Article(id=1268884463233696278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=1772985600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455230767, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455230767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455230767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455230767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884465062412824, articleId=1268884463233696278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Mechanism Analysis and Treatment Measures for Inverted Arch Uplift in In-Service Tunnel, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the mechanism analysis and treatment of inverted arch uplift and track slab cracking in an in-service tunnel, a combined approach of field structural disease characteristic analysis and laboratory tests was adopted to explore the disease mechanism of inverted arch uplift deformation and track slab cracking in an in-service tunnel of the Shanghai-Kunming Railway. According to the analysis of structural cracking characteristics and disease mechanism, integrated treatment measures of "grouting anchor pipe installation - bedrock grouting and removal - reconstruction of inverted arch structure" was proposed. These measures were adopted to guide the construction of the background project, and the evolution laws of the contact stress between the bedrock and the inverted arch was monitored and analyzed during the construction process. The results indicated that: the expansion deformation of bedrock upon water exposure was the main cause of local uplift of the inverted arch and other supporting structures, leading to increased internal forces, uneven deformation, and cracking; factors such as bedrock bearing capacity reduction, stress concentration induced by local high in-situ stress, and uneven stiffness and stress distribution in the invert arch structure further exacerbated the risk of non-coordinated deformation and cracking in the bedrock-invert arch system; the contact stress between the bedrock and the reconstructed inverted arch showed a phased evolution pattern, initially increasing slowly and then gradually converging to stability. The average contact stresses at three monitoring sections were 167.83, 169.51 and 165.82 kPa, respectively, which ensured the stability and safety of the tunnel structure. The treatment measures in combination with the disease mechanism analysis effectively prevented and controlled inverted arch uplift and structural cracking in the in-service tunnel. The research results provide a design scheme and engineering application reference for the treatment and prevention of similar engineering diseases.

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针对服役隧道仰拱结构隆起和轨道板开裂病害的机理分析和整治问题,综合采用现场结构病害特征分析和室内试验相结合的研究方法,探究沪昆铁路某服役隧道仰拱隆起变形和轨道板开裂的病害机理;基于结构开裂病害特征和病害机理分析,提出“施作注浆锚管-基岩注浆-拆除并重构仰拱结构”的综合整治措施;采用该综合整治措施指导背景工程施工,监测并分析施工过程中基岩-仰拱接触应力演化规律。结果表明:基岩遇水膨胀变形是引起仰拱等支护结构局部抬升、结构内力增大和不均匀变形、开裂的主要原因;基岩承载力降低和局部高地应力挤压作用引发的应力集中,以及仰拱结构刚度和受力不均等因素,同样加剧了基岩-仰拱结构的非协调性变形、开裂风险;基岩和重构仰拱间接触应力呈阶段性发展规律,整体表现为先缓慢增大后逐渐收敛并趋于稳定;3个监测断面的基岩-仰拱接触应力均值分别为167.83,169.51和165.82 kPa,可确保隧道结构受力稳定和安全。结合病害机理分析采取的整治措施可有效防控服役隧道仰拱隆起和结构开裂,研究成果为类似工程病害的整治和预防提供了方案设计和工程应用借鉴。

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范胜元(1989—),男,山东菏泽人,工程师,博士。E-mail:

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范胜元(1989—),男,山东菏泽人,工程师,博士。E-mail:

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范胜元(1989—),男,山东菏泽人,工程师,博士。E-mail:

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服役隧道仰拱上抬病害机理分析与整治措施
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范胜元 1, 2, 3 , 加武荣 1, 2 , 谢江胜 1, 2 , 田思思 1, 4 , 宋战平 2, 3 , 刘博 1, 2 , 李曙光 1, 2
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 175-185
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 175-185
服役隧道仰拱上抬病害机理分析与整治措施
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范胜元1, 2, 3 , 加武荣1, 2, 谢江胜1, 2, 田思思1, 4, 宋战平2, 3, 刘博1, 2, 李曙光1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中铁二十局集团有限公司 博士后工作站,陕西西安710016
  • 2.陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西西安710055
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西西安710055
  • 4.中铁建科检测有限公司,陕西西安710016
  • 范胜元(1989—),男,山东菏泽人,工程师,博士。E-mail:

Mechanism Analysis and Treatment Measures for Inverted Arch Uplift in In-Service Tunnel
Shengyuan FAN1, 2, 3 , Wurong JIA1, 2, Jiangsheng XIE1, 2, Sisi TIAN1, 4, Zhanping SONG2, 3, Bo LIU1, 2, Shuguang LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Postdoctoral Workstation, China Railway 20th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Xi'anShaanxi710016, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, Xi'anShaanxi710055, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'anShaanxi710055, China
  • 4.China Railway Jianke Testing Co., Ltd., Xi'anShaanxi710016, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.15
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针对服役隧道仰拱结构隆起和轨道板开裂病害的机理分析和整治问题,综合采用现场结构病害特征分析和室内试验相结合的研究方法,探究沪昆铁路某服役隧道仰拱隆起变形和轨道板开裂的病害机理;基于结构开裂病害特征和病害机理分析,提出“施作注浆锚管-基岩注浆-拆除并重构仰拱结构”的综合整治措施;采用该综合整治措施指导背景工程施工,监测并分析施工过程中基岩-仰拱接触应力演化规律。结果表明:基岩遇水膨胀变形是引起仰拱等支护结构局部抬升、结构内力增大和不均匀变形、开裂的主要原因;基岩承载力降低和局部高地应力挤压作用引发的应力集中,以及仰拱结构刚度和受力不均等因素,同样加剧了基岩-仰拱结构的非协调性变形、开裂风险;基岩和重构仰拱间接触应力呈阶段性发展规律,整体表现为先缓慢增大后逐渐收敛并趋于稳定;3个监测断面的基岩-仰拱接触应力均值分别为167.83,169.51和165.82 kPa,可确保隧道结构受力稳定和安全。结合病害机理分析采取的整治措施可有效防控服役隧道仰拱隆起和结构开裂,研究成果为类似工程病害的整治和预防提供了方案设计和工程应用借鉴。

服役隧道  /  围岩膨胀  /  仰拱抬升  /  机理分析  /  病害整治

To address the mechanism analysis and treatment of inverted arch uplift and track slab cracking in an in-service tunnel, a combined approach of field structural disease characteristic analysis and laboratory tests was adopted to explore the disease mechanism of inverted arch uplift deformation and track slab cracking in an in-service tunnel of the Shanghai-Kunming Railway. According to the analysis of structural cracking characteristics and disease mechanism, integrated treatment measures of "grouting anchor pipe installation - bedrock grouting and removal - reconstruction of inverted arch structure" was proposed. These measures were adopted to guide the construction of the background project, and the evolution laws of the contact stress between the bedrock and the inverted arch was monitored and analyzed during the construction process. The results indicated that: the expansion deformation of bedrock upon water exposure was the main cause of local uplift of the inverted arch and other supporting structures, leading to increased internal forces, uneven deformation, and cracking; factors such as bedrock bearing capacity reduction, stress concentration induced by local high in-situ stress, and uneven stiffness and stress distribution in the invert arch structure further exacerbated the risk of non-coordinated deformation and cracking in the bedrock-invert arch system; the contact stress between the bedrock and the reconstructed inverted arch showed a phased evolution pattern, initially increasing slowly and then gradually converging to stability. The average contact stresses at three monitoring sections were 167.83, 169.51 and 165.82 kPa, respectively, which ensured the stability and safety of the tunnel structure. The treatment measures in combination with the disease mechanism analysis effectively prevented and controlled inverted arch uplift and structural cracking in the in-service tunnel. The research results provide a design scheme and engineering application reference for the treatment and prevention of similar engineering diseases.

In-service tunnel  /  Surrounding rock expansion  /  Inverted arch removal  /  Mechanism analysis  /  Disease treatment
范胜元, 加武荣, 谢江胜, 田思思, 宋战平, 刘博, 李曙光. 服役隧道仰拱上抬病害机理分析与整治措施. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.15
Shengyuan FAN, Wurong JIA, Jiangsheng XIE, Sisi TIAN, Zhanping SONG, Bo LIU, Shuguang LI. Mechanism Analysis and Treatment Measures for Inverted Arch Uplift in In-Service Tunnel[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.15
隧道建设和运营环境日益复杂,服役隧道结构病害频发,尤其是围岩变形、仰拱隆起和衬砌开裂等问题,严重威胁隧道的长期稳定性和列车的运营安全性1-3。围岩和支护结构的稳定对确保隧道服役及列车运营安全至关重要,服役隧道结构病害的机理分析和快速整治问题亟待解决。近年来,国内外诸多学者从不同角度对上述问题展开了深入研究,取得了丰富的成果4-6,以确保服役隧道结构的长期稳定和列车运营安全7-9
隧道病害机理研究方面,王景春等10通过分析高铁隧道仰拱结构的动力响应模式,发现围岩结构时效劣化对仰拱结构受力和变形开裂影响显著,服役期间应加强隧道仰拱和围岩的检测加固。Lee等11进一步研究了复杂地质环境(渗流水溶蚀、应力挤压)对围岩鼓胀和仰拱隆起的诱发机制,揭示了地质条件与病害之间的内在联系。黄明利等12基于数值试验和现场测试,对比分析了围岩-衬砌承载体系的受力、变形特征,指出支护结构的变形和开裂与围岩黏弹性特性密切相关,揭示了木寨岭隧道支护结构变形、开裂的潜在原因。张成平等13利用地质雷达和内窥镜探测手段,研究了盾构隧道渗漏病害的发生机制,借助数值模拟分析发现渗漏会导致地层变形和管片受力恶化。苏香龙14基于山岳隧道衬砌渗水病害特征和成因分析,提出了综合防排水系统,通过衬砌结构补强、环氧树脂封闭裂缝和安装排水管等措施,有效解决了隧道衬砌渗水问题。刘保国等15探讨了黏弹性围岩条件下围岩-隧道结构相互作用的时效性演化规律,分析了开挖面时空效应对两者相互作用力的时效变形影响;研究结果对服役隧道围岩-支护结构协同作用机理分析及稳定性控制具有重要借鉴意义。考虑支护滞后的影响,吕爱钟等16从理论角度出发,给出了非静水压下复杂洞室围岩-二衬界面不同接触条件下的弹性解析解,丰富了围岩-支护二元体协同作用理论。既有研究从不同角度揭示了服役隧道支护结构变形、开裂的诱因及灾变演化机理,发现外部荷载、地下水等诱发隧道结构变形、开裂的模式和致灾过程具有显著性差异。上述研究为复杂地层条件诱发隧道结构病害的分析提供了参考,但既有研究多从单一因素(如围岩变形、渗水等)出发,缺乏对多因素共同作用下隧道结构病害演化机理的系统分析,多因素共同作用下隧道结构灾变机理仍需进一步研究。
仰拱隆起严重威胁着隧道运营和列车行驶安全17-18,针对隧道病害防治方面,高玮等19通过统计和分析大量隧道仰拱病害特征,研究了隧道仰拱隆起成因和破坏演化规律,提出了包括注浆加固、锚杆支护等具体的病害整治措施,为类似工程病害的防治提供了有效借鉴。依托实际工程病害案例,赵进文等20通过数值模拟研究了锚杆支护参数对仰拱竖向变形、受力的控制效果,发现施作锚杆可有效提高支护结构和基岩完整性,从而较好地控制仰拱变形并减小仰拱内力,研究成果丰富了既有隧道仰拱结构病害防治措施。针对衬砌病害,张丽霞21依托大秦铁路和尚坪隧道衬砌病害整治案例,分析验证了套衬技术在衬砌病害整治中的有效性,成果有效地解决了重载铁路隧道衬砌空洞、剥落掉块等病害,为车载扰动下的隧道结构灾害防治提供了借鉴。李贵民等22通过分析哈巴雪山隧道围岩变形引起的衬砌开裂病害特征,提出了弃渣回填反压、全面拆换和加强衬砌支护的综合处置措施,有效解决了隧道结构病害问题并确保了隧道结构的长期稳定。肖小文等23和邹文浩等24结合灾害调查和病因分析,提出的“钢管桩+中空锚杆注浆”+“抬升-注浆-锚固”综合加固方案,有效解决了高地应力引起的服役隧道仰拱、道床变形开裂灾害。既有研究基于隧道结构病害特征和诱因分析,提出了不同病害的针对性防治措施,丰富了隧道结构病害防治和稳定性控制方案,对后续的研究具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。但现有整治措施多针对特定工程案例,缺乏普适性和系统性,难以满足复杂地质条件和运营环境下的病害防治需求;同时,随着隧道运营安全需求的提高,亟需开发高效、快速的病害整治技术,以缩短整治周期并降低对运营的影响。
既有研究成果为隧道结构病害的机理分析和防治提供了重要的理论依据和实践经验,但随着隧道运营环境日益复杂和安全需求不断提高,多因素共同作用下隧道结构病害演化机理系统性分析和快速整治问题仍亟待解决。
本文依托服役隧道结构病害整治的工程背景,采用病害特征调查分析、室内试验测试和机理分析以及整治措施现场应用和评价的研究思路,开展了多因素共同作用下隧道仰拱隆起和轨道板开裂的诱因和演化机理分析;针对性提出了“基岩注浆+旧仰拱拆除+仰拱重构”的整治措施并指导现场施工;通过实测数据分析验证整治措施的有效性,评估其对隧道长期稳定和运营安全的影响。实现了基于隧道结构病害特征与机理分析,提出针对性的病害整治措施;形成一套适用于类似工程病害预防和治理的技术与方法,为类似隧道结构病害的防治提供了经验借鉴。
2016年12月28日沪昆高铁贵阳至昆明段开通,目标隧道为该区间内线路主要控制性工程。隧道全长5 523 m,埋深在325~345 m之间;隧道横断面设计跨度和高度分别为14.70和11.04 m,为特大断面隧道,隧道结构断面设计如图1所示。图中:H为隧道断面高度;h1为仰拱填充原设计厚度;h2为重构仰拱新增厚度;D为隧道断面跨度;θ为重构仰拱范围对应的角度。
隧道主要穿越了云贵高原侵蚀构造中低山区,隧址区地貌具有构造剥蚀、溶蚀槽谷的特点,典型地质构造包括法郎向斜、燕子岩逆断层,断层倾角在65°~80°之间,与隧道轴线夹角在44°~81°之间;隧址区以碳酸盐岩为主,上覆地层主要有砂岩、白云岩、泥质灰岩和灰质砂岩,具体的地质剖面如图2所示。
运营过程中在K1 968+000—K1 968+100区间内轨道标高于2017年1月上旬出现异常;高铁工务段安排技术人员于2017年1月15日—2017年3月15日对灾变区间仰拱隆起变形及轨道标高进行连续监测,K1 968+052和K1 968+060断面各测点仰拱隆起变形监测结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出:各断面左右侧仰拱隆起变形并非完全一致,且中间部位仰拱隆起明显大于两侧,两监测断面仰拱最大隆起值分别达到8.50和8.42 mm,比各断面左右两侧累计变形均值分别高6.65%和7.28%,与Zhao等25基于理论分析得到的仰拱隆起结果相符;监测前期,各测点仰拱的隆起变形增加较快,随时间推移,仰拱的变形速率不断减小,表明隆起变形逐渐趋于稳定,满足了仰拱重构施工条件。
监测结束后,灾变区间内上行轨道K1 968+058.550处高程较设计值高12.7 mm,下行轨道K1 968+059.316处高程较设计值高18.2 mm,超过TB 10003—2016《铁路隧道设计规范》规定的无砟轨道变形控制阈值(8 mm),严重威胁列车安全运营26;此外,上行轨道板共产生宽度在0.1~0.4 mm之间的贯通裂纹53条,且左右侧各有1条长7 m、宽0.8~1.2 mm的纵向裂纹;下行轨道板共产生38条宽度在0.1~0.4 mm之间的贯通裂纹;上、下行轨道呈现明显的非对称开裂特征,推测其原因为非对称列车荷载扰动以及结构刚度和受力分布不均匀;特别是K1 968+042—K1 968+078区间内仰拱隆起变形和轨道板开裂现象最严重;此外,轨道板与侧沟间填充层及中心沟侧墙位置均出现裂纹,部分裂缝贯穿至沟底,具体开裂情况如图4所示。
结合地勘资料和现场病害特征统计结果,对隧道结构病害机理进行分析。勘探揭示地下水位在0.45~0.78 m,但未发现隐伏岩溶,测试水样侵蚀性等级为H2;隧址区岩层走向与线路大角度相交,受断层影响,岩层产状变化较大,岩芯层状倾角在5°~15°之间。通过现场调查和室内试验分析,发现诱发仰拱抬升、开裂的因素主要包括地下水-岩软化膨胀和溶蚀、高地应力挤压作用以及混凝土施工质量缺陷。
在隧道结构开裂段落钻取基岩岩芯,发现地层岩性主要为泥质灰岩,如图5所示。
图5可以看出:隧道基岩裂隙和地下水渗流通道发育,且局部存在明显的水-岩侵蚀痕迹;地勘资料揭示灾变区间地下渗流水丰富,加剧了岩石的水-岩溶蚀作用;同时,结合隧道结构开裂特征调查分析发现,隧道结构开裂部位未出现渗流水,判断隧道初支-衬砌内未形成渗水通道。
对K1 968+52断面处岩芯进行饱水膨胀和强度测试分析,得到岩石轴、径向膨胀率和单轴抗压强度随饱水率的变化曲线如图6所示。
图6可以看出:基岩吸水后快速膨胀,饱水前60 h内基岩的轴向、径向膨胀率分别达到1.72%和0.75%,膨胀变形特征明显且岩石轴向膨胀变形明显大于径向变形;随饱水时间持续,岩石累积膨胀变形不断增大,持续饱水超过80 h后,岩石膨胀变形增速减缓并逐渐收敛,饱水结束时岩芯最大轴向、径向膨胀率分别达到2.4%和1.5%;基岩吸水膨胀变形会引起隧道仰拱结构的局部抬升并增大仰拱内力,严重时将造成仰拱的隆起变形与开裂27-28;此外,水-岩溶蚀导致基岩强度弱化,饱水率低于0.05时岩石强度变化较小,仅减小4.24 MPa;饱水率达到0.1时,水-岩溶蚀作用下岩石强度快速降低,降幅达到34.47%;饱水率超过0.3后岩石强度逐渐趋于稳定,饱水结束时基岩强度累计降低22.99 MPa。由此可见,水-岩溶蚀作用下基岩承载力降低不利于隧道围岩和支护结构稳定,严重时将导致上部结构的不均匀变形、开裂,威胁隧道服役安全。
此外,通过灾变段地下水的侵蚀性测试分析发现,水样对岩石和混凝土的侵蚀性等级为H2,比勘察和施工期间水样的侵蚀性明显增大。分析原因为区间内关岭组二段地层局部夹鸡窝状石膏晶簇,开挖和车载扰动作用下洞周围岩内形成新的地下水渗流通道,渗流水将溶蚀并运移地层中的SO42-,引起水中酸离子含量增多,增强了地下水的溶蚀性;酸性溶蚀作用进一步加剧岩石承载力不足、增大混凝土结构受力不均、变形开裂的风险29-30
通过上述分析可知:岩石内部裂隙水通过水-岩物化作用导致基岩遇水膨胀变形,引起仰拱等支护结构局部抬升和不均匀变形是诱发仰拱内力增大、结构开裂的主要原因;此外,酸性溶蚀作用下基岩承载力降低,导致围岩和支护结构受力不均、变形不协调,增加了隧道结构开裂、失稳的风险。
通过室内加载测试,获得了自然状态下基岩的单轴抗压强度为27.60~46.50 MPa,岩石饱水单轴抗压强度为20.56~21.34 MPa(低于30 MPa),结合《工程岩体分级标准》和既有研究判断灾变段基岩为软质围岩31;同时,灾变区间隧道埋深为325~345 m,水平地应力在4.13~8.69 MPa之间;结合室内加载试验结果知基岩的强度应力比为2.37~5.16,部分围岩承受着高地应力挤压作用32-33;在围岩水化膨胀变形的基础上,高地应力挤压作用加剧了仰拱结构抬升隆起的风险。此外,地勘资料揭示隧道岩层倾角在5°~15°之间,高地应力挤压作用易引起仰拱结构局部位置的应力集中,同样增加了基岩-仰拱结构应力分布不均和非协调性变形、开裂风险,该结果与现场仰拱隆起变形及支护结构的非对称开裂特征相一致。
通过灾变段仰拱钻孔取芯分析发现,局部仰拱混凝土浇筑厚度比设计值少0.08~0.16 m,导致仰拱结构整体刚度减小;1#钻孔中混凝土发育有多条水平裂缝,在1.25 m深度处仰拱填充层存在施工缝、部分区域混凝土存在离析现象,导致仰拱结构受力不均;2#钻孔中(深度为0.35~1.30 m)衍生多条竖向贯通裂缝,这主要是由基岩膨胀变形导致仰拱结构不均匀抬升变形引起的剪切裂缝;部分缝隙壁附有少量泥沙和流水痕迹,这是由于防排水措施未能发挥作用引起的;3#钻孔中(深度为1.00~1.90 m)钻芯混凝土密实度差,同时受服役期间列车荷载的往复扰动作用,加剧了仰拱结构受荷时效变形及上、下行轨道板的非对称变形、开裂风险,与现场工程病害特征相符。
综合上述分析可知,水-岩物化作用引发的基岩膨胀变形是导致围岩膨胀、仰拱等支护结构局部抬升、结构内力增大和非均匀变形、开裂的主要内因;同时,基岩承载力降低和局部高地应力挤压作用引起的仰拱结构应力集中,以及施工质量缺陷引起的仰拱结构刚度和受力不均匀等因素,大大加剧了基岩-仰拱结构非协调性变形、开裂的风险。多种不利因素协同作用,共同诱发了隧道结构变形、开裂病害的发生,威胁着隧道结构服役稳定和列车运行安全。
结合隧道病害特征和病因分析,提出的病害针对性整治措施如下。
(1)进行基岩注浆,以改善地下水渗流引起的基岩水-岩溶蚀损伤与膨胀变形;
(2)施作注浆锚管,提高围岩结构的整体性和承载力,以控制基岩隆起和仰拱抬升变形;
(3)加大仰拱曲率和厚度后重筑仰拱结构,以提高仰拱结构的整体刚度与抗变形能力。
为确保隧道病害快速整治和列车正常运营,现场采取全幅、分段跳槽的方法进行病害整治;主要施工过程为:基岩注浆→轨道板剪切、凿除→过渡枕木、钢垫梁施工→仰拱、填充层的破除和重筑施工→道床、轨道板施作→钢轨梁精调、通车,现场具体施工过程如图7所示。考虑施工质量缺陷对隧道结构病害发生的加剧作用,整治措施实施过程中应严格遵守设计方案,规范施工流程以确保工程结构的施工质量。
按照拟定整治措施,在灾变区间内等间距选取36处横断面,通过各断面对称布置的6根7 m长的ϕ75注浆锚管对基岩进行注浆加固,各断面注浆锚管布置示意图如图8所示。
在K1 968+042,K1 968+054和K1 968+066断面处共使用6台钻机在衬砌两侧向大里程方向钻孔,纵、环向间距均为1 m;现场提前对钻孔点进行标识,钻孔过程中控制孔角偏差不超过3%,孔位和孔深偏差均低于5 cm,钻孔后采用高压风进行吹洗清孔。注浆钢管前端50 cm范围内布置8 mm出浆孔,管壁外侧均匀设置焊疤以增加锚固力;安装注浆管至设计深度,封堵孔口并预留排气孔,采用挤压式注浆机将水灰比为0.38的水泥浆液压入锚管。根据TB 10121—2017《铁路隧道注浆技术规范》要求,注浆过程中严格控制流量,并控制注浆压力为1 MPa,以防止注浆管爆裂;同时监控相邻衬砌与轨道结构的稳定性,采用注浆压力-变形联动控制,如变形超限立刻停止注浆;孔口溢浆后维持注浆压力稳定5 min后停止注浆并封堵注浆孔。
根据图8所示测点,在K1 968+052,K1 968+060和K1 968+068这3个断面布置测量元器件监测隧道基岩-仰拱接触应力和仰拱隆起变形。基岩-仰拱接触应力随时间的变化结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出:受不同工序施工(混凝土浇筑、填充层施作、轨道板安装等)扰动影响,动态荷载通过接触应力传递至基岩并完成应力重分布;随监测时间持续,基岩-仰拱接触应力呈现波动式上升发展趋势,符合Terzaghi提出的压力模型理论34;施工扰动初期,仰拱混凝土未完全硬化,应力传递不连续导致读数波动;随仰拱结构刚度和荷载传递作用增强,两者间的接触应力不断增大;仰拱填充施工扰动作用下,K1 968+052断面2#和3#测点应力突增并超过100 kPa,表明仰拱硬化成形且与基岩接触密实,能够及时地承受并传递荷载;K1 968+060和K1 968+068断面各测点接触应力同样表现为波动式升高,分析原因为填充层混凝土浇筑时自重荷载引起压力盒读数突增;两断面的最大瞬时应力分别达到45.03和46.54 kPa,满足仰拱结构受力安全需求;受上部结构继续施工(道床浇筑、轨道板安装等)及临时结构拆除扰动的影响,不同测点间的接触应力交替升高且整体仍呈现波动式上升趋势,分析原因为混凝土强度硬化与围岩变形共同作用调整了荷载重分配,后期围岩变形被抑制且混凝土结构硬化起主导作用,导致接触应力的累计增大。后续施工中K1 968+060和K1 968+068断面1#测点被破坏,但已有监测数据同样反映出了基岩-仰拱接触应力的波动式变化特征,与既有研究得出的“荷载传递-围岩应力重分布”响应理论相一致35
此外,3个断面各测点接触应力均为压应力,且均表现为中线测点(2#测点)处基岩-仰拱接触应力最大,分别为119.94、62.28和59.63 kPa,保证了仰拱结构受力处于安全状态;分析原因为仰拱具有弹性地基梁受力特征,中线处弯矩最大、导致基岩反力(接触应力)相应增大,符合“弹性地基梁”模型理论36;两边测点接触应力较小且应力值相近,表明加深重构后仰拱结构刚度分布均匀,受力合理。
根据图8所示测点安装仰拱竖向变形监测装置,得到隧道仰拱隆起变形随时间的变化结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出:不同断面隧道仰拱隆起变形时程曲线具有相似的发展趋势,均经历了“先快速变形,后逐渐收敛”的变化过程;伴随仰拱结构刚度与荷载传递作用的增强,接触应力突变时仰拱隆起变形加快,仰拱隆起的“快速变形-收敛”过程与基岩-仰拱接触应力的波动式上升相对应;待仰拱混凝土强度硬化和结构刚度达到设计值后,接触应力调整重分布趋于均匀与稳定,仰拱隆起变形进入收敛阶段,印证了“基岩-仰拱”二元体结构内部“荷载传递-应力重分布-变形响应”的协同承载、变形机制;结合“弹性地基梁”理论分析,仰拱中线位置弯矩及基岩反力(接触应力)最大,导致其隆起变形同步增大,两侧变形较小且基本呈对称分布特征,该结果与Luo等对涧子岔2#隧道结构变形分布规律的监测结果相一致37;此外,基岩注浆加固提高了围岩整体性及其承载力,同时也限制了仰拱的整体隆起变形;3个断面处仰拱最大隆起变形(中线位置)分别达到3.55,3.26和3.46 mm,最大隆起值仅为警戒值的35.5%,表明采取围岩注浆加固和重构仰拱措施明显改善了隧道围岩与支护结构的稳定状态,能够确保隧道结构安全。
注浆通过填充基岩裂隙封堵地下水渗流路径,抑制水-岩溶蚀劣化的同时增强了基岩裂隙接触面摩擦力,以提高围岩弹性模量和承载能力;加大仰拱曲率和厚度后重筑仰拱结构,能够有效提高仰拱结构整体刚度并改善仰拱结构底部荷载分布,将基岩-仰拱接触应力峰值控制在安全范围内,同时抑制了基岩-仰拱结构的整体隆起变形。与“锚固+仰拱加固”案例相比37,本研究采取“基岩注浆+加深重构仰拱”整治措施后,基岩-仰拱接触应力分布更均匀(两侧差值<10%);加大仰拱曲率和厚度,对基岩与仰拱竖向变形的抑制效果更加明显,变形收敛更快。
“围岩-仰拱”二元体结构内部“荷载传递-应力重分布-变形响应”的协同作用机制得到验证,在病害整治措施实施过程中应严格控制施工速度(如填充层采取分层浇筑),以避免结构受力与变形超过安全限值。此外,背景工程中在钢垫梁拆除后应力重分布未引起仰拱变形反弹,验证了重筑仰拱的承载、变形可靠性;本结果也可借助Hoek-Brown准则,通过“应力-变形双控”模型对隧道结构的长期稳定性做进一步评估分析。
(1)吸水溶蚀和酸离子腐蚀将引起岩石膨胀变形,这是诱发隧道仰拱隆起变形的主要原因;同时,基岩承载力降低、局部高地应力挤压和车载扰动共同作用引起岩石非均匀变形,增大了仰拱等支护结构的受力不均和开裂风险。此外,混凝土施工质量缺陷同样会影响结构的服役性能,威胁着隧道结构稳定与行车安全。
(2)锚管施作和注浆加固措施不仅有效改善了渗流水对基岩的溶蚀劣化作用,同样提高了围岩的整体性和受力稳定性,有效抑制了基岩膨胀变形和仰拱结构隆起抬升;加深重构后仰拱曲率和厚度增加,提高了仰拱结构的整体刚度与抗变形能力,确保了隧道支护结构的稳定性。
(3)“围岩-仰拱”二元体结构内部“荷载传递-应力重分布-变形响应”的协同作用机制得到验证;受仰拱结构刚度分布和传力路径的影响,中线位置仰拱受力最大,两侧应力均衡且量值较小,证明加深仰拱整体刚度及受力合理,能够有效发挥支护作用;基岩-仰拱最大接触应力为119.94 kPa,结构受力处于安全状态,确保了隧道结构的稳定和行车安全。
(4)通过服役隧道结构病害特征与病因分析,制定的锚管注浆加固基岩与加深重构仰拱等整治措施,能够有效控制隧道围岩变形和仰拱结构的受力稳定,保证了隧道结构的运营安全。本文研究方法和成果对类似工程病害防治的理论分析与工程应用具有良好的借鉴与参考意义。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.15
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
  • 修回日期:2026-03-09
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    1.中铁二十局集团有限公司 博士后工作站,陕西西安710016
    2.陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西西安710055
    3.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西西安710055
    4.中铁建科检测有限公司,陕西西安710016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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