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Article(id=1268884445584060464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=1772812800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455226559, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455226559, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455226559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455226559, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884447286947890, articleId=1268884445584060464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Study on Kinematic Characteristics of Sand Particles around Ballasted Beds Based on PIV, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sand intrusion into ballasted beds seriously threatens their long-term stability and operational safety. Based on wind tunnel experiments and particle image velocimetry (PIV), this study investigated the movement of sand particles around ballasted beds in a wind-sand environment by systematically measuring and analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution of particle velocity fields, directional distributions, and flux transport. The results show that, when the wind-sand flow passes through the ballast-rail system, the flow field structure changes significantly, exhibiting clear velocity stratification and flow direction reorganization. The particle motion direction undergoes a typical evolution process of convergence, deflection, chaos, and recovery along the flow path. The directional concentration decreases from 0.959 on the windward side to 0.200 in the inter-rail region, and then rises to 0.639 on the leeward side. The particle flux attenuates by about 48% along the path, while near-surface deposition is significant, with the proportion of downward-moving particles generally exceeding 60% at all measurement positions. The ballasted bed affects wind-sand transport through the combined mechanisms of energy dissipation and screening: energy dissipation continuously weakens the sand-carrying capacity of the airflow, while the screening effect promotes sand deposition within the ballast layer.

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沙粒侵入有砟道床会严重威胁其长期稳定性与行车安全。基于风洞试验与粒子图像测速技术，通过系统测量并分析沙粒运动的速度场、方向分布及通量输运的时空演化特征，研究风沙环境中铁路有砟道床周围沙粒的运动规律。结果表明：风沙流在穿越道床-钢轨系统时，其流场结构发生显著改变，呈现明显的速度分层与流动方向重构现象；沙粒运动方向沿程经历集中、偏转、混沌和恢复的典型演化过程，其方向集中度由迎风侧的0.959下降至轨间区域的0.200，并于背风侧回升至0.639；沙粒通量沿程衰减约48%，近地层沉积效应显著，各测量位置中向下运动的沙粒占比普遍高于60%。有砟道床通过能量耗散和筛选作用双重机制影响风沙输运，能量耗散持续削弱气流挟沙能力，筛选作用则促进沙粒在道床内部沉积。

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韩 峰（1975—），男，陕西蒲城人，教授，博士。E-mail：
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石 龙（1986—），男，甘肃西和人，副教授，博士。E-mail：

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石 龙（1986—），男，甘肃西和人，副教授，博士。E-mail：

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石 龙（1986—），男，甘肃西和人，副教授，博士。E-mail：

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TB 10001—2016Code for Design of Railway Earth Structure ［S］. 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TB/T 2140—2008Railway Ballast［S］. Beijing： China Railway Publishing House， 2008. in Chinese）, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1268884469328015566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884445584060464, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=296, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=ZHANG K C, ZHANG W M, TAN L H, journalName=Journal of Arid Land, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG K C， ZHANG W M， TAN L H， et al．Effects of Gravel Mulch on Aeolian Transport： a Field Wind Tunnel Simulation ［J］. 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位置θa/（°）R
13570.959
23260.343
33100.200
43450.639
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沙粒运动方向的圆形统计参数

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位置θa/（°）R
13570.959
23260.343
33100.200
43450.639
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高度区间/cm平均粒子数/个
位置1位置2位置3位置4
0~8.58991 3441 023482
8.5~17.01 3071 5181 183790
17.0~25.51 5821 3351 076813
25.5~34.02 0381 6721 212951
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不同高度区间平均粒子数

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高度区间/cm平均粒子数/个
位置1位置2位置3位置4
0~8.58991 3441 023482
8.5~17.01 3071 5181 183790
17.0~25.51 5821 3351 076813
25.5~34.02 0381 6721 212951
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高度区间/cm占比/%
位置1位置2位置3位置4
0~8.558.070.863.665.8
8.5~17.063.465.362.168.7
17.0~25.567.154.764.368.6
25.5~34.066.967.362.868.3
), ArticleFig(id=1268884463044948136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884445584060464, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

垂向速度小于0 m · s-1的粒子数占比

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高度区间/cm占比/%
位置1位置2位置3位置4
0~8.558.070.863.665.8
8.5~17.063.465.362.168.7
17.0~25.567.154.764.368.6
25.5~34.066.967.362.868.3
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基于PIV的有砟道床周围沙粒运动学特性研究
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石龙 1 , 苏丽君 1 , 韩峰 1 , 马学宁 1 , 朱兆荣 2 , 李寿图 3 , 郭兴铎 3
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 1-11
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 1-11
基于PIV的有砟道床周围沙粒运动学特性研究
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石龙1 , 苏丽君1, 韩峰1 , 马学宁1, 朱兆荣2, 李寿图3, 郭兴铎3
作者信息
  • 1．兰州交通大学 土木工程学院，甘肃兰州730070
  • 2．中铁西北科学研究院有限公司 工程管理咨询中心，甘肃兰州730030
  • 3．兰州理工大学 绿色能源与储能学院，甘肃兰州730050

    • 石 龙（1986—），男，甘肃西和人，副教授，博士。E-mail：

通讯作者:

韩 峰（1975—），男，陕西蒲城人，教授，博士。E-mail：
Study on Kinematic Characteristics of Sand Particles around Ballasted Beds Based on PIV
Long SHI1 , Lijun SU1, Feng HAN1 , Xuening MA1, Zhaorong ZHU2, Shoutu LI3, Xingduo GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, LanzhouGansu730070, China
  • 2.Engineering Management Consulting Center, China Railway Northwest Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd., LanzhouGansu730030, China
  • 3.School of Green Energy and Storage, Lanzhou University of Technology, LanzhouGansu730050, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.01
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摘要
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沙粒侵入有砟道床会严重威胁其长期稳定性与行车安全。基于风洞试验与粒子图像测速技术，通过系统测量并分析沙粒运动的速度场、方向分布及通量输运的时空演化特征，研究风沙环境中铁路有砟道床周围沙粒的运动规律。结果表明：风沙流在穿越道床-钢轨系统时，其流场结构发生显著改变，呈现明显的速度分层与流动方向重构现象；沙粒运动方向沿程经历集中、偏转、混沌和恢复的典型演化过程，其方向集中度由迎风侧的0.959下降至轨间区域的0.200，并于背风侧回升至0.639；沙粒通量沿程衰减约48%，近地层沉积效应显著，各测量位置中向下运动的沙粒占比普遍高于60%。有砟道床通过能量耗散和筛选作用双重机制影响风沙输运，能量耗散持续削弱气流挟沙能力，筛选作用则促进沙粒在道床内部沉积。

有砟道床  /  砂粒侵入  /  风洞试验  /  粒子图像测速  /  运动学特性

Sand intrusion into ballasted beds seriously threatens their long-term stability and operational safety. Based on wind tunnel experiments and particle image velocimetry (PIV), this study investigated the movement of sand particles around ballasted beds in a wind-sand environment by systematically measuring and analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution of particle velocity fields, directional distributions, and flux transport. The results show that, when the wind-sand flow passes through the ballast-rail system, the flow field structure changes significantly, exhibiting clear velocity stratification and flow direction reorganization. The particle motion direction undergoes a typical evolution process of convergence, deflection, chaos, and recovery along the flow path. The directional concentration decreases from 0.959 on the windward side to 0.200 in the inter-rail region, and then rises to 0.639 on the leeward side. The particle flux attenuates by about 48% along the path, while near-surface deposition is significant, with the proportion of downward-moving particles generally exceeding 60% at all measurement positions. The ballasted bed affects wind-sand transport through the combined mechanisms of energy dissipation and screening: energy dissipation continuously weakens the sand-carrying capacity of the airflow, while the screening effect promotes sand deposition within the ballast layer.

Ballasted bed  /  Sand intrusion  /  Wind tunnel test  /  Particle image velocimetry  /  Kinematic characteristics
石龙, 苏丽君, 韩峰, 马学宁, 朱兆荣, 李寿图, 郭兴铎. 基于PIV的有砟道床周围沙粒运动学特性研究. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.01
Long SHI, Lijun SU, Feng HAN, Xuening MA, Zhaorong ZHU, Shoutu LI, Xingduo GUO. Study on Kinematic Characteristics of Sand Particles around Ballasted Beds Based on PIV[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.01
正文
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我国部分铁路干线穿越风沙影响区，沙害问题已成为长期制约行车安全与运营效率的关键因素［1-4］。由于有砟道床直接暴露于外部环境，在风沙区段往往成为沙粒输送、沉积与相互作用的主要区域［5］。目前广泛采用的防沙栅栏、固沙工程等主动防护措施［6-7］虽能在一定程度上削弱风沙流强度，但仍难以实现对沙粒的完全拦截。在持续风动力作用下，细沙颗粒仍可越过或穿透既有防护体系，通过道砟颗粒间的孔隙侵入道床内部并不断累积［8-10］，逐步形成结构松散、力学性能退化的沙化道床，严重威胁轨道结构的长期稳定与安全服役。
目前，关于风沙与有砟道床相互作用的研究存在2方面明显局限。其一，多数研究将有砟道床简化为固体边界或规则几何体［11-13］，未能体现其多孔介质特性对周边宏观流场的影响，从而使道床附近的流场结构与沙粒沉积预测存在偏差；其二，现有研究多从气流场单相角度分析风沙流与有砟道床的相互作用［14-15］，对颗粒相与气相之间的速度滑移（运动非同步）关注不足。由于沙粒运动受惯性与颗粒碰撞影响，其速度与气流速度并不一致，因此仅依赖气流场信息难以准确表征颗粒相的实际输运与沉积行为。
尽管经典的气固两相流理论为分析此类问题提供了理论基础，但在应用于如铁路有砟道床这类具有复杂多孔边界的实际工程场景时，对固相（沙粒）运动学参数的精细化、全场化实测研究仍显不足［16-17］。粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry，PIV）技术为直接测量颗粒相的运动学特性提供了强大工具。该技术虽已被成功应用于揭示道砟颗粒在列车荷载下的细观力学行为［18］，但将其应用于风沙流-多孔道床耦合体系，从固相运动学特性出发探究风沙流与多孔道床相互作用的研究尚不充分。
侵入道床的沙粒在复杂风场驱动下持续运动，不仅加剧道床颗粒磨损、影响道床结构稳定性，还可能推挤轨枕与钢轨，导致轨道几何形位劣化［19-23］。因此，要揭示此类沙害的形成机制，关键在于将有砟道床视为多孔介质，并从固相沙粒的运动学特性出发，厘清其在道床周围的输运规律。
针对上述问题，本研究采用风洞试验与粒子图像测速技术相结合的方法，聚焦于有砟道床这类多孔介质周围沙粒（固相）的运动学特性。通过同步测量并分析沙粒运动的速度场、方向演变及通量分布，研究沙粒在多孔道床边界条件下的输运规律。本研究结果有望深化对铁路沙害物理过程的认识，为沙区铁路有砟道床的风沙灾害精准防控提供理论依据。
1　研究方法
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1.1　风洞试验
为有效模拟实际风沙环境，本研究在直流风洞中对足尺有砟道床模型开展试验。试验段宽和高均为2.0 m，如图1所示，其风速可在0~30 m · s-1范围内连续调节。
试验模型模拟单线铁路有砟道床结构，采用标准梯形断面，几何尺寸严格依据TB 10001—2016 《铁路路基设计规范》［24］确定：道床边坡坡度为1∶1.75，道床厚度为0.3 m，顶面宽度为3.5 m，底面宽度为4.55 m，如图2所示。道床材料选用标准铁路道砟，其级配满足TB/T 2140—2008《铁路碎石道砟》［25］的技术要求。
试验沙源采用甘肃民勤典型风积沙。为精确表征其粒径分布，依照土工试验方法标准进行了3次独立的筛分试验。图3给出了基于3次试验的颗粒级配累积曲线。可见，其主要粒径范围为0.1~0.3 mm，中值粒径d₅₀约为0.15 mm。
为探究典型起沙条件下沙粒在道床周围的运动规律，本研究设定来流风速为7 m · s-1（在风洞中心线高度10 cm处测量）。该风速位于沙漠地区常见的起沙风速范围（5~11 m · s-1）内［26］，具有代表性。
模型沿风洞宽度方向居中布置，以减小侧壁边界效应。道床迎风侧坡脚距风洞输沙口10.0 m，确保气流在到达模型前具有充分发展的稳定段，从而获得均匀、稳定的来流条件。
1.2　粒子图像测速系统
为对有砟道床周围颗粒运动进行非接触式测量，本研究采用粒子图像测速（PIV）系统。该系统主要由双脉冲激光器、高分辨率科学相机、同步控制器及图像处理单元构成，具体布置如图4所示。
系统的核心配置如下：采用VShot-500型双脉冲激光器（波长532 nm），单脉冲能量为500 mJ，脉冲宽度为6 ns，最大工作频率为10 Hz。图像采集由1台高分辨率科学CMOS相机完成，相机配备50 mm F1.4定焦镜头。在全分辨率模式下，相机分辨率为4 800×3 400像素，像元尺寸为3.9 μm×3.9 μm，帧率可达20 FPS。测量时序由Revealer TPIV-15M型同步控制器精确协调，该控制器具备8通道输出能力，时间分辨率达1 ns，可确保激光脉冲与相机曝光之间实现微秒级同步。
受PIV单次拍摄视场限制，为获取道床周围全域的颗粒运动信息，本研究采用分区域测量策略，如图5所示。共设置4个相邻测量区域，系统覆盖目标道床区域及其周边流场，从而实现对颗粒运动的高分辨率全场测量。
为保障PIV图像质量，避免道砟颗粒表面对激光片光的强烈反射淹没沙粒示踪信号，在试验前对所有道砟表面喷涂了哑光黑色涂料，以最大程度降低背景干扰，提高信噪比。
1.3　系统标定
为建立图像坐标与物理空间坐标的高精度映射关系并校正光学畸变，在试验前进行了严格的系统标定。标定采用1块尺寸为500 mm×500 mm、点间距为10 mm的精密二维网格标定板，如图6所示。标定时，将标定板置于激光片光源照亮的测量区域内，并确保其板面与相机光轴垂直。通过平移标定板，使其沿光轴（Z向）在预估的测量体深度范围内，以固定间隔（约20 mm）平移至少5个不同位置。
采集每个位置的标定板图像后，使用专业处理软件中的标定模块进行解析。软件自动识别所有图像中的标志点，获取其已知物理空间坐标（X，Y，Z）与对应图像坐标（x，y）的匹配数据集。基于此数据集，通过多项式拟合算法计算从二维图像坐标到三维物理坐标的映射函数，该过程同步校正镜头畸变与透视投影误差。最终标定残差的均方根值小于0.1像素，表明映射精度良好，由此确定本PIV系统的位移测量不确定度优于0.1像素，对应的速度测量不确定度在主要测量区间内小于2%。
1.4　PIV数据处理与分析
获取原始粒子图像后，采用多步处理流程提取沙粒运动场信息。首先，对图像进行背景减除和对比度增强的预处理。随后，基于MATLAB平台的PIVlab工具包进行互相关分析：初始FFT窗口设置为64×64像素，最终迭代至32×32像素，重叠率为50%，由此获得瞬时速度矢量场。对每个测量位置，连续采集600组图像对（对应600个瞬时场），并计算时间平均速度场。
沙粒运动方向角θ由瞬时速度矢量的水平分量u和垂直分量v计算得出
θ=arctanvu
0°指顺风向。沙粒相对通量的提取基于识别出的示踪粒子数。PIVlab在每个瞬时速度矢量场中识别并统计有效速度矢量（即沙粒示踪点）的总数，该数量与单位时间内通过该区域示踪面的沙粒数目成正比，可作为相对通量进行时空演化的对比分析。
2　结果与讨论
收起
2.1　沙粒速度场时空演化特征
图7给出了4个典型位置的沙粒运动速度场，图中L和H分别为视场的长度与高度。由图7可见，风沙流在穿越道床过程中的动态演化及其显著的分层特征。
在位置1处速度云图分布相对均匀，未出现明显的速度分层现象；随着风沙流向下游移动，位置2、位置3和位置4处均呈现出明显的速度分层现象，但分层高度存在显著差异，位置2处的分层线位于钢轨顶面以上3~10 cm范围内，位置3处的分层线上移至钢轨顶面以上8~9 cm，而位置4处的分层线则下降至钢轨顶面以上2~3 cm。
分层位置的这种动态变化，揭示了有砟道床对风沙流场的复杂调制作用。在所有出现分层的区域，分层线以上的沙粒速度普遍高于5 m · s-1，而以下区域的沙粒速度则低于5 m · s-1，形成明显的速度剪切层。这表明钢轨不仅改变了局部流场结构，还在一定程度上通过诱导速度分层影响沙粒的输运路径。
值得注意的是，从位置2到位置4分层线位置呈现先上升后下降的趋势，反映风沙流在穿越轨间区域时所经历的复杂流动调整过程。位置3处的分层线最高表明该区域流动分离效应最为显著；而位置4处分层线的下降，表明背风侧流场正在重新附着并趋于稳定。
2.2　沙粒速度垂向分布规律
为揭示风沙流经过有砟道床时沙粒垂向速度结构及其沿程演化规律，图8给出4个位置处沙粒平均速度随高度的变化曲线。
由图8可见：在位置1处速度随高度呈近似线性增长，表明该区域沙粒速度分布较为均匀，尚未受到显著流动分离效应的影响；随着风沙流向下游移动，位置2和位置3处的速度曲线呈现明显的非线性特征，在中高层出现增速拐点，这与图7中观测到的速度分层现象一致，尤其在位置3处曲线在钢轨顶面上方8~9 cm范围内表现出最显著的速度梯度，对应着该区域最强的速度分层；在位置4处速度曲线整体向低速区收敛，其沙粒动能水平明显低于上游未受扰动的来流区域（位置1区域）。
尽管轨间区域（位置2和位置3区域）可能由于流动收缩及局部剪切增强而出现沙粒速度的局部加速现象，但位置4呈现的是经过充分动量交换与湍流耗散后，在背风侧重建的更为稳定均匀的低能流场。
上述速度垂向分布的变化规律为理解有砟道床对风沙流的能量耗散和结构拦截共同作用机制提供了定量依据。速度分布在迎风侧相对均匀，在轨间区域因分离而分层，最终在背风侧稳定收敛，清晰地反映了风沙流在穿越道床系统过程中的动能衰减路径与流动结构调整。
2.3　沙粒运动方向时空演化特征
为定量表征风沙流穿越有砟道床过程中运动方向的演变规律，本研究结合统计分析和流动可视化方法，绘制4个位置处沙粒运动方向的箱线图和相应的瞬时运动矢量场，如图9和图10所示。
图9的统计结果表明：沙粒运动方向在空间上呈现出明显的阶段性演化特征，在位置1处沙粒运动方向分布高度集中，接近水平，反映出来流稳定且一致；位置2处沙粒运动方向分布范围展宽，运动中位方向发生系统性偏转，表明在钢轨绕流作用下运动方向开始偏离原始流向；位置3处沙粒运动方向分布离散性最大，箱体覆盖范围最广，说明该区域流场结构极为复杂；位置4处沙粒运动方向分布虽仍较分散，但相较于位置3处已呈现出明显收敛趋势，表明下游流场进入再附着过程并逐步向相对有序状态过渡。
上述统计规律可从图10的矢量场中获得直观的物理解释：位置1处的沙粒运动矢量场呈现高度平行、方向一致的结构；位置2处显示出沙粒运动主导方向的整体偏转，体现了绕流效应（红色标注区域）的直接影响；位置3处的沙粒运动矢量场最为紊乱，箭头方向各异、长度不一，刻画了由流动分离与涡旋主导的强湍流混合区；位置4处则显示沙粒运动主流方向有所恢复，但仍叠加多尺度涡旋，反映出流动方向尚未完全稳定的再附着阶段特征。
综上，风沙流穿越有砟道床‑钢轨系统时，其方向演化经历了一个完整的物理过程：从稳定的自由来流，经绕流诱导的系统性偏转，进入强分离与涡旋主导的混沌湍流区，最终在背风侧经历再附着过程并逐步恢复相对有序的运动状态。该过程揭示了多孔‑突起复合边界对颗粒相运动方向的调制作用，为理解沙粒在道床内的沉积分布特征及其输运路径提供了演化层面的物理解释。
2.4　沙粒运动方向集中度
为精确量化沙粒运动方向的集中程度及其沿程变化，本研究引入圆形统计方法，计算各测量位置沙粒运动方向的总体平均方向θa和平均合成向量长度R。R是衡量角度数据离散程度的核心指标，其取值范围为［0，1］，R越接近1，表示方向越集中，R越接近0，则表明方向越分散，无显著主导方向。计算结果见表1。
由表1的数据分析可见：沙粒运动方向集中度在穿越道床过程中的演化规律清晰，位置1处的R高达0.959，接近理论最大值，表明该区域沙粒运动方向高度集中于357°（即近似水平方向），与前述矢量图中观测到的高度一致的流场结构完全吻合；风沙流进入道床-钢轨影响区后，其方向集中度较上游明显下降，在位置2处衡量方向集中度的矢量合成结果R降至0.343，表明沙粒运动方向分布趋于分散，出现了多个方向的运动分量，这反映绕流导致的流向偏转与初期流动分离；在位置3处R进一步下降至所测位置中的最低值0.200，表明该区域处于强流动分离与多尺度涡旋并存的混合状态，沙粒运动已无稳定的主导方向，湍流混合作用起主导作用；在位置4处R回升至0.639，表明风沙流在经历轨间强湍流作用后，于下游开始恢复，方向集中度明显回升，形成以345°为主导方向但仍伴有波动的拟序结构，这一变化说明背风侧流场正逐步从分离混沌态向再附着有序态过渡。
综上，R的空间变化（0.959→0.343→0.200→0.639）定量地刻画了风沙流方向从高度集中到剧烈分散再到显著恢复的完整动态过程。
2.5　沙粒通量时空演化特征
为揭示风沙流穿越有砟道床结构过程中的输运特性，本节结合沙粒通量的时间序列和统计分布进行综合分析。时序分析结果如图11所示。由图11可见：沙粒通量的波动具有明显的空间依赖性，位置1处波动剧烈，在位置2和位置3波动幅度较位置1依次降低，至位置4处幅值显著衰减，表明风沙活动在有砟道床周围以有限速度传播，并伴随沿程的沉积和能量耗散。
图12给出的不同位置沙粒数量统计箱线图进一步量化了这一规律。可见：从位置1到位置4沙粒数量呈单调递减趋势，平均值由5 826降至3 036，降幅约48%。位置2处的粒子数（5870）与位置1处相当，但其分布更为集中，结合其位于第1道钢轨背风侧的位置特征，表明该区域因气流分离形成了颗粒的暂时滞留与堆积；位置1处的宽箱体和较高极端值反映了该区域流动的高度不稳定性，而位置4的窄箱体，则体现了经过道床结构复杂作用后流动趋于均匀稳定的状态。
上述特征揭示了有砟道床对风沙流的双重作用机制：能量耗散作为内在驱动，通过流体摩擦和颗粒碰撞持续削弱气流的挟沙能力；筛选作用作为外在表现，通过结构拦截和动力筛选促使沙粒沉积。二者相互耦合，形成协同作用，共同驱动风沙流在穿越道床区域时完成从输运到沉积的动态演化过程，从而在机理上解释了有砟道床易于积沙的根本原因。
2.6　沙粒通量分层特征
表2给出了不同高度区间平均粒子数的分布。由表2可知：沙粒通量的垂向分布进一步揭示了有砟道床对风沙流筛选作用的分层特性，位置1处的沙粒主要集中于高层，25.5~34.0 cm；位置2和位置3处受钢轨绕流影响，其峰值分别出现在中层和高层，体现轨间流场的空间非均匀性；位置4处各高度区间的粒子数均显著降低，整体通量大幅衰减，说明风沙流的挟沙能力在穿越道床过程中被持续削弱。
值得注意的是，近地层的沉积效应在数据中体现得尤为明显，位置4处0~8.5 cm高度范围内的平均粒子数较位置1处来流处下降约76%，较位置2处下降约64%，表明沙粒在穿越道床时大量沉积。
表3给出的垂向速度小于0 m · s-1的粒子数占比结果进一步表明：各位置向下运动（垂向速度小于0 m · s-1）的沙粒占比普遍高于60%，位置4处更达到65%以上，表明沉积过程在该区域占主导地位。
上述结果表明，水平方向的能量耗散和垂向的重力沉降共同作用，使有砟道床对风沙流产生了显著的筛选和阻滞效应，这一结果从通量垂向分层的角度揭示了铁路沙害的形成机制。
2.7　道砟表层积沙分布
图13给出了试验后不同位置道床表层的积沙分布。可见，道砟表层的积沙呈现出与钢轨位置密切关联的空间非均匀分布特征。
为定量比较不同区域的积沙覆盖程度，采用MATLAB对图13的图像进行处理。首先，利用最大类间方差法自动确定分割沙粒与道砟背景的最佳灰度阈值，进而将图像二值化。随后，计算各区域二值图像中沙粒像素所占的面积比例，即积沙面积覆盖率。结果显示：位置2和位置4处的积沙覆盖率分别为58%和72%，显著高于位置1处的23%和位置3处的31%，从图像统计层面定量揭示了钢轨背风侧（位置2和位置4处）为积沙主要富集区。从图像中可见，沙粒亦主要在钢轨背风侧及道床边坡中下部富集，形成连续或局部堆积体。
该分布特征与垂向运动数据所反映的沉降趋势相符。表3显示，各位置垂向速度小于0 m · s-1的沙粒占比均超过60%，其中位置2和位置4处向下运动占比尤为显著，分别为54.8%~70.8%和65.8%~68.6%，表明这2个区域沉积趋势占主导。这一沉降趋势与位置4处近地层的粒子数较位置2处显著减少约64%（表2），表明沙粒在钢轨背风侧（尤其是位置4处）发生了更充分的沉积。
积沙主要集中于钢轨背风侧的现象，从沉积终点印证了风沙流经突起结构后的动能衰减和颗粒再分配机制。钢轨的物理阻挡在其背风侧诱导形成低速区与流动分离区，促使沙粒更易从气流中脱落并发生重力沉降；同时，道砟间隙的机械捕获作用进一步增强了该区域的积沙效应。综合图像分析和运动学数据可知，钢轨背风侧是铁路沙害形成的高风险区，该认识为风沙区铁路的针对性防护设计提供了直接依据。
本研究揭示的沉积空间分异规律，对风沙区铁路的针对性防护设计具有重要指导意义。
（1）在防护重点区域，应加强对钢轨背风侧，尤其是第2道钢轨背风侧区域的监测和清理，这些区域是积沙的高发区。
（2）在道床维护策略方面，鉴于道床边坡中下部易积沙，日常养护中需重点检查该区域的道砟板结和脏污情况。
（3）在防护措施优化方面，可在钢轨背风侧附近探索设置微型导流板或局部聚沙槽等辅助措施，引导沙粒在易于清理的位置聚集，而非直接侵入道砟孔隙。
3　结论
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基于风洞试验与粒子图像测速技术，本研究系统研究了有砟道床周围风沙颗粒运动的运动学特性，主要结论如下。
（1）有砟道床及钢轨结构对风沙流场具有显著调制作用，可诱导形成明显的速度分层现象。速度分层线上下形成速度剪切层，其上风速普遍高于5 m · s-1，其下风速低于5 m · s-1。分层线位置自迎风侧至背风侧呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势，反映风沙流经历前轨绕流、轨间强混合至背风侧重附和稳定的完整流动调整过程。
（2）沙粒运动方向表现出典型的时空演化规律：从迎风侧高度集中、方向一致的来流状态，经障碍物引起的系统性偏转，进入轨间涡旋主导的混沌分布阶段，最终在背风侧实现方向的初步重整和恢复。基于平均合成向量长度R的定量分析，进一步验证了集中→偏转→混沌→恢复的方向演化模式，对应R的变化为0.959→0.343→0.200→0.639。
（3）沙粒通量在时空上呈现显著衰减特征，粒子数均值沿程下降约48%，且波动幅度显著平缓化。结合位置2处表现出的颗粒滞留效应，以及各位置向下运动沙粒占比普遍超过60%的结果，证实了沙粒在穿越道床过程中持续发生沉积。垂向速度分布进一步表明，近地层沉积效应尤为显著。
（4）有砟道床周边沙粒的沉积主要受控于能量耗散和筛选作用的双重机理，即能量耗散机制持续降低风沙流挟沙能力，筛选效应则对沙粒进行机械拦截和动力筛选。这2种机制协同作用，从根本上决定了沙粒在有砟道床结构中的运移与累积行为。
（5）基于钢轨背风侧为沉积高风险区，提出在该处设置聚沙槽的主动干预新思路，将弥散沉积转为集中堆积。这能从源头阻断沙粒在列车振动下侵入道床深部，有效缓解道床沙化，对维持轨道长期稳定具有重要意义。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.01
  • 接收时间：2025-12-26
  • 首发时间：2026-06-03
  • 出版时间：2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-26
  • 修回日期：2026-03-07
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    1．兰州交通大学 土木工程学院，甘肃兰州730070
    2．中铁西北科学研究院有限公司 工程管理咨询中心，甘肃兰州730030
    3．兰州理工大学 绿色能源与储能学院，甘肃兰州730050

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韩 峰（1975—），男，陕西蒲城人，教授，博士。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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