Article(id=1268884481273401564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.17, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455235069, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455235069, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455235069, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455235069, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=198, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884481772523742, articleId=1268884481273401564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Study on the Bypass Path of 25 Hz Phase-Sensitive Track Circuit Based on the Multi-Conductor Transmission Line, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit faces a broken rail detection problem due to the presence of a bypass path. As a result, the variation law of the receiving end voltage under broken rail conditions has not been clarified in the field operation for a long time. To provide a theoretical basis for eliminating potential safety hazards, based on the multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) modeling method, multiple sections along the bypass path of a 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit are equivalently represented as a single bypass section. A six-port network is adopted to analyze the voltage and current relationships between the broken rail section and the bypass section. These sections are linked through the impedance bond (IB) and the earth to form a coupling circuit, which is then used to establish a bypass-path model of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit and derive the corresponding MTL equations. Based on the principle of transformer mutual-inductance circuits, the voltage and current relationships of IBs at the sending and receiving ends of the broken rail section are analyzed. The boundary-condition parameter matrix of IB is derived, and the longitudinal distribution of voltage and current under broken rail conditions of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit is obtained. A decoupling algorithm based on the IB boundary-condition is proposed. The bypass-path model and the decoupling algorithm are validated through laboratory and field tests. Considering that the receiving voltage in the bypass path is non-zero under broken rail conditions, the effects of the IB connection scheme, break location, ballast leakage, and cross-bond distance on the receiving voltage are investigated. The results show that, for sections with IBs fully connected, the receiving voltage increases as the break location approaches the mid-section and as the ballast resistance increases. For sections with the sending-end or receiving-end IB disconnected, the receiving voltage increases as the break location approaches the end where the IB remains connected, and it first rises and then falls as the ballast resistance increases. When the cross-bond distance exceeds 2 km, the receiving voltage becomes nearly invariant, and 2 km can be used as a reference value. A higher receiving voltage under broken rail conditions makes broken rail detection more difficult. Therefore, it is recommended that, for sections with fully connected IBs, broken rail detection be tested using a criterion of a 40% drop in receiving voltage, whereas for sections with the sending-end or receiving-end IB connection disconnected, broken rail detection be tested by removing the single-rail connecting wire at the IB-connected end.

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25 Hz相敏轨道电路存在迂回回路不能用于检查断轨的问题,受此影响现场运营长期未能明确断轨状态下受端电压的变化规律。为排除安全隐患提供理论基础,基于多导体传输线(MTL)建模方法,将25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路上的多个区段等效为1个迂回区段,采用六端网络分析断轨区段和迂回区段的电压和电流关系,通过扼流变压器(IB)和大地形成断轨区段和迂回区段的耦合电路,建立25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型,得到MTL方程;基于变压器互感电路原理,分析断轨区段送端和受端IB的电压和电流关系,推导IB边界条件参数矩阵,求解得到25 Hz相敏轨道电路断轨状态下沿线电压和电流,提出基于IB边界条件的解耦算法;在通过实验室和现场验证迂回回路模型和解耦算法正确性的基础上,满足断轨状态下迂回回路受端电压不为0 V的前提,分析IB连接方式、断轨位置、道床漏泄和横向连接距离等不同参数对受端电压的影响。结果表明:在IB全连接区段,断轨位置越靠近区段中部,道床电阻越大,受端电压越高;在送端或受端IB连接断开的区段,断轨位置越靠近IB连接的一端,受端电压越高;道床电阻增大,受端电压先升高后降低;横向连接距离超过2 km后,受端电压几乎不会变化,可将该值设为横向连接距离参考值;断轨状态下受端电压越高越不利于断轨检查,应对IB全连接的区段采用受端电压降为40%、送端或受端IB连接断开的区段采用断开IB连接端单侧钢轨连接线等方式测试断轨检查。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨武东(1983—),男,四川成都人,工程师。E-mail:
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范景腾(1997—),男,湖北孝感人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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范景腾(1997—),男,湖北孝感人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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范景腾(1997—),男,湖北孝感人,博士研究生。E-mail:

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沿线里程/km轨间电压/V对地电压/V
正常状态下断轨状态下钢轨1钢轨2
试验计算试验计算试验计算试验计算
00.9780.9601.1571.1530.4050.4380.7110.715
0.20.7910.8081.0911.0630.3590.3710.7100.692
断点前0.6520.6801.0241.0020.3000.3140.6800.689
断点后0.6520.6800.2540.2560.3000.3140.1010.077
0.60.5590.5730.2240.2160.2690.2660.0910.066
0.80.4550.4830.2120.1820.2190.2270.0810.058
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实验室试验和模型计算数据

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沿线里程/km轨间电压/V对地电压/V
正常状态下断轨状态下钢轨1钢轨2
试验计算试验计算试验计算试验计算
00.9780.9601.1571.1530.4050.4380.7110.715
0.20.7910.8081.0911.0630.3590.3710.7100.692
断点前0.6520.6801.0241.0020.3000.3140.6800.689
断点后0.6520.6800.2540.2560.3000.3140.1010.077
0.60.5590.5730.2240.2160.2690.2660.0910.066
0.80.4550.4830.2120.1820.2190.2270.0810.058
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数据位置IB信号线圈电压/VIB信号线圈电流/A钢轨1电流/A钢轨2电流/A轨间电压/V
断轨前送端1.9830.3380.8310.8430.649
断轨后送端3.1860.1880.6220.0081.870
断轨前受端1.7700.2400.8000.8100.634
断轨后受端0.5400.0860.5600.0000.194
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现场实测数据

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数据位置IB信号线圈电压/VIB信号线圈电流/A钢轨1电流/A钢轨2电流/A轨间电压/V
断轨前送端1.9830.3380.8310.8430.649
断轨后送端3.1860.1880.6220.0081.870
断轨前受端1.7700.2400.8000.8100.634
断轨后受端0.5400.0860.5600.0000.194
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基于多导体传输线的25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路研究
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范景腾 1 , 郭进 1 , 鲍才让太 2 , 张屹 1 , 杨武东 1
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 198-209
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 198-209
基于多导体传输线的25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路研究
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范景腾1 , 郭进1, 鲍才让太2, 张屹1, 杨武东1
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 信息科学与技术学院,四川成都611756
  • 2.中国铁路青藏集团有限公司,青海西宁810007
  • 范景腾(1997—),男,湖北孝感人,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨武东(1983—),男,四川成都人,工程师。E-mail:
Study on the Bypass Path of 25 Hz Phase-Sensitive Track Circuit Based on the Multi-Conductor Transmission Line
Jingteng FAN1 , Jin GUO1, Cairangtai BAO2, Yi ZHANG1, Wudong YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, ChengduSichuan611756, China
  • 2.China Railway Qinghai-Tibet Group Co., Ltd., XiningQinghai810007, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.17
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25 Hz相敏轨道电路存在迂回回路不能用于检查断轨的问题,受此影响现场运营长期未能明确断轨状态下受端电压的变化规律。为排除安全隐患提供理论基础,基于多导体传输线(MTL)建模方法,将25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路上的多个区段等效为1个迂回区段,采用六端网络分析断轨区段和迂回区段的电压和电流关系,通过扼流变压器(IB)和大地形成断轨区段和迂回区段的耦合电路,建立25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型,得到MTL方程;基于变压器互感电路原理,分析断轨区段送端和受端IB的电压和电流关系,推导IB边界条件参数矩阵,求解得到25 Hz相敏轨道电路断轨状态下沿线电压和电流,提出基于IB边界条件的解耦算法;在通过实验室和现场验证迂回回路模型和解耦算法正确性的基础上,满足断轨状态下迂回回路受端电压不为0 V的前提,分析IB连接方式、断轨位置、道床漏泄和横向连接距离等不同参数对受端电压的影响。结果表明:在IB全连接区段,断轨位置越靠近区段中部,道床电阻越大,受端电压越高;在送端或受端IB连接断开的区段,断轨位置越靠近IB连接的一端,受端电压越高;道床电阻增大,受端电压先升高后降低;横向连接距离超过2 km后,受端电压几乎不会变化,可将该值设为横向连接距离参考值;断轨状态下受端电压越高越不利于断轨检查,应对IB全连接的区段采用受端电压降为40%、送端或受端IB连接断开的区段采用断开IB连接端单侧钢轨连接线等方式测试断轨检查。

轨道电路  /  多导体传输线  /  扼流变压器  /  钢轨断轨  /  道床电阻  /  横向连接距离  /  连接方式

The 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit faces a broken rail detection problem due to the presence of a bypass path. As a result, the variation law of the receiving end voltage under broken rail conditions has not been clarified in the field operation for a long time. To provide a theoretical basis for eliminating potential safety hazards, based on the multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) modeling method, multiple sections along the bypass path of a 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit are equivalently represented as a single bypass section. A six-port network is adopted to analyze the voltage and current relationships between the broken rail section and the bypass section. These sections are linked through the impedance bond (IB) and the earth to form a coupling circuit, which is then used to establish a bypass-path model of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit and derive the corresponding MTL equations. Based on the principle of transformer mutual-inductance circuits, the voltage and current relationships of IBs at the sending and receiving ends of the broken rail section are analyzed. The boundary-condition parameter matrix of IB is derived, and the longitudinal distribution of voltage and current under broken rail conditions of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit is obtained. A decoupling algorithm based on the IB boundary-condition is proposed. The bypass-path model and the decoupling algorithm are validated through laboratory and field tests. Considering that the receiving voltage in the bypass path is non-zero under broken rail conditions, the effects of the IB connection scheme, break location, ballast leakage, and cross-bond distance on the receiving voltage are investigated. The results show that, for sections with IBs fully connected, the receiving voltage increases as the break location approaches the mid-section and as the ballast resistance increases. For sections with the sending-end or receiving-end IB disconnected, the receiving voltage increases as the break location approaches the end where the IB remains connected, and it first rises and then falls as the ballast resistance increases. When the cross-bond distance exceeds 2 km, the receiving voltage becomes nearly invariant, and 2 km can be used as a reference value. A higher receiving voltage under broken rail conditions makes broken rail detection more difficult. Therefore, it is recommended that, for sections with fully connected IBs, broken rail detection be tested using a criterion of a 40% drop in receiving voltage, whereas for sections with the sending-end or receiving-end IB connection disconnected, broken rail detection be tested by removing the single-rail connecting wire at the IB-connected end.

Track circuit  /  Multi-conductor transmission line  /  Impedance bond  /  Broken rail  /  Ballast resistance  /  Cross-bond distance  /  Connection scheme
范景腾, 郭进, 鲍才让太, 张屹, 杨武东. 基于多导体传输线的25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路研究. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 198 -209 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.17
Jingteng FAN, Jin GUO, Cairangtai BAO, Yi ZHANG, Wudong YANG. Study on the Bypass Path of 25 Hz Phase-Sensitive Track Circuit Based on the Multi-Conductor Transmission Line[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 198 -209 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.17
在我国,25 Hz相敏轨道电路是普速电气化铁路车站轨道电路的主要制式。该电路通过短接相邻区段扼流变压器(Impedance Bond,IB)牵引线圈的中心点贯通牵引回流;同时,在进站口的轨道区段通过短接上下行IB牵引线圈的中心点设置横向连接,形成轨道电路迂回回路。自1997年重新定型以来,因断轨后经过迂回回路产生一定的受端电压,该电压过高将导致轨道电路不能输出故障占用的表示信息,25 Hz相敏轨道电路一直存在迂回回路不能用于检查断轨的问题,存在一定的安全隐患。现场运营长期受到该问题困扰,且未明确断轨状态下受端电压的变化规律。
以往研究中,轨道电路存在的故障和问题主要为:线缆故障1-2、低道床漏泄电阻3-5、雷电侵害6、不平衡牵引回流干扰7-9、变压器磁化饱和10、绝缘节两侧电位差11、回流高次谐波干扰12-13。以往研究中主要关注某1段轨道电路内部的故障,因此只需建立故障场景下的单区段模型。然而,25 Hz相敏轨道电路的迂回回路问题涉及多区段间的耦合关系,目前缺少合适的模型用于研究。
轨道电路的建模常用四端网络方法,适用于对不同传输距离14、不同道床电阻15条件下轨道电路电压和电流的工程简化计算16-17。相比区间轨道电路,站内轨道电路的排列及与牵引供电系统的关系更为复杂,而四端网络作为一种参数理想化模型,在25 Hz相敏轨道电路这种区段间耦合场景建模中存在一定的局限性。近年来,多导体传输线(Multi-conductor Transmission Line,MTL)建模方法被大量用于轨道电路复杂问题的建模。文献[18]建立基于MTL的轨道电路不平衡传输模型,提出轨道电路与牵引供电耦合场景的分析方法。文献[19]研究ZPW-2000轨道电路的邻线干扰问题,通过MTL模型计算得到仿真干扰电流,提出基于多参数协同优化策略的邻线干扰防护对策。文献[20]基于ZPW-2000轨道电路的MTL建模方法,提出信号暂态响应的求解方法,分析高频损耗、频率、分路电阻、调谐区状态和道床电阻等因素对轨道电路暂态响应的影响。
本文基于MTL建模方法,结合站内25 Hz相敏轨道电路的实际工况,建立用于求解25 Hz相敏轨道电路电压和电流的迂回回路模型并提出基于IB边界条件的模型解耦算法,通过试验验证模型和求解算法的正确性。利用仿真计算分析不同轨道电路参数条件下受端电压变化规律,为排除安全隐患提供理论基础。
相比MTL建模方法,基于四端网络建模得到的是轨道电路简化模型。苏联学者БРЫЛЕЕВ等明确指出,为得到四端网络化简不平衡条件时需要满足以下2个假设21
(1)轨道区段左右2根钢轨的自阻抗z1z2均匀且相等,2根钢轨对地的漏泄电导g1g2均匀且相等。
(2)轨道区段送端和受端IB的等效接地电阻满足
ZDS=ZDK=0.5z1+zmg1-1=0.5ZCM
式中:ZDSZDK分别为送端和受端IB的等效接地电阻;zm为2根钢轨间的互阻抗;ZCM为单根钢轨对地阻抗。
从假设条件看,文献[22]基于四端网络对ZPW-2000移频轨道电路迂回回路建模,此时信号的频率高、传输阻抗高,上述2个假设基本满足。但由于25 Hz相敏轨道电路的信号频率较低,阻抗较小,式(1)给出的假设通常不满足。特别是在25 Hz相敏轨道电路的区段状态设置为“接断发连”时,接车进路一侧IB牵引线圈中心点连接断开,发车进路一侧IB牵引线圈中心点短接,则阻抗ZDSZDK;即便两端IB全连接,阻抗ZDS=ZDK,但两者若均等于0.5ZCM还需满足“两侧相邻区段轨道无限长”的理想条件,然而站内的25 Hz相敏轨道电路区段长度一般较短,相邻区段不能视为无限长,因此在站场内部该假设难以成立。
从模型端口看,四端网络中1段轨道区段中2根钢轨的电流在送端和受端均相等,这与25 Hz相敏轨道电路断轨后2根钢轨电流不相等的实际情况相违背。
以上问题充分说明:四端网络不适用于25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路的区段间耦合场景建模。
典型车站的25 Hz相敏轨道电路的区段排列如图1所示。图中:ⅠG和ⅡG为正线股道;1DG,3DG,5-13DG,11DG和ⅡAG为下行咽喉区段;ⅠBG和2DG,4DG,6-10DG,8DG,12DG为上行咽喉区段;侧线股道的IB按“接断发连”规则设置;除图中各绿色椭圆框内的IB断开外,其余IB均相互短接;上下行正线间的横向连接设在车站两侧,间隔约1 730 m;各股道区段长度为800 m左右。由图1可知:由于上述所有区段通过短接IB形成闭环环路,当股道ⅠG发生断轨时,图中黄色区域内的各区段共同连接构成ⅠG信号的迂回回路。
图1所示迂回回路上的多个区段可等效为1个迂回区段,并通过IB与断轨区段以及大地耦合,且站内25 Hz相敏轨道电路在断轨状态下主要通过区段间IB与大地连接形成迂回回路,因此可忽略横向连接的吸上线等附加连接。这是由于:带有吸上线的完全横向连接仅设在靠近牵引变电所的进站口23,且回流线网感抗相对钢轨更高24。等效后区段间耦合场景下断轨区段与迂回区段的简化结构如图2所示。图中:UTZT分别为送端IB信号线圈的等效电压和阻抗;I1aI2a分别为断轨区段2根钢轨的送端电流;I1bI2b分别为断轨区段2根钢轨的受端电流;Ir为钢轨间漏泄电流;IYaIYb分别为等效迂回区段上通过IB汇入和汇出的迂回电流;IYg为通过大地迂回至断轨区段的杂散电流;ZL为受端IB信号线圈的等效阻抗;Ur为受端轨间电压(简称受端电压)。
理想条件下,轨道电路在断轨状态下的电流I1bI2b均为0,输出故障占用信息。但由图2可知:断轨状态下由于存在迂回回路,实际上电流I1bI2b均不为0,且产生受端电压Ur。该电压将导致继电器接点保持闭合,轨道电路不能输出故障占用信息,存在危及行车安全的隐患。因此,需要建立模型,求解轨道电路断轨状态下的电压和电流,进而通过计算明确不同条件下断轨状态受端电压的变化规律,为解决该问题提供理论支撑。
基于MTL建模方法,迂回回路模型中的某1段轨道可被视为六端网络。以区段送端为原点,在沿线x里程处,基于六端网络的25 Hz相敏轨道微分电路如图3所示。图中:U1xU2x为沿线x里程处2根钢轨的对地电压;I1xI2x为沿线x里程处2根钢轨的电流;g12为轨间通过道床表面漏泄的电导。
六端网络中,道床漏泄通路的构成如图4所示。
图4可知:在2根钢轨与大地构成的轨道横截面上,道床漏泄存在表面漏泄和对地漏泄2条通路,可采用表面漏泄系数pd衡量这2个部分漏泄电阻之比,此外,在工程应用中往往采用道床电阻Rd衡量道床漏泄。
pdRdg1g12的关系为
pd=g12g1-1
Rd=(g12+0.5g1)-1
图3中的电路应用在图2中,得到对应的25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型如图5所示。图中:U1aU2a为断轨区段送端2根钢轨的对地电压;U1bU2b为受端2根钢轨的对地电压;UYaUYb为迂回区段的送端和受端电压;lM为断轨区段的长度;lA为送端至断轨点的长度;lB为断轨点至受端的长度;lY为迂回区段长度;lH为横向连接距离,故有lY=2lH-lM
图5可知:由于单根钢轨断裂,电压U1aU2aU1bU2b,电流I1aI2aI1aI2a;而迂回区段钢轨完好,信号在迂回区段2根钢轨上共模传输,同一截面处2根钢轨的对地电压相等、电流相等。
断轨区段两端电压和电流的关系为
U1aU2aI1aI2aT=ΛU1bU2bI1bI2bT
其中,
Λ=NR(lA)NBRNR(lB)
NBR=1000010Zbr00100001
式中:Λ为25 Hz相敏轨道电路断轨区段的传输矩阵;NR(lA)NR(lB)分别为送端至断轨点、断轨点至受端的传输矩阵,可采用文献[1821]中的方法计算;NBR为断轨点的传输矩阵;Zbr为断轨等效阻抗。
迂回区段上,设钢轨自阻抗z1=z2、对地漏泄电导g1=g2,迂回区段电压和电流的关系为
UYaIYaT=YUYbIYbT
其中,
Y=y11y12y21y22
y11=cosh(γYlY)+RAZY-1sinh(γYlY)y12=(RA+RB)cosh(γYlY)+(ZY+RARBZY-1)sinh(γYlY)
y21=ZY-1sinh(γYlY)y22=cosh(γYlY)+RBZY-1sinh(γYlY)
式中:Y为25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回区段的传输矩阵;y11y12y21y22为该矩阵的元素;RARB分别为断轨区段送端和受端IB与迂回区段IB间的连接电阻;γY为传输常数;ZY为特性阻抗。
RARB按IB“接断发连”状态下的实际情况取值:当送端IB断开时,RA为无穷大,RB为0;反之,受端IB断开时,RA为0,RB为无穷大;当区段间送端IB和受端IB均连接时,RARB均为0。25 Hz相敏轨道电路的阻抗仅为数百mΩ,此时无穷大的电阻可按10 kΩ取值。
根据迂回区段的电路结构,γYZY可分别表示为
γY=zygy
ZY=zygy-1
其中,
zy=0.5(z1+zm)gy=4g1-1+2g12-1g1-1g12-1+2g1-2
式中:zy为钢轨对地共模阻抗;gy为钢轨对地漏泄电导。
式(4)和式(5)即为25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型对应的MTL方程,由于区段间存在IB与大地的耦合关系,无法应用现有的单区段模型求解算法。
上述模型中,轨道电路送端和受端IB具有多个端子。为解耦该模型,需采用变压器互感电路原理,建立IB边界条件,从而得到区段间电压和电流的关系。
首先,由断轨区段和迂回区段2个区段间电流的关系,可得
IYa=-I1a+I2a
IYb=-I1b+I2b
其次,断轨区段送端和受端IB的电路图如图6所示。图中:LES为IB信号线圈的电感;LEQ为单个牵引线圈的电感;MQS为信号线圈与单个牵引线圈的互感;MEQ为2个牵引线圈间的互感;其中LESLEQ为6∶1。
图6可知:
U1aU2aT=ΦMI1aI2aT+jωMQSUTZET-11-1T+UYaUYaT
U1bU2bT=ΘMI1bI2bT+UYbUYbT
其中,
ΦM=-ω2MQS2ZET-1-ZQT-ZPT                       ω2MQS2ZET-1-ZQTω2MQS2ZET-1-ZQT                       -ω2MQS2ZET-1-ZQT-ZPT
ΘM=ω2MQS2ZEL-1+ZQL+ZPL                        -ω2MQS2ZEL-1+ZQL-ω2MQS2ZEL-1+ZQL                         ω2MQS2ZEL-1+ZQL+ZPL
ZET=ZT+jωLESZQT=-jωMEQZPT=jω(LEQ+MEQ)ZEL=ZL+jωLESZQL=-jωMEQZPL=jω(LEQ+MEQ)
式中:ω为25 Hz相敏轨道电路信号的角频率;ΦMΘM为两端边界条件的参数矩阵;j为虚数单位。
然后,联立式(4)—式(11),可得断轨区段受端电流I1bI2b组成的矩阵为
I1bI2bT=jωMQSUTZET-1Κ-11-1T
其中,
Κ=(ΛUUΘ+ΛIU)-[(ΦM+YA)(ΛUIΘ+          ΛII)+YB]Θ=(E-YCΛUI)-1(ΘM+YD+YCΛII)YA=-y11y21-1ΨYB=y11y22y21-1-y12ΨYC=-y21-1ΨYD=y22y21-1Ψ
式中:ΚΘYAYBYCYD均为参数矩阵;Ψ为元素全为1的2阶矩阵;E为2阶单位矩阵;ΛUUΛIUΛUIΛII均为2阶矩阵。
2阶矩阵ΛUUΛIUΛUIΛII由断轨区段的4×4维传输矩阵裂项导出,为
Λ=ΛUUΛIUΛUIΛII
最后,在给定的轨道电路参数条件下,由式(4)和式(12)可求解断轨区段沿线x里程处2根钢轨的电压U1xU2x及电流I1xI2x,它们组成的矩阵为
U1xU2xI1xI2xT=NR(lA-x)NBRNR(lB)U1bU2bI1bI2bT                                                                 0x<lANBRNR(lB)U1bU2bI1bI2bT            x=lANR(lM-x)U1bU2bI1bI2bT    lA<xlM
其中,
U1bU2bI1bI2bT=jωMQSUTZET-1ΘETΚ-11-1T
式(14)即为采用IB边界条件解耦得到的迂回回路模型电压和电流的通解,由该通解可得断轨区段沿线x里程处的轨间电压U12x和迂回电流IYx分别为
U12x=U1x-U2x
IYx=-(I1x+I2x)
根据上述迂回回路模型和基于IB边界条件的解耦算法,仿真试验在0.8 km长区段且区段两端(送端和受端)IB全连接的条件下进行,分别按区段内钢轨无断轨(正常状态)和区段中部钢轨2断轨(断轨状态)计算断轨区段沿线x里程处的电压U1xU2x和电流I1xI2x,结果分别如图7图8所示。
图7可知:2种状态下钢轨1(未断钢轨)的电压均随沿线里程的增加逐渐降低,但断轨状态下任意位置钢轨1的电压均低于正常状态;正常状态下钢轨2的电压与钢轨1相等,但断轨状态下钢轨2(断裂钢轨)的电压在断轨点附近剧烈变化,且断轨状态下钢轨2近送端侧的电压高于正常状态、而近接收侧的电压低于正常状态。
图8可知:2种状态下钢轨1的电流均随沿线里程的增加逐渐降低,但断轨状态下的电流均低于正常状态;正常状态下钢轨2的电流与钢轨1相等,但断轨状态下钢轨2的电流沿送端至断轨点快速衰减,并在断轨点处降为0 A,之后沿断轨点至受端略微增大。
采用式(15)和式(16)求解得到断轨区段沿线的轨间电压U12x和迂回电流IYx图9所示。由图9可知:断轨状态下,轨间电压沿送端至受端逐渐降低,并在断轨点(0.4 km)处产生跳变;迂回电流则沿送端至受端先增大后减小,并在断轨点处达到最大值。
实验室验证时,采用25 Hz相敏轨道电路全套实物设备和六端网络模拟轨道装置,其中模拟轨道装置采用长度等效0.2 km的模拟单元级联而成,测试按0.8 km区段长度布置,将0.4 km设为断轨位置,可按0.2 km为间隔测量电压。实验室模拟时试验环境如图10所示。
lM=0.8 km,lA=0.4 km,lH=1.5 km,Rd=1.5 Ω · km,pd=0.01,送端和受端IB均设置为全连接方式的测试条件为例,得到0.2 km间隔时正常状态与断轨状态下轨间电压和2根钢轨对地电压的试验测量结果,并与模型计算结果对比见表1。表中:由于沿线里程0.4 km为钢轨2的断轨点,对应数据按“断点前”和“断点后”给出。
表1可知:基于上述模型和解耦算法的计算数据与实测数据的平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.016 9 V,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.019 4 V,表明电压变化规律的实验室试验结果与上述模型及算法求解基本一致。
在某站调研中,利用改造施工天窗断开某正线区段受端IB牵引线圈一侧钢轨的连接线,从而模拟受端断轨条件,现场试验情况如图11所示,获取断轨前后现场实测数据见表2
表2可知:断轨前送端和受端的2根钢轨的电流相等,而在断轨后2根钢轨的电流不相等,其中断轨点(受端)钢轨2的电流为0,轨道电路在断轨状态时仍会通过迂回回路产生受端电压。通过对比表2图8的电流以及图9的轨间电压的变化特征可知,试验现象与理论分析基本一致。
由式(15)可知,受端电压Ur=U1b-U2b,由于IB与大地形成轨道电路迂回回路,Ur≠0。断轨状态下,如果受端电压过高,那么继电器接点保持闭合,此时轨道电路输出区段空闲信息,危及行车安全。基于MTL的25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型可突破现有轨道电路建模方法的局限性,利用基于IB边界条件的解耦方法,可准确求解不同参数条件下轨道电路断轨状态的电压和电流,因此可通过仿真进一步分析电压和电流的变化规律。根据上述迂回回路模型的理论分析可知,当区段长度、钢轨几何参数确定时,轨道电路断轨状态下受端电压与IB连接方式、断轨位置、道床漏泄、横向连接距离有关。
在0.8 km区段内,以正常状态下的受端电压作为基准电压,分别仿真IB全连接、送端IB断开、受端IB断开3种不同IB连接方式下断轨位置对受端电压的影响,结果如图12所示。
图12可知:区段两侧IB连接方式不同,断轨状态下受端电压随断轨位置的变化规律不同;IB全连接时,断轨点靠近两端的受端电压略低、断轨点靠近区段中部的受端电压略高,受端电压随断轨位置变化整体幅度较小;送端IB断开时,断轨点位于送端时的受端电压为0 V,但断轨点越靠近受端,受端电压越高;相反地,受端IB断开时,断轨点位于受端时的受端电压为0 V,但断轨点越靠近送端,受端电压越高;3组连接方式下,断轨状态受端电压最大值约为正常状态的30%~40%。因此,在受端电压降为正常状态下的30%~40%时,需确保该电压使受端继电器接点断开,从而实现断轨状态下轨道电路输出正确。
在不同IB连接方式下进行道床电阻的仿真,得到0.8 km区段中部断轨且表面漏泄系数pd=1,道床电阻Rd由0.4 Ω · km增至40.0 Ω · km时道床电阻对受端电压的影响,结果如图13所示。
图13可知:未断轨前,受端电压随道床电阻的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐平缓;在设置IB全连接的区段,断轨后受端电压随道床电阻的增大而增大;在送端IB断开和受端IB断开的区段,断轨后受端电压均随道床电阻的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。这一现象在ZPW-2000轨道电路迂回问题研究22中也能得到印证。
IB连接方式不变且0.8 km区段中部断轨,仿真得到道床电阻分别为1.5和0.6 Ω · km、表面漏泄系数由10-2增至102时表面漏泄系数对受端电压的影响,结果如图14所示。由图14可知:不同道床电阻和IB连接方式下,断轨状态下受端电压随表面漏泄系数的变化规律基本相同,受端电压随表面漏泄系数的增大反而降低,但相比IB全连接方式,送端IB断开和受端IB断开方式下受端电压更低,有利于检查轨道电路断轨。研究表明,通过提高轨道电路上钢轨扣件绝缘等措施可提高表面漏泄系数,从而有效降低受端电压,确保断轨检查输出正确25。由此可见,不可忽视表面漏泄系数对轨道电路迂回回路的影响,通过工务作业及时排查钢轨扣件绝缘的老化情况有利于检查轨道电路断轨。
仿真分析不同IB连接方式条件下,0.8 km区段中部断轨时不同横向连接距离对受端电压的影响,结果如图15所示。该仿真中,IB连接方式与前述仿真不同,分别为IB全连接、一端IB断开、两端IB断开,其中一端IB断开为送端或受端的IB仅断开其中1处,两端IB断开为送端和受端的IB同时断开。由图15可知:同一横向连接距离下,IB全连接方式下区段的受端电压高于一端IB断开方式,而在区段两端IB断开方式下的受端电压最低,但该方式完全阻隔了牵引回流,并不适用于电气化区段。
在现阶段站内25 Hz相敏轨道电路工程设计中,曾采用苏联给出的分析图表26作为最小横向连接距离取值参考。因此根据图15还可知:当横向连接距离大于2.0 km后,受端电压不再随横向连接距离的增大发生明显改变。因此,建议将2.0 km作为25 Hz相敏轨道电路全连接区段横向连接距离设计时的参考值。
基于不同条件下断轨状态受端电压的变化规律,建议在25 Hz相敏轨道电路的维护工作中按如下方法排查迂回回路的安全隐患:
(1)核实是否存在迂回回路长度过短的区段,尽量按照2.0 km的标准调整横向连接距离;
(2)对于迂回回路较短且送端和受端IB全连接的区段,可将受端电压调整至正常状态的40%,从而模拟断轨测试条件,再确认继电器接点闭合状态,即可测试轨道电路能否实现断轨检查;
(3)对于迂回回路较短且送端或受端IB连接断开的区段,可断开IB连接一端的单组钢轨连接线,从而模拟断轨测试条件,再确认继电器接点闭合状态,即可测试轨道电路能否实现断轨检查;
(4)根据模拟断轨的测试结果,在避免出现雨季红光带的前提下适当调低轨道电路的电压,防止断轨状态下受端电压过高无法进行断轨检查;
(5)采用上文的断轨检查迂回回路建模方法,按最不利参数条件计算不同区段的受端电压理论值,设为集中监测系统中的电压报警值。
(1)建立25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型,基于MTL建模方法,首先将25 Hz相敏轨道电路的迂回回路上多个区段等效为1个迂回区段,之后采用2段六端网络分析断轨区段和迂回区段的电压和电流关系,再通过IB与大地连接2个区段形成耦合电路,最终得到该模型及对应的MTL方程,实现区段间耦合场景建模,突破轨道电路单区段建模和四端网络的局限性。
(2)提出基于IB边界条件的模型解耦算法,基于变压器互感电路原理,建立断轨区段送端和受端IB端子上的电压和电流关系,得到IB边界条件的参数矩阵,再联立MTL方程,进而得到断轨区段受端电流,最终得到迂回回路模型电压和电流的通解,解决区段间耦合场景下轨道电路电压和电流的求解问题。
(3)通过仿真计算和试验验证,研究25 Hz相敏轨道电路断轨状态下受端电压通过迂回回路的产生机制,得到不同IB连接方式、不同断轨位置、不同道床漏泄条件和不同横向连接距离下的受端电压的变化规律。①IB采用全连接方式时,断轨位置越靠近区段中部,断轨状态受端电压越高;IB采用接断发连方式时,断轨位置越靠近IB连接的一端,断轨状态受端电压越高。②IB采用全连接方式时,道床电阻越大,断轨状态受端电压越高;IB采用“接断发连”方式时,道床电阻增大,断轨状态受端电压先升高后降低;表面漏泄系数增大时,断轨状态受端电压降低。③横向连接距离超过2 km后,继续增大横向连接距离,断轨状态受端电压几乎不会变化。
(4)基于受端电压变化规律,建议在工程应用中可将2.0 km作为横向连接距离参考值,IB全连接区段可按正常电压40%测试断轨检查,送端或受端IB连接断开的区段可断开IB连接一端的钢轨连接线测试断轨检查。
(5)25 Hz相敏轨道电路迂回回路模型和基于IB边界条件的解耦算法为排除安全隐患提供理论支撑,对保障运输安全有重要意义。此外,该模型在基于轨道电路的断轨故障诊断方面具有应用前景。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.17
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
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    1.西南交通大学 信息科学与技术学院,四川成都611756
    2.中国铁路青藏集团有限公司,青海西宁810007

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杨武东(1983—),男,四川成都人,工程师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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