Article(id=1268884483974525252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=1772985600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455235713, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455235713, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455235713, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455235713, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884484159074630, articleId=1268884483974525252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Comparative Selection of Railway Bridge Design Schemes Based on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis of railway bridges can provide more reasonable data support for the selection of bridge design schemes. Taking a high-speed railway bridge as an example and in combination with the bridge span requirements, two design schemes were proposed: cable-stiffened continuous rigid-frame superstructure and an arch-stiffened continuous rigid-frame superstructure. Based on the budgetary estimate, the construction costs for both design schemes were calculated. Accounting for the uncertainties inherent in the time-variant performance degradation of cables, a time-variant model for the calculation of the failure probability of the cable and hanger system during bridge operation was established to determine the optimal timing for cable and hanger replacement. For maintenance activities such as cable replacement and arch rib painting, the operation and maintenance costs of the two design schemes were calculated and the influence of the time value of capital on the operation and maintenance costs was analyzed. Addressing the uncertainties present in both the cost data and the calculation model, the distribution ranges of the LCCs for the two design schemes were presented. The results indicate that the costs of inspection, maintenance, and reinforcement during bridge operation significantly impact life-cycle costs. The life-cycle cost analysis method proposed in this study can effectively predict the maintenance timing during the operation period, providing support for accurate estimation of life-cycle costs. In the process of life-cycle cost analysis, it is necessary to fully consider the uncertainties during construction and operation, as well as the time value of costs. For the bridge in the case, from the perspective of life-cycle costs, the cable-stiffened continuous rigid-frame bridge design scheme has greater advantages, offering a reference for the selection of design schemes for similar long-span railway bridges.

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铁路桥梁全生命期成本分析能够为桥梁设计方案的选择提供更为合理的数据支撑。以1座高速铁路桥梁为例,结合桥梁跨度需求,提出索加劲连续刚构桥和拱加劲连续刚构桥2种设计方案,基于概算分析,对2个设计方案的建设成本进行计算;考虑拉索性能时变规律的不确定性,建立计算桥梁运营中拉索、吊杆体系失效概率的时变模型,确定拉索、吊杆更换时间;针对拉索更换和拱肋涂装等维护行为,计算2种设计方案的运维成本,分析资本时间价值对运维成本的影响;考虑全生命期成本分析中数据和计算模型的不确定性,给出2种设计方案全生命期成本的分布区间。结果表明:桥梁运营期间检测、维修、加固成本对全生命期成本有较大影响,提出的全生命期成本分析方法能够有效预测运营期管养时间,为全生命期成本准确估计提供支撑;在全生命期成本分析过程中,需充分考虑建设及运营过程的不确定性及成本的时间价值;对于案例桥梁,从全生命期成本角度来看,索加劲连续刚构桥设计方案更具优势。

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解会兵(1987—),男,河北邢台人,副教授。E-mail:

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Methods and Parameters for Economic Evaluation of Construction Projects [M]. 3th ed. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2006. in Chinese, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1268884498625229282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884483974525252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=28, authorNames=武文杰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=武文杰.基于不确定性的钢筋混凝土桥梁量化可持续性评价[D].北京:北京交通大学,2013., articleTitle=基于不确定性的钢筋混凝土桥梁量化可持续性评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1268884498683949539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884483974525252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=29, authorNames=WU Wenjie, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Wenjie. 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设计方案主梁混凝土/m3纵向预应力钢绞线/t桥塔混凝土/m3加劲索/t拱肋钢结构/t拱肋混凝土/m3吊杆/t临时用钢/t
索加劲连续刚构桥23 010.0934.53 003.0454.71 777.0
拱加劲连续刚构桥21 601.61 480.212 66.21 746.062.82 602.0
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主要材料工程量

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设计方案主梁混凝土/m3纵向预应力钢绞线/t桥塔混凝土/m3加劲索/t拱肋钢结构/t拱肋混凝土/m3吊杆/t临时用钢/t
索加劲连续刚构桥23 010.0934.53 003.0454.71 777.0
拱加劲连续刚构桥21 601.61 480.212 66.21 746.062.82 602.0
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设计方案上部结构下部结构附属工程施工辅助设施
索加劲连续刚构桥10 153.74 357.5257.1663.0
拱加劲连续刚构桥10 026.75 721.0390.1324.7
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不同设计方案工程概算

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设计方案上部结构下部结构附属工程施工辅助设施
索加劲连续刚构桥10 153.74 357.5257.1663.0
拱加劲连续刚构桥10 026.75 721.0390.1324.7
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桥式主塔高度/m拱肋高度/m拉索数/对吊杆数/对最长拉索/m最短拉索/m拉索或吊杆重量/t换索材料费(含锚具)/万元换索施工费/万元协调费/万元单次换索总费用/万元
索加劲连续刚构40.740109.742.6454.71 4554002002 055
拱加劲连续刚构48.02446.010.062.8226300200726
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拉索更换成本清单

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桥式主塔高度/m拱肋高度/m拉索数/对吊杆数/对最长拉索/m最短拉索/m拉索或吊杆重量/t换索材料费(含锚具)/万元换索施工费/万元协调费/万元单次换索总费用/万元
索加劲连续刚构40.740109.742.6454.71 4554002002 055
拱加劲连续刚构48.02446.010.062.8226300200726
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涂料名称每道干膜最小厚度/μm至少涂装道数总干膜最小厚度/μm
特质环氧富锌防锈底漆或水性无机富锌防锈底漆40280
云铁环氧中间漆40140
氟碳面漆35270
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钢结构拱肋防腐涂装体系7

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涂料名称每道干膜最小厚度/μm至少涂装道数总干膜最小厚度/μm
特质环氧富锌防锈底漆或水性无机富锌防锈底漆40280
云铁环氧中间漆40140
氟碳面漆35270
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桥式桥梁技术状态检查静载试验脉动测试行车试验其他(辅助设施、机车租赁等)管理费、税金
索加劲连续刚构12.566.914.913.831.124.8
拱加劲连续刚构9.153.010.522.231.121.7
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不同涉及方案单次检定成本组成/万元

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桥式桥梁技术状态检查静载试验脉动测试行车试验其他(辅助设施、机车租赁等)管理费、税金
索加劲连续刚构12.566.914.913.831.124.8
拱加劲连续刚构9.153.010.522.231.121.7
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不确定性因子均值变异系数分布类型
加固时间不确定性因子10.10均匀分布
运维成本不确定性因子10.29均匀分布
建设成本不确定性因子10.07均匀分布
成本折现率不确定性因子10.10均匀分布
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桥梁全生命期成本分析不确定性因子统计特征

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不确定性因子均值变异系数分布类型
加固时间不确定性因子10.10均匀分布
运维成本不确定性因子10.29均匀分布
建设成本不确定性因子10.07均匀分布
成本折现率不确定性因子10.10均匀分布
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基于全生命期成本分析的铁路桥梁设计方案比选
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解会兵 1, 2 , 于佳平 1 , 韩冰 1, 2 , 陈良江 3 , 周勇政 3 , 刘子钦 1
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 108-119
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 108-119
基于全生命期成本分析的铁路桥梁设计方案比选
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解会兵1, 2 , 于佳平1, 韩冰1, 2, 陈良江3, 周勇政3, 刘子钦1
作者信息
  • 1.北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京100044
  • 2.城市轨道交通基础设施智能感知与韧性提升北京市重点实验室,北京100044
  • 3.中国铁路经济规划研究院有限公司,北京100038
  • 解会兵(1987—),男,河北邢台人,副教授。E-mail:

Comparative Selection of Railway Bridge Design Schemes Based on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Huibing XIE1, 2 , Jiaping YU1, Bing HAN1, 2, Liangjiang CHEN3, Yongzheng ZHOU3, Ziqin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing100044, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Resilience Enhancement of Urban Rail Transit Infrastructure, Beijing100044, China
  • 3.China Railway Economic and Planning Research Institute, Beijing100038, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.10
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铁路桥梁全生命期成本分析能够为桥梁设计方案的选择提供更为合理的数据支撑。以1座高速铁路桥梁为例,结合桥梁跨度需求,提出索加劲连续刚构桥和拱加劲连续刚构桥2种设计方案,基于概算分析,对2个设计方案的建设成本进行计算;考虑拉索性能时变规律的不确定性,建立计算桥梁运营中拉索、吊杆体系失效概率的时变模型,确定拉索、吊杆更换时间;针对拉索更换和拱肋涂装等维护行为,计算2种设计方案的运维成本,分析资本时间价值对运维成本的影响;考虑全生命期成本分析中数据和计算模型的不确定性,给出2种设计方案全生命期成本的分布区间。结果表明:桥梁运营期间检测、维修、加固成本对全生命期成本有较大影响,提出的全生命期成本分析方法能够有效预测运营期管养时间,为全生命期成本准确估计提供支撑;在全生命期成本分析过程中,需充分考虑建设及运营过程的不确定性及成本的时间价值;对于案例桥梁,从全生命期成本角度来看,索加劲连续刚构桥设计方案更具优势。

铁路桥梁  /  设计  /  方案比选  /  全生命期成本  /  资本时间价值  /  不确定性

Life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis of railway bridges can provide more reasonable data support for the selection of bridge design schemes. Taking a high-speed railway bridge as an example and in combination with the bridge span requirements, two design schemes were proposed: cable-stiffened continuous rigid-frame superstructure and an arch-stiffened continuous rigid-frame superstructure. Based on the budgetary estimate, the construction costs for both design schemes were calculated. Accounting for the uncertainties inherent in the time-variant performance degradation of cables, a time-variant model for the calculation of the failure probability of the cable and hanger system during bridge operation was established to determine the optimal timing for cable and hanger replacement. For maintenance activities such as cable replacement and arch rib painting, the operation and maintenance costs of the two design schemes were calculated and the influence of the time value of capital on the operation and maintenance costs was analyzed. Addressing the uncertainties present in both the cost data and the calculation model, the distribution ranges of the LCCs for the two design schemes were presented. The results indicate that the costs of inspection, maintenance, and reinforcement during bridge operation significantly impact life-cycle costs. The life-cycle cost analysis method proposed in this study can effectively predict the maintenance timing during the operation period, providing support for accurate estimation of life-cycle costs. In the process of life-cycle cost analysis, it is necessary to fully consider the uncertainties during construction and operation, as well as the time value of costs. For the bridge in the case, from the perspective of life-cycle costs, the cable-stiffened continuous rigid-frame bridge design scheme has greater advantages, offering a reference for the selection of design schemes for similar long-span railway bridges.

Railway bridge  /  Design  /  Scheme comparison  /  Life-cycle cost  /  Time value of capital  /  Uncertainty
解会兵, 于佳平, 韩冰, 陈良江, 周勇政, 刘子钦. 基于全生命期成本分析的铁路桥梁设计方案比选. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.10
Huibing XIE, Jiaping YU, Bing HAN, Liangjiang CHEN, Yongzheng ZHOU, Ziqin LIU. Comparative Selection of Railway Bridge Design Schemes Based on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 108 -119 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.10
21世纪以来,我国高铁桥梁建设取得了巨大成就,在建设过程中采用设计、施工和维护各阶段独立运行的管理模式,各阶段责任主体相互配合,工作界限清晰,这种建设模式高效支撑了高铁桥梁的大规模建设。但是,该模式也暴露出一定的局限性,由于设计环节与远期运营养护需求缺乏前瞻性融合,且施工阶段的部分关键工艺存在质量波动,桥梁在运营期的耐久性面临挑战,并抬高了全生命期的养护维修总成本。因此,对于结构更为复杂的非常规跨径桥梁,在方案比选阶段即引入全生命期管理思想,构建基于全生命期成本(Life Cycle Cost,LCC)的决策方法,是提升工程长远经济性的关键。
自20世纪60年代以来,全生命期成本分析(Life Cycle Cost Analysis,LCCA)被广泛应用于桥梁维护管理策略优化研究领域。近年来针对桥梁项目全生命期理论应用的研究也取得了重要的研究成果。不同学者从不同的角度对全生命期成本管理的思想和方法进行了深入的探讨1-2,其方法论体系日趋成熟。与此同时,Kirk等3,Bull4和Singh等5都发表了比较重要的相关著作,阐述了全生命期成本管理的基本概念、基本理论和主要方法。Frangopol等人6-7对近几年来桥梁全生命期成本相关研究取得的进展进行了总结,并对未来的挑战进行了展望,为采用全生命期成本分析进行桥梁投资方案比选提供了基础。然而,实现其在高铁桥梁设计方案优选中的深度应用,尚需攻克2大瓶颈:一是对桥梁材料和结构性能时变规律和LCC的关联机制缺乏量化认知,若不掌握高铁桥梁关键构件的性能退化规律,便无法在设计、建造和管养时选择合理的方案,难以对全生命期成本进行优化控制;二是现行的LCCA多基于确定性框架,未能系统性地审视基础参数和性能模型内在的不确定性,从而弱化了评估结果对实际工程的指导价值。
本文针对高速铁路加劲连续刚构桥的2种设计方案进行全生命期性能及成本分析。以桥梁关键构件时变可靠度演化入手,对桥梁在寿命期内的主要维护行为实施的时间进行估计;同时在对高铁桥梁性能时变分析的基础上考虑资本的时间价值,计算不同折现率时2种设计方案的全生命期成本随时间变化情况;考虑桥梁全生命期计算中所涉及的基础数据、性能预测模型的不确定性,分析桥梁全生命期成本离散性随预期使用寿命的变化情况。
桥梁全生命期成本分析旨在通过净现值(Net Present Value,NPV)这一指标,量化桥梁从设计、建造、运营维护直至拆除整个生命周期内的总经济成本。该方法的核心在于将不同时间点发生的所有成本,统一折算到决策分析的基准点,从而确保成本的可比性。其成本构成按时间序列可划分为:
(1)建设成本,即桥梁实体形成过程中人力、物料和财力的1次性集中投入;
(2)运营维护成本,涵盖因桥梁长期使用而产生的检测、评定及预防性和实质性维修养护费用,该阶段因时间跨度长,成本累积效应显著;
(3)拆除回收成本,即生命周期终结时的处置费用,通常在总成本中占比较低。
鉴于此类分析所依赖的成本数据(多源于调查统计)和性能预测模型本身存在局限性,计算结果具有内在的不确定性,因此,需进行不确定性分析。通过评估关键输入参数的概率分布并模拟其误差传递过程,明确这种不确定性对最终结果的影响范围。此外,由于运营维护期漫长,资金的时间价值成为关键考量因素。通过设定的折现率,可将未来各时点的成本绝对值折算为当前净现值,即
P=F1+rdn
式中:P为现值;F为第n年发生的未来成本或收益;rd为折现率。
折现率的物理和经济含义可从以下层面理解。
(1)资金的时间价值。反映社会对当前资金与未来资金的偏好。通常,当前的单位资金比未来的单位资金更有价值。
(2)机会成本。用于本项目的资金若投入其他领域可获得的基准收益率。
(3)风险补偿。基础设施生命周期长,未来成本(如大修、拆除)具有不确定性,折现率中包含的对这种不确定性的补偿。
在工程经济分析中,折现率通常采用社会折现率或行业基准收益率,它将发生在不同时间的经济价值拉齐到同一时间基准进行比较。折现率的选取对分析结论有决定性影响,较高的折现率会凸显初期建设成本的地位,而较低的折现率则会放大后期运维成本在总现值中的权重。
考虑时间价值和不确定性的桥梁生命周期成本净现值计算式为
CNlc=Cci+Cce+Cco+Ccr+Cd+t=11001+rd-1CmtPmt+CPMtPPMt+CEMtPEMt
式中:CNlc为桥梁生命周期总成本净现值;Cci为建设安装工程费;Cce为广义的设备购置费;Cco为其他涉及费用;Ccr为预备费;Cd为拆除成本;Cm(t)为第t年桥梁专项检测成本;CPM(t)为第t年桥梁运营阶段的预防性维护成本;CEM(t)为第t年桥梁运营阶段的实质性维护成本;Pm(t)为第t年桥梁需要开展专项检测的概率;PPM(t)为第t年桥梁需要开展预防性维护的概率;PEM(t)为第t年桥梁需要开展实质性维护的概率。
为展示基于全生命期成本分析的桥梁设计方案比选过程及分析结果,选取1座拟建铁路桥梁,对不同设计方案的全生命期成本进行对比分析。该桥为全长488 m、孔跨样式(124+240+124) m的加劲连续刚构桥。可选桥型为索加劲连续刚构桥和拱加劲连续刚构桥,其桥型布置如图1所示。
索加劲连续刚构桥方案主梁采用预应力混凝土单箱双室结构,如图2所示。中支点梁高为13.5 m,边支点梁高采用6.5 m,梁体下缘采用二次抛物线变化;全梁设置80个梁上锚点,40道锚点横梁,锚点横梁高1.5 m、宽0.6 m,梁上锚点纵向间距8 m,横向间距12.8 m。
加劲索横向为双索面布置,立面为扇形布置,每个桥塔对称设置10对斜拉索,塔上索距为1.2 m,梁上索距为8.0 m,梁上中间无索区长为37.0 m,加劲索采用环氧涂层高强钢绞线,设置双层HDPE外护套,加劲索采用在桥塔处设置分丝鞍座,鞍座两端设置单侧抗滑锚固装置,梁端处张拉。主墩、主塔形式采用塔墩梁固结的形式,如图3所示。
拱加劲连续刚构桥方案主梁采用预应力混凝土单箱双室结构,如图4所示,中支点梁高为15.0 m,边支点梁高采用5.8 m,梁体下缘采用二次抛物线变化;全梁设置48个梁上锚点,24道锚点横梁,锚点横梁高1.5 m、宽0.8 m,梁上锚点纵向间距9.0 m,横向间距12.0 m。
加劲拱采用钢管混凝土结构,计算跨度为240.0 m,设计矢高为48.0 m,矢跨比为1/5,拱轴线采用二次抛物线,设计拱轴线方程为
y=x2300+0.8x
式中:y为拱肋矢高;x为拱轴纵向位置坐标。
拱肋弦管及缀板材料均为Q345qD钢,内填充C50微膨胀混凝土。拱肋截面如图5所示。
梁部吊杆间距9.0 m,全桥共设24组吊杆,吊杆采用GJ钢绞线整束挤压拉索,其中D5—D12组吊杆拉索型号为GJ15A-25(即25根15.2 mm钢绞线);D1—D4组吊杆拉索型号为GJ15A-22(即22根15.2 mm钢绞线)。2个主墩均采用墩梁固结的形式,主墩为空心墩,墩高分别为52和57 m,如图6所示。
对于2种桥型方案的建设期成本分析主要通过2种方案的主要工程量和成本单价清单进行确定。2种方案的主要工程量和工程概算价值对比分别见表1表2。经核算,索加劲连续刚构桥建设成本比拱加劲连续刚构桥的造价低1 030万元。在成本组成中可以看到,拱加劲连续刚构桥方案的桥梁上部结构建设费用较高,比索加劲连续刚构桥方案高出1 363.45万元,这是造成拱加劲连续刚构桥方案建设成本较高的主要原因。
铁路桥梁运营过程中需要进行定期的检查评定、维修养护工作,桥梁维修养护工作的开展需要大量的资金投入。
索加劲连续刚构桥方案的桥梁运维成本组成包括:
(1)刚构桥混凝土结构维修加固成本;
(2)斜拉索更换成本;
(3)桥梁检定成本;
(4)桥梁日常检查及管理成本。
拱加劲连续刚构桥方案的桥梁运维成本组成包括:
(1)刚构桥混凝土结构维修加固成本;
(2)拱肋吊杆更换成本;
(3)拱肋防腐涂装成本;
(4)桥梁检定成本;
(5)桥梁日常检查及管理成本。
在运维成本的组成中,连续刚构桥混凝土结构的维修加固成本和桥梁日常检查及管理成本并不会由于方案的差异而不同,在本研究中不对这2项成本进行分析。主要考虑2种方案由于拉索更换成本、吊杆更换成本、防腐涂装成本、检定成本的不同而引起的运维成本差异。
拉索作为大跨度桥梁的主要承重构件,其损伤程度影响整个桥梁的可靠性和安全性。对于拉索构件的使用寿命,兰成明等8对永和大桥更换下的拉索进行了腐蚀疲劳等一系列试验,提出了疲劳寿命服从威布尔分布且具有线性变化的假设;贡金鑫等9研究了不锈钢钢丝腐蚀后的可靠指标变化趋势;陈治邦等10针对斜拉索腐蚀损伤下斜拉桥可靠度开展研究,提出了单根斜拉索的强度退化模型。
由于材料本身特性、施工质量以及环境条件等原因,单根拉索的可靠性只随时间减小。拉索的可靠性可以用服从威布尔分布的失效概率密度函数ft)估计11。该分布类型适合描述由多个串联组成的构件且其寿命或者强度由最薄弱环节控制的问题,可用于系统或部件的寿命周期分析,是一种具有广泛适用性的统计分布函数,其累计概率密度函数FT≤t)为
F(Tt)=Pf(t)=1-e-(λt)κ
式中:T为服役时间;Pf(t)为在时间t内的失效概率;λ为尺度因子,λ>0;κ为形状因子,κ>0。
其概率密度函数ft)为
f(t)=κλ(λt)κ-1e-(λt)κ
单根拉索经过t时间后仍然可以安全适用的概率即未失效概率Pst)为
Ps(t)=1-0tf(t)dt=e-(λt)κ
对于拉索寿命参数的取值,王立彬12在研究中给出形状参数取值为κ=2.5,尺度参数取值为λ=0.005 a-1。则拉索在寿命期内安全服役的概率变化曲线如图7所示。
在斜拉桥的结构体系中,拉索系统作为核心传力构件,其安全性和耐久性直接决定整座桥梁的服役性能与寿命。一个基础的认知是,在设计中通常不被认为单根拉索的偶然失效会立即引发整体结构灾难性崩溃13。这得益于结构系统的冗余度设计。然而,这绝不意味着可以孤立地看待单根拉索的失效。恰恰相反,当1根拉索失效后,其所承担的荷载会动态地重新分配给相邻的、仍然健全的拉索。这种力的重分布过程,使得剩余拉索的应力水平骤然升高,其失效风险也相应增大,从而可能引发一种渐进式的、相互关联的失效模式,即所谓的连锁效应或相关性失效。因此,若简单地基于单根拉索的寿命进行独立性叠加评估整个拉索系统的安全性,必然会因为忽略这种构件间的相互作用和荷载重分配机制,导致分析结果严重偏离工程实际,可能高估系统的整体可靠性。
为了更科学地刻画这一复杂的系统行为,本研究摒弃将拉索视为完全独立个体的简化假设,转而采用系统工程的视角,借鉴可靠性理论中的串-并联模型构建整个拉索系统的寿命函数。该模型的核心思想在于,通过逻辑关系描述构件失效与系统失效之间的内在联系,从而由基础的构件可靠性推演出系统的综合安全性。
在理想化的最简单情形中,如果我们假设所有拉索的失效是完全相互独立的,则在1个并联系统中,只有当系统中的所有拉索都失效时,整个系统才会被判定为失效。这种模型体现了多重保险的思想,系统中任何一个构件存活都能维持系统功能。因此,增加并联的拉索数量会显著提高系统的可靠性。而在一个串联系统中,情况截然相反,系统中任一拉索的失效就会导致整个系统的功能丧失。这类似于链条的强度取决于其最薄弱的一环,在此模型中,独立构件数量的增加反而会加速系统可靠性的降低。
然而,将斜拉桥的拉索系统简单地归类为纯粹的串联或并联系统是不准确的。实际工程中,拉索之间的失效存在着明显的相关性。这种相关性主要源于它们共同承受来自主梁和桥塔的荷载,处于相同或相似的环境腐蚀与疲劳载荷作用下以及可能存在的统一设计与施工偏差。这种相关性使得系统的真实失效概率介于基于独立性假设的串联模型(过于悲观)和并联模型(过于乐观)所计算出的结果之间。
鉴于精确量化拉索间复杂的相关系数极为困难,本研究采用一种稳健且实用的算法——界限概率法。该方法不追求获得一个单一的、精确的系统失效概率,而是通过理论推导,给出系统失效概率的一个合理范围,这个范围有明确的上界和下界限定。
对于串联系统,其系统失效概率的下界是单个最不可靠拉索的失效概率(即所有拉索完全正相关时的情形),而上界则是1减去所有拉索同时正常工作的概率(即所有拉索完全独立时的情形),即
maxPfiPf(t)<1-i(1-Pfi)
式中:Pfi为第i根拉索的失效概率。
对于并联系统,其系统失效概率的下界是所有拉索同时失效的概率(即所有拉索完全独立时的情形),而上界则是单个最可靠拉索的失效概率(即所有拉索完全正相关时的情形),即
iPfiPf(t)<minPfi
图8给出了2根拉索串联、并联体系的失效概率依时变化情况。
假定所有拉索在寿命期内失效概率的依时变化情况是相同的,也就是说所有单根拉索正常使用的概率都服从式(5)的概率密度函数。则式(7)和式(8)可表示为
1-e-(λt)κPf(t)<1-e-N(λt)κ
1-e-(λt)κNPf(t)<1-e-(λt)κ
式中:N为总的拉索个数。
对于串并联的拉索体系,一般认为单根拉索的失效不会导致拉索体系的整体失效,而将拉索体系模拟为由多根拉索并联组成的子系统串联而成,且各子系统完全相关。则当子系统中拉索全部失效时,认为拉索体系发生失效。当设定了具体的目标失效概率时,拉索体系的使用寿命Ts
1λln11-Pf,t1κ<Ts1λln11-Pf,t1m1κ
式中:m为导致拉索体系失效的最低失效拉索数;Pf,t为目标失效概率。
一般认为,2根拉索的同时失效将对结构体系带来较为严重的后果,即m=2,则采用式(11)可以计算目标失效概率设定值与拉索体系寿命之间的关系,如图9所示。
基于可靠度指标βt确定拉索体系的目标失效概率,即
Pf,t=Φ(-βt)=1.33×10-5
式中:Φ(·)为正态分布函数。
则拉索体系的使用寿命范围约为2.2~21 a,结合工程经验,取21 a为拉索更换周期。也就是说,在正常运营养护条件下,每21 a最少更换1次斜拉索。
对于拱桥吊杆,其在使用过程中劣化机理与斜拉索相似,但不同于斜拉索的各拉索失效概率随时间变化规律基本相同,拱桥吊杆中短吊杆在运营过程中相比于长吊杆经历着更为突出的疲劳腐蚀过程,其劣化速率则更快。但对于这方面的研究较少,本文基于孙学子14的研究成果,假定拱桥吊杆的使用寿命为18 a。也就是说,在正常运营养护条件下,每18 a最少更换1次拱桥吊杆。
对于本研究中的索加劲连续刚构桥方案和拱加劲连续刚构桥方案,进行1次斜拉索、吊杆更换的费用见表3
拱加劲连续刚构桥方案在运营过程中需要通过预防性养护措施保证拱肋的耐久性。一般为了保持拱肋良好的工作性能,基于Q/CR 730—2019《铁路钢桥保护涂装及涂料供货技术条件》15涂装体系7对拱肋进行定期的防腐涂装,涂装体系7的相关要求见表4
根据已有钢桥漆膜经验,防腐涂装的使用寿命约为15~20 a,单次涂装费用约为146.5万元。本文案例桥梁使用过程中防腐涂装周期按照20 a进行计算,并每10 a进行1次防腐涂装修补,修补面积假定为拱肋总面积的5%。
TG/GW 114—2011《高速铁路桥隧建筑物修理规则》16中规定:运营中的特殊结构、技术复杂的桥梁,应每隔10 a进行1次检定,桥梁出现严重病害,可能危及行车安全的,应及时进行检定。对于索加劲连续刚构桥和拱加劲连续刚构桥,桥梁检测项目及单次检定成本组成分别如图10表5所示。
基于上述清单及全生命期成本计算方法,2种方案的全生命期成本曲线如图11所示。
图11可以看出:虽然拱加劲方案在建设成本上高于索加劲方案,但后期维护成本较低,因此,在不考虑成本的折现率时,其全生命期成本低于索加劲方案。
在全生命期成本分析中,折现率的选取绝非一个简单的技术参数设定,而是一个对方案比选结论影响至关重要的假设,其本质在于反映资金的时间价值。这一比率的确定,综合体现了国家或行业在特定时期内的资本机会成本、社会时间偏好、投资回报预期以及宏观经济环境等多种因素。一个较高的折现率,意味着对未来成本折扣力度更大,从而倾向于初始投资低但后期运维成本高的方案;反之,一个较低的折现率则更重视长远未来,使得初始投资高而长期运营稳健的方案显得更具经济性。
因此,折现率的取值必须建立在严谨的政策指引和行业实践基础上,以确保分析结果的合理性和可比性。我国在项目经济评价领域具有权威性的指导文件——《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》(第3版)17明确指出,社会折现率是衡量经济内部收益率的基准值,体现了社会对资金时间价值的估量。该文件将8%设定为基准的社会折现率,适用于多数建设项目。同时,考虑到基础设施等长效资产的特性,对于效益实现周期长、远期风险可控的项目,允许适当下调该比率,但给出了6%的下限,以此平衡短期资源配置效率与长期可持续发展之间的关系。
具体到铁路行业,其折现率的应用呈现出更具针对性的分层特点。在财务评价层面,为准确反映行业特有的资金成本与风险收益特征,相关规定对不同类型的项目进行了区分:对于铁路网新线建设项目,其财务折现率设定为3%;而对于既有线改造项目,则采用6%的比率。这一差异体现了新线建设作为战略性基础设施,其投资回报周期更长、社会效益外溢性更强的特点。然而,在更为宏观的国民经济评价层面,即在评估项目对整个国民经济的净贡献时,铁路行业在编制预可行性研究和可行性研究报告的实践中,通常仍采用8%的社会折现率基准,以确保跨行业、跨地区项目评价口径的统一。
基于上述多层次的规范与实践,本研究在确定折现率的合理取值范围时,进行了一番审慎的综合考量。一方面,直接采用8%的基准值可能由于未充分考虑铁路基础设施的长期服役特性而略显激进;另一方面,直接采用新线建设3%的财务折现率,又可能因过低而过度削弱了未来运维成本的影响。因此,本研究设定了4%~8%这一包容性区间,旨在涵盖从行业特性到社会基准的多种可能情景。
为便于进行具体的量化计算与清晰的展示,本研究在核心分析中选取了5%作为计算的基准折现率。一方面,它显著低于8%的社会基准,体现了对桥梁工程长达数十年甚至上百年的超长服役周期及其长远社会效益的承认;同时,它又高于3%的新线建设财务折现率,反映了在方案比选中仍需对远期不确定的运维成本保持足够的审慎。当折现率采取5%时,2种方案的全生命期成本曲线如图12所示。后续的敏感性分析将围绕此基准值,在4%~8%的区间内展开,全面揭示折现率波动对全生命期成本评估结果的影响程度。
图12中可以看出:当考虑资本的时间价值后,从全生命期成本来看索加劲连续刚构桥方案要优于拱加劲连续刚构桥方案,且2种方案运营维护期间的成本占全生命期总成本的比例均有显著降低;2种桥型的成本曲线逐渐趋于平缓,这是由于考虑折现率时,桥梁的维修时间距现在越远时,其成本现值越小。
当折现率发生变化时,2种方案的全生命期成本曲线均发生变化,折现率越高,则运营维护成本在总成本中所占比重越小。不同折现率情况下2种方案的全生命期成本曲线如图13所示。从图13可以看出,随着折现率的增加,相比于拱加劲方案,索加劲方案的全生命期成本的优势就越明显,这是由于索加劲方案的建设成本较低而运维成本较高,高折现率能够降低全生命期成本对运维成本的敏感性。
在桥梁全生命期分析中,存在大量的不确定性,其中包括结构构件退化模型引起的维护改造时间的不确定性、桥梁建设及运维成本数据清单的不确定性、国民经济发展水平的不确定性。桥梁检定周期应符合行业标准规定,因此不考虑其不确定性。这些不确定性将对桥梁建设方案的全生命期成本分析结果产生较大影响,本研究考虑这些不确定性,对由这些不确定性引起的桥梁全生命期成本的变化进行分析。参考已有研究18,主要考虑的不确定性因子见表6,由于对于成本折现率和加固时间不确定性的研究较少,因此本研究中假定其变异系数为0.1。基于表中相关不确定性因子的统计特征参数,使用Monte Carlo模拟,运用统计抽样方法,使清单的不确定性在计算模型中传递,量化最终的不确定性大小。
图14给出了考虑表5中不确定性的2种桥梁方案全生命期成本曲线,图中黑色曲线和红色曲线分别为考虑不确定性2种方案全生命期成本的上下限值。从图14可以看出,桥梁全生命期成本曲线随寿命增加呈喇叭形状,不确定性在全寿命期内逐渐累积,使成本计算结果的离散性逐渐增大。
本研究通过对高速铁路桥梁2种设计方案的全生命期成本进行分析,得到结论如下。
(1)铁路桥梁全生命期成本主要由建设成本、运维成本及拆除成本构成,桥梁的设计方案将对建设成本和运维成本产生较大影响。对于大跨度铁路桥梁拆除成本,由于其设计服役寿命较长,拆除阶段发生于远期,在考虑资金折现后,相关成本的现值在总成本中占比很低,对整体分析影响有限。拆除阶段在材料循环利用方面对桥梁全生命期成本分析具有重要意义,未来将结合结构特性与可持续性要求进一步深化研究。在桥梁全生命期成本分析过程中,需要对运营期间的检测、维修、加固行为的实施时间进行估计,采用基于时变可靠度的结构构件性能评定方法,能够为桥梁维护时间的确定提供理论支撑。
(2)在铁路桥梁运维成本的分析计算过程中,折现率的取值对计算结果有较大影响。高折现率能够降低全生命期成本对运维成本的敏感性,使桥梁运营期维护成本在总成本中的比重大大降低。同时,在折现率较大时,通过采取措施延迟桥梁进行维修加固的时间将带来一定的经济效益。
(3)铁路桥梁的建设及运营过程中均存在一定的不确定性,这些不确定性将对建设成本、运营成本及运营过程中维修加固行为实施的时间产生影响。不确定性的累积将使全生命期成本估计值的离散性随预期寿命的增加而增加。在桥梁全生命期分析中,应提高基础数据及桥梁性能演变模型的准确性,降低分析结果的不确定性。
(4)针对所选取的案例桥梁,基于全生命期成本分析结果,当不考虑成本的折现率时,拱加劲连续刚构桥方案的建设成本较高,但全生命期成本较低。在计算中引入折现率之后,拱加劲连续刚构桥方案的建设成本及全生命期成本均高于索加劲连续刚构桥方案,因此认为对于本研究中的案例桥梁,索加劲连续刚构桥方案更为合理。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.10
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
  • 修回日期:2026-03-09
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    1.北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京100044
    2.城市轨道交通基础设施智能感知与韧性提升北京市重点实验室,北京100044
    3.中国铁路经济规划研究院有限公司,北京100038
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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