Article(id=1268884469994909903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763481600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-19, revisedDate=1769270400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455232379, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455232379, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455232379, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455232379, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884470208819409, articleId=1268884469994909903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Study on Random Characteristics of Vehicle-Bridge Dynamic Response for 400 km · h-1 High-Speed Railway, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Given the significant randomness of vehicle-bridge dynamic response for higher-speed railways, this study aims to explore the characteristics and probability distribution of dynamic response of a 400 km · h-1 train passing through a bridge. A vehicle-bridge coupled random vibration model is established based on the pseudo-excitation method and the whole-process iteration method, and its validity is confirmed through comparison with the simulation results of Monte Carlo method. Based on this model, the time-frequency distribution laws of safety and stability indices of the train running at 400 km · h-1 are analyzed, and the random characteristics of vehicle-bridge dynamic response under higher speeds on simply-supported beams with different fundamental frequencies are studied. The results show that the statistical values of vehicle-bridge response vary with time, showing typical non-stationary characteristics. The dynamic coefficient of the bridge is mainly controlled by the arrangement of train axle and the wheelbase, and is only slightly affected by the random excitation of track irregularity. Under resonance conditions of simply supported beam, the wheel load reduction rate increases significantly with the increase of speed, and the carbody vibration acceleration is insensitive to the resonance response of the simply supported beam. The fundamental frequency of the simply-supported beam has minor effect on the wheel load reduction rate and carbody vibration acceleration, whereas the randomness of the track irregularities has a significant effect on the vertical vibration acceleration and the wheel load reduction rate of the bridge.

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由于更高速度铁路车桥动力响应具有显著的随机性,因此为探明时速400 km列车过桥动力响应的特点及概率分布特征,基于虚拟激励法与全过程迭代法建立车桥耦合随机振动模型,并与蒙特卡洛法仿真结果进行对比验证。基于此,分析时速400 km下列车运行安全性与平稳性指标的时频分布规律,并研究不同基频简支梁在更高速度列车作用下的车桥动力响应随机特征。结果表明:车桥响应的功率谱及标准差随时间变化而变化,呈现典型的非平稳特征;桥梁动力系数主要受列车轴式、轴距控制,受不平顺随机激励的影响很小;简支梁共振条件下轮重减载率随速度增大而显著增大,车体振动加速度对简支梁共振响应不敏感;简支梁基频对列车轮重减载率和车体振动加速度影响较小,但轨道不平顺的随机性对桥梁竖向振动加速度与轮重减载率的影响显著。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李克冰(1988—),男,山东泰安人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
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蔡超勋(1982—),男,湖南益阳人,研究员,博士。E-mail:

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蔡超勋(1982—),男,湖南益阳人,研究员,博士。E-mail:

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符号含义
k1一系悬挂竖向刚度
c1一系悬挂竖向阻尼
m0轮对质量
d1转向架中心到轮对的纵向距离(同一个转向架下,前轮对为+,后轮对为-)
δ˜竖向轨道不平顺引起的虚拟激励
F˜s自由度s引起的竖向虚拟激励(s=z1,z2,z3,φ1)
KF关于竖向虚拟激励的附加刚度矩阵
CF关于竖向虚拟激励的附加阻尼矩阵
XF关于竖向虚拟激励的位移向量
TF关于竖向虚拟激励的不平顺指标向量
P˜s自由度s引起的惯性虚拟激励(s=z2,z3)
XP关于惯性虚拟激励的位移向量
TP关于惯性虚拟激励的不平顺指标向量
), ArticleFig(id=1268884480094794017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884469994909903, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

符号含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号含义
k1一系悬挂竖向刚度
c1一系悬挂竖向阻尼
m0轮对质量
d1转向架中心到轮对的纵向距离(同一个转向架下,前轮对为+,后轮对为-)
δ˜竖向轨道不平顺引起的虚拟激励
F˜s自由度s引起的竖向虚拟激励(s=z1,z2,z3,φ1)
KF关于竖向虚拟激励的附加刚度矩阵
CF关于竖向虚拟激励的附加阻尼矩阵
XF关于竖向虚拟激励的位移向量
TF关于竖向虚拟激励的不平顺指标向量
P˜s自由度s引起的惯性虚拟激励(s=z2,z3)
XP关于惯性虚拟激励的位移向量
TP关于惯性虚拟激励的不平顺指标向量
), ArticleFig(id=1268884480195457314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884469994909903, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间Ak
第1段1.054 4×10-53.389 1
第2段3.558 8×10-31.921 7
第3段1.978 4×10-21.364 3
第4段3.948 8×10-43.451 6
), ArticleFig(id=1268884480266760483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884469994909903, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同区段轨道不平顺表达式系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间Ak
第1段1.054 4×10-53.389 1
第2段3.558 8×10-31.921 7
第3段1.978 4×10-21.364 3
第4段3.948 8×10-43.451 6
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时速400 km高速铁路车桥动力响应随机特性研究
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蔡超勋 1 , 李克冰 2, 3 , 赵健业 2, 3
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 76-86
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 76-86
时速400 km高速铁路车桥动力响应随机特性研究
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蔡超勋1 , 李克冰2, 3 , 赵健业2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 科研开发部,北京100081
  • 2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
  • 3.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081
  • 蔡超勋(1982—),男,湖南益阳人,研究员,博士。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李克冰(1988—),男,山东泰安人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
Study on Random Characteristics of Vehicle-Bridge Dynamic Response for 400 km · h-1 High-Speed Railway
Chaoxun CAI1 , Kebing LI2, 3 , Jianye ZHAO2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Scientific Research and Development, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing100081, China
  • 2.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing100081, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited.Beijing100081, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.07
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由于更高速度铁路车桥动力响应具有显著的随机性,因此为探明时速400 km列车过桥动力响应的特点及概率分布特征,基于虚拟激励法与全过程迭代法建立车桥耦合随机振动模型,并与蒙特卡洛法仿真结果进行对比验证。基于此,分析时速400 km下列车运行安全性与平稳性指标的时频分布规律,并研究不同基频简支梁在更高速度列车作用下的车桥动力响应随机特征。结果表明:车桥响应的功率谱及标准差随时间变化而变化,呈现典型的非平稳特征;桥梁动力系数主要受列车轴式、轴距控制,受不平顺随机激励的影响很小;简支梁共振条件下轮重减载率随速度增大而显著增大,车体振动加速度对简支梁共振响应不敏感;简支梁基频对列车轮重减载率和车体振动加速度影响较小,但轨道不平顺的随机性对桥梁竖向振动加速度与轮重减载率的影响显著。

虚拟激励法  /  高速铁路  /  车桥动力响应  /  轨道不平顺  /  随机振动

Given the significant randomness of vehicle-bridge dynamic response for higher-speed railways, this study aims to explore the characteristics and probability distribution of dynamic response of a 400 km · h-1 train passing through a bridge. A vehicle-bridge coupled random vibration model is established based on the pseudo-excitation method and the whole-process iteration method, and its validity is confirmed through comparison with the simulation results of Monte Carlo method. Based on this model, the time-frequency distribution laws of safety and stability indices of the train running at 400 km · h-1 are analyzed, and the random characteristics of vehicle-bridge dynamic response under higher speeds on simply-supported beams with different fundamental frequencies are studied. The results show that the statistical values of vehicle-bridge response vary with time, showing typical non-stationary characteristics. The dynamic coefficient of the bridge is mainly controlled by the arrangement of train axle and the wheelbase, and is only slightly affected by the random excitation of track irregularity. Under resonance conditions of simply supported beam, the wheel load reduction rate increases significantly with the increase of speed, and the carbody vibration acceleration is insensitive to the resonance response of the simply supported beam. The fundamental frequency of the simply-supported beam has minor effect on the wheel load reduction rate and carbody vibration acceleration, whereas the randomness of the track irregularities has a significant effect on the vertical vibration acceleration and the wheel load reduction rate of the bridge.

Pseudo-excitation method  /  High-speed railway  /  Vehicle-bridge dynamic response  /  Track irregularity  /  Random vibration
蔡超勋, 李克冰, 赵健业. 时速400 km高速铁路车桥动力响应随机特性研究. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 76 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.07
Chaoxun CAI, Kebing LI, Jianye ZHAO. Study on Random Characteristics of Vehicle-Bridge Dynamic Response for 400 km · h-1 High-Speed Railway[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 76 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.07
早期的车桥耦合仿真研究主要集中于确定性分析,通常利用谐波叠加法把轨道不平顺谱转换为时域样本1-3,并将其作为外部激励加到车桥系统中进行求解。单个样本的仿真结果具有偶然性,为明确车桥耦合系统的随机响应特征,需开展大量样本计算后经统计分析得到。
为了解决以上问题,基于随机振动理论的车桥耦合仿真分析方法被提出,其核心是在已知各随机激励功率谱密度函数的前提下,计算响应的功率谱密度函数。Wu等4采用混沌多项式展开方法建立桥梁动力方程,以谱随机有限元方法计算了具有随机材料特性桥梁的车致动力响应。Lombaert等5将轮轨力进行傅里叶展开,采用类似谱分析求解车桥动力问题。然而此类方法多针对高度简化的车桥模型建立解析表达式,推广至工程问题较困难。
近年来,虚拟激励法因其高效、简便的特性,被引入车桥耦合系统的随机分析中。利用虚拟激励法,Zhang等6计算了车线动力响应的功率谱密度函数,分析了车辆运行舒适度指标的分布规律;余志武等7计算了高速列车通过简支梁的车桥动力响应,并基于计算结果分析了桥梁车致振动的合理范围;Li等8计算了列车通过三跨连续梁桥时,列车运行安全性和平稳性的概率特征;Zhu等9研究了轨道不平顺的概率特征及频域特性对车桥系统振动响应的影响规律。上述工作基于虚拟激励法进行了车桥耦合随机振动分析,且均通过与蒙特卡洛法的对比,验证了理论与方法的正确性。必须指出,以上研究在求解时采用的是分离迭代或耦合方法,很难在计算过程中控制迭代进程,且也难以借助有限元软件简化仿真流程,而全过程迭代求解法10则避免了以上问题,更加便于实际的工程应用。
目前,我国“十四五”发展规划和2035年远景目标中已明确提出建设更高速度的高速铁路,且针对更高速度下车桥动力响应的研究已经取得一定进展。陈星宇等11、李小珍等12开展了时速400 km高速铁路常用跨度预应力混凝土简支箱梁的竖向基频限值研究,给出了跨度24,32和40 m的预应力混凝土简支箱梁竖向自振基频限值。李克冰等13研究了ZK荷载图式对时速400 km高速铁路的适应性,分析梁体基频对ZK荷载图式适应性的影响,并给出时速400 km高速铁路常用跨度简支梁的设计基频建议限值。班新林等14研究提出了新建设计时速400 km高速铁路中32 m简支箱梁的设计标准建议值。杨光等15则重点对时速400 km条件下的钢轨适应性进行了研究。以上研究采用的方法均为确定性车桥耦合分析,但更高速度下车桥动力响应具有更加显著的随机性,忽略这种随机性可能导致研究结果不够准确。
本文利用虚拟激励法建立了车桥耦合随机振动模型,采用全过程迭代法对其进行了求解,并与蒙特卡洛模拟结果对比,验证了模型的合理性。基于车桥随机分析模型,给出了典型工况下列车运行安全性与平稳性指标的时频分布规律,并研究了不同基频简支梁在更高速度列车作用下的车桥动力响应随机特征。
车桥耦合振动系统可以分为列车子系统和桥梁子系统,两者通过轮轨关系相联系,系统的激励源为轨道不平顺。建立车桥耦合振动分析模型,建模时假定如下16
(1)车辆和桥梁子系统均为线性系统;
(2)轮轨竖向采用密贴假定,即轮对位移为桥梁位移与不平顺之和,桥梁位移则考虑为模型相邻节点位移的线性组合;
(3)轮轨相互作用力被分配到其在桥梁模型所处位置的相邻2个节点上,大小与车轮到桥梁节点的距离成反比;
(4)忽略列车的横向振动,仅考虑竖向振动,每个车辆单元中,车体和转向架均考虑竖向、点头2个自由度,轮对考虑竖向自由度,共计10个自由度。
在给定的车辆j下,车桥耦合系统的运动平衡方程为
MVVMVBMBVMBBX¨VX¨B+CVVCVBCBVCBBX˙VX˙B+KVVKVBKBVKBBXVXB=FVjFBj
式中:MCK分别为质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;XF分别为位移向量和荷载向量;下标V和B分别表示车辆和桥梁子系统,下标VV和BB分别表示只针对车辆和桥梁,下标VB和BV表示车辆和桥梁的相互作用量,下标Vj和Bj分别表示与第j个车辆相关的车辆和桥梁子系统。
式(1)中,桥梁子系统的阻尼矩阵由Rayleigh阻尼模型构建,其Rayleigh阻尼系数由模型的前2阶频率计算得到。
作用于车桥耦合系统的荷载分为2部分:列车轴重通过桥梁产生的确定性荷载;随机轨道不平顺引起的随机性荷载。轨道不平顺可视为零均值的高斯随机过程,因此对于线性系统,轨道不平顺引起的动力响应也必然满足零均值高斯过程特性。也就是说,车桥动力响应的均值由移动荷载列决定,响应的标准差由车桥系统的随机特征决定。由随机振动理论可知,对系统第n个自由度响应的自功率谱Snnωt)在频域上进行积分,可以得到其方差σn2t)为
σn2(t)=-Snn(ω,t)dω
式中:ω为圆频率;t为时间。
车桥随机振动仿真流程如图1所示。首先,联立列车子系统与桥梁子系统,建立车桥耦合振动方程。然后,将列车移动荷载作为确定性激励输入动力方程,得到车桥系统的确定性响应,进而得到响应均值。同时,由轨道不平顺功率谱函数构造虚拟激励,输入系统动力方程,得到车桥耦合系统的虚拟响应谱,进一步得到系统响应功率谱;再根据式(2)得到响应标准差。最后,由响应均值与响应标准差得到车桥耦合系统响应概率密度。
对于给定的轮对,车辆转向架的竖向(z轴)相对位移和俯仰(绕y轴)角分别记为z1φ1,对于桥梁上的相邻节点IJ,竖向位移分别记为z2z3。轮轨作用力分配到和轮对相邻的2个桥梁节点上,力的大小与轮距成反比,其中节点I的权重因子记为p,节点J的权重因子记为q。此时,给定轮对所受虚拟激励的平衡方程为
F˜z1F˜φ1F˜z2F˜z3=-21d1-p-qd1d12-pd1-qd1-p-pd1p2pq-q-qd1pqq2k1z1+c1z˙1k1φ1+c1φ˙1k1z2+c1z˙2k1z3+c1z˙3+2k1δ˜+c1δ˜˙1d1-p-q=-KFXF-CFX˙F+2k1δ˜+c1δ˜˙TF
P˜z2P˜z3=-m0p2pqpqq2z¨2z¨3-m0δ˜¨pq=-m0TPTPTX¨P-δ˜¨
式(3)和式(4)分别表示竖向及惯性虚拟激励,式中各个符号的含义详见表1
由虚拟激励法的基本原理可知,虚拟激励δ˜由竖向轨道不平顺的功率谱密度函数构造而得。不平顺引起的竖向虚拟激励功率谱Sδδω)为
Sδδ(ω)=SzzωVV=Szz(Ω)V
式中:V为列车速度;Ω为空间频率;SzzΩ)为竖向方向的轨道不平顺功率谱8-9
由式(1)—式(5)可知,竖向的轨道不平顺在单个轮对上引起的附加虚拟激励F˜δω)为
F˜δ(ω)=2k1δ˜TF+2c1δ˜˙TF+m0δ˜¨TP=(2k1TF+2c1iωTF-m0ω2TP)eiω(t-Δt)Sδδ(ω)=(2k1TF+2c1iωTF-m0ω2TP)e-iωΔt Sδδ(ω)eiωt
式中:∆t为当前轮对和第1轮对经过同一点之间的时间差;i为虚数单位。
不平顺产生的虚拟激励为所有轮对所受虚拟激励之和。利用全过程迭代法10,对以上平衡方程进行求解,即可计算得到车桥系统的响应功率谱,进而计算得到响应标准差。
对于单个轮对,由轮轨垂向密贴假定可知,其在虚拟激励下的一系悬挂作用力Fwz
Fwz=2k1(pz2+qz3-z1-d1φ1)+2c1(pz˙2+qz˙3-z˙1-d1φ˙1)
竖向加速度aw
aw=pz¨2+qz¨3+δ¨
因此,轮轨接触点处的相互作用力为
Fwz1=Fwz2=12(m0aw+Fwz+G)
式中:Fwz1Fwz2分别为左右两侧的竖向轮轨接触力;G为轮对静载荷。
车桥耦合动力系统动力响应的均值与标准差均得到后,根据高斯分布概率密度函数,即可得到各动力响应指标的概率密度函数。
采用MIDAS软件,建立10跨连续布置的32 m简支梁桥有限元模型。分析中简支梁竖向基频考虑3.03,4.67,6.20 Hz这3种,模型中基频变化通过调整混凝土弹性模量来实现。其中,基频3.03 Hz对应TB 10002—2017《铁路桥涵设计规范》中规定的基频下限17,基频4.67 Hz为设计状态下350 km · h-1高速铁路32 m简支箱梁的竖向基频,基频6.20 Hz则对应实际状态下32 m简支梁竖向基频通常值18。简支梁计算跨径为31.5 m,阻尼比为0.02。研究中对第9跨梁的结果进行分析。
计算列车选用8节编组CR400BF动车组,由4辆动车和4辆拖车组成,车辆长度为25.65 m,转向架中心距17.8 m,固定轴距2.5 m。计算中,考虑了5种典型运行速度:350,380,400,420和440 km · h-1
采用TB/T 3352—2014《高速铁路无砟轨道不平顺谱》给出的轨道不平顺谱19,其表达式为
S(f)=Afk
式中:S(f) 为轨道不平顺谱,mm2 · m-1f为空间频率,m-1Ak均为系数。
由于车桥模型为竖向模型,仅考虑高低不平顺,不同区段轨道不平顺表达式的系数详见表2。第1段和第2段间、第2段和第3段间、第3段和第4段间分段点空间频率分别为0.018 7,0.047 4,0.153 3 m-1,同时考虑百分位数90.0对应的转换系数为2.303。
以桥梁基频6.20 Hz、列车速度400 km · h-1的工况为例,将基于虚拟激励法的车桥耦合随机振动模型仿真结果作为目标值,与蒙特卡洛模拟的响应样本统计值进行对比,以验证模型的正确性。其中蒙特卡洛模拟中采用100条轨道不平顺的样本,并对共计100次的车桥响应结果进行了统计,梁体跨中竖向响应以及列车响应的对比结果分别如图2图3所示。从图2图3可以看出,梁体响应的蒙特卡洛模拟结果和目标值十分接近,列车响应的蒙特卡洛模拟结果也围绕在目标值周围波动。由此表明,车桥响应的蒙特卡洛模拟结果能够匹配目标值,这验证了所建车桥随机振动模型的正确性。
基于车桥耦合随机振动模型,对典型工况下的车桥时频响应进行研究,并分析不同桥梁基频、列车速度下的梁体动力系数、梁体跨中竖向加速度、轮重减载率以及车体加速度的分布规律。
以桥梁基频6.20 Hz、列车速度400 km · h-1的工况作为典型工况,其车桥的时频响应如图4所示。由图4可以看出,车桥各响应指标的功率谱随着时间的变化而变化,由式(2)可知车桥响应的标准差也随时间而变化,呈现典型的非平稳特征。
随着列车上桥,梁体跨中的竖向位移和竖向加速度响应功率谱逐渐增大;列车离桥后,其响应功率谱又逐渐降低,这一规律体现了列车由上桥到出桥的过程中桥梁所受到的激励作用。该过程中,梁体跨中位移响应功率谱的主要成分集中于中低频,且在桥梁基频6.20 Hz附近达到峰值;而加速度响应功率谱的主要成分则集中在中高频。
列车的响应功率谱则主要集中于低频,处于0.7 Hz附近,对应列车的竖向基频。当列车刚上桥时由于受到冲击,轮轨力功率谱出现了瞬时峰值,随着列车继续行驶并经过桥梁,竖向轮轨力的功率谱降低到一个稳定值,几乎不再变化,展现出了平稳的特征,这表明桥梁的振动变形对列车轮轨力的影响不大,而车体的竖向加速度功率谱则随时间的改变有所变化,并在第1~3 s内达到了较大值,这对应于首车经过这10跨桥梁的时间,说明列车和桥梁发生了耦合振动,增大了车体的竖向加速度。此外,列车的点头角加速度功率谱也随着列车的移动逐渐增大,并且在出桥后依然较大,这说明列车点头角加速度受桥梁振动的影响并不显著,受轨道不平顺的影响则更加明显。
考虑到车桥随机振动模型输出的梁体动力系数、梁体跨中竖向加速度、轮重减载率以及车体竖向加速度分别为均值时程(由确定性列车荷载引起)和标准差时程(由轨道不平顺的随机性引起),因此对这些参数的分析主要基于均值和标准差。为了展示最不利结果,讨论中均值和标准差均取各指标时程中的最大值。
不同基频下梁体动力系数的均值、标准差和变异系数(定义为标准差和均值的比值)随车速的变化规律如图5所示。由图5可知:基频4.67 Hz时,梁体动力系数均值与标准差均大于基频3.03和6.20 Hz的情况,且随速度增大逐渐增大;基频3.03和6.20 Hz时梁的动力系数均值与标准差随车速的变化并不明显;不同基频桥梁在不同车速下的动力系数变异系数均很小,最大值为0.012。
在车长为25.65 m的条件下,梁基频3.03,4.67及6.20 Hz对应的共振车速分别为280,431和573 km · h-1,基频为4.67 Hz的简支梁在计算速度范围内发生了车桥共振,桥梁动力响应显著增大,动力系数均值最大,且计算车速越接近共振车速,动力系数越大。在未产生共振的情况下,车速对动力系数均值的影响不大。
由此可见,车桥共振特性对梁体动力系数影响显著,轨道不平顺的随机性对动力系数的影响远小于列车确定性荷载,桥梁动力系数主要受列车轴式、轴距控制,受不平顺随机激励的影响十分有限。
不同基频下梁体跨中竖向加速度的均值、标准差、上下限和变异系数随车速的变化规律如图6所示。上下限根据3倍标准差原则计算而得,即μ±3σ,其中μ为均值,σ为标准差,以使结果满足99.7%的保证率。
图6可以看出:梁基频为4.67 Hz时的跨中竖向加速度的均值比3.03和6.20 Hz大,不同基频条件下梁体竖向加速度随车速的变化规律和动力系数较为相似,车桥共振特性对梁体竖向加速度影响显著;梁基频为4.67 Hz时的跨中竖向加速度标准差大于3.03和6.20 Hz,3个基频的梁跨中竖向加速度标准差都随车速的增大而增大,可见随着车速的增大梁体跨中竖向加速度离散性增强;所有工况中,桥梁跨中竖向加速度上限的最大值约为2.2 m · s-2,满足规范规定的5 m · s-2限值要求;桥梁跨中竖向加速度的变异系数介于0.05~0.33之间,显著大于动力系数的变异系数,变异性更强,可见轨道不平顺的随机性对高频成分更多的桥梁跨中竖向加速度影响更为可观。
列车轮对的轮重减载率与行车安全性密切相关,其定义为轮重减小量与静轮重的比值,选取第1轮对的轮重减载率进行分析。不同基频下轮重减载率的均值、标准差、上限和变异系数随车速的变化规律如图7所示。
图7可以看出:随着桥梁竖向基频的增大,轮重减载率的均值与上限逐渐降低,可见桥梁竖向刚度的增大会提高行车平稳性;当未产生共振时,随着车速的增大轮重减载率均值的变化非常小,可见未共振时车速对轮重减载率均值的影响并不显著;3种基频下的列车轮重减载率标准差基本一致,且随速度变化不明显,为0.056,可见桥梁刚度与列车运行速度对列车轮重减载率标准差的影响十分有限;轮重减载率上限的最大值约为0.31,出现在基频为3.03 Hz时,小于限值0.8,能够满足行车安全性要求;轮重减载率的下限值为负值,反映出存在增载,而增载并不控制行车安全性;轮重减载率的变异系数介于0.39~0.50之间,变异性较强,可见轨道不平顺的随机性对行车安全性指标的影响显著。
不同基频下的车体竖向和点头角加速度的均值、标准差和上下限随车速的变化规律如图8图9所示。由图8图9可以看出:车体竖向和点头角加速度的均值与列车速度相关性不大,但随着桥梁基频的增大车体加速度均值逐渐减小,可见相对于列车速度,梁体竖向刚度对车体竖向和点头角加速度影响更大,梁体刚度增大,其振动变形减小,从而降低对列车振动的影响;车体竖向与点头角加速度的标准差随桥梁基频的变化不显著;随着列车速度的增大,车体竖向加速度的标准差逐渐减小,车体点头角加速度的标准差先增大后减小;车体竖向和点头角加速度的下限绝对值均小于上限,可见行车舒适度由上限控制;车体竖向加速度上限的最大值约0.23 m · s-2,小于舒适度优秀的限值1 m · s-2,车体点头角加速度的上限则约0.032 rad · s-2,满足行车舒适性要求。
(1)基于虚拟激励法建立了车桥耦合随机振动模型,采用全过程迭代法对其进行了求解,并与蒙特卡洛模拟的结果进行对比,验证了模型的合理性。
(2)车桥各响应指标的功率谱与标准差随着时间的变化而变化,车桥响应呈现典型的非平稳特征。桥梁动力响应中桥梁基频对应响应占主要成分,列车的响应功率谱则主要集中于列车竖向基频,对桥梁频率不敏感。桥梁的振动变形对列车轮轨力与车体点头加速度的影响不大,对车体竖向加速度影响显著。
(3)车桥共振特性对梁体动力系数影响显著,轨道不平顺的随机性对动力系数的影响远小于列车确定性荷载,桥梁动力系数主要受列车轴式、轴距控制,受不平顺随机激励的影响十分有限。
(4)随着车速的增大梁体跨中竖向振动加速度离散性增强,桥梁跨中竖向振动加速度的变异系数介于0.05~0.33之间,显著大于动力系数的变异系数,轨道不平顺的随机性对高频成分更多的桥梁竖向振动加速度影响更为可观。
(5)车桥共振条件下轮重减载率随速度增大显著增大。桥梁刚度与列车运行速度对列车轮重减载率标准差的影响较小,轮重减载率的变异系数介于0.39~0.50之间,轨道不平顺的随机性对行车安全性指标的影响显著。
(6)相对于列车速度,梁体竖向刚度对车体振动加速度影响更大,车体振动加速度对桥梁共振响应不敏感。车体竖向、点头角加速度的标准差受桥梁刚度的影响较小,但受行车速度的影响更为显著。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.07
  • 接收时间:2025-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-19
  • 修回日期:2026-01-25
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    1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 科研开发部,北京100081
    2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所,北京100081
    3.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 高速铁路轨道系统全国重点实验室,北京100081

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李克冰(1988—),男,山东泰安人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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