Article(id=1302192564438856671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767024000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1771171200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-16, onlineDate=1788396500929, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396500929, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396500929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396500929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3465, endPage=3475, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192566284350432, articleId=1302192564438856671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Genetic Composition Analysis of a New Multi-Resistant and High- Yield Wheat Variety, Chuanmai 82, columnId=1302192563881005712, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 Chuanmai 82 is a new multiple disease-resistant and high-yielding wheat variety bred from the durable disease-resistant germplasm Singh6, developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). This study aimed to construct a high-density genotypic map of Chuanmai 82, quantify the genomic contribution rates of its two parental lines, analyze its genetic composition, and clarify the parental origins of genetic loci associated with key traits such as disease resistance and yield. The findings provide a scientific basis for wheat variety improvement and the precise selection of parental lines in breeding programs. 【Method】 The wheat 100K SNP array was used to perform whole‑genome scanning of Chuanmai 82 and its two parents. This enabled a systematic analysis of its genetic architecture. Combined with the functional markers related to important agronomic traits and yield traits carried on the SNP array, the allelic genotype of Chuanmai 82 was analyzed to trace the genetic sources of its disease resistance and yield-related traits.【Result】 Whole-genome analysis indicated that the genetic contributions of the donor parent Singh6 and the recurrent parent Chuanong 16 to Chuanmai 82 were 16.36% and 83.64%, respectively, which aligns with the theoretical expectations of backcross breeding. The contribution rates exhibited a gradient difference across the subgenomes A, B, and D, with A>B>D. At the chromosomal level, the genetic fragments from Singh6 were not uniformly distributed, contributing 49.24% to 86.91% of the genetic components on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming significant large-segment donor regions. In contrast, Chuanong 16 contributed over 89% to most of the remaining chromosomes, constituting the genetic background of the variety. Functional marker-based tracing further demonstrated that the stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew resistance genes in Chuanmai 82 were predominantly derived from Singh6, while the pre-harvest sprouting resistance and yield-related genes were mainly inherited from Chuanong 16.【Conclusion】 This study accurately quantified the genetic composition of Chuanmai 82 at both the genome and chromosome levels. Notably, the genetic contribution of the donor parent Singh6 was concentrated on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming large-segment donor regions that retained the genetic diversity of the donor parent. Combined with functional marker analysis, some of these regions were enriched with rust and powdery mildew resistance genes from Singh6. Therefore, the optimal combination of these large-segment donor regions (carrying disease resistance genes) and the high-yield genetic background from Chuanong 16 is likely the key genetic basis for the synergistic enhancement of durable disease resistance and high yield in Chuanmai 82.

, authors=FangJie YAO1, ManYu YANG1, XueQin GAN1, Ning YANG1, LingYun ZENG2, Jun LI1, WuYun YANG1, EnNian YANG1, authorsList=FangJie YAO, ManYu YANG, XueQin GAN, Ning YANG, LingYun ZENG, Jun LI, WuYun YANG, EnNian YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192570734506981, articleId=1302192564438856671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=多抗高产小麦新品种川麦82的遗传构成解析, columnId=1302192564032000658, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 川麦82是利用国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)持久抗病种质Singh6选育而成的多抗高产小麦新品种。通过构建川麦82基因型图谱,量化双亲对其基因组贡献率,解析其遗传构成,并明确抗病和产量等性状相关遗传位点的亲本来源,为小麦品种改良和亲本精准选配提供科学依据。【方法】 利用小麦100K SNP液相芯片技术对川麦82及其双亲进行全基因组扫描,系统分析其遗传构成;结合芯片搭载的与重要农艺性状及产量性状关联的功能标记,对川麦82的等位基因型进行分析,以追溯其抗病及产量相关性状的遗传来源。【结果】 全基因组分析结果表明,供体亲本Singh6和轮回亲本川农16对川麦82的遗传贡献率分别为16.36%和83.64%,与回交育种的理论预期相符。贡献率在A、B、D亚基因组间呈现A>B>D的差异。在染色体水平上,Singh6的遗传片段并非均匀分布,其在1B、2D、4B、5D和6A染色体上贡献了49.24%—86.91%的遗传组分,形成了显著的大片段供体区段;而川农16在其余多数染色体上的贡献率超过89%,构成了品种的遗传背景。基于功能标记的溯源分析进一步揭示,川麦82的条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病抗性基因主要源自Singh6,而抗穗发芽和产量相关基因则主要继承自川农16。【结论】 在基因组和染色体水平上精准量化了川麦82的遗传构成。尤为重要的是,发现供体亲本Singh6的遗传贡献集中分布于1B、2D、4B、5D和6A等染色体上,形成了大片段供体区段,保留了供体亲本的遗传多样性。结合功能标记分析,部分区段恰好富集了来自Singh6的锈病、白粉病抗性基因。因此,这些大片段供体区段与来自川农16的高产遗传背景的有机结合,很可能是川麦82实现持久抗病与高产协同提升的关键遗传基础。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Identification and pyramiding of QTLs for traits associated with pre-harvest sprouting resistance in two wheat cultivars Chuanmai 42 and Chuannong 16, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192576572977189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, awardId=2025YFHZ0251, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划(2025YFHZ0251), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192576627503142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, awardId=SCCXTD-2024-11, language=CN, fundingSource=四川麦类创新团队项目(SCCXTD-2024-11), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192576711389223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, awardId=2024NSFSC1207, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC1207), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192576782692392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, awardId=NK20220607, language=CN, fundingSource=国家农业重大科技项目(NK20220607), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192571007136742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571015525351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, companyId=1302192571007136742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Tianfu Seed Industry Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571032302568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, companyId=1302192571007136742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 四川省农业科学院作物研究所(四川省种质资源中心)/农业农村部西南地区小麦生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/农业农村部天府种业创新重点实验室(部省共建)/粮油作物种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室, 成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192571099411433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571107800042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, companyId=1302192571099411433, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571116188651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, companyId=1302192571099411433, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 四川省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 成都 610066)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192575776059421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The distribution of differential loci across the A, B, and D subgenomes and on 21 chromosomes, figureFileSmall=xgT5nbGtkZgc7QGNdS0gLQ==, figureFileBig=Y5tTjmmwVJO6M3Wz/BAgGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192575855751198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=CN, label=图1, caption=差异位点在A、B、D亚基因组及21条染色体上的分布, figureFileSmall=xgT5nbGtkZgc7QGNdS0gLQ==, figureFileBig=Y5tTjmmwVJO6M3Wz/BAgGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192576044494879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Genotypic map of 21 chromosomes in Chuanmai 82

Red: Donor parent Singh6 segment; Dark blue: Recurrent parent Chuannong16 segment; Light blue: Common segment of both parents Singh6 and Chuannong16; Light Yellow: Heterozygous segment

, figureFileSmall=Bglr2Ezh3QMvVsin0uqRsg==, figureFileBig=71qo42aLnRO5j6Hn/P9UtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192576107409440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=CN, label=图2, caption=川麦82的21条染色体基因型图谱

红色:供体亲本Singh6区段;深蓝色:轮回亲本川农16区段;浅蓝色:双亲Singh6和川农16共同区段;浅黄色:川麦82杂合区段

, figureFileSmall=Bglr2Ezh3QMvVsin0uqRsg==, figureFileBig=71qo42aLnRO5j6Hn/P9UtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192576182906913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The parental contributions of Chuannong16 and Singh6 to its offspring Chuanmai 82 on the 21 chromosomes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色体
Chromosome
总差异位点数
No. of total differential SNPs
川农16 Chuannong 16 Singh6
差异位点数
No. of differential SNPs
贡献率
Contribution rate (%)
差异位点数
No. of differential SNPs
贡献率
Contribution rate (%)
1A 533 505 94.75 28 5.25
1B 1109 443 39.95 666 60.05
1D 174 156 89.66 18 10.34
2A 1869 1867 99.89 2 0.11
2B 1158 1151 99.40 7 0.60
2D 329 141 42.86 188 57.14
3A 792 719 90.78 73 9.22
3B 1031 1030 99.90 1 0.10
3D 265 264 99.62 1 0.38
4A 1042 1011 97.02 31 2.98
4B 408 137 33.58 271 66.42
4D 417 415 99.52 2 0.48
5A 954 951 99.69 3 0.31
5B 1133 1054 93.03 79 6.97
5D 197 100 50.76 97 49.24
6A 1230 161 13.09 1069 86.91
6B 1396 1392 99.71 4 0.29
6D 283 282 99.65 1 0.35
7A 961 857 89.18 104 10.82
7B 707 696 98.44 11 1.56
7D 373 352 94.37 21 5.63
A亚基因组Subgenome A 7381 6071 82.25 1310 17.75
B亚基因组Subgenome B 6942 5903 85.03 1039 14.97
D亚基因组Subgenome D 2038 1710 83.91 328 16.09
全基因组Whole Genome 16361 13684 83.64 2677 16.36
), ArticleFig(id=1302192576262598690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

川麦82来源于双亲川麦16和Singh6的遗传位点在21条染色体上的分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色体
Chromosome
总差异位点数
No. of total differential SNPs
川农16 Chuannong 16 Singh6
差异位点数
No. of differential SNPs
贡献率
Contribution rate (%)
差异位点数
No. of differential SNPs
贡献率
Contribution rate (%)
1A 533 505 94.75 28 5.25
1B 1109 443 39.95 666 60.05
1D 174 156 89.66 18 10.34
2A 1869 1867 99.89 2 0.11
2B 1158 1151 99.40 7 0.60
2D 329 141 42.86 188 57.14
3A 792 719 90.78 73 9.22
3B 1031 1030 99.90 1 0.10
3D 265 264 99.62 1 0.38
4A 1042 1011 97.02 31 2.98
4B 408 137 33.58 271 66.42
4D 417 415 99.52 2 0.48
5A 954 951 99.69 3 0.31
5B 1133 1054 93.03 79 6.97
5D 197 100 50.76 97 49.24
6A 1230 161 13.09 1069 86.91
6B 1396 1392 99.71 4 0.29
6D 283 282 99.65 1 0.35
7A 961 857 89.18 104 10.82
7B 707 696 98.44 11 1.56
7D 373 352 94.37 21 5.63
A亚基因组Subgenome A 7381 6071 82.25 1310 17.75
B亚基因组Subgenome B 6942 5903 85.03 1039 14.97
D亚基因组Subgenome D 2038 1710 83.91 328 16.09
全基因组Whole Genome 16361 13684 83.64 2677 16.36
), ArticleFig(id=1302192576380039203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Functional marker analysis of Chuanmai 82 and its parents Chuannong 16 and Singh6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
基因
Gene
川农16
Chuannong 16
Singh6 川麦82
Chuanmai 82
性状
Trait
基因
Gene
川农16
Chuannong 16
Singh6 川麦82
Chuanmai 82
条锈病
Stripe rust
Yr5 - - - 白粉病
Powdery mildew
Pm2a - - -
Yr18 - + - Pm21 - - -
Yr26 - - - PmV - - -
Yr29 - + + Pm12 + + +
Yr30 - + + Pm5e - - -
Yr75 - + + 黄花叶病毒病
Wheat yellow mosaic virus
IWA700 - - -
Yr78 - + - 穗发芽
Pre-harvest sprouting
TaSdr-A1 易Prone NA 易Prone
Yr80 - NA - TaSdr-B1 易Prone 易Prone 易Prone
Yr82 - - - TaMFT-3A 易Prone 易Prone 易Prone
YrZH58 - - - Phs1-3A 抗Resistant NA 抗Resistant
YrSP - - - 多酚氧化酶活性
Polyphenol oxidase
Ppo2-B1 低Low 高High 低Low
QYrsn.nwafu-1BL - NA NA Ppo2-D1 高High 高High H
QYrxn.nwafu-1BL + - - 籽粒大小Seed size QGl-4A 小Small 小Small 小Small
QYrsn.nwafu-2AS - - - 籽粒大小/粒重
Seed size/weight
TaSus2-2A 低Low 低Low 低Low
QYrqin.nwafu-2AL + + + TaSus2-2B 高High 低Low 高High
QYrhm.nwafu-2BC - - - TaGS2-B1 NA / /
QYrqin.nwafu-2BL + NA + 粒重
Seed weight
TaCwi-A1 高High 低Low 高High
QYr.nwafu-3BS NA + NA Tabas1 H H 低Low
QYrsn.nwafu-3DL - + - TaGS5-A1 低Low 低Low 低Low
QYr.nwafu-4BL - - - TaGW2-6A 低Low H 高High
QYrsn.nwafu-6BS - - - TaT6P H 低Low 低Low
QYrqin.nwafu-6BS - - - 面粉色泽Flour color Lyce-A1 / 高High /
叶锈病
Leaf rust
Lr21 - - - TaLCYE-B1 低Low 低Low 低Low
Lr37 - - - 籽粒硬度Grain hardness Pinb-D1 软Soft 软Soft 软Soft
Lr46 - + + 种皮颜色Bran color Tamyb10-B1 H / /
Lr67 + + + 开花时间
Flower time
TaTOE-B1 NA H /
Lr68 - - - ELF3-B1 晚Late 晚Late 晚Late
Lr80 - - - Vrn-A1 晚Late 早Early 晚Late
赤霉病
Fusarium head blight
Qfhb.caas-3BL - H - 株高
Plant height
QPht-2D 矮Short 矮Short 矮Short
QFhb.hbaas-5AS + + + RHT-8 矮Short 高High 高High
QFhb.hbaas-5AL - + - Rht-D1 高High NA NA
QFhb.caas-5AL - - - Rht24_AP2 高High H 矮Short
), ArticleFig(id=1302192576463925284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192564438856671, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

川麦82及双亲川麦16和Singh6的功能标记分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
基因
Gene
川农16
Chuannong 16
Singh6 川麦82
Chuanmai 82
性状
Trait
基因
Gene
川农16
Chuannong 16
Singh6 川麦82
Chuanmai 82
条锈病
Stripe rust
Yr5 - - - 白粉病
Powdery mildew
Pm2a - - -
Yr18 - + - Pm21 - - -
Yr26 - - - PmV - - -
Yr29 - + + Pm12 + + +
Yr30 - + + Pm5e - - -
Yr75 - + + 黄花叶病毒病
Wheat yellow mosaic virus
IWA700 - - -
Yr78 - + - 穗发芽
Pre-harvest sprouting
TaSdr-A1 易Prone NA 易Prone
Yr80 - NA - TaSdr-B1 易Prone 易Prone 易Prone
Yr82 - - - TaMFT-3A 易Prone 易Prone 易Prone
YrZH58 - - - Phs1-3A 抗Resistant NA 抗Resistant
YrSP - - - 多酚氧化酶活性
Polyphenol oxidase
Ppo2-B1 低Low 高High 低Low
QYrsn.nwafu-1BL - NA NA Ppo2-D1 高High 高High H
QYrxn.nwafu-1BL + - - 籽粒大小Seed size QGl-4A 小Small 小Small 小Small
QYrsn.nwafu-2AS - - - 籽粒大小/粒重
Seed size/weight
TaSus2-2A 低Low 低Low 低Low
QYrqin.nwafu-2AL + + + TaSus2-2B 高High 低Low 高High
QYrhm.nwafu-2BC - - - TaGS2-B1 NA / /
QYrqin.nwafu-2BL + NA + 粒重
Seed weight
TaCwi-A1 高High 低Low 高High
QYr.nwafu-3BS NA + NA Tabas1 H H 低Low
QYrsn.nwafu-3DL - + - TaGS5-A1 低Low 低Low 低Low
QYr.nwafu-4BL - - - TaGW2-6A 低Low H 高High
QYrsn.nwafu-6BS - - - TaT6P H 低Low 低Low
QYrqin.nwafu-6BS - - - 面粉色泽Flour color Lyce-A1 / 高High /
叶锈病
Leaf rust
Lr21 - - - TaLCYE-B1 低Low 低Low 低Low
Lr37 - - - 籽粒硬度Grain hardness Pinb-D1 软Soft 软Soft 软Soft
Lr46 - + + 种皮颜色Bran color Tamyb10-B1 H / /
Lr67 + + + 开花时间
Flower time
TaTOE-B1 NA H /
Lr68 - - - ELF3-B1 晚Late 晚Late 晚Late
Lr80 - - - Vrn-A1 晚Late 早Early 晚Late
赤霉病
Fusarium head blight
Qfhb.caas-3BL - H - 株高
Plant height
QPht-2D 矮Short 矮Short 矮Short
QFhb.hbaas-5AS + + + RHT-8 矮Short 高High 高High
QFhb.hbaas-5AL - + - Rht-D1 高High NA NA
QFhb.caas-5AL - - - Rht24_AP2 高High H 矮Short
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多抗高产小麦新品种川麦82的遗传构成解析
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姚方杰 1 , 杨漫宇 1 , 甘学琴 1 , 杨宁 1 , 曾令芸 2 , 李俊 1 , 杨武云 1 , 杨恩年 1
中国农业科学 | 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 2026,59(16): 3465-3475
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中国农业科学 |作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 2026 , 59 (16) : 3465 -3475
多抗高产小麦新品种川麦82的遗传构成解析
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姚方杰1 , 杨漫宇1, 甘学琴1, 杨宁1, 曾令芸2, 李俊1, 杨武云1, 杨恩年1
作者信息
  • 1 四川省农业科学院作物研究所(四川省种质资源中心)/农业农村部西南地区小麦生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/农业农村部天府种业创新重点实验室(部省共建)/粮油作物种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室, 成都 610066
  • 2 四川省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 成都 610066
通讯作者:
杨恩年,E-mail:
作者简介:

姚方杰,E-mail:

Genetic Composition Analysis of a New Multi-Resistant and High- Yield Wheat Variety, Chuanmai 82
FangJie YAO1 , ManYu YANG1, XueQin GAN1, Ning YANG1, LingYun ZENG2, Jun LI1, WuYun YANG1, EnNian YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Tianfu Seed Industry Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066
  • 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.001
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【目的】 川麦82是利用国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)持久抗病种质Singh6选育而成的多抗高产小麦新品种。通过构建川麦82基因型图谱,量化双亲对其基因组贡献率,解析其遗传构成,并明确抗病和产量等性状相关遗传位点的亲本来源,为小麦品种改良和亲本精准选配提供科学依据。【方法】 利用小麦100K SNP液相芯片技术对川麦82及其双亲进行全基因组扫描,系统分析其遗传构成;结合芯片搭载的与重要农艺性状及产量性状关联的功能标记,对川麦82的等位基因型进行分析,以追溯其抗病及产量相关性状的遗传来源。【结果】 全基因组分析结果表明,供体亲本Singh6和轮回亲本川农16对川麦82的遗传贡献率分别为16.36%和83.64%,与回交育种的理论预期相符。贡献率在A、B、D亚基因组间呈现A>B>D的差异。在染色体水平上,Singh6的遗传片段并非均匀分布,其在1B、2D、4B、5D和6A染色体上贡献了49.24%—86.91%的遗传组分,形成了显著的大片段供体区段;而川农16在其余多数染色体上的贡献率超过89%,构成了品种的遗传背景。基于功能标记的溯源分析进一步揭示,川麦82的条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病抗性基因主要源自Singh6,而抗穗发芽和产量相关基因则主要继承自川农16。【结论】 在基因组和染色体水平上精准量化了川麦82的遗传构成。尤为重要的是,发现供体亲本Singh6的遗传贡献集中分布于1B、2D、4B、5D和6A等染色体上,形成了大片段供体区段,保留了供体亲本的遗传多样性。结合功能标记分析,部分区段恰好富集了来自Singh6的锈病、白粉病抗性基因。因此,这些大片段供体区段与来自川农16的高产遗传背景的有机结合,很可能是川麦82实现持久抗病与高产协同提升的关键遗传基础。

川麦82  /  持久抗病  /  SNP标记  /  基因型图谱  /  遗传构成

【Objective】 Chuanmai 82 is a new multiple disease-resistant and high-yielding wheat variety bred from the durable disease-resistant germplasm Singh6, developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). This study aimed to construct a high-density genotypic map of Chuanmai 82, quantify the genomic contribution rates of its two parental lines, analyze its genetic composition, and clarify the parental origins of genetic loci associated with key traits such as disease resistance and yield. The findings provide a scientific basis for wheat variety improvement and the precise selection of parental lines in breeding programs. 【Method】 The wheat 100K SNP array was used to perform whole‑genome scanning of Chuanmai 82 and its two parents. This enabled a systematic analysis of its genetic architecture. Combined with the functional markers related to important agronomic traits and yield traits carried on the SNP array, the allelic genotype of Chuanmai 82 was analyzed to trace the genetic sources of its disease resistance and yield-related traits.【Result】 Whole-genome analysis indicated that the genetic contributions of the donor parent Singh6 and the recurrent parent Chuanong 16 to Chuanmai 82 were 16.36% and 83.64%, respectively, which aligns with the theoretical expectations of backcross breeding. The contribution rates exhibited a gradient difference across the subgenomes A, B, and D, with A>B>D. At the chromosomal level, the genetic fragments from Singh6 were not uniformly distributed, contributing 49.24% to 86.91% of the genetic components on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming significant large-segment donor regions. In contrast, Chuanong 16 contributed over 89% to most of the remaining chromosomes, constituting the genetic background of the variety. Functional marker-based tracing further demonstrated that the stripe rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew resistance genes in Chuanmai 82 were predominantly derived from Singh6, while the pre-harvest sprouting resistance and yield-related genes were mainly inherited from Chuanong 16.【Conclusion】 This study accurately quantified the genetic composition of Chuanmai 82 at both the genome and chromosome levels. Notably, the genetic contribution of the donor parent Singh6 was concentrated on chromosomes 1B, 2D, 4B, 5D, and 6A, forming large-segment donor regions that retained the genetic diversity of the donor parent. Combined with functional marker analysis, some of these regions were enriched with rust and powdery mildew resistance genes from Singh6. Therefore, the optimal combination of these large-segment donor regions (carrying disease resistance genes) and the high-yield genetic background from Chuanong 16 is likely the key genetic basis for the synergistic enhancement of durable disease resistance and high yield in Chuanmai 82.

Chuanmai 82  /  durable resistance  /  SNP marker  /  genotypic map  /  genetic constitution
姚方杰, 杨漫宇, 甘学琴, 杨宁, 曾令芸, 李俊, 杨武云, 杨恩年. 多抗高产小麦新品种川麦82的遗传构成解析. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3465 -3475 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.001
FangJie YAO, ManYu YANG, XueQin GAN, Ning YANG, LingYun ZENG, Jun LI, WuYun YANG, EnNian YANG. Genetic Composition Analysis of a New Multi-Resistant and High- Yield Wheat Variety, Chuanmai 82[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3465 -3475 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.001
【研究意义】小麦是全球种植面积最广、分布最广泛的粮食作物,超过35%的世界人口以其为主食。在我国,小麦是继玉米和水稻之后的第三大粮食作物。1949—2000年,我国累计育成小麦品种2 000余份,近半数品种的遗传背景可追溯至16个骨干亲本[1]。然而,骨干亲本的长期重复使用导致现代育成品种遗传基础趋于狭窄,限制了产量与品质性状的进一步提升[1-2]。值得注意的是,这16个骨干亲本中,有7个是国外引进品种(南大2419、欧柔、阿夫、阿勃、早洋麦、洛夫林10号和墨巴66),因此,积极引进更多国外优异小麦种质资源,并利用适宜育种手段开展本土化改良与创新,是拓宽我国小麦品种遗传基础的重要途径之一[3]。同时,对引进种质所育成的新品种进行深入遗传解析,对新品种高效选育与亲本精准配置具有重要的理论指导意义。【前人研究进展】近年来,针对我国不同时期骨干亲本与其衍生后代或姊妹系间的遗传差异与遗传规律,已有较多研究。研究表明,骨干亲本在基因组和染色体层面对衍生后代的贡献,主要与关键基因的遗传传递有关;这些基因更易受到育种者选择,携带此类基因的后代往往因性状突出而成为各时期的代表性品种[4-13]。例如,肖永贵等[4]通过对骨干亲本周8425B的50个衍生品种进行分析,发现所携带的4个抗条锈病基因均来源于周8425B。孔子明等[5]对周8425B的一代衍生种周麦16的遗传构成进行分析,表明周8425B的遗传贡献率(64.32%)显著高于另一亲本周麦9号(35.68%)。李小军等[14]比较了周8425B的二代衍生品种百农AK58与其姊妹系,发现百农AK58在基因组层面具有特异染色体片段分布,赋予其在产量、抗倒伏、抗寒、抗病和加工品质等方面的综合优势。邹少奎等[7]在解析周麦23号遗传组成时发现,其母本周麦13号的遗传贡献率(63.31%)显著高于父本新麦9号(36.69%),并指出育种过程中对矮秆、大穗、直立叶型的选择偏好是导致遗传偏分离的主要原因,进一步说明育种目标与性状选择对关键基因传递具有重要影响。【本研究切入点】以往对骨干亲本及其衍生系的研究多基于SSR、DArT等低密度分子标记,受技术限制难以实现全基因组精细解析[15-17]。随着高通量SNP技术的发展,对主栽品种进行全基因组遗传解析已成为可能[7,18 -20]。Singh6是从CIMMYT引进的具有持久抗病特性的小麦品种,携带Yr18/Lr34/Pm38/Sr57Yr29/Lr46/Pm39Yr30/Lr27/Sr2/Sb3等持久抗病基因,在多年田间鉴定中表现稳定高抗。为利用其抗性,以Singh6为供体与国审品种川农16杂交并回交,结合分子标记辅助选择育成了适应四川生态条件的多抗高产新品种川麦82。该品种在四川省区试中表现突出,2年平均亩产较对照增产10.4%,生产试验中增产8.2%,展现出良好的产量潜力和稳产性。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以多抗高产小麦新品种川麦82及其双亲为材料,利用100K SNP芯片进行全基因组扫描与功能基因分布分析,系统解析川麦82的遗传构成,量化双亲Singh6(供体亲本)与川农16(轮回亲本)的基因组贡献率,并明确抗病和产量等性状相关遗传位点的亲本来源,为小麦品种改良和亲本精准选配提供科学依据。
川麦82系谱为Singh6/3×川农16,是以持久抗条锈病种质Singh6为供体亲本、以感病品种川农16为轮回亲本,经杂交后连续回交2代,并采用改良混合选择法,结合分子标记选择培育而成的高产、抗条锈病小麦新品种。该品种由四川省农业科学院作物研究所选育,于2014—2016年参加四川省小麦区域试验,并于2017年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。其中,供体亲本Singh6系是从CIMMYT引进的具有持久抗病特性的小麦种质资源,系谱为:WEAVER/9/KT/BAGE//FN/U/3/BZA/4/TRM/5/ALDAN/6/SERI/7/VEE#10/8/OPAPA/10/BORL95;轮回亲本川农16为四川农业大学小麦研究所选育的小麦品种,于2002年通过四川省审定,2003年通过国家审定,具有高产、稳产、优质、多抗及适应性强的特性。上述亲本及相关育种材料均由四川省农业科学院作物研究所提供。
分别取Singh6、川农16和川麦82的单株叶片,干燥处理。随后使用高通量DNA提取试剂盒提取混合样品的基因组DNA。用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度与完整性,并采用Qubit荧光计对DNA浓度进行精确定量。
采用石家庄博瑞迪生物有限公司开发的100K液相芯片对3个供试材料进行基因型分析,共计108 836个SNP标记。博瑞迪小麦100K液相芯片(GenoBaits® Wheat 100K Panel)产品依托于国内外1 000多份六倍体小麦重测序数据、4.5万份GBS数据、近千份的外显子测序数据和商业化芯片数据,同时涵盖数千个QTL位点,适用于野生种、农家种、栽培种,以及二倍体、四倍体种质材料,可用于种质资源评价、图谱构建和全基因组关联分析等。
基于100K SNP芯片获得的基因分型数据,首先对标记进行筛选,剔除亲本中基因型为杂合、缺失及属于插入/缺失类型(InDel)的位点。随后统计双亲之间的多态性SNP位点,并据此分析川麦82的基因型来源:若川麦82在某位点的基因型与Singh6相同,则将该位点记为Singh6的贡献位点;若与川农16相同,则记为川农16的贡献位点。通过计算各自贡献位点数占双亲间差异位点总数的比例获得Singh6与川农16对川麦82的遗传贡献率。用Excel 2021进行数据分析,利用GGT 2.0软件(https://ggt.software.informer.com/2.0/)绘制标记的染色体分布和基因型图谱。进一步结合100K SNP芯片搭载的128个功能标记,对川麦82及其亲本川农16和Singh6进行功能基因层面的比较分析。
基于100K SNP芯片,通过对川麦82、川农16和Singh6进行全基因组扫描,共获得108 836个SNP标记。经质控后,最终保留86 461个有效位点用于后续分析。结果表明,川麦82与双亲基因型一致的等位变异位点数为70 100个,占标记总数的81.08%;多态性标记共计16 361个,占比18.92%。多态性标记在基因组间的分布不均(图1),其中,A亚基因组最多(7 381个),其次为B亚基因组(6 942个),D亚基因组最少(2 038个)。从染色体分布来看,分布亦呈现不均衡的现象,2A染色体上的多态性标记数量最多(1 869个),而1D染色体最少(174个)。筛选的16 361个多态性标记将用于下一步的双亲对川麦82的遗传贡献率分析。
经全基因组分析,结果显示,Singh6和川农16对川麦82的实际遗传贡献率分别为16.36%和83.64%(表1),与理论值高度吻合,表明该育种过程总体符合预期。在基因组水平上,来自Singh6的遗传位点在A、B、D亚基因组中的比例分别为17.75%、14.97%和16.09%,而来自川农16的遗传位点比例分别为82.25%、85.03%和83.91%,亦与理论值高度一致(表1)。进一步染色体分布显示(图2),Singh6的遗传贡献呈现明显的染色体特异性,其主要`片段保留在1B、2D、4B、5D和6A等染色体上,其他染色体的背景回复率均高于89%,表明这些染色体区域遗传背景高度接近轮回亲本。
上述结果表明,Singh6来源的遗传片段在染色体间分布不均,具有明显的大片段非均匀分布特征。表明在这些片段富集的染色体区域,可能携带与目标性状相关的功能基因,从而在育种过程中被优先保留,值得后续通过基因定位与功能验证进一步探究。
利用100K SNP芯片对川麦82及其亲本川农16和Singh6进行检测,共获得64个功能标记的有效基因型数据。这些功能基因的优异等位变异多数仅来源于单一亲本,少数为双亲所共有。具体而言,供体亲本Singh6贡献了抗病基因Yr29Yr30Yr75Lr46的优异等位变异,实现了对CIMMYT种质中持久抗病基因的有效转育;轮回亲本川农16则提供了抗病基因QYrqin.nwafu-2BL、抗穗发芽基因Phs1-3A,以及粒重相关基因TaSus2-2BTaCwi-A1的优异等位变异。此外,抗病基因QYrqin.nwafu-2ALLr67QFhb.hbaas-5ASPm12与矮秆基因QPht-2D的优异等位变异为双亲共有(表2)。
综上,川麦82通过染色体片段渐渗回交聚合了来源于双亲的多个优异等位基因,主要包括:5个抗条锈病基因、2个抗叶锈病基因、1个抗赤霉病基因、1个抗白粉病基因、1个抗穗发芽基因、2个粒重相关基因,以及1个矮秆等位基因。这些基因的聚合构成了川麦82丰富的抗病性和农艺性状相关的分子遗传基础。
回交作为作物遗传改良的核心策略,通过定向导入供体亲本的目标基因,改良栽培品种的缺陷性状、增强适应性以推动品种推广[21]。其应用实践在我国小麦育种中积累了丰富经验,多位学者的创新探索并先后提出了“滚动回交”“大群体有限回交”“互补适应回交”等方法,为小麦育种研究奠定了重要基础[22-29]。在上述研究基础上,本团队长期与CIMMYT合作,持续引进持久抗病小麦种质资源,经系统评价筛选出适配四川生态区的小麦种质,开展本土化育种应用,为拓宽我国小麦遗传基础、丰富种质资源多样性提供重要科技支撑[26,29 -32]。在利用CIMMYT持久抗病种质的过程中,总结出一套染色体片段渐渗回交育种方法,该方法结合了分子标记辅助聚合多个微效持久抗病基因、穿梭育种与温室快繁等技术。利用该方法已成功育成川麦82、川麦88、川麦802等一系列兼具高产与抗病性的小麦新品种。
川麦82是以Singh6为母本、川农16为父本进行杂交,再以川农16作为轮回亲本连续回交2次,随后通过多代自交并结合混合选择法选育而成。根据回交育种理论,供体亲本Singh6与轮回亲本川农16对该品种的理论遗传贡献率应分别为12.5%和87.5%。本研究利用全基因组芯片扫描技术对川麦82进行了遗传构成分析,结果显示,供体亲本Singh6与轮回亲本川农16的实际遗传贡献率分别为16.36%和83.64%(表1),与二次回交后的理论预测值存在微小偏差(3.86%),可能与基因连锁累赘、选择压力强度及双亲遗传背景互作等因素有关[4,6,33]。进一步分析发现,川农16在A、B、D亚基因组中的贡献率为82.25%—85.03%(表1),均接近85%的理论水平,说明该回交体系可在全基因组范围内较为均衡地恢复轮回亲本的遗传背景,展现出良好的育种可控性与实用潜力。
在染色体水平进一步对川麦82的遗传构成进行分析发现,供体亲本Singh6的遗传贡献呈片段化非均匀分布的特征,可能与抗病性的强选择压力或者遗传连锁以及染色体本身的结构特性有关。从图2可见,在1B染色体长臂末端约640—699 Mb存在一个来自Singh6的遗传片段,而Singh6所携带并传递给川麦82的一因多效持久抗病基因Yr29/Lr46,其物理位置正位于该区段[34-37]。这进一步证实,该区段的保留与针对Yr29/Lr46的选择直接相关。类似地,在7A染色体长臂末端712—744 Mb也存在一个来自Singh6的片段,其中,恰好包含Singh6传递给川麦82的Yr75[38]。该结果不仅与本研究利用CIMMYT种质转育持久抗病基因的目标一致,同时表明,在抗病基因的选择过程中,人工选择不仅作用于目标基因本身,也驱动其所在染色体区段的协同保留。
另外,供体亲本Singh6在4B和6A染色体上对川麦82的贡献率分别达到66.42%和86.91%。为何这些染色体上会保留如此大片段的外源遗传物质?考虑到芯片所能覆盖的功能基因信息有限,或这些片段中可能含有尚未被识别的优异基因,推测其保留原因可能与以下因素有关:在人工选择过程中,这些地理远缘种质片段表现出优异的本土化适应性、多抗性或高产性等性状优势,因而被持续保留。其具体机制仍有待进一步深入探究。与此同时,该结果也表明染色体片段渐渗回交育种的方法,不仅能有效导入并聚合目标基因,还能通过大片段渐渗保留供体亲本的遗传多样性,并结合轮回亲本的优良遗传背景,为小麦的定向遗传改良提供了稳定可靠的技术途径。
值得注意的是,川农16为1BL/1RS易位系,而川麦82的1B染色体短臂主要来源于Singh6。表明在育种过程中川农16所携带来源于黑麦的1RS染色体臂已被Singh6的1BS整体替换[39]。尽管1BL/1RS易位系因其优良的抗病性与高产性曾被广泛应用[40-41],但其携带的主效抗病基因现已普遍失效,且黑麦碱编码基因还会对加工品质产生负面影响[42]。因此,本研究证实,通过染色体片段渐渗回交技术,以优良小麦来源片段(如Singh6的1BS)替换易位系中外源染色体臂(如1RS)[43],为定向改良现有大量1BL/1RS衍生种质提供了一条可行且具有潜力的技术途径。
经四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所接种鉴定,川麦82表现为高抗条锈病、中抗白粉病、高感赤霉病。同时,课题组后续研究发现,川麦82兼具高抗叶锈病与高抗穗发芽特性。结合功能标记分析结果(表2)进一步表明,川麦82聚合了Yr29Yr30Yr75QYrqin.nwafu-2ALQYrqin.nwafu-2BLLr46Lr67Pm12QFhb.hbaas-5ASPhs1-3ARHT-8等基因,这些基因共同构成了川麦82多抗高产性状的分子遗传基础,也进一步证实了从CIMMYT种质中转育持久抗病基因的可行性与有效性。
其中,Yr29Lr46为同一个一因多效基因,该位点同时赋予白粉病抗性(Pm39)、秆锈病抗性(Sr58),以及伴随的叶片干尖症状(Ltn2),构成Lr46/Yr29/Sr58/Pm39/Ltn2复合位点[34-37]。田间观察进一步证实,川麦82与其供体Singh6均表现出叶尖干枯现象。聚合持久抗病基因确实可增强抗性水平与持久性,但防御反应的激活通常伴随寄主能量消耗,且Ltn2等干尖相关基因可能带来负面表型效应。因此,在育种中可将主效抗病基因与持久抗性基因进行累加,在实现全生育期抗性的同时,获得更稳定持久的抗病表现,为品种抗性改良提供双重保障。
功能标记分析结果显示,川麦82的白粉病抗性基因来源可能为Pm12,而由于外缘染色体6SS和小麦6BS存在严重的交换抑制,导致晚熟、低产等连锁累赘难以完全被消除,Pm12至今未在生产上使用[44],因此,川麦82中是否携带Pm12有待进一步证实,而其白粉病中抗表型或由一因多效基因Pm39Lr46/ Yr29/Sr58/Pm39/Ltn)介导的抗性所致[35]。川麦82及其双亲均携带赤霉病抗性位点QFhb.hbaas-5AS,但三者均表现为高感赤霉病,可能因单一微效QTL无法提供有效抗性[45]。因此,聚合多个赤霉病抗性基因(如Fhb1Fhb2Fhb4Fhb5Fhb7等)是后续川麦82赤霉病抗性改良的重点方向。此外,川麦82穗发芽抗性可能来源于Phs1-3A,且该基因由轮回亲本川农16传递至川麦82(表2)。王琴等[46]研究发现,川农16携带8个穗发芽抗性QTL,包括3A染色体上的主效位点QSgr.saas-3A,推测其与Phs1-3A可能为同一抗性基因。
构建了川麦82的基因型图谱;解析了川麦82的遗传构成特点,明确了供体亲本染色体片段在川麦82中呈现显著的非均匀分布特征,证实了回交育种在精准导入目标基因的同时,能够有效恢复轮回亲本的遗传背景,同时引入供体亲本的遗传多样性,这些片段中富集了Yr29Yr75Lr46等多个重要抗病基因,说明人工选择不仅作用于目标基因,也驱动其所在染色体区域的协同保留。尤为重要的是,通过回交实现了1BS优良片段对1RS的成功替换,为缓解我国小麦育种中1BL/1RS易位系所带来的加工品质限制提供了可行的遗传改良路径。此外,所鉴定的Singh6来源大片段及其富集的抗病基因可作为分子标记辅助选择的关键靶区,有助于高效聚合抗病与高产性状,推动同类优良小麦品种的定向选育。
  • 四川省科技计划(2025YFHZ0251)
  • 四川麦类创新团队项目(SCCXTD-2024-11)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC1207)
  • 国家农业重大科技项目(NK20220607)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.001
  • 接收时间:2025-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-30
  • 录用日期:2026-02-16
基金
四川省科技计划(2025YFHZ0251)
四川麦类创新团队项目(SCCXTD-2024-11)
四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC1207)
国家农业重大科技项目(NK20220607)
作者信息
    1 四川省农业科学院作物研究所(四川省种质资源中心)/农业农村部西南地区小麦生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/农业农村部天府种业创新重点实验室(部省共建)/粮油作物种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室, 成都 610066
    2 四川省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 成都 610066

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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