Article(id=1268884452294955051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.09, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752508800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-15, revisedDate=1762531200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455228159, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455228159, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455228159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455228159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884452525641773, articleId=1268884452294955051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Stability Analysis and Design Method of Embedded Foundation for Bridges under Mountainous Slope Terrain Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous advancement of infrastructure construction in western China, research on the bearing mechanisms and design methods of bridge foundations in complex terrain has become increasingly important. Focusing on the mechanical properties and structural design of embedded foundations for railway bridges in mountainous areas, this study investigates the potential failure modes of slope rock mass under combined loads. A theoretical calculation model for the embedded foundation-rock mass system under slope terrain conditions was established, revealing the interaction mechanism between the foundation and the slope rock mass. Based on this, combined with limit equilibrium theory, formulas for the ultimate bearing capacity of vertical embedded foundations and inclined arch-abutment embedded foundations under slope conditions were derived. The design rationality of the embedded foundation for the Zhongjian River Bridge was verified. The results show that the primary failure mode of vertical embedded foundations is overall shear failure of the rock mass at the pile end. As the shear force and bending moment loads outside the slope increase, the foundation-rock mass system is prone to horizontal shear failure. For inclined arch-abutment embedded foundations, the main failure mode involves combined failure at the pile end and along the pile side. The upper part of the pile foundation exhibits significant load-induced deformation, showing flexible characteristics, while the lower part mainly undergoes rigid deformation. Verification results indicate that the design parameters of both types of foundations meet bearing capacity requirements. The results provide a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the design and stability analysis of bridge foundations in mountainous areas.

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随着我国西部建设的不断推进,对复杂地形条件下桥梁基础承载机理与设计方法的研究日益重要。围绕山区铁路桥梁嵌入式基础的受力特性与结构设计,研究组合荷载作用下边坡岩体的潜在破坏模式,建立斜坡地形条件下嵌入式基础-岩体体系的理论计算模型,揭示基础与边坡岩体之间的相互作用机理;在此基础上,结合极限平衡理论,推导斜坡条件下竖向嵌入式基础与拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的极限承载力计算式,并对忠建河特大桥嵌入式基础的设计合理性进行验证。结果表明:竖向嵌入式基础的主要破坏模式为桩端岩体的整体剪切破坏,随着坡外剪力和弯矩荷载的增大,基础-岩体体系易发生水平剪切破坏;拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的主要破坏模式则为桩端与桩侧的联合破坏,桩基上部区域受荷载变形显著,呈现柔性特征,而下部区域以刚性变形为主;依据验算结果,2类基础的设计参数均满足承载要求。研究成果为山区桥梁基础设计和稳定性分析提供了理论依据与工程参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周永强(1990—),男,江西南昌人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
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严爱国(1971—),男,安徽潜山人,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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严爱国(1971—),男,安徽潜山人,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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严爱国(1971—),男,安徽潜山人,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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材料黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa重度/(kN · m-3)
灰岩1.653829.213.526.7
嵌入式基础25.011.525.0
内部混凝土16.112.124.0
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竖向嵌入式基础模型参数

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材料黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa重度/(kN · m-3)
灰岩1.653829.213.526.7
嵌入式基础25.011.525.0
内部混凝土16.112.124.0
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荷载类型轴向力/kNY向剪力/kNZ向剪力/kN扭矩/(kN · m)Y向弯矩/(kN · m)Z向弯矩/(kN · m)
加载量-9 834.8157.56184.69-2.12759.25232.39
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竖向嵌入式基础模型设计荷载

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荷载类型轴向力/kNY向剪力/kNZ向剪力/kN扭矩/(kN · m)Y向弯矩/(kN · m)Z向弯矩/(kN · m)
加载量-9 834.8157.56184.69-2.12759.25232.39
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加载位置轴向力/kNY向剪力/kNZ向剪力/kN扭矩/(kN · m)Y向弯矩/(kN · m)Z向弯矩/(kN · m)
加载点1-73 736-1 788-1 125-47-8 307-11 801
加载点2-15 921-747-3 594-47-874-673
加载点3-108 499-1 408-1 572-358-10 262-11 856
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拱座倾斜嵌入式基础模型设计荷载

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加载位置轴向力/kNY向剪力/kNZ向剪力/kN扭矩/(kN · m)Y向弯矩/(kN · m)Z向弯矩/(kN · m)
加载点1-73 736-1 788-1 125-47-8 307-11 801
加载点2-15 921-747-3 594-47-874-673
加载点3-108 499-1 408-1 572-358-10 262-11 856
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设计参数参数取值
基础尺寸 b3 m
d8.5 m
H020 m
岩体参数 τ12 MPa
α38°
设计荷载 M06 388 kN · m
Q1 224 kN
边坡坡度45°
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竖向嵌入式基础设计参数

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设计参数参数取值
基础尺寸 b3 m
d8.5 m
H020 m
岩体参数 τ12 MPa
α38°
设计荷载 M06 388 kN · m
Q1 224 kN
边坡坡度45°
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设计参数参数取值
基础尺寸 b20 m
d8 m
H025 m
ρ2 500 kg · m-3
岩体参数 f0.25 MPa
α38°
K10.5
K22
R20 MPa
设计荷载 M010 262 kN · m
Q1 788 kN
边坡坡度45°
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拱座倾斜嵌入式基础设计参数

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设计参数参数取值
基础尺寸 b20 m
d8 m
H025 m
ρ2 500 kg · m-3
岩体参数 f0.25 MPa
α38°
K10.5
K22
R20 MPa
设计荷载 M010 262 kN · m
Q1 788 kN
边坡坡度45°
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山区斜坡地形条件下桥梁嵌入式基础稳定性分析及设计方法
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严爱国 1 , 王新国 1 , 王存国 1 , 郭攀 1 , 付晓东 2, 3 , 周永强 2, 3 , 丁海锋 2, 3
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 96-107
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 96-107
山区斜坡地形条件下桥梁嵌入式基础稳定性分析及设计方法
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严爱国1 , 王新国1, 王存国1, 郭攀1, 付晓东2, 3, 周永强2, 3 , 丁海锋2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司,湖北武汉430063
  • 2.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北武汉430071
  • 3.中国科学院大学 工程科学学院,北京100049
  • 严爱国(1971—),男,安徽潜山人,正高级工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周永强(1990—),男,江西南昌人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
Stability Analysis and Design Method of Embedded Foundation for Bridges under Mountainous Slope Terrain Conditions
Aiguo YAN1 , Xinguo WANG1, Cunguo WANG1, Pan GUO1, Xiaodong FU2, 3, Yongqiang ZHOU2, 3 , Haifeng DING2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., WuhanHubei430063, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, WuhanHubei430071, China
  • 3.School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.09
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随着我国西部建设的不断推进,对复杂地形条件下桥梁基础承载机理与设计方法的研究日益重要。围绕山区铁路桥梁嵌入式基础的受力特性与结构设计,研究组合荷载作用下边坡岩体的潜在破坏模式,建立斜坡地形条件下嵌入式基础-岩体体系的理论计算模型,揭示基础与边坡岩体之间的相互作用机理;在此基础上,结合极限平衡理论,推导斜坡条件下竖向嵌入式基础与拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的极限承载力计算式,并对忠建河特大桥嵌入式基础的设计合理性进行验证。结果表明:竖向嵌入式基础的主要破坏模式为桩端岩体的整体剪切破坏,随着坡外剪力和弯矩荷载的增大,基础-岩体体系易发生水平剪切破坏;拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的主要破坏模式则为桩端与桩侧的联合破坏,桩基上部区域受荷载变形显著,呈现柔性特征,而下部区域以刚性变形为主;依据验算结果,2类基础的设计参数均满足承载要求。研究成果为山区桥梁基础设计和稳定性分析提供了理论依据与工程参考。

山区铁路  /  嵌入式基础  /  极限平衡理论  /  稳定性分析  /  破坏模式  /  设计方法

With the continuous advancement of infrastructure construction in western China, research on the bearing mechanisms and design methods of bridge foundations in complex terrain has become increasingly important. Focusing on the mechanical properties and structural design of embedded foundations for railway bridges in mountainous areas, this study investigates the potential failure modes of slope rock mass under combined loads. A theoretical calculation model for the embedded foundation-rock mass system under slope terrain conditions was established, revealing the interaction mechanism between the foundation and the slope rock mass. Based on this, combined with limit equilibrium theory, formulas for the ultimate bearing capacity of vertical embedded foundations and inclined arch-abutment embedded foundations under slope conditions were derived. The design rationality of the embedded foundation for the Zhongjian River Bridge was verified. The results show that the primary failure mode of vertical embedded foundations is overall shear failure of the rock mass at the pile end. As the shear force and bending moment loads outside the slope increase, the foundation-rock mass system is prone to horizontal shear failure. For inclined arch-abutment embedded foundations, the main failure mode involves combined failure at the pile end and along the pile side. The upper part of the pile foundation exhibits significant load-induced deformation, showing flexible characteristics, while the lower part mainly undergoes rigid deformation. Verification results indicate that the design parameters of both types of foundations meet bearing capacity requirements. The results provide a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the design and stability analysis of bridge foundations in mountainous areas.

Mountain railway  /  Embedded foundation  /  Limit equilibrium theory  /  Stability analysis  /  Failure mode  /  Design method
严爱国, 王新国, 王存国, 郭攀, 付晓东, 周永强, 丁海锋. 山区斜坡地形条件下桥梁嵌入式基础稳定性分析及设计方法. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 96 -107 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.09
Aiguo YAN, Xinguo WANG, Cunguo WANG, Pan GUO, Xiaodong FU, Yongqiang ZHOU, Haifeng DING. Stability Analysis and Design Method of Embedded Foundation for Bridges under Mountainous Slope Terrain Conditions[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 96 -107 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.09
我国西南地区山体众多,地势起伏剧烈,地理环境险恶。随着西部建设的不断推进,由高速公路和高速铁路组成的交通路网不可避免地向山区发展。跨越峡谷必然需要桥梁进行连接,而由于桥梁所受到的荷载最终通过各种方式由基础承担,所以对桥梁基础的研究就显得非常重要。在复杂山区斜坡地形条件下,桥梁基础普遍面临如下工程问题:①地形高差显著导致荷载传递复杂化1;②岩体节理裂隙发育、风化程度较高,导致岩体完整性与承载力显著降低,边坡稳定性不足2;③施工条件受限,传统基础施工造价高,对生态环境破坏严重3。因此,对山区斜坡条件下桥梁基础设计方法的研究,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。围绕山区铁路桥梁嵌入式基础承载机理与结构设计方法,国内外学者在桥梁基础和岩体的相互作用机理、嵌入式基础的工程应用等方面开展了深入的研究。
桥梁工程中针对桩基础、沉井基础等基础与岩体的相互作用机理已有大量的研究。解刚等4研究了黄土沟谷地区中冲刷深度和边坡削切对桩基础极限承载力的影响,提出了考虑冲刷效应后斜坡桩基的竖向承载力计算式。夏伟等5讨论了膨胀土边坡基坑回填对桥梁基础的影响,结果表明,当回填材料刚度大且基坑坡比大时,降雨对桥梁基础的影响较大。刘彦峰等6对某深厚淤泥土层悬索桥沉井基础下沉阻力进行施工监测,发现沉井基础侧壁土压力沿深度方向呈增长趋势,沉井底面支撑力受深度影响较小,而刃脚底面反力受深度影响较大。Liu等7通过对桩基础进行一系列的准静力循环加载试验,揭示了不同桩型布置下部分埋设群桩基础的地震破坏机理。Mucciacciaro等8在考虑地震活动、荷载输入方式以及沉箱和桥墩的几何形状等因素的情况下,提出了地震作用下桥墩弯矩的解析计算式。施洲等9针对大型沉井初沉阶段土体受力安全问题,通过数值模拟和现场试验,分析了沉井初沉阶段受力特征和混凝土开裂规律。宋旭明等10针对软土地区群桩基础地基系数m值取值困难的问题,提出了基于试验和数值仿真的软土群桩基础m值取值方法。
针对嵌入式基础的研究,在设计方法方面,1968年Poulos11提出了相互作用系数的概念,分析了群桩基础的沉降规律。在Poulos工作的基础上,1978年Wolf等12首次对群桩基础进行动力分析,考虑土体的辐射阻尼,计算桩土相互作用下单桩的柔度系数,并提出了群桩基础的动力阻抗函数。随后,Dobry等13、Kaynia等14、Miura等15也相继推导出求解动力阻抗函数。进入21世纪后,Kappos等16利用分层温克尔地基梁模型对桥梁群桩地基模型进行地震响应分析,并采用双线性荷载-位移曲线表征地基土的本构关系。在工程应用方向,Mamoon等17进一步分析了群桩基础在地震作用下的动力响应。近十年,嵌入式基础因其能大幅减少山体开挖、保护山区环境的优点,在输电杆塔方面得到了广泛的应用。Mors18和鲁先龙等19先后对浅基础抗拔承载能力进行理论研究、模型试验以及现场试验,提出了土体极限承载能力计算理论。李永祥20对不同埋深的嵌入式基础进行现场试验,分析了基础的承载特性和破坏机理,成功应用于甘肃750 kV永登-白银同塔双回输电线路,并取得较好的经济性和环保性,验证了大荷载下嵌入式基础的可靠性。汪德敏等21针对西南区域典型上覆浅层黏土岩石地基,对比了斜柱式基础、直柱式基础和掏挖式基础的技术经济指标,发现嵌入式基础的经济效益和环保效益明显高于常规基础结构。郑卫锋等22基于强风化地区嵌入式基础抗拔性能现场试验和数值模拟研究,从岩石破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线以及极限承载能力3方面对比分析了不同埋深和不同类型基础的抗拔性能,并结合经济效益分析比选出合适的山区输电线嵌入式基础结构形式。
综上所述,目前桥梁的各种基础与岩体的相互作用机理研究较为成熟,但传统的基础工程量大、造价高、对环境破坏大。而嵌入式基础安全可靠、经济环保,能满足桩基承载能力的要求,具有良好的抗拔和抗倾覆性能,有着广泛的应用前景。目前嵌入式基础的应用主要集中在输电线路方面,较少涉及桥梁工程,国内外亦无相关的设计标准规程,嵌入式基础和岩体的相互作用机制研究还处于起步阶段。因此,本研究依托新建沪渝蓉高速铁路项目忠建河特大桥工程,分别建立竖向嵌入式基础和拱座倾斜嵌入式基础数值模型,通过在基础顶部施加组合荷载的形式,计算分析嵌入式基础与边坡岩体的相互作用机理以及潜在破坏模式。在此基础上,基于极限平衡理论,提出山区斜坡桥梁嵌入式基础设计方法,并采用该方法验证忠建河特大桥嵌入式基础设计参数的合理性。
研究依托新建沪渝蓉高速铁路项目五峰至恩施段的忠建河特大桥工程。桥址地处湖北省恩施州宜恩县万寨乡六堰塘村与茶盘村之间,属构造侵蚀、溶蚀中低山地貌区,系武陵山支脉。桥址区位于谷地内,跨越忠建河测绘范围内,最高山峰位于拟建桥梁西侧,高程约947 m,地形低点为忠建河,高程约402 m,地形高差约545 m,地势起伏很大,两侧地势较陡,坡度30°~50°,局部近直立。忠建河特大桥地形地貌如图1所示。
研究区域工程地质纵断面如图2所示。图中:σ为斜坡地基承载力。地质平面图如图3所示。根据本次测绘资料及钻探成果显示,桥址区桥台始覆土层为第四系全新统冲洪积层(Q4al+pl)粉质黏土,卵石土,第四系全新统坡残积层(Q4el+dl)粉质黏土。下伏基岩主要为三叠系下统大冶组(T1d)灰岩、二叠系上统(P2)炭质页岩、二叠系下统茅口组(P1m)、栖霞组(P1q)灰岩。研究区域岩性特征如图4所示。
根据忠建河特大桥设计任务书及相关规范要求,桥梁基础需满足以下条件:①承载力方面,嵌入段地基承载力特征值不低于2.0 MPa,以保证拱脚传力安全;②变形控制方面,基础在正常荷载作用下的竖向沉降应小于10 mm,水平位移不超过2 mm,以避免拱桥推力导致的结构失稳;③整体稳定性方面,要求基础具备抗倾覆和抗滑移能力,安全系数不小于2.0;④耐久性方面,嵌入段岩体应选取风化程度低、节理裂隙相对闭合的灰岩段,以保证长期服役性能。
忠建河特大桥桥址区位于深谷之中,小里程岸坡角度30°~53°,大里程岸坡角度20°~45°,桥面距水面约208 m。从经济、施工、养护及景观等方面综合考虑,选用嵌入式基础具有较强的适应性和针对性。忠建河特大桥全桥布置图如图5所示。图中①—⑯分别为桥梁桩基础编号。忠建河特大桥桥型拟采用主跨400 m上承式钢管混凝土拱桥方案。拱肋矢高90 m,矢跨比1/4.44;拱肋轴线采用悬链线,拱轴系数m为2.0。拱肋采用钢管混凝土桁架形式,拱顶处拱肋桁高8.0 m,拱脚处拱肋桁高14.0 m。全桥共有2片桁架式拱肋,每片拱肋由双肢钢管组成。拱肋钢管直径1.8 m,壁厚28~56 mm,内灌C60高强混凝土。桥梁全长707 m,孔跨布置为刚构连续组合梁,全联采用钢混组合梁,不设断缝,梁端设钢轨伸缩调节器。
基于忠建河特大桥灰岩地基中的竖向嵌入式基础,建立山区斜坡地形条件下竖向嵌入式基础数值模型,计算分析竖向嵌入式基础的受力机理及竖向桩基-岩土体系破坏模式。
竖向嵌入式基础计算模型如图6所示。图中设定斜坡模型竖直方向为Z轴方向,水平方向为X轴方向,走向为Y轴方向。竖向嵌入式基础位于忠建河特大桥桥梁小里程侧岸,基础内部浇筑C30混凝土,尺寸为3 m×8.5 m,所处边坡稳定坡角为45°,嵌入式基础整体立面保持Z轴竖直方向,顶端一侧位于斜坡表面,与模型顶端和两侧的距离分别是30和50 m。为便于对基础施加弯矩,在基础顶部设计高度为4 m,尺寸为2 m×6 m的加载区。模型底部采用固定约束,侧面约束其法向位移,坡顶和坡面设置为自由表面。由于嵌入式基础内部的筋体与注浆体之间的作用不是本项目的研究重点,因此在建立几何模型的过程中将其建立为一体,并以综合截面参数反映锚杆普通锚固段的物理和力学参数。
嵌入式基础采用线弹性本构,岩土体模型选用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型。竖向嵌入式基础模型参数取值见表1。荷载通过基础顶部的加载区施加,并考虑了竖向力、剪力、扭矩及弯矩的组合作用,设计荷载见表2
竖向嵌入式基础X方向水平位移云图如图7所示。由图7可知:竖向嵌入式基础最大水平位移出现在桩顶加载位置附近,并沿基础周身向下逐渐减小;基础上半部分受影响较大,这是由于基础上半部分挤压的岩体处于临空面,当荷载较大时基础周围岩体不足以抵抗荷载,导致荷载向下传递;基础下半部分受影响较小,下半区域被岩体牢牢嵌固基本不发生位移。
桩端岩体X方向水平位移云图如图8所示。由图8可知:受设计荷载方向的影响,基础周围岩体位移趋于荷载加载的方向;靠临坡侧岩体位移较大,荷载持续增大时有局部剪切破坏的趋势。
塑性区云图主要用于显示地质体在特定方向上的塑性体应变,可直观地反映地质体的变形情况,有助于了解地质体的变形特征和变形程度。竖向嵌入式基础桩端岩体塑性区如图9所示。由图9可知:基础周围岩体塑性区域集中分布在基础下坡侧临坡面岩体区域。
数值模拟中破裂面的形状通常用最大剪应变云图表示。最大剪应变可以有效地定量表示局部破坏或位移集中的情况,可直观分析破坏面的形态和分布范围。桩端岩体最大剪应变云图和增量剖面图如图10所示。由图10可知:岩体的破裂面位于基础靠下坡一侧一定深度位置,破裂面呈剪切特征,其角度约为0°。
竖向桩基主要承受竖向荷载,其破坏模式主要包括以下3种。
(1)桩身材料强度不足导致的压屈破坏。当桩顶荷载较大,桩身长度较长且长径比较大,而桩身材料的强度不足以承受这种荷载时,桩身可能会发生屈曲变形,最终导致破坏。这种破坏模式主要发生在桩身材料强度相对较低的嵌岩桩中。破坏前桩身会出现明显的弯曲变形,桩顶沉降迅速增加,承载力急剧下降。
(2)桩端岩体整体剪切破坏。当桩端嵌入的岩体强度较低,或桩端承受的荷载超过岩体的抗剪强度时,桩端岩体可能发生整体剪切破坏。这种破坏模式表现为桩端岩体的剪切面滑动,导致桩的承载力降低。破坏时桩端位移突然增大,伴随着明显的声响和岩体碎片的脱落。
(3)桩身与岩体界面破坏。在某些情况下,桩身与岩体之间的界面可能因黏结强度不足或施工质量问题而发生破坏。这种破坏模式可能表现为桩身与岩体之间的滑移或脱开。破坏前可能伴有桩顶沉降的缓慢增加和界面处的微小滑移现象。
忠建河特大桥桥基所在山体岩性为灰岩,岩体中节理裂隙发育,易在荷载作用下扩展形成剪切面,导致岩体整体剪切破坏,故竖向桩基重点分析桩端岩体整体剪切破坏。当竖向桩基承受荷载时,荷载通过桩身传递至桩端,并对桩端岩体施加压力,这一过程可能最终导致基础靠下坡一侧岩体发生剪切破坏,进而引起桩基失稳。破坏过程可分为以下4个阶段:①随着外荷载不断增大,桩端压力持续升高,当该压力超过岩体的抗剪强度时,岩体内部开始产生剪应力;②伴随着剪应力的逐渐积累,岩体中潜在剪切面逐步形成并扩展;③当剪切面发育至临界程度,岩体将沿此面发生整体滑动,导致桩端丧失有效支承;④最终,桩基承载力急剧下降,桩端岩体呈现明显滑动痕迹,桩身也往往因失去支撑而产生倾斜或沉降。
为探究山区斜坡地形条件下桥梁拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的荷载传递规律与岩土相互作用特性,基于忠建河特大桥灰岩地基的拱座倾斜嵌入式桩基础,通过建立山区斜坡地形条件下拱座倾斜嵌入式基础数值模型,系统分析桩基-岩土体系破坏模式。
该基础位于忠建河特大桥桥梁大里程侧岸,结构类型为拱座倾斜嵌入式基础,基础内部浇筑C30混凝土,尺寸为8 m×20 m,所处边坡稳定坡角为45°,嵌固深度25 m。拱座倾斜嵌入式基础采用线弹性本构,岩土体模型选用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型。拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的数值模型如图11所示。坡面形态是依据忠建河特大桥大里程侧岸坡的地表高程数据生成的。模型中,嵌入式基础的整体立面保持与Z轴平行(即竖直方向),其顶端仍覆盖有带开挖岩体。基础顶端至模型顶面的距离以及基础底面至自然地面的距离均设置为30 m。2根桩基础的中心间距为15 m,每根桩与模型侧边的距离也为30 m。桩体均以45°倾角斜向植入斜坡岩土体中模型计算参数取值见表1,设计荷载见表3
拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的X方向水平位移云图如图12所示。由图12可知:桩身的变形由2部分组成,一部分是桩身在荷载作用下的自身变形,另一部分则为桩身在地基中的转动变位。具体而言,上部区域的挠曲变形主要由桩自身的变形与转动变形叠加而成,表现出一定的柔性特征;而下部区域的变形主要以转动为主,呈现出一定的刚性。
桩端岩体X方向水平位移云图如图13所示。由图13可知:基础周围岩体在临坡面位移增大,但总体位移不超过1 mm;桩体两侧岩体位移较大,荷载持续增大时有整体剪切破坏的趋势。
拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩端岩体的塑性区如图14所示。由图14可知:嵌入式基础与岩体上边缘交界处形成了明显的塑性区,说明拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩端的临空面岩体发生了明显的破坏。
拱座倾斜嵌入式基础在剪应力为控制荷载条件下基础周围岩体的最大剪应变云图如图15所示。由图15可知:桩端岩体的最大剪应变较大,表明在该荷载条件下临空面岩体处于较高应变状态,基础-岩体体系易发生失稳破坏。
拱座倾斜嵌入式主要承受斜向荷载,其破坏模式相对复杂,主要包括以下3种。
(1)轴向屈曲与侧向弯曲组合破坏。由于斜向荷载的作用,拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩基可能同时发生轴向屈曲和侧向弯曲。这种破坏模式表现为桩身在轴向和侧向均发生明显的变形。破坏时桩身形态复杂,可能伴随有桩顶沉降和侧向位移的同时增加。
(2)桩侧土体滑动破坏。当桩侧土体强度较低,或斜向荷载产生的水平分力较大时,桩侧土体可能发生滑动破坏。这种破坏模式表现为桩侧土体沿着滑动面滑动,导致桩的承载力降低。破坏时桩侧土体出现明显滑动痕迹,桩身可能受到侧向挤压而变形。
(3)桩端与桩侧联合破坏。在某些情况下,拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩基可能同时发生桩端岩体的剪切破坏和桩侧土体的滑动破坏。这种破坏模式表现为桩端和桩侧同时出现破坏迹象,桩的承载力受到严重影响。破坏时桩端和桩侧均出现明显破坏现象,桩身可能受到多个方向的力的作用而变形复杂。
忠建河特大桥桥基所在山体地质条件复杂,岩层分布不均,土层性质多变,拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩基受多个方向力的作用,故研究重点分析桩基的桩端与桩侧联合破坏。拱座倾斜嵌入式基础桩基在承受荷载时,荷载不仅通过桩身直接传递至桩端,还通过桩侧与土体之间的摩擦和剪切作用分散至周围土体。桩端所承受的压力与桩侧土体的反力共同作用,形成一个复杂的应力分布体系:①若桩端嵌入的岩体或土体强度不足,可能在压力作用下发生压碎、剪切或滑移等破坏现象;②桩端一旦破坏,将导致桩的承载力显著降低,进而加剧桩侧土体的变形和破坏;③同时,桩侧土体在桩身挤压及水平荷载作用下,可能产生塑性变形、剪切破坏或整体滑动;④桩侧土体的破坏会引起土体应力状态的重分布,进一步影响桩的承载性能和整体稳定性。
综上,桩端与桩侧土体的破坏并非孤立,而是相互关联、彼此加剧,形成联合破坏机制:桩端破坏使桩侧土体承受更大压力,而桩侧土体的失效又削弱了对桩端的支撑作用,最终往往表现为桩身倾斜、沉降加剧或断裂等破坏形式。
根据前文所述竖向嵌入式基础和拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的破坏模式,可得桩端岩体整体剪切破坏示意图如图16所示。图中:d为弯矩作用平面内基础边长;b为垂直于弯矩作用平面的基础边长;h为自基础下端锚固点算起的锚固深度;hx为自基础下端抗剪最不利处锚固深度,取值为h/4H1为基础侧壁摩阻段长度;H2为基础锚固点至摩阻段长度;α为岩体摩擦角;θ为基础与水平面夹角;a为基础下端锚固点至坡面垂直距离;l为锚固面最不利处至坡面垂直距离,al由几何关系可得;M0为基础拱脚处弯矩;MG为基础自重弯矩;Q0为基础拱脚处剪力;Qf为端承面摩擦力;G为基础自重;F为基础拱脚处剪力;P为自基础轴向压力。
M0Q0由规范中设计荷载给出,MGG以及Qf计算式如下
Qf=fbd
G=ρgbdH1
MG=GH12cosθ
式中:f为基础混凝土与岩石的容许摩阻力;ρ为基础混凝土密度;g为重力加速度。
嵌入式基础的设计基于极限平衡理论,包括如下步骤:①初拟嵌入式基础设计参数;②根据锚固点应力计算锚固面以下抗剪最不利处侧向压力P;③计算锚固面以下最不利处范围岩体抗剪能力T;④判断锚固面以下最不利处岩体抗剪能力T是否大于锚固面以下最不利处侧向压力P,并基于判断结果确定锚固长度。具体如下。
1)初拟设计参数
竖向嵌入式基础的嵌固深度h可按下式计算23
hM0.083KRb
其中,
M=M0+F H1-τH1dH12
式中:K为根据岩层构造在水平方向的岩石容许压力换算系数,取0.5~1.0;R为岩石饱和单轴抗压强度;M为基础下端锚固点处的弯矩;τ为基础混凝土与岩石的容许摩阻力。
倾斜嵌入式基础的嵌固深度h可按下式计算24
hC+C2-4B(D-E)2(E-D)
其中,
B=6(M0+MG+Q0H1)bC=4Q0+4Gcosθ+2QfbD=GH1cosθ-3QfbbE=K1K2R
式中:K1为安全系数,取0.5;K2为根据岩层构造在水平方向的岩石容许压力换算系数,取0.5~1.0。
2)计算侧向压力P
侧向压力P的计算式为
P=(1-hxh)σhxb
其中,
σ=M0.166bh2
式中:σ为自基础下端锚固点应力。
3)计算岩体抗剪能力T
岩体抗剪能力T的计算式为
T=SC
式中:S为岩体抗剪区域面积;C为岩体设计抗剪强度;T为自基础下端抗剪最不利处抗剪能力,包括侧面抗剪能力和底面抗剪能力。
针对不同的嵌入式基础,其桩端岩体抗剪区域亦有所不同,下面给出竖向嵌入式基础和拱座倾斜嵌入式基础2种情况下的计算式。
竖向嵌入式基础侧面抗剪能力T1和底面抗剪能力T2的计算式为
T1=τ(2a+hxtanθ)hxcosα
T2=a+a+hxtanθtanαa+hxtanθτ
拱座倾斜嵌入式基础侧面抗剪能力T1和底面抗剪能力T2的计算式为
T1=f(a+l)hxsinθcosα
T2=f(b+ltanα)l
4)确定锚固长度
(1)TP,则确定嵌固基础长度H=H0
(2)T<P,则增加嵌固基础长度,令H=H0+0.5m,即假设锚固面下移0.5 m。重复步骤①,修正嵌固点弯矩值M、最小嵌固深度h,根据最小嵌固深度h确定新的锚固面位置;根据新的锚固面位置,确定临空面岩石襟边宽度a和侧壁约束段长度H1;重复步骤②,计算锚固面以下最不利处侧向压力P;重复步骤③,计算锚固面以下最不利处范围岩体抗剪能力T;若TP则确定嵌固基础长度H=H0+0.5m,若T<P则持续增加嵌固基础长度H,直至随着临空面岩石襟边宽度a临空面覆盖层襟边宽度和侧壁约束段长度H1的增加,其锚固面以下最不利处岩体抗剪能力TP为止。
1)竖向嵌入式基础
针对忠建河特大桥2号桥墩竖向嵌入式基础进行验证,基本参数见表4
表4参数代入式(4)、式(6)、式(7)、式(9)和式(10),解得h=9.0 m。计算可得P=1 661.0 kN,T=1 889.7 kN,可得P<T,竖向嵌入式基础桩端最不利压力P为抗剪能力87.9%,所以竖向嵌入式基础的设计尺寸H0满足要求。
2)拱座倾斜嵌入式基础
针对忠建河特大桥大里程侧拱座倾斜嵌入式基础进行验证,基本参数见表5
嵌固深度h取最小值计算,将表5参数代入式(5)、式(6)、式(7)、式(11)和式(12),解得h=13.2 m。计算可得P=72 789.7 kN,T=121 129.6 kN,可得P<T,倾斜嵌入式基础桩端最不利压力P为抗剪能力60.1%,所以拱座倾斜嵌入式基础的设计尺寸H0满足要求。
(1)根据桩基的受力方向,嵌入式桩基可分为竖向嵌入式基础和拱座倾斜嵌入式基础2类,竖向嵌入式基础为桩端岩体整体剪切破坏,拱座倾斜嵌入式基础为桩端与桩侧联合破坏。
(2)依托忠建河特大桥工程开展的数值模拟结果表明,针对竖向嵌入式基础,当朝向坡外剪力和弯矩越大,嵌入式基础周围岩体越容易发生剪切破坏,剪切面位于朝坡外一定深度的岩体中,剪切面近似水平;针对拱座倾斜嵌入式基础,基础上部区域由于受荷载影响大,变形相对明显,表现为一定的柔性,下部区域主要是桩身的转动变形,表现为一定的刚性,但总体变形不超过1 mm。拱座倾斜嵌入式基础可能同时发生桩端岩体的剪切破坏和桩侧岩体的滑动破坏。
(3)基于极限平衡理论,分别提出了山区斜坡桥梁嵌入式基础的设计方法,并验算了忠建河特大桥嵌入式基础的设计合理性。验算结果表明,竖向嵌入式基础桩端最不利压力P为抗剪能力的87.9%,倾斜嵌入式基础桩端最不利压力P为抗剪能力的60.1%,这表明,提出的设计方法能确保基础具有足够的安全储备,且倾斜嵌入式基础在本工程中展现出更优的抗剪性能,为山区斜坡桥梁的基础选型提供了重要参考。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.09
  • 接收时间:2025-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-15
  • 修回日期:2025-11-08
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    1.中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司,湖北武汉430063
    2.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,湖北武汉430071
    3.中国科学院大学 工程科学学院,北京100049

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周永强(1990—),男,江西南昌人,副研究员,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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