Article(id=1302192646684963453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1780502400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-04, onlineDate=1788396520538, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396520538, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396520538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396520538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3687, endPage=3698, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192646877901438, articleId=1302192646684963453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=The Key Transcription Factors Regulating Beef Cattle Muscle Development Screened by ATAC-seq, columnId=1302192610991431768, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 As a ruminant animal, cattle has a long muscle growth and development cycle. However, the regulatory mechanism of chromatin accessibility on bovine longissimus dorsi is not clear during the development of longissimus dorsi. This study aimed to explore the differential chromatin accessibility of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Angus cattle and Simmental cattle, screen the key transcription factors affecting bovine muscle growth, and then construct the TF-gene regulatory network, so as to provides the theoretical basis and new molecular target for further study of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of bovine muscle development.【Method】 The longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of 24-month-old Angus cattle (AGS) and Simmental cattle (XM) with the same feeding and management methods were collected, and the amino acid content was detected according to the national standard Determination of amino acids in food (GB 5009.124-2016). SPSS 9.4 software was used to analyze the significant difference of amino acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle between groups by t test. The collected longissimus dorsi muscle tissue was subjected to ATAC-seq sequencing. By identifying the chromatin open area (peak), peak analysis, GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis, and transcription factor binding site (motif) enrichment analysis were performed. Combined with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from the previous RNA-seq sequencing, a transcription factor-gene (TF-gene) regulatory network was constructed based on the GTRD database and the OmicShare Tools.【Result】 The results showed as follows:(1) The content of lysine (Lys), serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), histidine (His) and glutamic acid (Glu) in longissimus dorsi muscle of AGS group were significantly higher than those of XM group (P < 0.05); the content of proline (Pro) was the opposite (P < 0.05), indicating that the amino acid metabolic phenotype was significantly different between the two groups. (2) Chromatin accessibility was generally conserved between the two groups. A total of 29 140 peaks were detected in Angus cattle and 28 781 peaks were detected in Simmental cattle. The chromatin open regions between the two groups were mainly distributed at the transcription start site (TSS) ± 2 kb, and accounted for more than 84.57 % in the intron region, distal intergenic region and promoter region. (3) A total of 6 185 differential peaks were identified between the two groups, of which 5 030 peaks were up-regulated and 1155 were down-regulated. After the differential peak were annotated to related genes, GO/KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential peak-related genes were mainly enriched in classical muscle development-related pathways, such as anatomical morphogenesis, muscle structure development, actin filament-mediated, Hippo signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. (4) Motif enrichment analysis showed that among the top 20 transcription factor binding motifs, the top four belonged to the MEF2 transcription family, which were MEF2C, MEF2A, MEF2D, and MEF2B, respectively. Further focusing on the intersection analysis of AGS-specific peak and differentially expressed genes obtained by previous RNA-seq sequencing, it was found that the binding sites of MEF2B and MEF2D were the most enriched, and the TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as the core transcription factors was successfully constructed. A total of 13 target genes involved in muscle development regulation were screened, including ACTA1, CKM, CLCN1, SLN, and MYOZ3. IGV visualization confirmed the presence of MEF2B and MEF2D binding motifs in the promoter region of the above target genes, and highly overlapped with the open region of ATAC-seq.【Conclusion】 In this study, the combined analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data revealed the differences in chromatin accessibility between Angus cattle and Simmental cattle during the development of longissimus dorsi muscle, and screened MEF2B and MEF2D as key transcription factors (TFs) regulating bovine muscle growth. The TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as core transcription factors was constructed, which provided a theoretical basis for further analysis of the epigenetic mechanism of muscle development in beef cattle and functional verification of CRISPR-Cas9.

, authors=HongEn CHU1, Yuan LIU1, Xue BAI1, MengLi YANG1, Tao LIU1, Fen LI2, LanLan LI1, Yun MA1, authorsList=HongEn CHU, Yuan LIU, Xue BAI, MengLi YANG, Tao LIU, Fen LI, LanLan LI, Yun MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192651470664367, articleId=1302192646684963453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=基于ATAC-seq筛选调控肉牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子, columnId=1302192611180175450, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=畜牧·兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 牛作为反刍动物,肌肉生长发育周期长,但在牛背最长肌发育过程中,染色质可及性的调控机制尚未明确。通过探究安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛背最长肌中染色质可及性的差异,筛选影响牛肌肉生长的关键转录因子,进而构建TF-gene调控网络,为深入研究牛肌肉发育的表观遗传调控机制提供理论依据和新的分子靶点。【方法】 采集饲养管理方式相同的24月龄安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛各3头的背最长肌组织,依据国家标准《食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB 5009.124-2016)进行氨基酸含量检测,利用SPSS 9.4软件通过t检验进行组间背最长肌氨基酸含量差异显著性分析;并将采集的背最长肌组织进行ATAC-seq测序,通过识别染色质开放区(peak),进行组间差异peak分析、GO/KEGG功能富集分析、转录因子结合位点(motif)富集分析;并结合前期的RNA-seq测序得到的差异表达基因(DEGs),基于GTRD数据库与基迪奥云平台构建转录因子-基因(TF-gene)调控网络。【结果】 结果表明:(1)AGS组背最长肌中赖氨酸(Lys)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著高于XM组(P<0.05);而脯氨酸(Pro)含量则相反(P<0.05),说明氨基酸代谢表型在两组间显著差异;(2)染色质可及性在两组间整体保守,共检测到安格斯牛29 140个peak,西门塔尔牛28 781个peak,两组间染色质开放区域主要分布在转录起始位点(TSS)±2 kb,且在内含子区、远端基因间区和启动子区占比超过84.57%。(3)在两组间鉴定出6 185个差异peak,其中5 030个上调,1 155个下调,将差异peak注释到相关基因后,进行GO/KEGG富集分析发现,差异peak相关基因主要富集在解剖结构形态发生、肌肉结构发育、肌动蛋白丝介导过程、Hippo信号通路、MAPK信号通路、钙信号通路、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调控等经典肌肉发育相关通路。(4)Motif富集分析显示,在显著富集的前20个转录因子结合基序中,排名前4位均属于MEF2转录家族,分别是MEF2CMEF2AMEF2DMEF2B;进一步聚焦AGS特异性peak和前期RNA-seq测序得到的差异表达基因交集分析,发现MEF2BMEF2D结合位点富集程度最高,成功构建以MEF2BMEF2D为核心转录因子的TF-gene调控网络,共筛选到ACTA1CKMCLCN1SLNMYOZ3等13个参与肌肉发育调控的靶基因;并利用IGV可视化证实上述靶基因启动子区存在MEF2BMEF2D结合基序,并与ATAC-seq开放区域高度重合。【结论】 本研究通过ATAC-seq和RNA-seq数据联合分析,揭示了安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛在背最长肌发育过程中的染色质可及性差异,并筛选到MEF2BMEF2D作为调控牛肌肉生长的关键转录因子(TFs),构建以MEF2BMEF2D为核心转录因子的TF-gene调控网络,为深入解析肉牛肌肉发育表观遗传机制及CRISPR-Cas9功能验证提供了理论基础。

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楚洪恩,Tel:18749831533;E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 321: 146518., articleTitle=Transcription factor MAFA regulates muscle growth via calcium ion channels and receptor tyrosine kinase activation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192658068304630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, awardId=2023ZD0404803-02, language=CN, fundingSource=科技创新2030-重大项目(2023ZD0404803-02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192658156385015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, awardId=2023BCF01006, language=CN, fundingSource=宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2023BCF01006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192658231882488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, awardId=2024BBF01007, language=CN, fundingSource=宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2024BBF01007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192658303185657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, awardId=2020GKLRLX02, language=CN, fundingSource=宁夏回族自治区科技创新领军人才培养项目(2020GKLRLX02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192651701351088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192651709739697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, companyId=1302192651701351088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Breeding of Ruminants in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region/College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192651718128306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, companyId=1302192651701351088, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 宁夏回族自治区反刍动物分子细胞育种重点实验室/宁夏大学动物科技学院, 银川 750021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192651797820083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192651806208692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, companyId=1302192651797820083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192651814597301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, companyId=1302192651797820083, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192655153263336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Chromatin accessibility detection

A: AGS VS XM Peak Calling; B: AGS VS XM relative TSS distance distribution ratio map; C: AGS peak distribution on gene functional elements; D: XM peak distribution on gene functional elements.

, figureFileSmall=LEOQc+vBwedVkX/KREZvYg==, figureFileBig=7FC15YQ6wjFK+K+dqt0zvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192655207789289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=图1, caption=染色质可及性检测

A:AGS VS XM背最长肌染色质开放区扫描;B:AGS VS XM相对TSS距离分布比例图;C:AGS组peak在基因功能元件上分布比例图;D:XM组 peak在基因功能元件上分布比例图

, figureFileSmall=LEOQc+vBwedVkX/KREZvYg==, figureFileBig=7FC15YQ6wjFK+K+dqt0zvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192655392338666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Differential peak-related gene enrichment analysis

A: Difference peak histogram; B: Peak difference volcano map; C:GO functional enrichment analysis; D:KEGG functional enrichment analysis

, figureFileSmall=ATzlqicHOajpZFWoWETj3g==, figureFileBig=Y29Ku831WVto6X9QOWgjUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192655484613355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=图2, caption=差异peak相关基因富集分析

A:差异peak柱状图;B:差异peak火山图;C:GO功能富集分析;D:KEGG功能富集分析

, figureFileSmall=ATzlqicHOajpZFWoWETj3g==, figureFileBig=Y29Ku831WVto6X9QOWgjUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192657141363436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Joint analysis of AGS-specific peak and DEGs

A: Wayne analysis of AGS group-specific peak and DEGs; B: Motif analysis of AGS vs DEGs overlapping genes

, figureFileSmall=OJr+9dZF3RETrm+K8SkRvg==, figureFileBig=HHj3J3KOFU1Jg67RU1M+hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192657250415341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AGS组特有peak与DEGs的联合分析

A:AGS组特有peak与DEGs的韦恩分析;B:AGS vs DEGs重叠基因的motif分析

, figureFileSmall=OJr+9dZF3RETrm+K8SkRvg==, figureFileBig=HHj3J3KOFU1Jg67RU1M+hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192657325912814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=TF-gene regulatory network diagram and IGV visualization of bovine longissimus dorsi muscle

A: Diagram of the TF-gene regulatory network in the longest dorsal muscle of cattle; B: Visualization of the MEF2B and MEF2D binding motifs in the promoter regions of the MYOZ3, CLCN1, SLN and CKM genes

, figureFileSmall=irmMOlWZg2qTbfDcsL/oWA==, figureFileBig=0cO4WqzK++lSJv5/iDnvkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192657426576111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=图4, caption=牛背最长肌的TF-gene调控网络图及IGV可视化

A:牛背最长肌TF-gene 调控网络图;B:MYOZ3、CLCN1、SLN 和 CKM 基因启动子区MEF2B和MEF2D结合基序可视化

, figureFileSmall=irmMOlWZg2qTbfDcsL/oWA==, figureFileBig=0cO4WqzK++lSJv5/iDnvkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192657502073584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of amino acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle of each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸
EAA(μg·g-1 FW)
安格斯牛
AGS
西门塔尔牛
XM
非必需氨基酸
NEAA(μg·g-1 FW)
安格斯牛
AGS
西门塔尔牛
XM
甲硫氨酸Met 10.89±1.85 9.49±0.22 甘氨酸Gly 77.44±2.88 70.17±7.14
赖氨酸Lys 68.80±13.04a 28.12±6.85b 丙氨酸Ala 258.28±26.76 281.53±24.40
苯丙氨酸Phe 19.67±4.45 17.53±1.42 丝氨酸Ser 127.76±3.62a 95.19±8.68b
色氨酸Trp 9.24±0.76 6.18±1.29 脯氨酸Pro 38.03±1.44b 46.59±1.83a
缬氨酸Val 35.45±6.92 30.50±6.58 酪氨酸Tyr 25.64±3.68 22.47±4.76
苏氨酸Thr 37.63±4.74 27.88±0.31 精氨酸Arg 82.59±2.36a 38.97±2.27b
亮氨酸Leu 42.08±6.55 36.40±0.35 组氨酸His 102.6±2.29a 46.05±7.47b
异亮氨酸Ile 28.54±4.29 24.24±2.72 天冬氨酸Asp 7.24±1.1 5.85±0.91
谷氨酸Glu 94.63±3.33a 34.67±3.46b
), ArticleFig(id=1302192657590153969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组背最长肌氨基酸含量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸
EAA(μg·g-1 FW)
安格斯牛
AGS
西门塔尔牛
XM
非必需氨基酸
NEAA(μg·g-1 FW)
安格斯牛
AGS
西门塔尔牛
XM
甲硫氨酸Met 10.89±1.85 9.49±0.22 甘氨酸Gly 77.44±2.88 70.17±7.14
赖氨酸Lys 68.80±13.04a 28.12±6.85b 丙氨酸Ala 258.28±26.76 281.53±24.40
苯丙氨酸Phe 19.67±4.45 17.53±1.42 丝氨酸Ser 127.76±3.62a 95.19±8.68b
色氨酸Trp 9.24±0.76 6.18±1.29 脯氨酸Pro 38.03±1.44b 46.59±1.83a
缬氨酸Val 35.45±6.92 30.50±6.58 酪氨酸Tyr 25.64±3.68 22.47±4.76
苏氨酸Thr 37.63±4.74 27.88±0.31 精氨酸Arg 82.59±2.36a 38.97±2.27b
亮氨酸Leu 42.08±6.55 36.40±0.35 组氨酸His 102.6±2.29a 46.05±7.47b
异亮氨酸Ile 28.54±4.29 24.24±2.72 天冬氨酸Asp 7.24±1.1 5.85±0.91
谷氨酸Glu 94.63±3.33a 34.67±3.46b
), ArticleFig(id=1302192657682428658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ATAC-seq sequencing data statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Sample
下机数据碱基总数
Clean date (bp)
过滤后有效碱基总数
HQ clean date (bp)
唯一比对的reads数目
Unique mapped reads
唯一比对的reads比例
Unique mapped rate (%)
AGS-1 14541584400 10980107923 65580095 67.92
AGS-2 14919508800 11321472992 66649331 67.33
AGS-3 16304789400 12394515837 74550934 68.88
XM-1 17579211000 13510839920 80089254 68.68
XM-2 14105058600 11076552540 63286080 67.66
XM-3 15497562000 11696995991 68232416 66.33
), ArticleFig(id=1302192657770509043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ATAC-seq测序数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
Sample
下机数据碱基总数
Clean date (bp)
过滤后有效碱基总数
HQ clean date (bp)
唯一比对的reads数目
Unique mapped reads
唯一比对的reads比例
Unique mapped rate (%)
AGS-1 14541584400 10980107923 65580095 67.92
AGS-2 14919508800 11321472992 66649331 67.33
AGS-3 16304789400 12394515837 74550934 68.88
XM-1 17579211000 13510839920 80089254 68.68
XM-2 14105058600 11076552540 63286080 67.66
XM-3 15497562000 11696995991 68232416 66.33
), ArticleFig(id=1302192657833423604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192646684963453, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Motif statistics of TOP20 in order of significance between groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Rank
结合基序
Binding motif
转录因子
TF
E值
E-value
序号
Rank
结合基序
Binding motif
转录因子
TF
E值
E-value
1 MEF2C 3.10e-37 11 NR2F2 1.32e-4
2 MEF2A 7.04e-35 12 Nr1H2 1.34e-4
3 MEF2D 7.48e-19 13 SIX1 1.60e-4
4 MEF2B 2.19e-17 14 TBP 1.73e-4
5 NR4A1 3.80e-16 15 CDX1 1.86e-4
6 NR4A2 9.85e-16 16 PBX2 2.28e-4
7 SIX2 3.64e-11 17 HOXD12 2.74e-4
8 MEIS2 3.70E-6 18 NFIX 4.56e-4
9 Hmga1 4.75e-6 19 Ppara 2.41e-6
10 Nr1h3 5.35e-6 20 FOXL1 7.47e-4
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组间显著性排序TOP20的motif统计

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序号
Rank
结合基序
Binding motif
转录因子
TF
E值
E-value
序号
Rank
结合基序
Binding motif
转录因子
TF
E值
E-value
1 MEF2C 3.10e-37 11 NR2F2 1.32e-4
2 MEF2A 7.04e-35 12 Nr1H2 1.34e-4
3 MEF2D 7.48e-19 13 SIX1 1.60e-4
4 MEF2B 2.19e-17 14 TBP 1.73e-4
5 NR4A1 3.80e-16 15 CDX1 1.86e-4
6 NR4A2 9.85e-16 16 PBX2 2.28e-4
7 SIX2 3.64e-11 17 HOXD12 2.74e-4
8 MEIS2 3.70E-6 18 NFIX 4.56e-4
9 Hmga1 4.75e-6 19 Ppara 2.41e-6
10 Nr1h3 5.35e-6 20 FOXL1 7.47e-4
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基于ATAC-seq筛选调控肉牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子
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楚洪恩 1 , 刘源 1 , 白雪 1 , 杨梦丽 1 , 刘涛 1 , 李芬 2 , 李兰兰 1 , 马云 1
中国农业科学 | 畜牧·兽医 2026,59(16): 3687-3698
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中国农业科学 |畜牧·兽医 2026 , 59 (16) : 3687 -3698
基于ATAC-seq筛选调控肉牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子
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楚洪恩1 , 刘源1, 白雪1, 杨梦丽1, 刘涛1, 李芬2, 李兰兰1 , 马云1
作者信息
  • 1 宁夏回族自治区反刍动物分子细胞育种重点实验室/宁夏大学动物科技学院, 银川 750021
  • 2 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021
通讯作者:
李兰兰,E-mail:
马云,Tel:13639508535;E-mail:
作者简介:

楚洪恩,Tel:18749831533;E-mail:

The Key Transcription Factors Regulating Beef Cattle Muscle Development Screened by ATAC-seq
HongEn CHU1 , Yuan LIU1, Xue BAI1, MengLi YANG1, Tao LIU1, Fen LI2, LanLan LI1 , Yun MA1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Breeding of Ruminants in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region/College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
  • 2 School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015
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【目的】 牛作为反刍动物,肌肉生长发育周期长,但在牛背最长肌发育过程中,染色质可及性的调控机制尚未明确。通过探究安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛背最长肌中染色质可及性的差异,筛选影响牛肌肉生长的关键转录因子,进而构建TF-gene调控网络,为深入研究牛肌肉发育的表观遗传调控机制提供理论依据和新的分子靶点。【方法】 采集饲养管理方式相同的24月龄安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛各3头的背最长肌组织,依据国家标准《食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB 5009.124-2016)进行氨基酸含量检测,利用SPSS 9.4软件通过t检验进行组间背最长肌氨基酸含量差异显著性分析;并将采集的背最长肌组织进行ATAC-seq测序,通过识别染色质开放区(peak),进行组间差异peak分析、GO/KEGG功能富集分析、转录因子结合位点(motif)富集分析;并结合前期的RNA-seq测序得到的差异表达基因(DEGs),基于GTRD数据库与基迪奥云平台构建转录因子-基因(TF-gene)调控网络。【结果】 结果表明:(1)AGS组背最长肌中赖氨酸(Lys)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著高于XM组(P<0.05);而脯氨酸(Pro)含量则相反(P<0.05),说明氨基酸代谢表型在两组间显著差异;(2)染色质可及性在两组间整体保守,共检测到安格斯牛29 140个peak,西门塔尔牛28 781个peak,两组间染色质开放区域主要分布在转录起始位点(TSS)±2 kb,且在内含子区、远端基因间区和启动子区占比超过84.57%。(3)在两组间鉴定出6 185个差异peak,其中5 030个上调,1 155个下调,将差异peak注释到相关基因后,进行GO/KEGG富集分析发现,差异peak相关基因主要富集在解剖结构形态发生、肌肉结构发育、肌动蛋白丝介导过程、Hippo信号通路、MAPK信号通路、钙信号通路、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调控等经典肌肉发育相关通路。(4)Motif富集分析显示,在显著富集的前20个转录因子结合基序中,排名前4位均属于MEF2转录家族,分别是MEF2CMEF2AMEF2DMEF2B;进一步聚焦AGS特异性peak和前期RNA-seq测序得到的差异表达基因交集分析,发现MEF2BMEF2D结合位点富集程度最高,成功构建以MEF2BMEF2D为核心转录因子的TF-gene调控网络,共筛选到ACTA1CKMCLCN1SLNMYOZ3等13个参与肌肉发育调控的靶基因;并利用IGV可视化证实上述靶基因启动子区存在MEF2BMEF2D结合基序,并与ATAC-seq开放区域高度重合。【结论】 本研究通过ATAC-seq和RNA-seq数据联合分析,揭示了安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛在背最长肌发育过程中的染色质可及性差异,并筛选到MEF2BMEF2D作为调控牛肌肉生长的关键转录因子(TFs),构建以MEF2BMEF2D为核心转录因子的TF-gene调控网络,为深入解析肉牛肌肉发育表观遗传机制及CRISPR-Cas9功能验证提供了理论基础。

染色质可及性  /  肌肉发育  /  背最长肌  /  氨基酸  /  ATAC-seq

【Objective】 As a ruminant animal, cattle has a long muscle growth and development cycle. However, the regulatory mechanism of chromatin accessibility on bovine longissimus dorsi is not clear during the development of longissimus dorsi. This study aimed to explore the differential chromatin accessibility of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Angus cattle and Simmental cattle, screen the key transcription factors affecting bovine muscle growth, and then construct the TF-gene regulatory network, so as to provides the theoretical basis and new molecular target for further study of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of bovine muscle development.【Method】 The longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of 24-month-old Angus cattle (AGS) and Simmental cattle (XM) with the same feeding and management methods were collected, and the amino acid content was detected according to the national standard Determination of amino acids in food (GB 5009.124-2016). SPSS 9.4 software was used to analyze the significant difference of amino acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle between groups by t test. The collected longissimus dorsi muscle tissue was subjected to ATAC-seq sequencing. By identifying the chromatin open area (peak), peak analysis, GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis, and transcription factor binding site (motif) enrichment analysis were performed. Combined with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from the previous RNA-seq sequencing, a transcription factor-gene (TF-gene) regulatory network was constructed based on the GTRD database and the OmicShare Tools.【Result】 The results showed as follows:(1) The content of lysine (Lys), serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), histidine (His) and glutamic acid (Glu) in longissimus dorsi muscle of AGS group were significantly higher than those of XM group (P < 0.05); the content of proline (Pro) was the opposite (P < 0.05), indicating that the amino acid metabolic phenotype was significantly different between the two groups. (2) Chromatin accessibility was generally conserved between the two groups. A total of 29 140 peaks were detected in Angus cattle and 28 781 peaks were detected in Simmental cattle. The chromatin open regions between the two groups were mainly distributed at the transcription start site (TSS) ± 2 kb, and accounted for more than 84.57 % in the intron region, distal intergenic region and promoter region. (3) A total of 6 185 differential peaks were identified between the two groups, of which 5 030 peaks were up-regulated and 1155 were down-regulated. After the differential peak were annotated to related genes, GO/KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential peak-related genes were mainly enriched in classical muscle development-related pathways, such as anatomical morphogenesis, muscle structure development, actin filament-mediated, Hippo signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. (4) Motif enrichment analysis showed that among the top 20 transcription factor binding motifs, the top four belonged to the MEF2 transcription family, which were MEF2C, MEF2A, MEF2D, and MEF2B, respectively. Further focusing on the intersection analysis of AGS-specific peak and differentially expressed genes obtained by previous RNA-seq sequencing, it was found that the binding sites of MEF2B and MEF2D were the most enriched, and the TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as the core transcription factors was successfully constructed. A total of 13 target genes involved in muscle development regulation were screened, including ACTA1, CKM, CLCN1, SLN, and MYOZ3. IGV visualization confirmed the presence of MEF2B and MEF2D binding motifs in the promoter region of the above target genes, and highly overlapped with the open region of ATAC-seq.【Conclusion】 In this study, the combined analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data revealed the differences in chromatin accessibility between Angus cattle and Simmental cattle during the development of longissimus dorsi muscle, and screened MEF2B and MEF2D as key transcription factors (TFs) regulating bovine muscle growth. The TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as core transcription factors was constructed, which provided a theoretical basis for further analysis of the epigenetic mechanism of muscle development in beef cattle and functional verification of CRISPR-Cas9.

chromatin accessibility  /  muscle development  /  longissimus dorsi  /  amino acids  /  ATAC-seq
楚洪恩, 刘源, 白雪, 杨梦丽, 刘涛, 李芬, 李兰兰, 马云. 基于ATAC-seq筛选调控肉牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3687 -3698 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015
HongEn CHU, Yuan LIU, Xue BAI, MengLi YANG, Tao LIU, Fen LI, LanLan LI, Yun MA. The Key Transcription Factors Regulating Beef Cattle Muscle Development Screened by ATAC-seq[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3687 -3698 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015
【研究意义】在畜牧业实际生产中,肌肉发育与日增重指数和胴体品质密切相关,对养殖场的经济收入有直接的影响[1]。肌纤维的生化特性(如脂肪沉积、纤维类型)直接影响肉质的嫩度、风味和多汁性[2]。西门塔尔牛是体型大、骨骼粗壮、结缔组织含量高的兼用型经典品种;而安格斯牛具有早熟、高屠宰率的特性,其背最长肌生长速度快、肌纤维直径大、氧化性肌纤维比例相对较高。背最长肌是牛最重要的骨骼肌之一,其生长发育是一个多阶段、多因子的动态过程,受表观遗传修饰、基因表达调控网络、营养条件和环境因素等多层次协同调控[3-4],但具体的转录调控机制尚未明晰,探明其相关的调控机制对优化牛产肉性状具有关键作用,可为肉牛遗传改良和新品种培育提供理论基础。【前人研究进展】表观遗传修饰与基因表达直接影响肌纤维类型和生长潜力的上限[5],YUE等[6]研究发现,在猪胎儿发育过程中,染色质可及性在猪胚胎肌肉发育中通过影响转录因子的结合,来调控肌肉发育中关键基因的时空表达模式。MIAO等[7]对不同品种猪骨骼肌进行了ATAC-seq分析,发现了转录因子TFAP4MAXNHLH1FRX5TGIF1影响肌肉生长发育。GU等[8]通过对不同品种鸡在不同阶段的胸肌进行ATAC-seq测序,揭示了ACTC1MUSTN1作为关键转录因子,对鸡出生后快速生长期的肌肉生长网络的调控作用。CAO等[9]利用ATAC-seq对不同阶段湖羊的肌肉组织进行分析,结果表明,染色质可及性有助于调节湖羊出生后骨骼肌的生长和肌纤维转化。ZHAO等[10]通过对赣南牦牛和Jeryak背最长肌进行ATAC-seq分析,筛选到了FOXO1ZBED6CRY2CFL2可能参与骨骼肌发育,基因和转录因子调控网络图谱发现,YY1KLF4KLF5BACH1等转录因子参与骨骼肌发育。综上所述,染色质可及性在畜禽肌肉生长发育过程中通过调控转录因子的结合,影响基因的表达。【本研究切入点】尽管在猪、鸡、羊等畜禽中鉴定到潜在调控肌肉发育的转录因子,但这些关键的转录因子的保守性与物种特异性仍不明确,而牛作为反刍动物,肌肉生长发育周期长,其独特的瘤胃微生物-宿主互作体系影响氨基酸稳态。有研究报道牛成肌细胞在体外增殖和分化过程中,染色质可及性和基因表达的动态变化与GWAS相结合,发现牛生长发育性状的GWAS信号在骨骼肌发育的染色质中显著富集,阐明了骨骼肌发育相关顺式调节元件中遗传变异的活性[11],但在牛背最长肌发育过程中,染色质可及性的调控机制尚未明确。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以24月龄安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛为研究对象,聚焦安格斯牛早熟特性,采集背最长肌进行ATAC-seq分析,旨在探索牛背最长肌组织染色质可及性差异,以初步筛选影响牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子,构建TF-gene调控网络,为下一步深入探究牛肌肉发育表观修饰和转录调控机制提供新的分子材料。
试验所用牛由内蒙古科尔沁肉牛种业股份有限公司提供,于2024年7月分别随机选择3头饲养管理水平相同的24月龄安格斯牛(AGS)和西门塔尔牛(XM)公牛进行屠宰。牛屠宰前24h禁食,自由饮水。宰后无菌采集左侧胴体第12和13根肋骨之间背最长肌组织,将收集的样品放入2 mL冻存管中,并进行液氮速冻,干冰冷冻运输到广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司和苏州梦犀生物医药科技有限公司分别进行ATAC-seq和氨基酸含量检测。本试验所有的动物试验均经过宁夏大学科技伦理委员会批准(NXU-2024-168)。
Agilent 1100高效液相色谱仪,赛分Amethyst C18-H(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),超声波清洗器,湘仪高速冷冻离心机,旋涡混合器,氮吹仪,烘箱。
17种氨基酸标准品(wako),色氨酸标品,HPLC级乙腈,盐酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),正亮氨酸,三乙胺(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),异硫氰酸苯酯(sigma),正己烷(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),冰醋酸(上海生工生物有限公司),无水乙酸钠(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),超纯水。
氨基酸含量测定方法[12]按照国家标准《食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB 5009.124—2016)中所述方法进行测定。
ATAC-seq测序文库构建主要分4步完成,分别为:细胞裂解并提取细胞核,在细胞核悬液中加入Tn5转座酶进行转座反应;反应完成后纯化DNA片段,随后利用扩增产物进行PCR扩增,使用AMPure XP磁珠纯化片段(Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA,USA);文库构建完成后,采用Agilent 2100(Agilent, Santa Clara, CA)进行质量检测;经质量评估合格的文库用于NovaSeq X Plus平台测序,获得待测开放染色质区域片段序列信息。
通过使用FASTP[13](Version:0.19.5)对下机的clean reads再进行更严格的过滤,得到高质量读段(high quality clean reads)。质控合格后得到的高质量读段使用对比软件Bowtie2(Version:2.2.8)[14]比对到参考基因组(GCF_ 002263795.2_ARS-UCD1.3),最终比对到基因组上唯一位置的reads利用MACS2(version:2.1.2)[15]分析软件在全基因组范围进行开放染色质富集区域扫描(peak calling),默认阈值为q<0.05,并对peak在基因组上的位置信息、peak区域序列信息等进行分析,剔除远端基因间区(peak位于基因组上游2 kb以外或基因下游500 bp以外)的peak后,筛选对应的peak相关基因。利用DiffBind[16]软件对比较组间的所有peak进行差异分析,选择丰度差异倍数log2 FC>1,FDR<0.05,并注释到差异peak的相关基因。利用在线工具GO(Gene Ontology)(https://www.geneontology.org/)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)(https://www.genome.jp/kegg/)数据库对差异peak相关基因进行富集分析,显著富集标准为P<0.05。利用在线工具MEME Suite(http://meme-suite.org/)中motif富集分析(analysis of motif enrichment,AME)对各样本中已知的TF-motif进行富集分析,motif显著富集标准为E<10,P<0.05。利用JASPAR数据库(https://jaspar.elixir.no/)将富集到的motif进行检索最有可能与motif结合的转录因子。使用在线的基因转录调控数据库GTRD(v20.06)(http://gtrd20-06.biouml.org/)预测转录因子的靶基因及其相互作用关系,使用基迪奥云平台(https://www.omicshare.com/)绘制TF-gene调控网络图。
数据采用SPSS 9.4软件进行单因素方差分析,氨基酸含量用“平均值±标准差”表示,通过t检验进行组间差异显著性分析;相关性分析用Pearson相关系数进行计算。P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
表1可知,AGS组和XM组背最长肌中检测到17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸8种、非必需氨基酸9种。其中AGS组背最长肌中赖氨酸(Lys)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著高于XM组(P<0.05),而XM组背最长肌中脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著高于AGS组(P<0.05)。
本研究选用24月龄AGS和XM背最长肌进行ATAC-seq,共设AGS组和XM组两个处理组,每组3个生物学重复。对测序结果进行分析(表2),每个处理组至少获得了14 105 058 600个碱基,对原始数据进行质控后,每个样品最少保留了10 980 107 923 bp个符合要求的碱基,将质控合格的碱基对比到牛参考基因组(GCF_002263795.2_ARS- UCD1.3)后,每个文库至少得到了63 286 080个能正确比对到参考基因组的高质量读段,且文库的唯一比对率均大于66.33%。综上所述,表明测序数据可用于后续数据分析。
利用MACS2对全基因范围进行peak(染色质开放区)扫描(peak calling),在AGS组中扫描到29 140个peak,XM组中扫描到28 781个peak(图1-A),对富集在TSS区域的peak进行统计,发现富集在TSS±2 kb区域富集密度最高(图1-B),说明这个区域的染色质处于高度开放状态。
将基因组划分为启动子区域(promoter)(基因上游2 kb以内)、5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)、3′非翻译区(3′ UTR)、外显子区域(exon)、内含子区域(intron)、基因下游区域(downstream)(基因下游500 bp以内)和基因间区域(distal intergenic)(基因上游2 kb以外或基因下游500 bp以外)7类不同区域。对peak进行富集分析发现(图1-C、D),在AGS组中,被注释到内含子区域的peak最多,占比达到40.99%,其次是位于基因间区、启动子区、分别占比23.85%、19.78%;在XM组中,内含子区仍然是开放性最强的区域,有41.42%的peak被注释到该区域,另有23.23%和19.92%分别被注释到基因间区和启动子区。与XM组相比,AGS组中富集在内含子、启动子的peak比例减少,而基因间区富集增多;总体而言,各组peak在基因组功能元件上的分布高度相似,各组peak富集最多的区域是内含子区、远端基因区和启动子区,这三类区域的peak占到了各组peak总数的84.57%以上。
利用DiffBind软件,以log2 FC>1,FDR<0.05为筛选标准,在AGS和XM组间进行差异peak分析,共筛选到6 185个差异peak,其中5 030个上调,1 155个下调(图2-A)。火山图显示共鉴定到了大量差异peak,其中显著上调的peak数量远多于下调的peak,与柱状图结果一致(图2-B)。将筛选到的差异peak注释到相关基因,剔除远端基因间区的peak对应的相关基因后,将注释到的相关基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析。GO富集分析表明(图2-C),在显著性排列TOP20的生物学进程条目中,与肌肉发育相关的条目被大量富集,例如:解剖结构形态发生(GO:0009653,anatomical structure morphogenesis)、系统发育(GO:0048731,system development)、组织发育(GO:0009888,tissue development)、肌肉结构发育(GO:0061061,muscle structure development)、动物器官发育(GO:0048513,animal organ development)、细胞分化(GO:0030154,cell differentiation)、肌动蛋白丝介导过程(GO:0030029,actin filament-based process)。KEGG富集分析表明(图2-D),在显著性TOP20的信号通路中,差异peak相关基因与肌肉发育途径密切相关,包括:Hippo信号通路(ko04390,Hippo signaling pathway)、MAPK信号通路(ko04010,MAPK signaling pathway)、钙信号通路(ko04020,Calcium signaling pathway)、cGMP-PKG信号通路(ko04022,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway)、Wnt信号通路(ko04310,Wnt signaling pathway)、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调控(ko04810,Regulation of actin cytoskeleton)。
利用AME软件对组间差异peak进行motif富集分析,在AGS-XM组间富集到了173个已知转录因子,在显著富集前20个转录因子motif中,前5个转录因子中分别是MEF2CMEF2AMEF2DMEF2BNR4A1,其中有4个(MEF2CMEF2AMEF2DMEF2B)属于MEF2转录因子家族(表3)。
使用DESeq2软件,对从ATAC-seq相同样品上测序得到的AGS组和XM组差异表达基因(数据未发表),以log2 FC>1,P<0.05为标准筛选到了214个差异表达基因(DEGs)。使用ChIPseeker工具将AGS组特有peak注释到相关基因,共注释到了4 781个相关基因。进一步将RNA-seq差异基因与AGS组特有peak注释到的相关基因进行联合分析,结果显示,有51个DEGs的表达受到AGS组特有peak的影响(图3-A)。在此基础上,笔者对这51个DEGs进行peak提取,再次利用AME软件对提取到的peak进行motif富集分析,结果显示富集程度最高的2个转录因子是MEF2BMEF2D图3-B)。
为了进一步探索关键转录因子与DEGs的靶向关系,本研究将ATAC-seq和RNA-seq的重叠基因提交到GTRD基因转录调控数据库,筛选出MEF2DMEF2B的靶基因,并进一步使用基迪奥云平台绘制转录因子-靶基因(TF-gene)调控网络图(图4-A)。结果发现,在安格斯牛背最长肌发育过程中共有13个DEGs受转录因子MEF2BMEF2D潜在调控,其中ACTA1CKMCLCN1SLN等12个DEGs同时是转录因子MEF2BMEF2D的潜在靶基因,只有MYOZ3受转录因子MEF2D潜在调控。选取MYOZ3CLCN1SLNCKM的启动子区域,进行motif扫描分析,图4-B显示,在MYOZ3CLCN1SLNCKM基因启动子区均鉴定出MEF2BMEF2D结合基序,与ATAC-seq开放染色质区域高度一致,说明MEF2BMEF2D可直接结合这些基因的启动子并调控其转录。
肌肉发育直接影响畜牧业的肉产量和经济收益,研究表明,肌肉发育是决定畜禽肉产量及肉品质的关键因素[17-18],通过遗传选择或营养管理可以显著提升畜禽的生长性能[19]
氨基酸是蛋白质的基本单位,通过蛋白合成、调节代谢通路、影响肌卫星细胞活性等多种机制调控肌肉发育[20]。本研究发现安格斯牛背最长肌中赖氨酸(Lys)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、谷氨酸(Glu)的含量显著高于西门塔尔牛。提示上述差异氨基酸可能通过参与特定代谢通路和信号传导,协同调控肌肉发育。Jin等[21]研究揭示了赖氨酸通过结合FZD7受体激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,促进卫星细胞(MuSCs)的增殖和肌生成分化的分子机制,表明赖氨酸通过FZD7-β-catenin轴显著促进肌肉生长;Baráth等[22]研究发现丝氨酸生物合成途径中的磷酸丝氨酸氨基转移酶(Psat1),在肌肉干细胞(MuSCs)中通过产生α-酮戊二酸(α-KG)和谷氨酰胺,促进细胞扩增和骨骼肌再生。Gong等[23]发现精氨酸通过上调RyR1和电压门控钙通道表达,增加胞质Ca2+浓度,进而激活mTOR-AKT等下游通路,协同调控肌源性分化与肌管形成;而组氨酸代谢中间体组氨酰二肽参与钙瞬变的维持,通过和精氨酸互补的分子机制,协同促进肌肉发育[24]。此外,本研究还发现西门塔尔牛背最长肌中脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著高于安格斯牛,有研究表明大量摄入脯氨酸能够促进肌肉结缔组织蛋白合成[25],推测这可能是和西门塔尔牛的结缔组织含量较高的肉质特性相关[26]
GO富集分析显示,在显著性排序TOP20的生物学进程条目中,解剖结构形态发生、肌动蛋白丝介导过程等多个与肌肉发育相关的条目被显著富集[27-29],KEGG富集分析发现Hippo信号通路[30-31]、MAPK信号通路[32]、钙信号通路[33]、Wnt信号通路[34-35]、cGMP- PKG信号通路[36]和肌动蛋白细胞骨架调控通路[37]共同构成了一个复杂的调控网络,协调肌肉组织的发育和功能维持。
本研究通过差异motif与差异表达基因联合分析,进一步证实了MEF2BMEF2D是背最长肌发育过程中核心转录因子,可能通过表观遗传修饰调控下游靶基因表达。进一步分析发现,MEF2BMEF2D共同调控12个DEGs,与肌肉收缩和能量代谢相关。骨骼肌α-肌动蛋白(ACTA1)作为肌肉结构蛋白,其主要通过肌丝组装完整性和钙敏感性调节来调控肌肉发育。在肌肉纤维化模型中,AMPK激活可抑制TGF-β1诱导的Smad2/3磷酸化,减轻肌纤维及肌源性挛缩;而ACTA1突变导致肌节结构破坏,可激发AMPK信号抑制、TGF-β/Smad通路过度活化,进而加剧线粒体功能障碍与纤维化[38]。肌酸激酶M型(CKM)作为能量代谢酶,在肌肉收缩过程中通过磷酸肌酸系统维持ATP水平,维持细胞能量稳态[39]。在CKM功能缺陷疾病模型(CKM-TD)骨骼肌中,泛素-蛋白酶体系、氧化应激和自噬通路显著上调,AMPK和ULK1信号通路被激活;因此CKM可能通过AMPK/ULK1自噬通路、蛋白酶体降解通路及氧化应激通路来维持肌肉稳态[40]CLCN1编码CIC-1氯离子通道,通过稳定肌细胞静息膜电位、调控动作电位后复极化过程,维持骨骼正常兴奋性[41],其表达变化可能影响肌肉电生理特性。值得注意的是,MYOZ3(肌脂蛋白3)仅受MEF2D特异性调控,有研究报道在鸡胚胎肌母细胞中,MYOZ3过表达显著上调肌母细胞的增殖,上调快肌基因的表达;并富集在PPAR信号通路,暗示MYOZ3可能通过PPAR信号通路调控肌纤维类型的转变[42]SLN作为调控肌肉钙循环的关键基因,受MEF2BMEF2D潜在调控,这一发现为后续使用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除SLN基因,探究其在肌肉发育中钙信号通路的转录调控提供了理论支撑[43]
本研究通过ATAC-seq结合RNA-seq联合分析,揭示了牛背最长肌发育过程中染色质开放性差异及其调控机制,发现MEF2BMEF2D结合位点在安格斯牛特异性染色质开放区域富集程度最高;TF-gene调控网络显示MEF2BMEF2D通过靶基因ACTA1CKMCLCN1SLNMYOZ3对肌肉发育进行调控。本研究为肉牛肌肉发育的表观遗传图谱提供新视角,更为下一步利用CRISPR-Cas9敲除MEF2BMEF2D下游通路的研究,以及优质肉牛新种质资源创制提供了新的分子靶点。
  • 科技创新2030-重大项目(2023ZD0404803-02)
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2023BCF01006)
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2024BBF01007)
  • 宁夏回族自治区科技创新领军人才培养项目(2020GKLRLX02)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27
  • 录用日期:2026-06-04
基金
科技创新2030-重大项目(2023ZD0404803-02)
宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2023BCF01006)
宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2024BBF01007)
宁夏回族自治区科技创新领军人才培养项目(2020GKLRLX02)
作者信息
    1 宁夏回族自治区反刍动物分子细胞育种重点实验室/宁夏大学动物科技学院, 银川 750021
    2 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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