Article(id=1268884422154679196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1769356800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455220973, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455220973, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455220973, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455220973, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884425661117342, articleId=1268884422154679196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Rail Profile Optimization Method Considering Grinding Deviation, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem where the gauge corner of rails is prone to negative deviation due to excessive grinding, leading to reduced wheel-rail equivalent conicity and impaired running stability of Electric Multiple Units (EMUs), a rail profile optimization method considering grinding deviation is proposed. First, taking a high-speed railway as an example, statistical analysis is conducted on the deviation of measured post-grinding rail profiles to reveal the distribution characteristics of grinding deviation, and the adverse effects of negative deviation on wheel-rail contact performance are verified through vehicle dynamics simulation. Second, the measured grinding profiles are divided into training and validation sets. With the deviation between the degraded profile and the 60N profile controlled within -0.2 mm to +0.2 mm and the nominal equivalent conicity no less than 0.034 as constraint conditions, and with the the optimization objective that the contact stress for the optimized profile matched with the LMA wheel not exceed that of the LMA-60N combination, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize seven characteristic parameters of the 60N profile, yielding the optimized profile and the degraded profile considering negative deviation caused by excessive grinding. Finally, the performance of the optimized and degraded profiles is verified through wheel-rail contact analysis and vehicle dynamics calculation; and a comparative evaluation is conducted against the standard 60N profile and two sets of field-measured grinding profiles. The results show that: in the gauge corner region (16° - 45°), the profile deviation is predominantly negative, mainly distributed in the range of -0.8 mm to 0 mm with a mean value of approximately -0.4 mm, indicating a prominent excessive grinding problem; compared with the standard 60N profile, the optimized profile matched with the LMA wheel achieves an increased nominal equivalent conicity of 0.036 and a 14% reduction in wheel-rail contact stress, exhibits comparable dynamic performance and shows improved car body lateral stability; the deviation between the degraded profile and the 60N profile is controlled within -0.2 mm to +0.2 mm, with a nominal equivalent conicity of 0.034, satisfying the design constraints and effectively resolving the problem of excessively low equivalent conicity; compared with the two sets of field-measured grinding profiles, the degraded profile demonstrates significant advantages in both dynamic and contact mechanical performance, with reductions of 19% in wheelset lateral acceleration, 7% in bogie frame lateral acceleration, and 13% in car body lateral acceleration, as well as reductions of 19% - 37% in maximum normal contact stress and 33% - 41% in maximum tangential contact stress, along with significantly reduced average contact stress and more concentrated distribution. The proposed profile optimization method provides a reference for field grinding operations and offers guidance for addressing the low conicity hunting problem of EMUs.

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针对高速铁路钢轨轨距角易因过量打磨产生负偏差导致轮轨等效锥度降低,从而影响动车组运行平稳性的问题,提出了一种考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法。首先,以某高速铁路为例,对打磨后实测钢轨廓形的偏差进行统计分析,揭示打磨偏差分布特征,并通过车辆动力学仿真验证负偏差对轮轨匹配性能的不利影响;其次,将实测打磨廓形划分为训练集和验证集,以退化廓形与60N廓形偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内、名义等效锥度不小于0.034为约束条件,以LMA型车轮与优化廓形匹配的接触应力不高于LMA-60N组合为优化目标,采用遗传算法对60N廓形的7个特征参数进行优化,获得优化廓形及考虑过量打磨引起负偏差后的退化廓形;最后,通过轮轨接触分析和车辆动力学计算,对优化廓形和退化廓形的性能进行验证,并与标准60N廓形及现场实测的2组打磨廓形进行对比评估。结果表明:在轨距角附近区域(16°~45°),廓形偏差以负偏差为主,主要分布在-0.8~0 mm区间,均值约为-0.4 mm,过量打磨问题较为突出;与标准60N廓形相比,优化钢轨廓形与LMA型车轮匹配时名义等效锥度提升至0.036,轮轨最大接触应力降低14%,动力学性能相当,车体横向振动加速度有所改善;退化廓形与60N廓形的偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内,名义等效锥度为0.034,满足设计约束条件,有效解决了等效锥度过低的问题;与现场实测的2组打磨廓形相比,退化廓形在动力学性能和接触力学性能方面均表现出显著优势,轮对横向振动加速度降低19%,构架横向振动加速度降低7%,车体横向振动加速度降低13%,轮轨法向最大接触应力降低19%~37%,切向最大接触应力降低33%~41%,平均接触应力显著降低且分布更加集中。钢轨廓形优化方法为现场打磨提供了参考依据,对解决动车组低锥度晃车问题具有指导意义。

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刘丰收(1978—),男,陕西礼泉人,研究员。E-mail:
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安博伦(1994—),男,河南禹州人,助理研究员。E-mail:

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安博伦(1994—),男,河南禹州人,助理研究员。E-mail:

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参数符号60N标准廓形参数/mm数值优化搜索范围/mm
r360.0048.00~90.00
r4200.00160.00~360.00
r560.0048.00~90.00
r616.0012.8~24.00
o3x-6.30-7.56~-5.04
o5x6.30-9.45~-5.04
o6x20.4116.32~24.49
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廓形特征参数及设定优化搜索范围

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参数符号60N标准廓形参数/mm数值优化搜索范围/mm
r360.0048.00~90.00
r4200.00160.00~360.00
r560.0048.00~90.00
r616.0012.8~24.00
o3x-6.30-7.56~-5.04
o5x6.30-9.45~-5.04
o6x20.4116.32~24.49
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廓形横向振动加速度/(m · s²)
轮对构架车体
60N廓形9.7194.6290.987
优化廓形9.8894.6750.980
实测廓形111.0585.8841.049
实测廓形211.3055.8741.078
退化廓形9.1575.4900.938
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不同廓形下车辆动力响应指标结果

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廓形横向振动加速度/(m · s²)
轮对构架车体
60N廓形9.7194.6290.987
优化廓形9.8894.6750.980
实测廓形111.0585.8841.049
实测廓形211.3055.8741.078
退化廓形9.1575.4900.938
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考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法
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安博伦 1 , 张金 1 , 刘丰收 1 , 杨光 1 , 梁旭 1 , 翟明 1 , 陈敏 2
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 22-32
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 22-32
考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法
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安博伦1 , 张金1, 刘丰收1 , 杨光1, 梁旭1, 翟明1, 陈敏2
作者信息
  • 1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 金属及化学研究所,北京100081
  • 2.中国铁路上海局集团有限公司 淮安高铁基础设施段,江苏淮安223299
  • 安博伦(1994—),男,河南禹州人,助理研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘丰收(1978—),男,陕西礼泉人,研究员。E-mail:
Rail Profile Optimization Method Considering Grinding Deviation
Bolun AN1 , Jin ZHANG1, Fengshou LIU1 , Guang YANG1, Ming ZHAI1, Min CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Metals and Chemistry Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing100081, China
  • 2.Huai'an High-Speed Railway Infrastructure Section, China Railway Shanghai Group Co., Ltd., Huai'anJiangsu223299, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.03
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针对高速铁路钢轨轨距角易因过量打磨产生负偏差导致轮轨等效锥度降低,从而影响动车组运行平稳性的问题,提出了一种考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法。首先,以某高速铁路为例,对打磨后实测钢轨廓形的偏差进行统计分析,揭示打磨偏差分布特征,并通过车辆动力学仿真验证负偏差对轮轨匹配性能的不利影响;其次,将实测打磨廓形划分为训练集和验证集,以退化廓形与60N廓形偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内、名义等效锥度不小于0.034为约束条件,以LMA型车轮与优化廓形匹配的接触应力不高于LMA-60N组合为优化目标,采用遗传算法对60N廓形的7个特征参数进行优化,获得优化廓形及考虑过量打磨引起负偏差后的退化廓形;最后,通过轮轨接触分析和车辆动力学计算,对优化廓形和退化廓形的性能进行验证,并与标准60N廓形及现场实测的2组打磨廓形进行对比评估。结果表明:在轨距角附近区域(16°~45°),廓形偏差以负偏差为主,主要分布在-0.8~0 mm区间,均值约为-0.4 mm,过量打磨问题较为突出;与标准60N廓形相比,优化钢轨廓形与LMA型车轮匹配时名义等效锥度提升至0.036,轮轨最大接触应力降低14%,动力学性能相当,车体横向振动加速度有所改善;退化廓形与60N廓形的偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内,名义等效锥度为0.034,满足设计约束条件,有效解决了等效锥度过低的问题;与现场实测的2组打磨廓形相比,退化廓形在动力学性能和接触力学性能方面均表现出显著优势,轮对横向振动加速度降低19%,构架横向振动加速度降低7%,车体横向振动加速度降低13%,轮轨法向最大接触应力降低19%~37%,切向最大接触应力降低33%~41%,平均接触应力显著降低且分布更加集中。钢轨廓形优化方法为现场打磨提供了参考依据,对解决动车组低锥度晃车问题具有指导意义。

钢轨打磨  /  钢轨廓形  /  轮轨匹配  /  钢轨廓形偏差  /  廓形优化

To address the problem where the gauge corner of rails is prone to negative deviation due to excessive grinding, leading to reduced wheel-rail equivalent conicity and impaired running stability of Electric Multiple Units (EMUs), a rail profile optimization method considering grinding deviation is proposed. First, taking a high-speed railway as an example, statistical analysis is conducted on the deviation of measured post-grinding rail profiles to reveal the distribution characteristics of grinding deviation, and the adverse effects of negative deviation on wheel-rail contact performance are verified through vehicle dynamics simulation. Second, the measured grinding profiles are divided into training and validation sets. With the deviation between the degraded profile and the 60N profile controlled within -0.2 mm to +0.2 mm and the nominal equivalent conicity no less than 0.034 as constraint conditions, and with the the optimization objective that the contact stress for the optimized profile matched with the LMA wheel not exceed that of the LMA-60N combination, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize seven characteristic parameters of the 60N profile, yielding the optimized profile and the degraded profile considering negative deviation caused by excessive grinding. Finally, the performance of the optimized and degraded profiles is verified through wheel-rail contact analysis and vehicle dynamics calculation; and a comparative evaluation is conducted against the standard 60N profile and two sets of field-measured grinding profiles. The results show that: in the gauge corner region (16° - 45°), the profile deviation is predominantly negative, mainly distributed in the range of -0.8 mm to 0 mm with a mean value of approximately -0.4 mm, indicating a prominent excessive grinding problem; compared with the standard 60N profile, the optimized profile matched with the LMA wheel achieves an increased nominal equivalent conicity of 0.036 and a 14% reduction in wheel-rail contact stress, exhibits comparable dynamic performance and shows improved car body lateral stability; the deviation between the degraded profile and the 60N profile is controlled within -0.2 mm to +0.2 mm, with a nominal equivalent conicity of 0.034, satisfying the design constraints and effectively resolving the problem of excessively low equivalent conicity; compared with the two sets of field-measured grinding profiles, the degraded profile demonstrates significant advantages in both dynamic and contact mechanical performance, with reductions of 19% in wheelset lateral acceleration, 7% in bogie frame lateral acceleration, and 13% in car body lateral acceleration, as well as reductions of 19% - 37% in maximum normal contact stress and 33% - 41% in maximum tangential contact stress, along with significantly reduced average contact stress and more concentrated distribution. The proposed profile optimization method provides a reference for field grinding operations and offers guidance for addressing the low conicity hunting problem of EMUs.

Rail grinding  /  Rail profile  /  Rail-wheel matching  /  Rail profile deviation  /  Rail profile optimization
安博伦, 张金, 刘丰收, 杨光, 梁旭, 翟明, 陈敏. 考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 22 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.03
Bolun AN, Jin ZHANG, Fengshou LIU, Guang YANG, Ming ZHAI, Min CHEN. Rail Profile Optimization Method Considering Grinding Deviation[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 22 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.03
我国高速铁路技术正在快速发展,运营时速350 km的高速铁路线路逐渐增加,总里程已超过4 200 km。同时,随着“CR450科技创新工程”的深入推进,高速铁路正稳步迈向新的发展阶段。钢轨作为直接承受车轮荷载并与之接触的关键结构部件,其廓形质量是保证高速动车组安全与平稳运行的基础1-4。钢轨打磨是修复和优化钢轨廓形的主要维护手段,在保障高速铁路运营品质方面发挥着不可替代的作用5-6。为进一步提升轮轨匹配性能、改善动车组运行平稳性和乘坐舒适性,研究人员围绕钢轨打磨廓形优化开展了大量研究工作。
Xu等7从平衡钢轨磨耗和疲劳发展的角度出发,提出了一种基于粒子群优化神经网络和混沌遗传算法的多目标优化方法,实现了磨损率和疲劳裂纹扩展率的协同优化。Yang等8提出了一种基于多目标粒子群算法的钢轨廓形优化方法,有效提升了车辆运行安全性并降低了钢轨磨耗。针对轮轨接触-钢轨磨耗-车辆动力性能优化成本高、效率低的问题,Wu等9提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的钢轨廓形优化方法,得到的优化廓形能够使得轮轨接触应力降低31.863%,磨耗功降低70.5%。Wang等10提出了基于NURBS参数化和多目标优化算法的廓形优化方法,优化廓形使得轮轨横向力降低13.71%、接触应力降低10.35%、磨耗指数降低36.09%。陈迪来等11以轮轨接触应力降低作为优化目标,提出了钢轨优化廓形方法,最大接触应力降低了15.8%,轮轨蠕滑、磨耗指数等也有所降低,车辆动力性能得到提升。Shi等12针对地铁LM踏面车轮与CHN60廓形钢轨匹配性能不良以及曲线地段车辆失稳问题,提出了基于反向设计的钢轨廓形设计方法,设计的钢轨廓形能够降低钢轨磨耗,提升曲线通过性能。针对道岔廓形优化,Chen等13从优化轮轨等效锥度、滚动半径差等角度出发,提出了岔区直尖轨优化廓形60D40,能够有效改善轮轨关系,提升车辆通过岔区时的稳定性。赵卫华等14基于NURBS理论,以心轨关键参数-轨顶横坡和复合圆弧段比例系数为优化参数,综合轮轨接触点分布、滚动半径差和接触角等匹配指标,明确了最优廓形方案。
上述研究成果为钢轨打磨目标廓形的制定提供了重要的理论依据和技术支撑。然而,现场按照目标廓形进行打磨后的廓形仍不可避免地存在一定偏差。尤其在预打磨阶段,钢轨工作边一侧切削量过大,易导致轨距角过度打磨,使廓形负偏差增大。此外,在实际打磨过程中,钢轨本身的平顺性偏差、轨底坡偏差以及打磨电机的问题,易使负偏差逐渐累积15。负偏差钢轨廓形与新车轮或镟修后车轮匹配时会出现轮轨等效锥度降低的情况,降低轮对对中能力,在线路不平顺激励作用下易诱发低锥度晃车失稳现象,影响车辆运行的平稳性和乘坐舒适性216。目前,现有的钢轨廓形优化设计方法主要基于理想条件下的理论分析和仿真计算,尚未考虑现场过量打磨易产生负偏差的影响。
本文提出了一种考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法,为现场廓形打磨提供参考,在优化轮轨接触应力、匹配性能的同时,提高钢轨廓形对打磨偏差的容错能力,为高速铁路钢轨打磨提供科学参考。
为分析钢轨现场打磨后的廓形状态及偏差特征,对某高速铁路打磨后的钢轨廓形进行了现场测试。该线路最高运行速度为350 km · h-1,主要运行车型为CR400系列动车组,打磨目标廓形为60N廓形。打磨区间共计13.5 km,现场以500 m为间距进行廓形测试,共计测得116个廓形样本。
廓形偏差按照Q/CR 681—2018《高速铁路钢轨与道岔大型机械打磨验收技术规范》规定的对齐和计算方法进行处理。钢轨现场打磨后轨面状态与目标廓形对比如图1所示。图中:红色虚线表示打磨目标廓形的法线方向,法线与y轴的夹角定义为廓形角度。
在-5°~45°范围内,以整数度为间隔计算各角度处实测廓形与目标廓形的法向偏差:当实测廓形低于目标廓形时为负偏差,高于目标廓形时为正偏差。统计出打磨实测廓形与60N廓形偏差结果如图2所示。图中:每条曲线表示1个实测廓形与目标廓形在各角度处的法向偏差分布。
为进一步量化分析偏差特征,根据偏差分布规律将廓形角度划分为3个区间,即-5°~5°,6°~15°,16°~45°,在这3个区间内对116个实测廓形的偏差量进行统计,结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出:在-5°~5°范围内,廓形偏差基本控制在±0.2 mm以内,正负偏差分布较为均衡;在6°~15°范围内,偏差量逐渐增大,正偏差与负偏差各占约50%;在16°~45°范围内,廓形偏差以负偏差为主,主要分布在-0.8~0 mm区间,个别廓形负偏差超过-0.8 mm。上述结果表明,打磨后钢轨廓形的负偏差占据主导地位,尤其在轨距角附近区域(16°~45°),过量打磨问题较为突出。
本文重点关注的是钢轨打磨引起负偏差的影响,因此建立动车组-轨道耦合动力学模型,并利用验证后的模型计算和分析负偏差钢轨廓形对车辆系统运行性能带来的不利影响。
建立包括车体、构架、轮对和轴箱的CR400BF型高速动车组模型时,车体、构架和轮对考虑空间6个自由度,轴箱考虑点头自由度,车体与构架、构架与轮对之间分别通过二系和一系悬挂连接,并考虑减振器和横向止挡的非线性特征。建立的仿真计算模型示意图如图4所示。为了得到更真实的轮轨接触斑,采用非赫兹接触方法计算轮轨接触斑和接触应力17,采用FASTSIM算法计算轮轨蠕滑。
为验证仿真计算模型的准确性,以某高速线路实测不平顺(如图5所示)为激励源输入模型,计算动车组以350 km · h-1通过不平顺区段时的横、垂向振动加速度,将其幅频曲线与实测车体加速度进行对比,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出:仿真计算得到的车体振动加速度在频域内的分布特征与实测结果吻合良好,各主要振动峰值所对应的频率基本一致,表明仿真模型能够准确反映车体的主要振动模态特征;在横向加速度方面,当频率低于4 Hz时仿真结果与实测数据的幅值吻合较好,反之仿真计算的振动加速度幅值略高于实测值,但两者的频谱曲线走势和波动规律保持相似,这种偏差不影响对车体主要振动特性的分析,能够使仿真结果相对保守,增加对安全性的考虑;在垂向振动加速度方面,仿真结果与实测数据在整个频段内均表现出较高的吻合度,验证了仿真分析模型在垂向振动特性方面的可靠性。
综上所述,仿真模型能够准确捕捉车体振动的主要动力学特征,计算结果与实测数据吻合良好,证明了所建模型的有效性和精确性,可为后续的动力学性能分析和优化研究提供可靠的计算和评价手段。
根据前节的测试分析结果可知,现场打磨实测廓形的负偏差主要体现在18°以上,对应的廓形横坐标在20~30 mm,偏差量最大约-0.8 mm。据此,可以构造出不同偏差量的钢轨廓形并计算其与LMA型车轮匹配时的名义等效锥度,提取不同廓形偏差下构架横向振动加速度的有效值,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出:标准60N钢轨廓形与LMA型车轮匹配时的名义等效锥度为0.034,随着廓形负偏差增大,等效锥度逐渐减小,-0.8 mm的偏差时等效锥度降低至0.030;随着廓形负偏差增大,构架横向振动加速度越来越大,从标准60N廓形到偏差-0.8 mm的钢轨廓形,构架横向振动加速度的有效值增幅达到了20%,表明因为钢轨打磨引起的偏差对车辆横向振动和运行的平稳性影响较大,因此需要提出一种钢轨廓形优化方法,补偿修正因为轨距角过量打磨导致的负偏差问题,为打磨目标廓形的设计提供指导。
根据廓形优化方向和需求,提出考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法,确定优化目标和约束目标,计算优化廓形以及退化廓形,廓形之间的关系如图8所示。图中:实线框中为当前的打磨目标廓形以及实际打磨后实测廓形;虚线框所包含的部分为优化计算得到,作为打磨目标的优化廓形和模拟现场打磨偏差后得到的退化廓形。通过轮轨接触几何和动力学计算分析,明确廓形优化方法的有效性。
提出的考虑打磨偏差的廓形优化方法,以原始钢轨廓形的几何解析参数作为优化变量,采用多目标优化问题中得到广泛应用,并表现出良好的求解效率的遗传算法作为智能优化工具18,通过迭代寻优最终输出符合目标条件的优化廓形和退化廓形,方法示意图如图9所示。
在优化过程中,首先基于实测廓形偏差数据构建统计特征模型,将偏差数据按照一定比例划分为训练集与验证集(算法中设定为8∶2)。训练集用于引导优化过程:在每轮迭代中,将当前候选廓形与训练集中的典型偏差模式进行组合,通过轮轨匹配计算评估退化廓形的接触应力和等效锥度表现,使优化算法能够在搜索过程中自适应地向对偏差具有鲁棒性的方向演进;验证集则对最终结果进行独立检验,确保优化方案在过量打磨条件下仍具备良好的泛化能力,避免过度拟合训练集中的特定偏差模式。
算法中设定了1个优化目标,2个约束目标。其中,优化目标为轮轨接触应力,要求钢轨优化廓形、退化钢轨廓形与LMA型车轮匹配时的接触应力小于等于与标准60N钢轨廓形匹配的接触应力;约束目标1为廓形偏差范围,保证退化廓形与60N廓形具有良好的一致性,设定约束条件使得退化廓形与标准60N廓形的几何偏差控制在合理范围内;约束目标2为名义等效锥度,为避免或减缓存在负偏差廓形与新车轮匹配时产生的低锥度晃车问题,设定退化钢轨廓形与LMA型车轮匹配时的名义等效锥度应满足规定的取值范围,确保车辆运行的横向稳定性。
优化过程中,通过选择交叉和变异操作在廓形参数空间中高效搜索。在每代种群评估中,针对每个候选廓形,分别计算其作为优化廓形以及叠加训练集偏差后作为退化廓形的轮轨匹配性能指标,包括接触应力、等效锥度、几何偏差等。适应度函数综合考虑上述优化目标和约束条件,对满足约束且性能优越的个体赋予较高适应度值,引导种群向既具备理想性能又对偏差具有稳健性的方向进化。经过多代迭代,最终收敛得到最优廓形参数。
标准60N廓形参数如图10所示。图中:R1R7分别为廓形中的7段圆弧;(x1,y1)—(x8,y8)分别为7段圆弧与轨顶外侧直线段或圆弧彼此之间切点的坐标;(x0,y0)和(x9,y9)分别为廓形外侧直线段与下颚小圆弧的切点坐标以及内侧直线段与下颚小圆弧切点坐标。当认为工作边与非工作边对称性时,廓形包含4段内切圆弧:R4R5R6R7,但在实际服役过程中以及打磨作业后,廓形的工作边和非工作边会变得不对称,因此在针对打磨目标廓形的优化时,目标廓形可以考虑为非对称廓形,由7段圆弧组成,圆弧之间两两内切,R1R7与轨头外侧一段1∶20斜率的直线段相切;在进行廓形优化的时候,以轮轨可能产生接触的区域为优化对象,即R2R3R4R5R6R7所对应的圆弧,而R1的圆弧和2个直线段不做优化调整。
前期研究中已经推算出表征轨头廓形最少的参数组合19,详见表1。表中:r3r4r5r6分别为R3R4R5R6这4段圆弧的半径;o3xo5xo6x分别为R3R5R6的圆心横坐标。根据其原始数值,对每个参数设定优化搜索范围。
根据图6,当偏差达到-0.2 mm时,名义等效锥度降低至0.034,当偏差达到-0.4 mm时,名义等效锥度降低至0.031,构架振动加速度的增幅也有明显增大。因此,在轮轨接触的优化目标和约束条件设定方面,以轮轨接触应力为优化目标,要求LMA型车轮与优化廓形、退化廓形匹配时接触应力不大于60N钢轨廓形;以名义等效锥度为约束目标1,要求LMA型车轮与退化钢轨廓形匹配时的等效锥度介于0.033~0.04范围内;以退化廓形与60N廓形偏差为约束目标2,要求退化廓形偏差与60N廓形相比介于-0.2~+0.2mm范围内。通过优化计算得到的钢轨廓形参数为:r3=57.62r4=160r5=64.70r6=20.77O3x=-7.56O5x=7.09O6x=18.45
优化廓形、退化廓形两者与60N廓形的对比、两者与60N廓形的偏差及通过优化算法计算得到的优化廓形与退化廓形之间的差异(即退化量)如图11所示。从图11可以看出:优化廓形负偏差不超过-0.05 mm,以正偏差为主:在15°以上正偏差逐渐增大,在45°时达到了0.42 mm;退化廓形在15°以内偏差量位于-0.1~+0.1 mm范围内,超过15°之后偏差量有所增大,但仍然位于-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内,满足约束条件要求;退化量曲线与实测廓形在各角度的打磨偏差分布范围吻合良好,表明优化算法能够准确再现打磨偏差的影响,验证了用退化廓形来模拟实际打磨后廓形的可行性。
在对廓形优化效果进行分析时,将作为打磨目标的60N廓形与优化廓形进行对比,将现场打磨实测廓形与退化廓形进行对比。根据图3的统计分析,在16°~45°范围内,实测廓形负偏差均值约-0.4 mm,直方图中最高区间为-0.5~-0.4 mm,相邻的区间-0.6~-0.5 mm和-0.4~-0.3 mm也比较高。为了体现打磨负偏差的影响,分别选取了偏差量为-0.6和-0.5 mm的2个实测廓形与退化廓形进行对比,轮轨接触几何指标如图12所示。从图12可以看出:在等效锥度方面,优化廓形的名义等效锥度为0.036,较60N廓形(0.034)略有提升;退化廓形的名义等效锥度为0.034,与60N廓形基本持平,显著高于实测廓形1(0.030)和实测廓形2(0.031)。
在轮轨接触应力方面,以CR400动车组轴重为荷载输入条件进行计算对比分析,发现优化廓形相较于60N廓形,最大接触应力降低14%;退化廓形相较于实测廓形1和实测廓形2,最大接触应力分别降低46%和28%。上述结果表明,优化廓形和退化廓形在等效锥度和接触应力2个方面均满足优化算法设定的目标,验证了优化方法的有效性。
基于2.1部分构建的动力学模型和轨道不平顺激励,计算5种廓形下的车辆横向动力学响应。为定量评价廓形影响,按照GB 5599—2019中的要求,对构架和车体振动加速度进行滤波,并提取99.85%分位数进行对比评价,结果见表2。由表2可知:相比60N廓形,优化廓形下车辆横向动力学响应的变化均在1%以内,表明两者对车辆动力性能的影响相当;相比实测廓形,退化廓形使轮对、构架和车体振动加速度分别降低19%,7%和13%;车体横向振动加速度差异较为明显,实测廓形下数值超过1 m · s-²,而退化廓形下为5种廓形中最低。
为进一步分析实测廓形与退化廓形的差异,对构架和车体横向振动加速度采用滑动均方根值处理,结果如图13所示。从图13可以看出:退化廓形下,构架横向振动加速度均小于实测廓形,降幅达10%以上;车体振动加速度整体上均小于实测廓形,尤其在峰值处降幅达12%。由此可见,相比实测廓形,退化廓形能够有效降低车辆系统的横向振动,提升动车组运行稳定性。
提取实测廓形和退化廓形对应的轮轨接触应力,结果如图14所示。从图14可以看出:退化廓形对应的接触斑横坐标范围为2.5~9.5 mm,实测廓形1对应的范围为-0.5~6 mm,实测廓形2对应的范围为1~8 mm,3种廓形的接触斑所在位置相差不大,整体上都比较接近轨顶中心;实测廓形1、实测廓形2和退化廓形对应的轮轨法向接触应力最大值分别为2 063,1 589和1 292 MPa,相比实测廓形,退化廓形的法向接触应力分别降低37%和19%;3种廓形对应的轮轨切向接触应力最大值分别为63,71和42 MPa,相比实测廓形,退化廓形的切向接触应力分别降低33%和41%。
对车辆通过轨道不平顺区段全程的轮轨接触应力平均值进行统计,结果如图15所示。从图15可以看出:实测廓形1对应的法向接触应力平均值为1 159 MPa,实测廓形2对应的平均值为1 115 MPa,退化廓形对应的平均值为855 MPa;切向接触应力平均值分别为58,57和41 MPa;退化廓形下,轮轨接触应力数值范围更小且分布更集中。由此可见,相比实测廓形,退化廓形能够有效降低轮轨接触应力,并改善接触应力的一致性。
综合上述分析,优化廓形的动力学性能与标准60N廓形相当,均能够使车辆横向振动保持在较低水平,满足运行平稳性要求。而考虑了过量打磨的退化廓形,相比打磨实测廓形,则表现出更为优异的综合服役性能:在横向动力学性能方面,退化廓形能够有效降低车辆横向振动水平,尤其对车体横向振动加速度的改善效果显著,降幅达13%,甚至优于优化廓形和60N廓形的表现,表明退化廓形能够有效改善实际负偏差廓形存在的晃车问题,提升车辆运行的平稳性和乘坐舒适性;在接触应力方面,退化廓形相较于实际打磨廓形能够大幅降低轮轨接触应力峰值,同时显著减少接触应力的波动,接触应力的降低和平稳化有助于改善打磨后钢轨表面因应力集中和周期性载荷引起的波磨、剥离掉块等周期性损伤。
因此,提出的考虑打磨偏差的优化廓形方法具有良好工程适用性,能够在打磨偏差难以避免的条件下,仍保持优良的轮轨匹配性能和动力学表现,为高速铁路钢轨打磨作业提供了科学依据和技术支撑,有助于提升打磨质量、优化打磨效果。
(1)对某高速铁路打磨后116个实测钢轨廓形偏差的统计分析表明,在轨距角附近区域(16°~45°),廓形偏差以负偏差为主,主要分布在-0.8~0 mm区间,均值约为-0.4 mm,过量打磨问题较为突出。仿真结果显示,负偏差导致轮轨等效锥度降低,增大车辆横向振动,降低行车平稳性,验证了打磨负偏差对轮轨匹配性能的不利影响。
(2)提出的考虑打磨偏差的钢轨廓形优化方法,以实测打磨廓形统计数据为输入,将偏差划分为训练集和验证集;以退化廓形与60N廓形偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm、名义等效锥度不小于0.034为约束条件,以轮轨接触应力不高于60N-LMA匹配为优化目标,通过遗传算法对60N廓形的7个特征参数进行优化,获得了优化打磨目标廓形和考虑过量打磨引起负偏差后的退化廓形。从优化廓形到退化廓形的偏差演化能够有效反映实际过量打磨的影响规律。
(3)优化廓形相比标准60N廓形整体呈正偏差特征,与LMA型车轮匹配时名义等效锥度提升至0.036,轮轨最大接触应力降低14%,动力学性能相当,车体横向振动加速度有所改善。
(4)退化廓形与60N廓形的偏差控制在-0.2~+0.2 mm范围内,名义等效锥度为0.034,与60N廓形相当,满足设计约束条件。与现场实测的2组打磨实测廓形相比,退化廓形在动力学性能和接触力学性能方面均表现出显著优势:轮对横向振动加速度降低19%,构架横向振动加速度降低7%,车体横向振动加速度降低13%,有效提升了动车组运行平稳性;轮轨法向最大接触应力降低19%~37%,切向最大接触应力降低33%~41%,平均接触应力显著降低且分布更加集中。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.03
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-01-26
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    1.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 金属及化学研究所,北京100081
    2.中国铁路上海局集团有限公司 淮安高铁基础设施段,江苏淮安223299

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刘丰收(1978—),男,陕西礼泉人,研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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