Article(id=1268884386599563995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=1772121600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455212488, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455212488, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455212488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455212488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884387664917212, articleId=1268884386599563995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Seismic Failure Mechanism and Fragility Analysis of Prefabricated Subway Station Structure in Liquefiable Sites, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the seismic failure mechanism and develop a seismic performance evaluation method for prefabricated metro station structures in liquefiable sites, this study takes Shuangfeng Station of Changchun Metro Line 2 as an engineering case and establishes a three-dimensional soil-structure interaction numerical model using the finite difference software FLAC3D. The evolution characteristics of soil pore water pressure as well as the response laws of displacement and stress of the prefabricated station structure under different ground motions are investigated. Combined with the quasi-static test results of the prefabricated station structure, the seismic damage evolution process and failure mechanism are analyzed, and a dual-parameter seismic performance evaluation method simultaneously considering the global inter-story drift ratio and the opening amount of mortise-and-tenon joints is proposed. Subsequently, seismic fragility analyses are conducted based on both scalar and vector-valued ground motion intensity parameters. The results indicate that when the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is ≥0.2g (g as gravitational acceleration), significant liquefaction occurs in part of the site, and the onset time of liquefaction is markedly advanced with increasing ground motion intensity; the degree of liquefaction near the structure is generally lower than that in the area far from the structure. Liquefaction-induced stiffness degradation and non-uniform ground deformation significantly alter the structural load-transfer path; structural damage is mainly concentrated in the central column and the mortise-and-tenon joints of the sidewalls, exhibiting a progressive evolution from the ends of the central column toward the sidewalls and the connection zones of the arch roof and bottom slab. Even under a low axial load ratio, the central column remains the most vulnerable component. The proposed dual-parameter evaluation criterion enables a more rational assessment of seismic performance. Compared with conventional scalar intensity measures, vector-valued intensity measures more comprehensively reflect the influence of ground motion amplitude and spectral characteristics on structural failure probability, thus obtaining more reasonable fragility assessment results. The findings can provide references for the seismic design and performance assessment of prefabricated metro station structures in liquefiable sites.

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为明确可液化场地条件下装配式地铁车站结构的地震破坏机理及抗震性能评价方法,基于长春地铁2号线双丰站工程实例,采用有限差分软件FLAC 3D建立土-结构相互作用三维数值模型,研究不同地震动作用下土体的孔隙水压力演化特征以及装配式地铁车站结构的位移与应力响应规律;结合装配式车站结构的拟静力试验结果,分析其地震损伤演化过程及破坏机理,并提出同时考虑整体层间位移角与榫头张开量的双参数抗震性能评价方法;基于标量地震动强度参数和矢量型地震动强度参数分别开展地震易损性分析。结果表明:当地震峰值加速度PGA≥0.2gg为重力加速度)时,部分场地土体发生明显液化,且液化初始时刻随地震动强度的增大而明显提前,近结构区域土体的液化程度整体小于远结构区域;液化引起的土体刚度退化与不均匀变形显著改变结构受力路径,结构损伤主要集中于中柱及侧墙榫头连接部位,并呈由中柱端部向侧墙及拱顶、底板连接区逐步扩展的演化特征;即使在低轴压比条件下中柱仍为结构抗震薄弱构件;双参数抗震性能评价标准能更合理地评估其抗震性能,相比传统标量地震动强度指标,矢量型地震动强度参数可更全面反映地震动幅值与频谱特性对结构失效概率的影响,从而获得更合理的易损性评估结果。研究成果可为可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构的抗震设计与性能评估提供参考。

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蒋录珍(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,副教授,博士。E-mail:
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安军海(1987—),男,河北邯郸人,副教授,博士。E-mail:

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类型法向刚度/(GPa · m-1切向刚度/(GPa · m-1黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
接触面3031015
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装配节点接触面单元参数

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类型法向刚度/(GPa · m-1切向刚度/(GPa · m-1黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
接触面3031015
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构件名称弹性模量/GPa密度/(kg · m-3)泊松比拉伸断裂能量/(N · m-1)压缩断裂能量/(N · m-1)
装配式构件A-E、中柱、底梁(C50)34.52 5000.240056 900
中板(C40)32.52 4800.212025 000
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混凝土物理与力学参数

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构件名称弹性模量/GPa密度/(kg · m-3)泊松比拉伸断裂能量/(N · m-1)压缩断裂能量/(N · m-1)
装配式构件A-E、中柱、底梁(C50)34.52 5000.240056 900
中板(C40)32.52 4800.212025 000
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特征点拉伸状态下压缩状态下
归一化应变εt损伤Dt归一化应变εc损伤Dc
A(弹性末端)0.100.4510.200.451
B(软化开始)0.200.6990.330.638
C(失效)0.400.9080.600.834
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特征点在拉伸与压缩状态下对应的应变和损伤值

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特征点拉伸状态下压缩状态下
归一化应变εt损伤Dt归一化应变εc损伤Dc
A(弹性末端)0.100.4510.200.451
B(软化开始)0.200.6990.330.638
C(失效)0.400.9080.600.834
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材料名称厚度h/m重度γ/(kN · m-3)内摩擦角φ/(°)体积模量K/Pa剪切模量G/Pa黏聚力c/kPa泊松比μ
人工填土2.519.025.03×1071×10750.35
饱和粉细砂23.518.028.02×1077×10600.30
黏土5.020.010.52.65×1071.52×107250.28
卵石15.021.035.03×1082×10800.22
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场地土层及物理参数

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材料名称厚度h/m重度γ/(kN · m-3)内摩擦角φ/(°)体积模量K/Pa剪切模量G/Pa黏聚力c/kPa泊松比μ
人工填土2.519.025.03×1071×10750.35
饱和粉细砂23.518.028.02×1077×10600.30
黏土5.020.010.52.65×1071.52×107250.28
卵石15.021.035.03×1082×10800.22
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序号地震名测站名震级/级震中距/km剪切波速/(m · s-1)
1Helena_Montana-01Carroll College6.002.07593.35
2Humbolt BayFerndale City Hall5.8071.28219.31
3EI Valley-01El Centro Array#95.0032.44213.44
4Northwest Calif-01Ferndale City Hall5.5052.73219.31
5EI Valley-02EI Centro Array#96.956.09213.44
6BorregoEI Centro Array#96.5056.88213.44
7Kern CountyLA-Hollywood Stor FF7.36114.62316.46
8Northern Calif-03Ferndale City Hall6.5026.72219.31
9El AlamoEl Centro Array#96.80121.00213.44
10San FranciscoGolden Gate Park5.289.74874.72
11Hollister-01Hollister City Hall5.6019.55198.77
12ParkfieldCholame-Shandon Array#126.1917.64408.93
13Northern Calif-05Ferndale City Hall5.6027.36219.31
14Northern Calif-06Hollister City Hall5.2037.11198.77
15Borrego MtnEI Centro Array#96.6345.12213.44
16Lytle CreekCastaic-OldRidge Route5.33103.23450.28
17San Fernando2516ViaTejonPV6.6155.20280.56
18Managua_Nicaragua-01Managua_ESSO6.243.51288.77
19Point MuguPort Hueneme5.6515.48248.98
20Hollister-03Gilroy Array#15.149.991 428.14
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地震动记录

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序号地震名测站名震级/级震中距/km剪切波速/(m · s-1)
1Helena_Montana-01Carroll College6.002.07593.35
2Humbolt BayFerndale City Hall5.8071.28219.31
3EI Valley-01El Centro Array#95.0032.44213.44
4Northwest Calif-01Ferndale City Hall5.5052.73219.31
5EI Valley-02EI Centro Array#96.956.09213.44
6BorregoEI Centro Array#96.5056.88213.44
7Kern CountyLA-Hollywood Stor FF7.36114.62316.46
8Northern Calif-03Ferndale City Hall6.5026.72219.31
9El AlamoEl Centro Array#96.80121.00213.44
10San FranciscoGolden Gate Park5.289.74874.72
11Hollister-01Hollister City Hall5.6019.55198.77
12ParkfieldCholame-Shandon Array#126.1917.64408.93
13Northern Calif-05Ferndale City Hall5.6027.36219.31
14Northern Calif-06Hollister City Hall5.2037.11198.77
15Borrego MtnEI Centro Array#96.6345.12213.44
16Lytle CreekCastaic-OldRidge Route5.33103.23450.28
17San Fernando2516ViaTejonPV6.6155.20280.56
18Managua_Nicaragua-01Managua_ESSO6.243.51288.77
19Point MuguPort Hueneme5.6515.48248.98
20Hollister-03Gilroy Array#15.149.991 428.14
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损伤等级层间位移角θ/%榫头张开量δ/mm
轻微0.110.4
中等0.461.1
严重0.952.1
倒塌1.223.3
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装配式地铁车站结构临界值

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损伤等级层间位移角θ/%榫头张开量δ/mm
轻微0.110.4
中等0.461.1
严重0.952.1
倒塌1.223.3
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抗震水平损伤指标Dij层间位移角限值θ/%榫头张开量δ/mm性能水平物理描述
结构完好(0,0.105](0,0.11](0,0.4]结构处于弹性工作阶段,震后结构完好无损,各构件没有出现地震损伤累积效应,结构无须修补,能够正常使用
轻微破坏(0.105,0.415](0.11,0.46](0.4,1.1]结构处于弹塑性工作阶段,震后连接处位置出现轻微的地震损伤,开始出现损伤累积效应,经简单修补能够正常使用
中等破坏(0.415,0.707](0.46,0.95](1.1,2.1]结构处于弹塑性工作阶段,震后可能发生破坏,结构侧墙出现损伤,出现损伤累积效应,结构经加固修补后可恢复其正常使用功能
严重破坏(0.707,1](0.95,1.22](2.1,3.3]结构处于塑性工作阶段,震后发生严重破坏,结构可能会出现混凝土剥落,钢筋漏出,部分钢筋达到屈服强度,但仍有承载能力,结构并未坍塌,损伤累积效应显著
完全破坏(1,+∞)(1.22,+∞)(3.3,+∞)结构完全破坏,在震后各构件都遭受了严重破坏,损伤累积效应显著,完全丧失承载能力
), ArticleFig(id=1268884413816402811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884386599563995, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

装配式地铁车站结构损伤状态划分

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抗震水平损伤指标Dij层间位移角限值θ/%榫头张开量δ/mm性能水平物理描述
结构完好(0,0.105](0,0.11](0,0.4]结构处于弹性工作阶段,震后结构完好无损,各构件没有出现地震损伤累积效应,结构无须修补,能够正常使用
轻微破坏(0.105,0.415](0.11,0.46](0.4,1.1]结构处于弹塑性工作阶段,震后连接处位置出现轻微的地震损伤,开始出现损伤累积效应,经简单修补能够正常使用
中等破坏(0.415,0.707](0.46,0.95](1.1,2.1]结构处于弹塑性工作阶段,震后可能发生破坏,结构侧墙出现损伤,出现损伤累积效应,结构经加固修补后可恢复其正常使用功能
严重破坏(0.707,1](0.95,1.22](2.1,3.3]结构处于塑性工作阶段,震后发生严重破坏,结构可能会出现混凝土剥落,钢筋漏出,部分钢筋达到屈服强度,但仍有承载能力,结构并未坍塌,损伤累积效应显著
完全破坏(1,+∞)(1.22,+∞)(3.3,+∞)结构完全破坏,在震后各构件都遭受了严重破坏,损伤累积效应显著,完全丧失承载能力
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可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构地震破坏机理及易损性分析
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安军海 1, 2 , 丁余涛 1 , 蒋录珍 1, 2 , 张彦华 1 , 郭飞 3
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 45-60
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 45-60
可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构地震破坏机理及易损性分析
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安军海1, 2 , 丁余涛1, 蒋录珍1, 2 , 张彦华1, 郭飞3
作者信息
  • 1.河北科技大学 建筑工程学院,河北石家庄050018
  • 2.河北省房屋建筑工程更新技术创新中心,河北石家庄050018
  • 3.北京市政建设集团有限责任公司,北京100045
  • 安军海(1987—),男,河北邯郸人,副教授,博士。E-mail:

通讯作者:

蒋录珍(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,副教授,博士。E-mail:
Seismic Failure Mechanism and Fragility Analysis of Prefabricated Subway Station Structure in Liquefiable Sites
Junhai AN1, 2 , Yutao DING1, Luzhen JIANG1, 2 , Yanhua ZHANG1, Fei GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, ShijiazhuangHebei050018, China
  • 2.Hebei Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Housing Renovation Engineering, ShijiazhuangHebei050018, China
  • 3.Beijing Municipal Construction Group Co., Ltd., Beijing100045, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.05
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为明确可液化场地条件下装配式地铁车站结构的地震破坏机理及抗震性能评价方法,基于长春地铁2号线双丰站工程实例,采用有限差分软件FLAC 3D建立土-结构相互作用三维数值模型,研究不同地震动作用下土体的孔隙水压力演化特征以及装配式地铁车站结构的位移与应力响应规律;结合装配式车站结构的拟静力试验结果,分析其地震损伤演化过程及破坏机理,并提出同时考虑整体层间位移角与榫头张开量的双参数抗震性能评价方法;基于标量地震动强度参数和矢量型地震动强度参数分别开展地震易损性分析。结果表明:当地震峰值加速度PGA≥0.2gg为重力加速度)时,部分场地土体发生明显液化,且液化初始时刻随地震动强度的增大而明显提前,近结构区域土体的液化程度整体小于远结构区域;液化引起的土体刚度退化与不均匀变形显著改变结构受力路径,结构损伤主要集中于中柱及侧墙榫头连接部位,并呈由中柱端部向侧墙及拱顶、底板连接区逐步扩展的演化特征;即使在低轴压比条件下中柱仍为结构抗震薄弱构件;双参数抗震性能评价标准能更合理地评估其抗震性能,相比传统标量地震动强度指标,矢量型地震动强度参数可更全面反映地震动幅值与频谱特性对结构失效概率的影响,从而获得更合理的易损性评估结果。研究成果可为可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构的抗震设计与性能评估提供参考。

装配式地铁车站结构  /  地震液化  /  地震破坏机理  /  易损性分析  /  矢量型地震动强度参数

To clarify the seismic failure mechanism and develop a seismic performance evaluation method for prefabricated metro station structures in liquefiable sites, this study takes Shuangfeng Station of Changchun Metro Line 2 as an engineering case and establishes a three-dimensional soil-structure interaction numerical model using the finite difference software FLAC3D. The evolution characteristics of soil pore water pressure as well as the response laws of displacement and stress of the prefabricated station structure under different ground motions are investigated. Combined with the quasi-static test results of the prefabricated station structure, the seismic damage evolution process and failure mechanism are analyzed, and a dual-parameter seismic performance evaluation method simultaneously considering the global inter-story drift ratio and the opening amount of mortise-and-tenon joints is proposed. Subsequently, seismic fragility analyses are conducted based on both scalar and vector-valued ground motion intensity parameters. The results indicate that when the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is ≥0.2g (g as gravitational acceleration), significant liquefaction occurs in part of the site, and the onset time of liquefaction is markedly advanced with increasing ground motion intensity; the degree of liquefaction near the structure is generally lower than that in the area far from the structure. Liquefaction-induced stiffness degradation and non-uniform ground deformation significantly alter the structural load-transfer path; structural damage is mainly concentrated in the central column and the mortise-and-tenon joints of the sidewalls, exhibiting a progressive evolution from the ends of the central column toward the sidewalls and the connection zones of the arch roof and bottom slab. Even under a low axial load ratio, the central column remains the most vulnerable component. The proposed dual-parameter evaluation criterion enables a more rational assessment of seismic performance. Compared with conventional scalar intensity measures, vector-valued intensity measures more comprehensively reflect the influence of ground motion amplitude and spectral characteristics on structural failure probability, thus obtaining more reasonable fragility assessment results. The findings can provide references for the seismic design and performance assessment of prefabricated metro station structures in liquefiable sites.

Prefabricated subway station structure  /  Seismic liquefaction  /  Seismic failure mechanism  /  Fragility analysis  /  Vector-type ground motion intensity parameter
安军海, 丁余涛, 蒋录珍, 张彦华, 郭飞. 可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构地震破坏机理及易损性分析. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 45 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.05
Junhai AN, Yutao DING, Luzhen JIANG, Yanhua ZHANG, Fei GUO. Seismic Failure Mechanism and Fragility Analysis of Prefabricated Subway Station Structure in Liquefiable Sites[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 45 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.05
近年来,装配式地铁车站因其标准化生产、快速拼装及绿色低碳等优势,已成为城市轨道交通建设的重要方向1。长期以来,人们认为防水是限制采用装配式技术建造地下车站的重要问题,然而实践证明,已建设完成的多座装配式地铁车站的防水性能甚至明显好于现浇车站,这为装配式地铁车站建造技术的进一步推广提供了有力支撑2
目前,针对装配式地铁车站抗震性能的研究已取得长足进展,Tao等3、江志伟等4、杜修力等5和李兆平等6通过振动台试验、数值模拟等研究手段,系统研究了装配式地铁车站结构在地震作用下的整体变形特征、受力退化规律及以连接节点为主控的破坏机制。但是,以上研究均将装配式地铁车站结构置于一般地层中,未考虑可液化地层条件下装配式车站结构的抗震适用性。在含可液化土层的复杂场地条件下,地下结构的地震反应机制与常规场地有显著差异7。刘春晓等8和Yan等9系统分析了可液化场地条件下地下结构的地震响应特征,指出液化土层的分布形式及其引起的不均匀沉降、侧向运动和结构上浮等耦合作用将显著放大结构位移和动土压力响应,揭示了液化土对地下结构动力响应的影响机制。然而,研究多聚焦于现浇整体式结构,对可液化场地中装配式车站结构的响应与破坏机制关注不足。安军海等10通过数值模拟对比研究了可液化场地中装配式与现浇地铁车站的地震响应特征,指出装配式结构在液化场地中具有更优的变形适应性和抗上浮能力。现有研究主要集中于可液化场地中装配式地铁车站结构地震响应特征和破坏模式的分析,而针对其抗震性能的破坏机理仍有待进一步明确。
在一般地下结构研究领域,近年来学者们围绕地下结构抗震性能评价开展了大量研究。Zhuang等11、钟紫蓝等12和蒋家卫等13围绕地下结构在地震作用下的动力响应特征研究,提出了以结构整体变形为核心的抗震性能评价流程,对不同地震强度下结构的受力分布、变形模式和损伤状态进行了定量评估。上述研究从整体响应角度为地下结构抗震性能评价提供了重要参考,但多以层间位移角作为评价依据。在既有抗震性能评价标准研究的基础上,部分学者进一步从概率角度对地下结构的抗震性能进行了易损性分析。庄海洋等14、蒋家卫等15和郭之科等16围绕地下结构抗震性能的概率化评估,基于非线性动力分析性和增量动力分析方法,以地表峰值加速度为地震动强度指标的控制参数,构建了地铁车站和隧道结构的地震易损性曲线,用于描述不同地震强度下结构达到各损伤状态的概率特征。上述研究表明,基于标量地震动强度指标的易损性分析已广泛应用于地下结构抗震性能评价,但在可液化场地条件下未充分考虑地震动的不确定性,有必要引入多维地震动信息开展矢量型易损性评价。
本文为更为合理地评价装配式地铁车站结构在可液化场地条件下的抗震性能,基于长春地铁双丰站的工程实际,结合拟静力试验损伤结果,采用数值模拟和理论分析相结合的手段研究可液化场地条件下装配式地铁车站结构的地震损伤演化机制和破坏模式,联合层间位移角和榫头张开量共同作为损伤判据,并基于此对其开展了抗震性能多参数评价和地震易损性分析,以期为可液化场地中全预制柔性装配式车站结构的抗震设计提供有价值的参考。
长春地铁双丰站(全预制柔性装配式结构)采用地下双层结构设计。主体结构截面横向宽20.5 m,高17.45 m,纵向由2 m宽的标准环段拼装组成,每3环设置1根结构立柱,每个环段由7块预制构件通过榫卯式接头现场组装成型,主要构件包括拱顶、侧墙、底板、中板及中柱等,横向和纵向的模块化拼装工艺实现了地下地铁车站结构的快速建造。详细构造尺寸见文献[2]和文献[17],地铁双丰站结构示意图和实景图如图1所示。
车站结构外轮廓由5类共7个预制构件构成,中板厚度为0.4 m,中柱截面为0.5 m×0.5 m正方形,构建车站结构拼装横断面模型如图2所示。
基于有限差分软件FLAC 3D建立土-地下结构相互作用数值分析模型,三维模型尺寸为160 m×46 m×12 m,地铁车站结构顶部位置埋深为3 m,其中人工填土厚度为2.5 m,车站结构所在的土层假设为可液化土层,动力计算中模型四周边界采用自由场边界条件,模型底部采用固定约束。模型土体部分最大网格尺寸设为1 m,对地铁车站结构模型网格进行了加密处理,最小网格尺寸为0.2 m,以保证计算结果的精度,数值分析模型如图3所示。
车站结构的榫卯连接部位均设置接触面,接触面采用库伦剪切模型,其相关力学参数见表1
为了方便分析地层和车站结构的地震反应,数值模型各监测点布置如图4所示。图中:监测点P1—P4分别为距离车站结构底板左侧5,10,15和20 m位置处,目的是监测对应位置的孔隙水压力;S1—S14为应力反应监测点。
数值模型中,车站结构选用Concrete塑性损伤本构模型,其物理力学参数见表2
Concrete模型是基于塑性损伤理论,通过引入由拉伸损伤变量Dt和压缩损伤变量Dc共同表征的损伤因子DD=0为无损,D=1为完全破坏),将实际应力表示为有效应力的缩减形式,即
σij=(1-D)σ¯ij
式中:σij为实际应;σ¯ij为有效应力。
模型使用指数型软化曲线描述拉压强度退化,软化过程与断裂能密切相关。混凝土单轴拉压损伤演化如图5所示。图中:ABC为混凝土应力-损伤演化曲线上的特征点,分别对应弹性阶段末端、损伤软化开始点及材料失效点。特征点对应应变和损伤值见表3
图5表3可以看出:混凝土单轴拉压本构关系可划分为3个典型阶段:①弹性阶段(A点之前),材料基本处于线弹性状态,损伤变量D接近于0,刚度保持不变;②损伤发展阶段(A-B段),材料进入非线性响应,微裂缝逐步扩展,损伤变量D快速增长,刚度开始退化;③软化破坏阶段(B-C段),宏观裂缝贯通,承载能力显著下降,损伤变量D逐渐趋近1,材料发生破坏。
饱和粉细砂土层采用PL-Finn本构模型,其他一般土层遵循Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,详细参数见表4。采用Finn模型描述孔压的积累,其本质是在Mohr-Coulomb模型的基础上增加了动孔压上升模型,且认为孔压的上升与塑性体积应变增量相关。根据Martin等18试验数据,饱和粉细砂的液化参数常量C1,C2,C3和C4的取值分别为0.80,0.79,0.45和0.73。
鉴于现有数据库缺乏完整的全液化场地实测地震动,依据现行行业规范GB 50909—2014《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》确定场地设计反应谱。选取20条满足设计震级、震中距条件的基岩记录并按规范反应谱进行幅值调整,用作结构易损性分析的输入地震动,该地震动选取数量与处理方法已被证实可保证地下结构易损性分析结果的稳定性与可靠性14。选取的20条地震动记录详见表5
为清晰捕捉车站结构的关键动力响应部位,选用拟合的人工地震波作为输入并在后续地震响应分析中以此作为主要波形,人工波加速度时程曲线和加速度反应谱曲线如图6所示。图中:g为重力加速度。
不同峰值加速度(PGA为0.05g~0.9g)人工波作用下,底板左侧各监测点(P1—P4)孔压比随时间的演化曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出:在0.2g及以上工况,孔压比曲线普遍表现为“先缓慢累积、后波动上升至平稳、随后继续加速上升,再进入峰值平稳,后期出现孔压下降阶段”的基本过程;低PGA(0.05g和0.1g)以缓慢上升并稳定于较低平台为主,中等PGA(0.2g—0.5g)表现为持续上升并在中后期达到峰值后形成较高平台,高PGA(0.9g)则呈现早期快速抬升、达峰后回落并在后期重新稳定的特征,该规律表明不同PGA主要改变了孔压比累积的速率、达峰时间以及峰后调整幅度,从而导致各监测点响应水平及其相对关系发生变化;随着PGA增大,各监测点超孔压比的累积速率明显提高,达到较高水平的时间整体前移。
对比不同监测点孔压比可以发现,靠近结构的P1点孔压比始终低于远离结构的P4点,P2和P3点介于两者之间,说明地铁车站结构对周围土体的液化有一定的削弱和抑制作用。总体上,各监测点超孔压比随地震动强度增加而加快增长,峰值显著提升,液化程度和发展速率均增强,显示地震动强度是影响液化演化的关键因素。
不同峰值加速度地震动输入下结构顶板与底板的相对位移时程如图8所示。从图8可以看出:随着PGA增大,相对位移幅值呈显著放大趋势,结构发生刚度退化以及不可恢复变形不断累积;在小震水平(0.05g~0.2g)下,相对位移峰值较小(最大正峰值分别为2.36,3.87和7.18 mm),末端残余位移接近0(0.09~0.64 mm),结构整体处于弹性工作状态;随着PGA增至0.3g~0.4g,相对位移峰值进一步增大(最大正峰值达10.80~17.08 mm),末端残余位移开始出现并升至2.59~6.86 mm,说明结构局部已进入屈服或滑移发展阶段,塑性变形开始累积;当PGA提高至0.5g时,相对位移峰值增至26.72 mm,且末端残余位移达到9.74 mm,结构在强震作用下不可恢复变形显著增加;进一步增大0.9g时,最大正峰值达到57.81 mm,残余位移增至27.88 mm,结构进入明显的非线性响应阶段,残余变形快速累积。
开展装配式车站结构拟静力试验方案示意图如图9所示。
该试验以长春地铁2号线双丰站为工程背景,按1∶6.67比例制作装配式地铁车站缩尺模型并施加模拟地震作用的循环荷载,以揭示结构在地震作用下的受力与损伤演化特征。试验结果表明,装配式地铁车站结构下层损伤显著重于上层,中柱及构件端部拼接节点为主要抗震薄弱部位,结构在塑性阶段表现出良好的延性与耗能能力,并最终退化为“三铰拱+四铰框架”受力体系。试验结论为本文数值模型中关键构件选取及损伤评价指标的确定提供了重要依据。
拟静力试验关键部位的损伤结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出:裂缝主要集中在侧墙上下端部榫头连接处、中柱顶底部,这些区域是地震作用下损伤首先出现并逐步扩展的主要位置。
以不同PGA(0.2g,0.5g,0.9g)人工波输入时数值模拟结果为例追踪装配式车站结构地震损伤演化过程,并揭示其地震破坏机理,不同时刻的车站结构的地震损伤云图如图11图13所示。
图11图13可以看出:试验数据与数值模拟结果在主要受损构件及薄弱部位分布特征上具有较好一致性,严重损伤均出现在中柱顶底部截面以及侧墙上下榫头连接处,并随加载(或地震强度)的增加逐步扩展;可液化场地条件下数值模型结构出现明显的底板损伤,而拟静力推覆试验中底板基本完好,主要源于试验工况与边界条件设置的差异;数值模型中考虑了土体液化发展致使结构出现明显的不均匀沉降,而拟静力试验则将模型结构底部固定,在侧墙施加倒三角形荷载;数值结果较好再现主要薄弱部位的损伤分布特征,底板损伤可视为可液化场地条件下数值模拟的真实再现。
图11图13还可以看出:不同地震强度作用下车站结构的地震损伤演化具有明显的阶段性:①初始损伤阶段(约前3 s):中柱顶底部首先出现轻微损伤区域,且损伤程度较低,中部几乎没有损伤;②损伤扩散阶段(约3~16 s):损伤由中柱顶底部逐渐向侧墙与拱顶或底板榫头连接等关键部位扩展,面积与程度明显增加;③破坏后稳定阶段(16 s之后至地震结束):多处构件明显的塑性破坏,损伤继续累积但增速趋缓,剩余承载力显著降低。不同PGA地震动输入时,上述阶段性规律大体保持一致,但随着峰值加速度的增大,初始损伤出现时间明显提前,损伤扩展速率加快,且最终损伤程度显著增大。
监测点S1,S2,S9和S10布置于侧墙榫头连接区;监测点S5,S6,S7和S8布置于中柱顶、底部关键截面。为进一步从受力角度解释前述损伤演化规律,选取车站结构关键部位监测点绘制最大主应力随PGA变化的关系曲线,如图14所示。
图14可以看出:各监测点应力总体随PGA增大而上升,且在中高强度地震作用下增长更为显著;侧墙榫头连接处应力整体高于中柱顶底部,榫头处呈现更明显的局部应力集中;结合地震损伤演化结果可知,中柱顶、底部更早出现损伤并持续扩展,先于榫头连接区进入损伤发展阶段,该现象表明结构损伤起始并不完全与应力峰值大小一致,更受构件受弯剪变形与循环累积效应影响;中柱处于低轴压比工况,轴向压缩约束相对不足,地震反复侧移作用下更易发生弯曲变形与损伤累积,因此中柱在低轴压比条件下仍表现为车站结构的主要抗震薄弱环节。
地下结构通常以层间位移角作为主要损伤指标,现行规范亦将其最大值作为抗震性能控制参数。为全面评价装配整体式地铁车站结构的抗震性能,联合层间位移角与榫头张开量作为控制指标来划分结构损伤区间。
1)层间位移角
装配式地铁车站整体受力协同,为统一反映整体变形水平与损伤程度,采用整体层间位移角θ作为判据,表达式为
=u1-u2h
式中:u1u2分别为拱顶和底板中心的水平位移;h为结构总高度。
2)榫头张开量
根据JGJ 1—2014《装配式混凝土结构技术规程》装配式接头应在荷载作用下能够有效控制变形及张开量,并应满足其受力和防水要求。榫头张开量Δδ定义为接缝处上下两侧监测点T1和监测点T2在地震动作用后的距离与初始距离δ1的差值。榫头张开量示意如图15所示。
基于前文给出的混凝土归一化单轴拉-压应力-损伤关系(见图5)及特征点阈值(见表3),车站结构的抗震性能划分为轻微损伤、中等损伤、严重损伤和倒塌损伤4个等级。结构损伤临界值见表6,区间示意如图16所示。
结合图16所示结果,将结构响应与损伤指标阈值对应起来划分损伤等级。
结构处于轻微损伤阶段时,左墙外侧底部、右墙内侧底部和柱端的Dt处在0~0.451之间,此时Dc均接近0,混凝土未达到受压峰值应力。此时层间位移角为0.11%,榫头最大张开量为0.4 mm。因此,当拉损伤因子Dt首次达到0.451时,认为装配式地铁车站结构达到轻微损伤状态,此后,结构顶板右侧和下墙拼接处相继出现轻微损伤,结构开始进入屈服阶段。
随着地震作用的进一步增强,结构逐渐进入中等损伤状态,左墙外侧底部、右墙内侧底部和柱端拼接处的损伤进一步发展,Dt大部分处在0.451~0.699之间,混凝土受压区发展到柱端和左侧墙底部,Dc处在0~0.45之间。此时层间位移角为0.46%,侧墙底部榫头张开量最大为1.5 mm。因此,当拉损伤因子Dt首次达到0.699时,认为装配整体式地铁车站结构达到中等损伤状态。
当结构进入严重损伤阶段时,结构拉损伤范围扩大明显,柱端部、侧墙、拼接缝等结构薄弱部位的Dt升高接近0.908,结构的压损伤范围继续扩大且在上柱顶部和下柱底部Dc的最大值达到0.8。此时层间位移角为0.95%,榫头张开量为2.1 mm。因此,当拉损伤因子Dt=0.908时,认为装配式地铁车站结构达到严重损伤状态。
在倒塌损伤状态下,柱墙端部、侧墙、中板拼接缝和顶板中部的Dt趋近于1,上柱顶部和下柱底部的Dc接近1,此时层间位移角为1.22%,榫头张开量为3.3 mm。因此,当拉损伤因子Dt和压损伤因子Dc趋于1时,认为装配整体式地铁车站结构达到倒塌破坏状态:混凝土强度丧失区域快速扩大,结构整体的承载能力迅速下降。
综合考虑以上2个指标对装配整体式地铁车站抗震性能的影响,引入α1α2这2个权重系数,采用新的综合损伤指标Dij对车站损伤区间进行划分,见式(3)。
Dij=α1θθmax+α2δδmax
式中:θmax为层间位移角指标临界倒塌损伤值;δmax为榫头张开量指标临界倒塌损伤值;α1α2为权重系数,取0.5。
装配式地铁车站结构损伤划分后的综合性能区间及其物理描述见表7
结构易损性曲线表征结构在不同强度地震作用下的响应超过性能水准的概率,浅埋地下结构地震易损性曲线也近似服从对数正态分布12,其表达式为
Pf(dsdsi|S)=Φ1βtotln SSmi
式中:Pf为结构在某地震动强度下的反应超越某性能水准的概率;ds为在某一地震强度下,结构达到的某一性能水准;dsi为结构在特定地震动强度下的损伤指标;S为选定的地震动强度指标IM;Φ为标准正态累积概率函数;Smi为某一性能水准对应的IM中值;βtot为综合离散型参数,参考相关文献[15]取βtot=0.53
为确定易损性函数中的相关参数,采用增量动力分析方法,选取车站结构综合损伤指标Dij作为结构需求指标DM,以PGA作为IM,拟合两者之间的需求关系,结果如图17所示。图中:横坐标lnGpga为PGA的对数形式。
图17可以看出:两者之间具有良好的相关性,采用对数线性模型能够合理描述Dij随地震动强度变化。在此基础上建立不同损伤状态的易损性超越概率曲线,如图18所示。进一步统计不同破坏等级下的破坏概率,如图19所示。
图18图19可以看出:随着地震动强度的增大,装配式地铁车站结构的损伤风险呈现出由低等级向高等级逐步演化的特征;在较小地震动强度(PGA≤0.1g)下,结构仅表现出轻微损伤和中等损伤的超越概率开始增长,整体仍以基本完好或轻微破坏状态为主;当PGA增大至0.2g时,轻微损伤、中等损伤占主导地位,且轻微破坏状态概率达到峰值,表明结构损伤仍具有较好的可修复性;随着PGA进一步增大至0.4g左右,中等损伤及以上性能水准的超越概率显著提高,对应的中等破坏状态概率达到最大值,结构开始由轻微损伤主导向更高损伤等级过渡;进入强震阶段(PGA≥0.5g)后,严重损伤和倒塌损伤的超越概率迅速增加,倒塌状态概率在PGA≥0.6g后呈现明显的非线性增长趋势,表明结构失效模式逐渐由可控损伤向不可修复破坏转变。
为验证易损性分析结果的合理性与可靠性,将基于数值分析得到的装配式地铁车站结构易损性曲线与American Lifelines Alliance(ALA)19提出的经验易损性模型进行了对比,如图20所示。
图20可以看出:易损性模型在概率形式与损伤演化规律上与成熟经验模型基本一致;轻微损伤和中等损伤状态下,本文曲线整体略大于ALA结果,但最大偏差不大于18%。该差异主要源于ALA模型基于多类型地下生命线工程的震害统计结果,而本文结果则针对可液化场地条件下装配式地铁车站结构的数值分析工况。因此本文易损性曲线与ALA结果存在偏差是合理的,验证了本文易损性分析结果具有一定的参考值。
选取强度为1.0g,2.0g,3.0g和4.0g的谱加速度SaT1(其中T1为第1固有频率,是谱加速度定义的固有部分)与PGA组成矢量型地震动强度指标IMs,将其与车站结构地震响应进行地震需求分析,如图21所示。图中:ln PSa(T1)为谱加速度的对数形式。
基于所建立的拟合关系并结合式(4),可获得同时考虑2个地震动强度参数时车站结构在不同损伤状态下的损伤概率,其对应的地震易损性曲面如图22所示。
图22可以看出:在不同损伤等级下,装配式车站结构的易损性曲面均呈现随地震动强度参数PGA与SaT1等级增大而上升的变化特征,表明结构损伤概率受地震动幅值与频谱特性共同影响;轻微损伤状态下,易损性曲面整体较为平缓,损伤概率随地震动强度的增加呈渐进式变化,反映了结构在初始损伤阶段具有一定的延性与响应离散性;随着损伤等级的提高,易损性曲面在PGA—SaT1参数空间内呈现出明显的弯曲特性,表明在高等级损伤下SaT1对损伤概率的影响更为显著。
对基于标量IM与矢量IMs的地震易损性评估结果进行了对比分析,以揭示2种表征方式在损伤概率评估上的差异,如图23所示。
图23可以看出:利用单一标量IM得到的易损性曲线仅对应易损性曲面上的1个二维剖面;当地PGA固定时,各损伤状态的超越概率退化为单一数值,可能高估或低估真实风险,难以体现结构破坏的不确定性;引入SaT1后,易损性模型能够更充分地考虑地震动频谱特性,使破坏概率估计随地震动特征变化而调整,该差异在高破坏等级下尤为明显。
(1)当PGA≥0.2g时场地出现明显液化,且随PGA增大液化启动更早、发展更快;近结构区液化程度低于远场,体现结构对液化的局部抑制效应。
(2)液化导致的土体刚度退化、孔压发展及不均匀变形改变了结构受力路径,结构损伤先集中在中柱及榫头连接等关键部位,并呈由中柱端部向侧墙及拱顶、底板连接区逐步扩展的演化特征。强震条件下,底板榫头损伤可能显著发展并引起破坏模式转变;即使在低轴压比条件下,中柱仍为抗震设计的主要薄弱环节。
(3)针对装配式地下结构以连接节点变形控制损伤的特点,将层间位移角与榫头张开量联合构建综合损伤指标Dij损伤判据,建立双参数抗震性能评价标准,得出结构在基本完好、轻微损伤、中等损伤、严重损伤、倒塌损伤5种损伤状态下对应的损伤指标范围分别为[0,0.105],(0.105,0.415],(0.415,0.707],(0.707,1],(1,+∞)。
(4)基于双参数评价标准绘制结构地震易损性曲线能够更合理地描述装配式车站结构抗震破坏概率;矢量IMs地震动强度参数能够同时反映幅值与频谱特性对结构需求的影响,可降低因地震动频谱差异造成的失效概率偏差,从而获得更合理的易损性评估结果。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.05
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
  • 修回日期:2026-02-27
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    1.河北科技大学 建筑工程学院,河北石家庄050018
    2.河北省房屋建筑工程更新技术创新中心,河北石家庄050018
    3.北京市政建设集团有限责任公司,北京100045

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蒋录珍(1980—),女,河北石家庄人,副教授,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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