较大的负压作用。
为分析单车通过隧道时车体表面纵向方向的气动压力分布规律,并进一步量化动车组表面气动压力最小的负压最值时段TD-TR-2,TD-TR-3,得到车身左侧气动压力时空分布如图10所示。由图10可知:单车通过隧道时,车体表面大部分时段处于负压的影响之下;尽管压力波在单车通过过程中不断地往复作用于车体表面,但在同一时段内,车身基本处于同一压力状态,这表明在车身纵向方向上,动车组所受气动压力的分布具有较高的均匀性。
在模拟单车通过不同长度隧道的过程中,特别关注了负压最值时段[TD-TR-2,TD-TR-3]并将其简记为TD-TR。为量化负压最值时段TD-TR与列车速度、列车长度、隧道长度等参量的关联,推导该阶段的具体时长TD-TR,过程见式(1)—式(6)。
根据TD-TR-2时刻的物理意义,建立等式
VTRTD-TR-2=2LTU-cTD-TR-2
式中:VTR为动车组运行速度,m · s-1LTU为隧道长度,m;c为当地声速,取340 m · s-1
求得TD-TR-2
TD-TR-2=2LTUVTR+c
由于
TD-TR-3=TD-TR-2+LTRVTR
式中:LTR为动车组长度,m。
求得TD-TR-3
TD-TR-3=2LTUVTR+c+LTRVTR
整理得到动车组通过隧道时,车体表面负压最值时段TD-TR
2LTUVTR+cTD-TR2LTUVTR+c+LTRVTR
该时段的具体时长TD-TR
TD-TR=LTRVTR
式(5)与式(6)定量描述了负压最值时段TD-TR-2,TD-TR-3的具体范围及时长。值得注意的是,单车通过隧道的时长TD-TR是1个仅与动车组速度和长度相关的物理量。根据式(6)计算得到,当动车组以400 km · h-1速度通过隧道,CR400AF动车组为8编组时对应的负压时长为1.88 s,为16编组时对应的负压时长为3.73 s。这表明在运行速度一致的前提下,编组长度(列车长度)对单车通过隧道的负压时长具有显著影响;编组越长,膨胀波作用于车身的时段也越长,车体承受负压作用的时间也会相应增加。
工况1和工况2中,当CR400AF及CR400BF动车组以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,距隧道进口40 m处的测点气动压力时程曲线及压力波轨迹图如图11所示。图中:TD-TU-1TD-TU-3分别为初始压缩波、初始膨胀波传播至测点时刻;TD-TU-2TD-TU-4分别为列车车头、车尾经过测点时刻;TD-TU-5为初始压缩波的一次反射膨胀波传播至测点时刻;TD-TU-6为初始压缩波的二次反射压缩波传播至测点时刻;TD-TU-7为初始膨胀波的一次反射压缩波传播至测点时刻,TD-TU-8为初始膨胀波的二次反射膨胀波传播至测点时刻。
图11可得出如下结论。
(1)压缩波传播至测点及列车车尾通过测点时,均会造成气压上升;而膨胀波传播至测点及列车车头通过测点时,均会造成气压下降。
(2)尽管2种工况下不同型号动车组在车头长度和流线型设计上有所差异,但从气动压力时程曲线变化趋势来看,以相同速度单车通过隧道时,车型差异并不足以引起明显的压力波动变化,即隧道壁面的气动压力波形及峰值受车头差异的影响较小。具体来说,相较CR400BF动车组,CR400AF动车组单车通过隧道时的气动压力峰值均略有增加,气动压力的正峰值和负峰值分别增加1.1%和0.9%。
工况1中,CR400AF动车组以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,隧道壁面测得的气动压力正峰值、负峰值的位程曲线如图12所示。图中:XD-TU为单车通过隧道的负压最值区域;Pmin为气动压力负峰值。由图12得到:气动压力峰值均沿隧道长度方向呈现先增大后减小的趋势;正峰值分布较均匀,未出现显著的波动;负峰值在负压最值区域XD-TU出现明显的锐减,最值达-4.60 kPa,这一显著的行为特性与隧道内压力场空间分布有关。
为分析单车通过隧道时负压最值区域XD-TU的产生机理,并对其具体位置进行量化描述,解析动车组运行时对周围气压产生的影响,绘制得到CR400AF动车组以400 km · h-1速度单车通过隧道时,隧道壁面气动压力时空分布如图13所示。图中:XD-1XD-2分别为初始压缩波的一次反射膨胀波抵达车头、车尾时对应的隧道位置;XD-3XD-4分别为初始膨胀波的一次反射压缩波抵达车头、车尾位置时对应的隧道位置。从图13中可以清晰观察到压力波的传播与反射过程,并发现:由于列车运行及压力波往复传播,隧道壁面气动压力的变化具有明显的时空效应;在隧道中心区域膨胀波负压与动车组车体自身负压相互叠加,导致了单车通过隧道时出现负压最值区域XD-TU
负压最值区域XD-TU的对应范围在[XD-2XD-3],推导过程见式(7)—式(11)。
根据XD-2物理意义,建立等式
XD-2+LTRVTR=LTU+LTU-XD-2c
求得XD-2
XD-2=2LTUVTR-cLTRVTR+c
同理,根据XD-3物理意义,建立等式
XD-3VTR=LTRVTR+LTU+LTU-XD-3c
求得XD-3
XD-3=2LTUVTR+cLTRVTR+c
整理得到单车通过时,隧道壁面负压最值区域XD-TU端点与其他参量的关联为
2LTUVTR-cLTRVTR+cXD-TU2LTUVTR+cLTRVTR+c
该负压最值区域的具体长度XD-TU
XD-TU=2cLTRVTR+c
由式(11)计算得到,该负压最值区域的长度在物理量上仅与动车组速度VTR及长度LTR密切相关;8编组、16编组CR400AF动车组对应隧道负压区域长度分别为314和624 m。这表明当动车组运行速度一致时,编组长度对负压最值区域的长度XD-TU具有显著影响;随着编组长度的增加,隧道壁面最大负压的范围也相应地增加。
为便于研究负压最值区域[XD-2XD-3]随隧道长度LTU的变化规律,对该区域2个端点XD-2XD-3进行归一化。8编组、16编组CR400AF动车组分别以400 km · h-1速度通过不同长度隧道时,负压最值区域端点随隧道长度的变化曲线如图14所示;同时整理隧道长度在10 km以内时,无量纲化的负压最值区域范围见表2图14中:lim XD-2lim XD-3分别为当隧道长度趋于无穷大时,负压最值区域端点的极限。
结合图14表2可知:当8编组动车组通过的隧道长度约在3 km以内、16编组动车组通过的隧道长度约在6 km以内时,曲线呈现较为陡峭的变化趋势;隧道较短时,负压最值区域XD-TU占隧道总长比例较高,意味着布置于短隧道内的结构更易受到较大负压作用的影响;随着隧道长度的增加,当8编组动车组通过的隧道长度超过3 km、16编组动车组通过的隧道长度超过6 km后,负压最值区域长度与隧道长度的比值(XD-TU/LTU)始终保持在0.1以下,其端点随隧道长度的增加而变化减缓,且当隧道长度持续增加并趋于无穷长时,2个端点在数值上均逐渐逼近0.493,趋近于隧道中心。负压最值区域随隧道长度的变化趋势表明,2个端点XD-2XD-3关于隧道中心对称分布,靠近隧道中心的区域会承受更大的负压作用,这与前文观察到的气动压力分布现象相吻合。
分别以A车、B车命名工况3中的2列CR400AF动车组,当双车以400 km · h-1速度在隧道中心交会时,车身周围压力云图如图15所示。由图15可以发现:动车组在不同交会时段,呈现不同的气动压力状态;在车头交会之前,由于初始压缩波相向传播及动车组相向运动,车头对前方空气产生强烈的挤压效应,导致交会中心的流场压力逐渐增长,这一阶段的隧道壁面均受到正压作用,且呈现出明显的压力增高趋势;随着动车组车头开始交会,由于气流发生分离且流速加快,车身周围气压快速下降,负压的面积随着列车的相离运行而扩大,特别是在车身发生相交时,压力场完全转为负压状态且负压效应强烈;直至车尾交会后,随着列车逐渐远离,隧道内气压才有所上升,标志着整个交会过程中气动压力变化的结束。
为对比动车组在隧道中心交会时,车身横向方向上两侧气动压力差异,以A车为例,绘制车身两侧100 m处气动压力时程曲线及压力波轨迹如图16所示。图中:TJ-TR-1TJ-TR-2分别为初始压缩波、初始膨胀波传播至A车车身100 m处时刻;TJ-TR-3为初始压缩波的一次反射膨胀波传播至A车车身100 m处时刻;TJ-TR-4TJ-TR-5分别为B车车头和车尾通过A车车身100 m处时刻。由图16时程曲线得到:在同一纵向位置处,车身两侧气动压力时程曲线波形及峰值相近,气动压力正峰值相差0.045%,负峰值相差0.006%,表明动车组交会过程中,作用于车体左右两侧的气动压力在总体上并无明显不同,这与隧道内单车通过时的情况是一致的;车身横向方向上的气动压力依然分布均匀;在[TJ-TR-3TJ-TR-5]时段,由于膨胀波负压及双车交会时负压的叠加,车体表面气动压力持续降低,负峰值达-9.68 kPa,意味着车体表面承受着较大的负压作用。
为分析隧道中心双车交会时车身纵向方向的气动压力分布规律,得到车身左侧的压力时空分布如图17所示。由图17可知:随着压力波的传播和交会过程的进行,车身不同部位所受到的压力也会发生相应变化;尽管在隧道内交会过程中,车身所受气动压力呈现先增大后减小的特点,但在同一时段内,车身基本处于同一压力状态,这表明隧道内双车交会时,车身纵向方向上,动车组所受气动压力的分布具有较高的均匀性,与隧道内单车通过时的情况是一致的。
工况3—工况5中,当2列CR400AF动车组以400 km · h-1速度在隧道中不同位置交会时,隧道壁面的气动压力正峰值、负峰值位程曲线如图18所示。图中:XJ-TUXJ-TR分别为负峰值变化明显的2个区域。由图18可知:3种工况下的气动压力峰值均沿隧道长度方向呈现先增大后减小的趋势;正峰值曲线在部分区域出现了明显的压力增大,负峰值曲线则出现了明显的两端降低;不同工况下,隧道壁面的气动压力分布会随着交会位置的变化而呈现显著差异,当在隧道中心双车等速交会时,负压最值区域XJ-TR最大且出现负峰值最大值-9.68 kPa,此时交会对隧道壁面产生的负压影响最为显著。
为了探究工况3下的气动压力变化特性,进一步量化分析隧道中心双车等速交会条件下XJ-TUXJ-TR这2个负压区域,定义XTR-1XTR-2分别为A车车尾与B车车头相交、A车车头与B车车尾相交时隧道位置,XJ-1为A车驶入隧道洞口产生的反射膨胀波与B车驶入隧道洞口产生的反射压缩波的相交端点,XJ-2为B车驶入隧道洞口产生的反射膨胀波与A车驶入隧道洞口产生的反射压缩波的相交端点,则XJ-TR即为因双车交会产生的交会负压区域[XTR-1XTR-2],XJ-TU即为压力波重叠而产生交会负压区域[XJ-1XJ-2]。绘制得到此时的隧道壁面气动压力时空分布如图19所示。由图19可知:隧道中心双车等速交会时,压力波在隧道内往复传播并与车身周围压力场相互叠加,导致此时气动压力的时空效应更加复杂;车头交会前,由于初始压缩波相向传播以及动车组前端对空气的强烈挤压作用,隧道内的气压已经开始发生显著变化,隧道中心处的正峰值呈现进一步上升的趋势;车头交会时,隧道中心处出现车身交会及膨胀波负压在时间维度上相互重叠,导致隧道中心处的负压峰值大幅降低,即此时段隧道中心处承受较大的负压作用。
双车交会产生的负压最值区域XJ-TR的推导过程见式(12)—式(21)。
车头交会对应时刻TTR-M
TTR-M=LTUVTR-A+VTR-B
式中:LTR-ALTR-B分别为动车组A和动车组B的长度,m。
求得XTR-M
XTR-M=VTR-ATTR-A=LTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
式中:VTR-AVTR-B分别为动车组A和动车组B的运行速度,m · s-1
B车车头通过A车所需时间T1
T1=LTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
对应B车运行距离L1
L1=VTR-BT1=LTR-AVTR-BVTR-A+VTR-B
求得XTR-1
XTR-1=LTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B-LTR-AVTR-BVTR-A+VTR-B
同理,A车车头通过B车所需时间T2
T2=LTR-BVTR-A+VTR-B
对应A车运行距离L2
L2=VTR-BT2=LTR-BVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
求得XTR-2
XTR-2=LTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B+LTR-BVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
整理得隧道内双车交会时,隧道壁面的交会负压最值区域XJ-TR
LTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B-LTR-AVTR-BVTR-A+VTR-BXJ-TRLTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B+LTR-BVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
当2列长度相同的动车组在隧道中心等速交会时,其产生的交会负压最值区域可以简化为仅与隧道长度和动车组长度这2个物理量相关的数学模型,即
LTU-LTR2XJ-TRLTU+LTR2
进一步研究发现,在隧道中心双车等速交会的情况下,如果动车组车身负压与膨胀波负压在时间维度上相互重叠,那么会导致交会负压最值区域XJ-TR的负压效应显著加强。为了精确界定这一特殊的边界条件,将膨胀波相交的负压区域a与双车交会负压区域b在时间维度上的相互重叠(ab)定义为不利列车速度区域[VJ-TR-1VJ-TR-2],对应的边界条件示意图如图20所示。
将不利列车速度区域[VJ-TR-1VJ-TR-2]简记为VJ-TR,推导过程见式(22)—式(26)。
根据边界条件1,建立速度VJ-TR-1等式为
1VJ-TR-1=3LTU/2c+LTR/VJ-TR-1LTU/2
求得
VJ-TR-1=c(LTU-2LTR)3LTU
速度VJ-TR-2等式为
1VJ-TR-2=3LTU/2c-LTR/VJ-TR-2LTU/2
求得
VJ-TR-2=c(LTU+2LTR)3LTU
整理得到隧道中心双车等速交会时,不利列车速度区域为
cLTU-2LTR3LTUVJ-TRcLTU+2LTR3LTU
式(26)当且仅当LTU>2LTR时有解。
为便于分析不同隧道长度下隧道中心双车以400 km · h-1等速交会时,不利列车速度区域VJ-TR的端点VJ-TR-1VJ-TR-2随隧道长度的变化规律,先绘制不同隧道长度下不利列车速度区域如图21所示。图中:lim VJ-TR-1lim VJ-TR-2为隧道长度趋于无穷大时,不利列车速度区域端点的极限。再整理8编组、16编组列车通过长度在10 km以内的隧道时,对应的不利列车速度区域[VJ-TR-1VJ-TR-2],结果见表3
结合图21表3可知:当动车组编组较长、隧道长度较短时,易产生负压叠加效应的不利列车速度区域更大;随着隧道长度的增加,不利列车速度区域会逐渐收窄。进一步由式(23)和式(25)计算得到不利列车速度区域的2个端点最终都会无限接近c/3,约为408 km · h-1,这意味着不同隧道长度下,400 km · h-1速度级动车组在隧道中心双车以最高速交会时,交会区域会承受的负压相对更大。
(1)CR400系列动车组以400 km · h-1速度通过隧道时,作用于隧道壁面气动压力峰值差异有限。相较CR400BF动车组,CR400AF动车组在隧道内单车通过时,气动压力正峰值增加1.1%、负峰值增加0.9%。
(2)动车组表面气动压力在横、纵方向上均表现出较高均匀性。在同一时段,车身的大部分区域基本处于相对一致的压力状态,且峰值分布较为均匀,同一纵向位置的车身左右两侧气动压力峰值差异不超过0.1%。
(3)以400 km · h-1速度单车通过不同长度隧道时,隧道壁面气动压力的变化具有明显的时空效应。在膨胀波负压与车身负压相互叠加作用下,越靠近隧道中心处壁面承受的负压作用越大,气动压力负峰值达-4.60 kPa。该负压最值区域可量化为2LTUVTR-cLTRVTR+c,2LTUVTR+cLTRVTR+c
(4)以400 km · h-1速度通过不同长度隧道并在隧道内双车交会时,隧道壁面气动压力曲线随车交会位置变化明显,最大负压出现在隧道中心交会工况,气动压力负峰值达-9.68 kPa。该交会负压最值区域可量化为LTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B-LTR-AVTR-BVTR-A+VTR-BLTUVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B+LTR-BVTR-AVTR-A+VTR-B
(5)隧道中心双车等速交会的情况下,如果膨胀波负压及车身交会负压在时间维度上相互重叠,则会导致交会负压最值区域内的负压效应显著加强,对应的不利速度区域可量化为cLTU-2LTR3LTUcLTU+2LTR3LTU
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
基金
作者信息
    1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
    2.高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081
    3.中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司,北京100055

通讯作者:

彭旸(1996—),男,湖北武汉人,助理研究员。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgtdkx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.14
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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