Article(id=1302192609204658263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774195200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineDate=1788396511602, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396511602, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396511602, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396511602, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3673, endPage=3686, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192611071123545, articleId=1302192609204658263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Black-Tailed and White-Tailed Plumage Traits in B380 Chickens Based on Multi- Omics Analysis, columnId=1302192610991431768, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 and to identify key candidate genes and loci associated with tail feather color. It provides a theoretical basis for poultry breeding and molecular breeding of feather color related traits.【Method】 A natural population consisting of 80 Babcock B380 hens with either black-tailed or white-tailed phenotypes was used in this study. The morphology and distribution of melanosomes within tail feather follicles were analyzed using histological sections observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptome data were utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify co-expression modules associated with tail feather color and to screen hub genes within key modules. The expression levels of selected DEGs were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, based on genotypic data from the natural population, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify genetic loci associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 chickens. The identified loci were further validated at the population level and subjected to integrative analysis. In addition, codon usage bias of PMEL mRNA was analyzed.【Result】 Microscopic observations revealed that melanosomes were predominantly deposited in the feather shaft region of chicken feather follicles, with the melanosome area being significantly greater in black-tailed chickens than in white-tailed chickens. Transcriptome analysis identified 373 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in melanin biosynthesis- related pathways. Key pigmentation-related genes, including PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, and SLC45A2, were highly expressed in black-tailed feather follicles. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 25 co-expression modules, among which the MEmagenta module was closely associated with melanosome biosynthesis. Integrated analyses of network connectivity and protein-protein interaction networks identified ten potential hub regulatory genes: PMEL, PIAS2, NDEL1, MSRA, HDLBP, GCNT4, FMR1NB, TBLX1, ST3GAL5, and RAB11A. qRT-PCR validation showed that the expression patterns of 4 DEGs were consistent with the RNA-seq results. GWAS identified a total of 968 significant SNPs located on chicken chromosomes 1, 5, and 34, which were annotated to 221 genes. Among these, 7 SNPs within the PMEL gene showed significant associations with tail feather color. Notably, the rs316665588 locus was significantly associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather phenotypes. Codon bias index (CBI) analysis indicated that the mutation at this locus resulted in a transition from the rare codon UGU to the more frequently used codon UGC.【Conclusion】 The melanosome distribution area in feather follicles was significantly larger in B380 black-tailed chickens than in their white-tailed counterparts. Transcriptome analysis identified 4 key DEGs associated with plumage coloration and revealed 10 potential hub regulatory genes. PMEL was identified as a candidate gene underlying the black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes in B380 chickens, and the synonymous T/C mutation at rs316665588 represents a key candidate locus contributing to the formation of black/white tail plumage.

, authors=MinPeng REN1, XiFei ZHANG2, HuaLiang GE1, LiYing GENG1, XiangLong LI1, BaoJun YU1, KunYang WANG1, ChuanSheng ZHANG1, authorsList=MinPeng REN, XiFei ZHANG, HuaLiang GE, LiYing GENG, XiangLong LI, BaoJun YU, KunYang WANG, ChuanSheng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192613013086313, articleId=1302192609204658263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=基于多组学解析B380鸡黑尾与白尾羽色性状的相关候选基因, columnId=1302192611180175450, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=畜牧·兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 探究Babcock B380 黑白尾羽颜色形成机制,发掘与尾羽颜色相关关键候选基因及位点。为家禽育种和羽毛颜色相关性状的分子育种提供理论依据。【方法】 以80只B380黑尾和白尾母鸡组成的自然群体为材料,通过组织切片(光学显微镜)和透射电镜观察,分析毛囊黑素小体的形态与分布;利用转录组数据分析该材料的差异表达基因,并通过加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA)探究与尾羽颜色相关的共表达模块,识别模块核心基因,实时荧光定量 PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)方法对差异表达基因进行验证。结合自然群体基因型分析结果,利用全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)方法,挖掘与Babcock B380黑/白尾羽颜色相关的遗传位点,并对其进行群体验证及整合分析,同时分析PMEL mRNA密码子偏好性。【结果】 显微镜观察发现,黑素小体主要沉积于鸡毛囊羽轴区域,黑尾鸡黑素小体面积显著高于白尾鸡。转录组分析筛选到373个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),通路富集到黑色素合成过程,PMELTYRTYRP1SLC45A2在黑尾毛囊高表达。WGCNA富集得到25个模块,MEmagenta模块与黑素小体合成密切相关,网络连通性与蛋白互作网络分析挖掘到10个潜在调控核心基因,包括:PMELPIAS2NDEL1MSRAHDLBPGCNT4FMR1NBTBLX1ST3GAL5RAB11A。qRT-PCR结果显示4个DEGs表达趋势与RNA-seq结果一致。GWAS分析共筛选出968个显著SNP位点,分别位于鸡1、5和34号染色体上,注释到221个基因,7个PMEL SNP与表型显著关联;rs316665588位点与黑白尾羽性状显著关联,密码子偏好性指数(codon bias index,CBI)显示该位点突变导致稀有密码子UGU变为常见密码子UGC。【结论】 Babcock B380 黑尾鸡毛囊中黑素小体分布面积显著高于白尾鸡。转录组筛选出4个羽色关键DEGs,鉴定到10个潜在调控核心基因。PMEL为B380黑尾白尾性状候选基因,rs316665588 T/C 同义突变是Babcock B380黑/白尾形成的重要候选位点。

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Cell, 2025, 188(17): 4517-4529.e15., articleTitle=Recessive epistasis of a synonymous mutation confers cucumber domestication through epitranscriptomic regulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192621460414650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, awardId=262N6701D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省省级科技计划(262N6701D), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192613247967338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192613252161643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, companyId=1302192613247967338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology/Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory for the Exploration and Innovation of Characteristic Animal Genetic Resources, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192613260550252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, companyId=1302192613247967338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北科技师范学院动物科技学院/河北省特色动物种质资源挖掘与创新重点实验室, 河北秦皇岛 066004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192613323464813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192613331853422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, companyId=1302192613323464813, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Hebei Animal Breeding Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050064), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192613336047727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, companyId=1302192613323464813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北省畜牧良种工作总站, 石家庄 050064)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192617945587874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Babcock B380 black-tailed and white-tailed hens

A: White-tailed Hen; B: Black-tailed Hen

, figureFileSmall=Hl5damBrIyr9GUDnCaqgaw==, figureFileBig=rhOL+IDoVyAXq26T2uf28A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192618016891043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Babcock B380黑尾和白尾母鸡

A:白尾母鸡;B:黑尾母鸡

, figureFileSmall=Hl5damBrIyr9GUDnCaqgaw==, figureFileBig=rhOL+IDoVyAXq26T2uf28A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192619858190500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=H.E staining of tissue sections from B380 black-tailed and white-tailed follicles, figureFileSmall=tV+ITAbnNOWkuL+zbMLiNA==, figureFileBig=On+Rg+ZvI5H6ormL88TyXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192619925299365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图2, caption=B380黑尾与白尾毛囊H.E染色组织切片图, figureFileSmall=tV+ITAbnNOWkuL+zbMLiNA==, figureFileBig=On+Rg+ZvI5H6ormL88TyXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192619988213926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Electron microscopy of melanosome cells in B380 black-tailed and white-tailed follicles

Nucleus (N), basement membrane (BM), mitochondria (M), melanosomes (Ms)

, figureFileSmall=JI09TwYTsnipq76lZHIUtg==, figureFileBig=/u10mAtKf8o3Gt8bQd0c1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620063711399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图3, caption=B380黑尾和白尾毛囊黑素小体细胞电镜图

N:细胞核;BM:基底膜;M:线粒体;Ms:黑色素小体

, figureFileSmall=JI09TwYTsnipq76lZHIUtg==, figureFileBig=/u10mAtKf8o3Gt8bQd0c1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620122431656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Identification of differentially expressed genes and qRT-PCR validation

A: Volcano Plot of DEGs; B: qRT-PCR Validation Results; C: Protein-protein interaction network of differentially expressed genes

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was assessed using Welch’s t-test. *** indicates P < 0.001, and **** indicates P < 0.0001

, figureFileSmall=1uY40NSrIhAw+FIHXw7yHg==, figureFileBig=C9e29GEQNbYfStr7G8RWzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620181151913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异表达基因鉴定与qRT-PCR验证

A:DEGs火山图;B:qRT-PCR验证结果;C:差异表达基因蛋白相互作用网络

Welch’s t 检验,数据以均值±标准差(SD)表示。***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=1uY40NSrIhAw+FIHXw7yHg==, figureFileBig=C9e29GEQNbYfStr7G8RWzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620256649386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=WGCNA and protein-protein interaction network analysis

A: Cluster dendrogram; B: Module-trait relationship; C: MEmagenta KEGG enrichment plot; D: Correlation between gene significance (GS) and module membership (MM) in the MEmagenta module; E: Hub genes in MEmagenta module plot; F: Protein-protein interaction network analysis plot

, figureFileSmall=80aTqSahODtd6SzhdpXIgA==, figureFileBig=Y5kvvgk1SUatxPE7AlL0LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620311175339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图5, caption=WGCNA与蛋白互作网络分析图

A:层次聚类图;B:模块-性状相关图;C:MEmagenta KEGG富集图;D:MEmagenta模块基因显著性(GS)与模块成员度(MM)的相关性图;E:MEmagenta模块枢纽基因图;F:蛋白互作网络分析图

, figureFileSmall=80aTqSahODtd6SzhdpXIgA==, figureFileBig=Y5kvvgk1SUatxPE7AlL0LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620395061420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=GWAS of black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes

A: Manhattan plot of GWAS for B380 black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes; B: QQ plot; C: LD plot; D: PMEL SNP Manhattan plot

, figureFileSmall=YXvwi9EtDemXKtlU68mJ3g==, figureFileBig=BHVacu0GKBHeo9CPjfo/XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620466364589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图6, caption=黑尾和白尾表型全基因组关联分析

A:B380黑尾和白尾表型全基因组关联分析曼哈顿图;B:QQ图;C:连锁不平衡图;D:PMEL SNP曼哈顿图

, figureFileSmall=YXvwi9EtDemXKtlU68mJ3g==, figureFileBig=BHVacu0GKBHeo9CPjfo/XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620529279150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=PMEL genotype heatmap, figureFileSmall=I9/aLlr8EBU1kwPdA5KDvw==, figureFileBig=xqfVMoqXmsgrx986BbmgWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620596388015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PMEL基因型热图, figureFileSmall=I9/aLlr8EBU1kwPdA5KDvw==, figureFileBig=xqfVMoqXmsgrx986BbmgWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620667691184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

10 black-tailed chicken breeds in the NCBI database

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种 Breed 缩略词 Abbreviation 样本数量 Sample size 登录号 Accession 表型 Phenotype
矮脚鸡 Aijiao chicken AJ 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
怀乡鸡 Huaixiang chicken HX 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
和田鸡 Hetian chicken HT 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
广西黄鸡 Guangxi yellow chicken GXH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
江汉鸡 Jianghan chicken JH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
彭县黄鸡 Pengxian yellow chicken PX 10 PRJNA656352 黑尾Black-tailed
黔东南小香鸡 Qiandongnan xiaoxiang chicken QDN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
威宁鸡 Weining chicken WN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
文昌鸡 Wenchang chicken WC 10 PRJNA800119 黑尾Black-tailed
正阳黄鸡 Zhengyang yellow chicken ZY 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
), ArticleFig(id=1302192620743188657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NCBI数据库10种黑尾鸡品种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种 Breed 缩略词 Abbreviation 样本数量 Sample size 登录号 Accession 表型 Phenotype
矮脚鸡 Aijiao chicken AJ 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
怀乡鸡 Huaixiang chicken HX 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
和田鸡 Hetian chicken HT 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
广西黄鸡 Guangxi yellow chicken GXH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
江汉鸡 Jianghan chicken JH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
彭县黄鸡 Pengxian yellow chicken PX 10 PRJNA656352 黑尾Black-tailed
黔东南小香鸡 Qiandongnan xiaoxiang chicken QDN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
威宁鸡 Weining chicken WN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
文昌鸡 Wenchang chicken WC 10 PRJNA800119 黑尾Black-tailed
正阳黄鸡 Zhengyang yellow chicken ZY 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
), ArticleFig(id=1302192620810297522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

qRT-PCR Primer Sequence Information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因
Gene name
描述
Description
F/R 引物序列
Primer sequence (5'-3')
Tm (℃) 产物大小
Production size (bp)
PMEL 前黑素体蛋白
Premelanosome protein
F TTGTCTACGTGTGGTGGACG 60 173
R CTGGTCGGTGATGCTGAACT 59
TYR 酪氨酸酶
Tyrosinase
F CACTCTTAGGTGGCTCCAATGTG 60 168
R CAGTCCCAGTAGGGGATGGTGAA 60
TYRP1 酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1
Tyrosinase related protein 1
F CAGAAGCTCAGTTCCCTCG 59 198
R TGGTTGAAGAAGCGTATGG 60
NPY 神经肽Y
Neuropeptide Y
F GAGGCACTACATCAACCTCATCAC 59 142
R TGTTTTCTGTGCTTTCCCTCAA 58
β-actin β-肌动蛋白
Beta-actin
F TCACCAACTGGGATGATATGGA 60 181
R TTGGCTTTGGGGTTCAGG 59
), ArticleFig(id=1302192620894183603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

qRT-PCR引物序列信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因
Gene name
描述
Description
F/R 引物序列
Primer sequence (5'-3')
Tm (℃) 产物大小
Production size (bp)
PMEL 前黑素体蛋白
Premelanosome protein
F TTGTCTACGTGTGGTGGACG 60 173
R CTGGTCGGTGATGCTGAACT 59
TYR 酪氨酸酶
Tyrosinase
F CACTCTTAGGTGGCTCCAATGTG 60 168
R CAGTCCCAGTAGGGGATGGTGAA 60
TYRP1 酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1
Tyrosinase related protein 1
F CAGAAGCTCAGTTCCCTCG 59 198
R TGGTTGAAGAAGCGTATGG 60
NPY 神经肽Y
Neuropeptide Y
F GAGGCACTACATCAACCTCATCAC 59 142
R TGTTTTCTGTGCTTTCCCTCAA 58
β-actin β-肌动蛋白
Beta-actin
F TCACCAACTGGGATGATATGGA 60 181
R TTGGCTTTGGGGTTCAGG 59
), ArticleFig(id=1302192620965486772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Melanosome area measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item 白尾 White-tailed 黑尾 Black-tailed
黑素小体H.E染色面积 H.E-stained area of melanosomes (μm2) 1686.52±111.02** 7384.13±319.67**
黑素小体电镜图像面积 Melanosome area in transmission electron microscopy images (μm2) 0.20±0.012** 1.03±0.032**
褐黑素数量占比 Proportion of pheomelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 57.14±0.67 59.25±1.17
真黑素数量占比 Proportion of eumelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 42.85±0.67 40.75±1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621032595637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黑素小体面积测量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item 白尾 White-tailed 黑尾 Black-tailed
黑素小体H.E染色面积 H.E-stained area of melanosomes (μm2) 1686.52±111.02** 7384.13±319.67**
黑素小体电镜图像面积 Melanosome area in transmission electron microscopy images (μm2) 0.20±0.012** 1.03±0.032**
褐黑素数量占比 Proportion of pheomelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 57.14±0.67 59.25±1.17
真黑素数量占比 Proportion of eumelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 42.85±0.67 40.75±1.17
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621120676022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Genotypic distribution of the PMEL rs316665588 locus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CC TC 合计 Total
黑尾 Black-tailed 79 1 80
白尾 White-tailed 0 80 80
合计 Total 79 81 160
Fisher检验 Fisher’s exact test 1.76E-45**
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621217145015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PMEL rs316665588 位点基因型统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CC TC 合计 Total
黑尾 Black-tailed 79 1 80
白尾 White-tailed 0 80 80
合计 Total 79 81 160
Fisher检验 Fisher’s exact test 1.76E-45**
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621284253880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Codon usage analysis of PMEL mRNA sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸
Amino acid
密码子
Codon
个数
Number
同义密码子相对使用度
Relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU
Cys UGU 1 0.13
Cys UGC 14 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621355557049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192609204658263, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

PMEL mRNA序列密码子偏好性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸
Amino acid
密码子
Codon
个数
Number
同义密码子相对使用度
Relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU
Cys UGU 1 0.13
Cys UGC 14 1.87
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基于多组学解析B380鸡黑尾与白尾羽色性状的相关候选基因
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任敏鹏 1 , 张夕霏 2 , 葛华梁 1 , 耿立英 1 , 李祥龙 1 , 禹保军 1 , 王坤杨 1 , 张传生 1
中国农业科学 | 畜牧·兽医 2026,59(16): 3673-3686
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中国农业科学 |畜牧·兽医 2026 , 59 (16) : 3673 -3686
基于多组学解析B380鸡黑尾与白尾羽色性状的相关候选基因
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任敏鹏1 , 张夕霏2, 葛华梁1, 耿立英1, 李祥龙1, 禹保军1, 王坤杨1, 张传生1
作者信息
  • 1 河北科技师范学院动物科技学院/河北省特色动物种质资源挖掘与创新重点实验室, 河北秦皇岛 066004
  • 2 河北省畜牧良种工作总站, 石家庄 050064
通讯作者:
张传生,E-mail:
作者简介:

任敏鹏,E-mail:

Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Black-Tailed and White-Tailed Plumage Traits in B380 Chickens Based on Multi- Omics Analysis
MinPeng REN1 , XiFei ZHANG2, HuaLiang GE1, LiYing GENG1, XiangLong LI1, BaoJun YU1, KunYang WANG1, ChuanSheng ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology/Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory for the Exploration and Innovation of Characteristic Animal Genetic Resources, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei
  • 2 Hebei Animal Breeding Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050064
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014
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【目的】 探究Babcock B380 黑白尾羽颜色形成机制,发掘与尾羽颜色相关关键候选基因及位点。为家禽育种和羽毛颜色相关性状的分子育种提供理论依据。【方法】 以80只B380黑尾和白尾母鸡组成的自然群体为材料,通过组织切片(光学显微镜)和透射电镜观察,分析毛囊黑素小体的形态与分布;利用转录组数据分析该材料的差异表达基因,并通过加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA)探究与尾羽颜色相关的共表达模块,识别模块核心基因,实时荧光定量 PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)方法对差异表达基因进行验证。结合自然群体基因型分析结果,利用全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)方法,挖掘与Babcock B380黑/白尾羽颜色相关的遗传位点,并对其进行群体验证及整合分析,同时分析PMEL mRNA密码子偏好性。【结果】 显微镜观察发现,黑素小体主要沉积于鸡毛囊羽轴区域,黑尾鸡黑素小体面积显著高于白尾鸡。转录组分析筛选到373个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),通路富集到黑色素合成过程,PMELTYRTYRP1SLC45A2在黑尾毛囊高表达。WGCNA富集得到25个模块,MEmagenta模块与黑素小体合成密切相关,网络连通性与蛋白互作网络分析挖掘到10个潜在调控核心基因,包括:PMELPIAS2NDEL1MSRAHDLBPGCNT4FMR1NBTBLX1ST3GAL5RAB11A。qRT-PCR结果显示4个DEGs表达趋势与RNA-seq结果一致。GWAS分析共筛选出968个显著SNP位点,分别位于鸡1、5和34号染色体上,注释到221个基因,7个PMEL SNP与表型显著关联;rs316665588位点与黑白尾羽性状显著关联,密码子偏好性指数(codon bias index,CBI)显示该位点突变导致稀有密码子UGU变为常见密码子UGC。【结论】 Babcock B380 黑尾鸡毛囊中黑素小体分布面积显著高于白尾鸡。转录组筛选出4个羽色关键DEGs,鉴定到10个潜在调控核心基因。PMEL为B380黑尾白尾性状候选基因,rs316665588 T/C 同义突变是Babcock B380黑/白尾形成的重要候选位点。

B380鸡  /  全基因组关联分析  /  转录组分析  /  密码子偏好性  /  PMEL

【Objective】 To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 and to identify key candidate genes and loci associated with tail feather color. It provides a theoretical basis for poultry breeding and molecular breeding of feather color related traits.【Method】 A natural population consisting of 80 Babcock B380 hens with either black-tailed or white-tailed phenotypes was used in this study. The morphology and distribution of melanosomes within tail feather follicles were analyzed using histological sections observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptome data were utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify co-expression modules associated with tail feather color and to screen hub genes within key modules. The expression levels of selected DEGs were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, based on genotypic data from the natural population, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify genetic loci associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 chickens. The identified loci were further validated at the population level and subjected to integrative analysis. In addition, codon usage bias of PMEL mRNA was analyzed.【Result】 Microscopic observations revealed that melanosomes were predominantly deposited in the feather shaft region of chicken feather follicles, with the melanosome area being significantly greater in black-tailed chickens than in white-tailed chickens. Transcriptome analysis identified 373 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in melanin biosynthesis- related pathways. Key pigmentation-related genes, including PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, and SLC45A2, were highly expressed in black-tailed feather follicles. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 25 co-expression modules, among which the MEmagenta module was closely associated with melanosome biosynthesis. Integrated analyses of network connectivity and protein-protein interaction networks identified ten potential hub regulatory genes: PMEL, PIAS2, NDEL1, MSRA, HDLBP, GCNT4, FMR1NB, TBLX1, ST3GAL5, and RAB11A. qRT-PCR validation showed that the expression patterns of 4 DEGs were consistent with the RNA-seq results. GWAS identified a total of 968 significant SNPs located on chicken chromosomes 1, 5, and 34, which were annotated to 221 genes. Among these, 7 SNPs within the PMEL gene showed significant associations with tail feather color. Notably, the rs316665588 locus was significantly associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather phenotypes. Codon bias index (CBI) analysis indicated that the mutation at this locus resulted in a transition from the rare codon UGU to the more frequently used codon UGC.【Conclusion】 The melanosome distribution area in feather follicles was significantly larger in B380 black-tailed chickens than in their white-tailed counterparts. Transcriptome analysis identified 4 key DEGs associated with plumage coloration and revealed 10 potential hub regulatory genes. PMEL was identified as a candidate gene underlying the black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes in B380 chickens, and the synonymous T/C mutation at rs316665588 represents a key candidate locus contributing to the formation of black/white tail plumage.

B380 chicken  /  genome-wide association study (GWAS)  /  transcriptome analysis  /  codon usage bias  /  PMEL
任敏鹏, 张夕霏, 葛华梁, 耿立英, 李祥龙, 禹保军, 王坤杨, 张传生. 基于多组学解析B380鸡黑尾与白尾羽色性状的相关候选基因. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3673 -3686 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014
MinPeng REN, XiFei ZHANG, HuaLiang GE, LiYing GENG, XiangLong LI, BaoJun YU, KunYang WANG, ChuanSheng ZHANG. Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Black-Tailed and White-Tailed Plumage Traits in B380 Chickens Based on Multi- Omics Analysis[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3673 -3686 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014
【研究意义】羽色是鸡的重要外观表型,可以影响消费者的偏好与生产者的经济效益[1]。鸡体羽颜色的遗传基础已被广泛研究。然而,对于远端羽毛(尾羽和翅尖)颜色形成的遗传模式和分子机制关注甚少。因此,探究其内在遗传调控机制,定位并克隆其关键调控基因,对于理解鸡的区域羽毛颜色发育的调控及特色品种选育具有意义。【前人研究进展】羽毛颜色是鸡重要的外观性状和经济性状之一,在品种识别、市场消费偏好以及家禽育种中具有重要意义。禽类羽色形成主要受黑色素沉积的影响,主要包括真黑素和褐黑素,二者相对含量是决定羽色差异的关键因素[2]。真黑素是一种异质聚合物,由5,6-二羟基吲哚及5,6-二羟基吲哚-2-羧酸氧化聚合而成,可使羽毛呈现黑色、灰色和棕色[3]。褐黑素源于 5-S-半胱氨酰多巴的氧化聚合,含有苯并噻嗪与苯并噻唑结构单元,可使羽毛呈现橙红、锈红或棕红等[4]。黑色素的合成、转运及沉积过程受多种基因协同调控,如 PMELMC1RTYRP1MITF[5]。近年来,随着全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)和转录组测序技术的广泛应用,鸡羽色相关的遗传位点和分子调控机制不断被揭示,为羽色性状的遗传改良提供了重要理论基础[6]。Wang 等通过对“豫粉 1 号”鸡颈部毛囊转录组分析,发现MED23MITF 是哥伦比亚羽色形成的关键调控基因[7]。Zheng 等通过对惠阳胡须鸡毛囊转录组分析,鉴定出 TYRP1PMELDCT 等在黄羽色素沉积过程中发挥重要作用的黑色素相关基因[8]。目前研究中,由于鸡黑白羽色差异显著,其常被用作研究羽色形成分子机制的理想对照体系。PENG等对粤西卷羽鸡黑羽和白羽群体进行GWAS分析,鉴定出羽色候选基因 TYRMC1RCDH1,并识别到关键位点 rs317372610、rs317806696和 rs741501156与表型显著相关[9]。Yang等对靖远鸡黑羽和白羽群体进行GWAS分析,鉴定到羽色候选基因TYR与候选位点rs317379613[10]。在鸡的尾羽颜色遗传调控机制研究方面,Nie等在矮脚鸡合成系中,通过在多代仅选择红色体羽的遗传背景下开展尾羽类型间杂交试验,发现尾羽颜色在后代中呈稳定分离,且符合常染色体孟德尔遗传规律,证实黑白尾羽性状独立于体羽颜色遗传[11]。随后对该黑白尾群体GWAS分析,发现24染色体3.97-4.26 Mb与白/黑尾羽表型显著相关,鉴定到MCAM是黑尾性状形成的重要候选基因。Zheng 等通过对惠阳胡须鸡黑白尾羽毛囊进行转录组分析,发现白尾毛囊TYRP1TYR真黑素基因显著低表达,是鸡白尾羽形成的重要候选基因[12]。【本研究切入点】Babcock B380是一种高产的褐壳蛋鸡品种,其商业母雏中黑尾和白尾数量各半,是研究黑/白尾性状形成机制的理想试验材料。鉴于现有研究多局限于单一组学对鸡黑白尾羽色形成机制的解析,难以全面揭示其复杂调控网络。本研究基于多组学整合分析,系统解析鸡黑白尾羽色性状的分子调控机制。【拟解决的关键问题】以80只Babcock B380黑尾和白尾的商品代母雏群体为研究对象,采用H.E染色和透射电镜观察黑尾白尾毛囊的形态学差异。结合利用转录组学筛选黑尾白尾毛囊中的差异表达基因,并结合表型数据进行加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA),鉴定与黑/白尾显著相关的模块及其枢纽基因,联合基因组重测序的GWAS分析识别与黑尾白尾羽颜色候选基因和SNP位点,并对其进行群体验证分析;同时,分析 PMEL mRNA 的密码子偏好性,以评估相关 SNP 对翻译效率的潜在影响。本研究为家禽育种和羽毛颜色相关性状的分子育种提供理论依据。
试验于2024年6月至2025年8月在河北省特色动物种质资源挖掘与创新重点实验室完成。
试验材料来自天使家禽育种公司的 Babcock B380 商品代母雏共 80 只,其中黑尾母雏和白尾母雏各 40 只(图1),以及10种NCBI数据库黑尾鸡重测序数据(表1)。
为观测黑素小体在尾羽毛囊中的分布,选取B380黑尾白尾群体尾羽毛囊样本,并立即置于4%多聚甲醛固定液(BL539A,biosharp,中国合肥)中固定24 h。随后,样本经不同浓度的乙醇和二甲苯处理,并被包埋在石蜡中。切片厚度为3 μm,采用苏木精-伊红染色法(G1120,Solarbio,中国北京)进行染色。毛囊切片在光学显微镜(BX53-P,Olympus,日本)下,使用20×和40×物镜(10×目镜)进行组织学观察与成像,以分析黑素小体在毛囊中的分布。
为观测黑素小体超微结构和形态特征,选取Babcock B380黑尾白尾群体的尾羽毛囊样本,依次使用30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%浓度的丙酮(C07201102,南京试剂,中国南京)进行脱水处理。随后,将样本与环氧树脂按3﹕1、1﹕1和1﹕3的比例混合渗透。加热聚合后,使用Leica EM UC7超薄切片机将树脂块切割为约50 nm的超薄切片。使用醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅进行染色,并在透射电子显微镜(HT7830,日立,日本)下观察黑素小体的超微结构。
对80只Babcock B380黑尾白尾群体的翅静脉进行采血,使用酚-氯仿法提取DNA,NanoDrop检测DNA浓度和质量。将质检合格的DNA样本送至北京康普森生物技术有限公司进行建库和测序,测序平台为Illumina HiSeq 2500。将测序得到的原始序列进行检测过滤,fastp软件去除带接头或低质量的reads,bwa软件将Clean reads与鸡参考基因组比对,使用GATK软件对SNP进行过滤:QD<2.0,FS>60.0,MQ<40.0,SOR>3.0,MQRankSum<-12.5,ReadPosRankSum<-8.0,同时应用plink软件进行质控(MAF≥0.05,缺失率<0.05)。
NCBI数据库下载并转换10种鸡sra数据,按照上述方法进行质控、比对及SNP检测,利用GATK软件整合180只鸡重测序数据。
基于 GEMMA[13] 软件的单变量混合线性模型,对鸡黑、白尾羽性状开展全基因组关联分析,并以前 10 个主成分作为协变量、基于 SNP 标记计算的分子亲缘关系矩阵作为随机效应,以校正群体结构和亲缘关系影响,混合线性模型表示如下:
y=++μ+ε
式中,y 为所有个体表型性状构成的 n×1 向量;W 表示协变量矩阵,包括截距项和前 10 个主成分的固定效应,α 为对应的系数向量, 用于描述群体结构效应;X 为 SNP 位点的基因型向量,β 为该位点的效应值, 表示 SNP 对性状的效应;μ 为个体的随机效应向量,服从 N(0, KVg) 分布,其中 K 为基于 SNP 标记计算得到的 n×n 分子亲缘关系矩阵,Vg 为多基因加性方差;εn×1 的随机误差向量,服从 N(0, IVε) 分布,其中 In×n 的单位矩阵, 为残差方差。
为控制多重检验引起的假阳性,采用连锁不平衡修正的 Bonferroni 方法对 GWAS 的 P 值进行校正。利用 PLINK 软件计算 SNP 间的 r2 值,当 r2 > 0.4 时剔除其中一个标记,并以 50 个 SNPs 为窗口、10 个 SNPs 为步长进行滑窗分析,以估计独立 SNPs 位点数 N。全基因组显著性和潜在显著性阈值分别设定为 P = 0.05/NP = 1/N,其中 P 为 Bonferroni 校正阈值,N 为独立 SNPs 位点数。
利用 CMplot 程序包对 GWAS 结果进行可视化,通过曼哈顿图展示全基因组标记的分布特征,Q-Q 图评估关联分析结果的合理性。
根据NCBI中PMEL序列rs316665588位点,设计引物PR1: 5′AGGTGCCCATTGCGGTGGATGTGA C 3′和PR2:5′ GTGGGGCTGCGGGAGATGCG 3′用于扩增PR片段,HinP1I酶切PCR产物进行PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)基因分型与统计,SPSS 22.0进行差异显著性分析。利用整合180只鸡重测序数据,Rectchr软件绘制PMEL单倍型热图。使用CodonW软件对PMEL mRNA序列进行密码子偏好性分析,统计不同密码子使用频率。
采集B380黑尾和白尾鸡的尾羽毛囊组织,每组设6个生物学重复,共采集12个样品。使用RNA Later保存样本中的RNA,通过干冰保存并送至武汉宏旭生物科技有限公司进行文库构建与测序。测序后,使用fastp软件去除接头和低质量的reads,得到Clean reads。HISAT2软件将Clean reads与参考基因组比对,StringTie软件对读数结果进行比较,得到基因表达数据。使用“DESeq2” R包进行差异表达基因(DEGs)鉴定,筛选标准为log2 FC≥1且FDR<0.05。基于STRING数据库(物种:Gallus gallus)获取差异表达基因的蛋白-蛋白互作(protein-protein interaction,PPI)信息,并使用Cytoscape软件进行网络可视化分析[14]
Babcock B380黑尾和白尾鸡的尾羽毛囊组织利用Trizol(R1100,Solarbio,北京)提取RNA,经NanoDrop 2000检测浓度和纯度,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性。随后,使用 SureScript First-Strand cDNA合成试剂盒(QP056,FulenGen,广州)将RNA逆转录为cDNA。qRT-PCR反应体系为 10 µL,包括:5 µL 2×SYBR混合液,0.2 µL正反向引物,1 µL cDNA以及3.6 µL无RNA酶ddH2O。扩增程序为:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性10 s执行40个循环,60 ℃退火30 s,相对表达量采用 2ΔΔCT 方法计算,qRT-PCR引物涉及如表2所示。
利用 TBtools 软件WGCNA shiny 插件进行加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)[15]。基于转录组表达矩阵,保留在所有样本中平均FPKM表达水平位于前 70% 的基因用于后续WGCNA分析,以提高网络分析的稳定性。在网络构建前,对样本进行层次聚类分析以检测异常样本,未发现明显离群样本。采用无向(unsigned)网络模式构建共表达网络,基于 pickSoftThreshold 函数确定软阈值β,在无尺度拓扑拟合度 R2>0.85 的条件下选取β= 9,并据此构建加权邻接矩阵并转换为拓扑重叠矩阵(TOM)。基于1−TOM 距离进行层次聚类,最小模块基因数设为50,模块合并阈值为0.25。
通过Pearson相关分析计算模块特征基因(module eigengene,ME)与处理组之间的相关性,筛选与处理显著相关的模块(|r|>0.6,P<0.05)。选取显著相关模块中的基因作为候选关键基因,并利用 Cytoscape软件构建共表达网络,采用 CytoHubba 插件基于 MCC 算法筛选核心基因。随后使用 DAVID 服务器对关键模块基因进行KEGG 通路富集分析。同时,基于 STRING 数据库(物种:Gallus gallus)获取模块关键基因的PPI信息,并使用 Cytoscape 软件进行网络可视化分析。
H.E染色结果显示,黑色素主要沉积在尾羽毛囊羽轴区域,黑尾鸡黑素小体H.E染色面积显著高于白尾鸡(图2);对黑尾与白尾毛囊进行透射电镜观察,结果表明,黑尾鸡毛囊中黑素细胞内黑素小体的面积显著高于白尾鸡(图3),褐黑素小体在黑尾和白尾中分别占比59.25%、57.14%(表3)。
对12份B380毛囊(黑尾、白尾各6份)进行测序,获得了74.56 Gb的测序数据。质控后,各样本的测序错误率均低于 0.01%,Q30 碱基比例均高于 92.00%, GC 含量为41.23%—41.62%,数据质量可靠,适用于后续分析(附表1)。
为探究黑尾和白尾毛囊间差异表达基因(DEGs),利用DESeq2包筛选出373个DEGs,包括199个上调基因和174个下调基因(图4-A),PMELTYRTYRP1SLC45A2NPYMLPH在黑尾毛囊高表达。为验证转录组数据,选取差异表达基因PMELTYRTYRP1NPY进行qRT-PCR验证。结果表明,黑尾鸡尾羽毛囊中4个基因的相对表达量显著高于白尾鸡毛囊(P<0.05),验证了转录组分析的准确性(图4-B)。为探究差异表达基因蛋白互作关系,利用STRING数据库构建差异表达基因蛋白相互作用网络,结果显示 PMELTYRTYRP1MC1RSLC24A5MITFASIPOCA2DCTMLANASLC45A2NPY 为网络中的核心基因(图4-C)。
对12个转录组样本进行加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA),结果显示,共筛选到25个模块(图5-A),MEmagenta模块与尾羽表型有较强相关性(r=0.62,P=0.0069,图5-B)。基因显著性(gene significance,GS)与模块成员度(module membership,MM)之间呈显著正相关(r = 0.42,P<0.05),表明 MEmagenta 模块与尾羽性状密切相关(图5-D)。为探究MEmagenta模块执行的功能,对该模块基因进行KEGG富集分析,结果表明,共注释到8个显著基因通路,其中与羽色形成相关通路为:Melanogenesis(map04916)与Tyrosine metabolism(map00350)(图5-C)。通过Pearson相关系数分析模块核心基因,共筛选到10个潜在核心基因:PMELPIAS2NDEL1MSRAHDLBPGCNT4FMR1NBTBLX1ST3GAL5RAB11A图5-E)。为验证蛋白互作情况,利用STRING数据库构建与羽色形成相关基因的蛋白互作网络,结果表明,PMELTYRGRIN1FBLMLANA为网络中的核心基因(图5-F)。
利用Illumina平台对80只Babcock B380黑尾和白尾群体重测序,共获得725.1Gb Clean Data,与白来航鸡参考基因组(Gallus_7w)比对,平均比对率为98.74%,平均覆盖深度为13×,基因组覆盖度为98.13%,质控后共获得11 591 543个高质量的SNP。
对80份Babcock B380重测序数据进行GWAS分析,结果表明,共检测到968个显著 SNP 位点(图6-A),分别存在于第1、5、34号染色体上,其中34号染色体存在948个显著SNP,rs3387689062 处的 SNP 显著性最高(-log10(P)= 8.12)。Q-Q图显示,观测值与期望值整体吻合,仅在尾部明显偏离,提示结果无明显系统性偏倚(图6-B)。通过计算半LD,得出半LD数值为78.12 kb(图6-C),根据显著SNP上下游78.12 kb,寻找候选基因,共注释得到221个基因(附表2),主要富集在角质形成过程,其中与羽色形成相关基因为PMEL,rs3387142815、rs314880695、rs316665588、rs3387187346、rs3387265128、rs3387265120和rs3387303521为PMEL显著关联位点(图6-D)。
利用PCR-RFLP方法,对160只Babcock B380黑/白尾群体PMEL rs316665588位点进行统计验证(80黑/白),结果显示 CC 基因型与黑尾表型显著相关,TC 基因型与白尾表型显著相关(表4)。利用180只黑白尾鸡的重测序数据,绘制 rs316665588位点上下游250 bp基因型热图。结果表明,该位点与黑白尾羽表型显著关联,与群体验证结果一致(图7)。
利用CodonW软件,对PMEL mRNA序列进行密码子偏好性分析(CBI)。结果表明,rs316665588位点T/C替换使密码子由 UGU 变为 UGC,RSCU 值分别为 0.13 和 1.87(表5)。
羽色在羽毛发育过程中逐步建立,其形成发生于羽毛生长和角化阶段[16]。黑色素细胞在羽毛发育过程中持续向正在角化的羽毛细胞转运黑素小体,使黑色素成为羽毛结构的组成部分。黑色素作为鸟类羽色形成中最重要的内源性色素,其在羽毛中的含量和分布方式被认为是决定羽色深浅的关键因素。研究表明,较大的黑素小体以及较高的真黑素含量通常与深色或黑色羽毛相关,而黑色素缺失则常见于白色羽毛[17-18]。因此,黑素小体的超微结构特征及其在羽毛中的富集程度,被认为在不同羽色表型的形成过程中发挥重要作用。在本研究中,对 Babcock B380 黑尾和白尾毛囊中黑素小体的超微结构分析发现,黑尾羽毛中总黑色素含量高于白尾,该结果与叶宇恒研究结论相似[19]
在色素种类分析中,Babcock B380 黑尾和白尾毛囊中褐黑素占比分别为 59.25% 和 57.14%。该比例与已有研究中报道深色羽中褐黑素占比结果相似。McGraw等[20]在对鸟类栗褐色羽毛的研究中发现,褐黑素在棕褐色及相关深色羽毛中色素组成占据优势,是该类羽色形成的主要色素类型。尽管黑尾和白尾毛囊中褐黑素均占据相对主导地位,但其比例差异有限,Babcock B380黑尾形成可能更多与黑色素总体含量及其分布面积有关。
本研究通过差异表达基因分析与加权基因共表达网络分析,系统解析了 B380 黑尾和白尾毛囊在转录调控层面的差异特征。结果显示,共鉴定到6个与羽色形成相关的差异表达基因,其中PMELTYRTYRP1 在黑尾毛囊中显著上调。已有研究表明,TYRTYRP1 是黑素小体中直接参与黑色素合成反应的核心催化酶,构成黑色素合成的基础性酶体系[21],其中TYR 作为限速酶启动合成过程,TYRP1 通过稳定并增强 TYR 活性保障黑色素的持续合成与沉积[22]PMEL作为一种黑素小体结构蛋白,在黑素小体早期形成纤维状基质结构,为TYR、TYRP1等合成酶介导的黑色素生成与有序沉积提供必要的空间支架。在目前禽类羽色相关研究中,多数研究将TYRTYRP1鉴定为差异表达基因,而较少报道PMEL的差异表达[23]。结合PMEL在黑素小体结构形成中的已知功能,本研究推测其在Babcock B380 黑尾毛囊中可能通过维持黑素小体的结构稳定性,从而参与黑色素形成与沉积过程。
为揭示 B380 黑尾羽色形成相关的共表达基因网络,采用 WGCNA 构建共表达模块,并筛选与黑尾性状相关的关键模块及枢纽基因。结果表明,在 MEmagenta 模块中,TYRTYRP1PMELMLANA显著共表达,其中PMEL 同时是该模块及差异表达基因蛋白相互作用网络中的核心基因,因此是黑白羽色形成相关的关键候选基因。该结果与 Khalil等[24-25]的研究结论相似,均鉴定到 PMELTYRP1TYR 在同一共表达模块中富集,提示上述基因共同参与黑色素形成过程,呈现协同表达特征。此外,本研究在MEmagenta模块中进一步鉴定到 MLANA 的共表达。MLANA是一种黑色素瘤相关抗原,已被证实在黑色素瘤细胞、黑色素细胞及视网膜色素上皮细胞中表达[26]。已有研究表明,MLANA可通过稳定 G 蛋白偶联受体GPR143促进黑素小体形成,而 GPR143 的稳定性对PMEL的正常表达及功能维持至关重要,同时其还能与PMEL相互作用,被认为是黑色素沉着必需的组成成分[27]。因此在功能上推测,MLANA、PMELTYR/TYRP1在黑色素形成过程中可能存在功能关联,有助于黑色素的生成与沉积,具体的调控机制仍需通过实验进一步验证。
目前,全基因组关联分析技术已广泛应用于家禽育种研究,用于解析复杂性状的遗传机制。该技术通过检测多个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点与目标性状之间的关联,从而识别与性状显著相关的遗传变异[28]。已有研究表明,调控鸡尾羽颜色性状位点主要分布于24号染色体,MCAM 是鸡黑白尾羽颜色的重要候选基因[11]。本研究在34号染色体上识别到多个候选位点,但仅发现与羽色通路相关的 PMEL呈现显著关联,结合转录组及 WGCNA 分析结果,进一步确定PMEL为 Babcock B380 黑白尾群体的重要候选基因。PMEL作为黑素小体的结构蛋白,主要在黑色素细胞中表达,参与黑素小体的成熟,并有助于稳定地储存黑色素前体物质[29-30]。本研究对 GWAS 中 PMEL 的显著位点进行PCR-RFLP检测与群体重测序检测后,发现 rs316665588 T/C 同义突变与黑白尾羽表型显著相关,且在黑白尾群体中表现出分布差异。已有研究表明,PMEL突变对家禽羽毛颜色的形成具有重要影响[31-32],且与显性白羽性状密切相关。具体而言,第10外显子9碱基的插入和第6外显子12碱基的缺失是导致显性白、丹麦白、烟白等羽色变异的遗传原因[33]。与前人结果相比,本研究未在 Babcock B380 黑白尾群体中检测到 PMEL的插入缺失突变,而 rs316665588 位点在该群体中与黑白尾羽表型呈现显著相关性,因此 rs316665588 T/C 同义突变可能是该群体黑白尾羽表型重要候选位点。在本研究中,rs316665588 所在的连锁不平衡(LD)区段除包含 PMEL外,还涵盖RAB5BCDK2等基因。其中,RAB5B参与细胞内膜性囊泡运输过程[34],而CDK2在细胞周期调控中发挥重要作用[35]。密码子偏好性分析发现rs316665588位点突变导致UGU密码子第三位的U变为C,形成UGC密码子。具体来说,UGU密码子的偏好性为0.13,而UGC密码子的偏好性则为1.87。密码子偏好性反应不同同义密码子使用偏向,当宿主细胞中的某个密码子频率较高时,相应的tRNA水平较高,翻译速率也会更快,从而有利于蛋白质的表达[36]。大量研究表明,同义突变可能通过形成宿主偏好型密码子,提高基因的翻译效率,影响蛋白质功能,从而导致表型变化[37-38]。由于尚未对该位点进行实验验证,PMEL rs316665588 位点的功能机制仍需进一步研究。由于测序样本数量有限,且研究对象仅涉及 Babcock B380黑白尾群体,本研究结果仍需在更大规模及不同群体材料中加以验证。此外,PMEL rs316665588 T/C 同义突变尚缺乏功能层面的实验支持,其潜在作用机制有待在后续研究中进一步探究。
本研究结合组织学、基因组学和转录组学方法,鉴定了与Babcock B380鸡黑、白尾羽色相关候选基因及组织学特征。结果表明,黑尾鸡毛囊中的黑素小体主要分布于羽轴区域,其沉积面积显著高于白尾鸡毛囊。转录组分析表明,PMELTYRTYRP1SLC45A2在黑尾毛囊中高表达,WGCNA分析表明MEmagenta模块与尾羽颜色显著相关,且PMELPIAS2NDEL1MSRAHDLBPGCNT4FMR1NBTBLX1ST3GAL5RAB11A为该模块核心基因。PMEL rs316665588 T/C纯合突变位点与黑尾表型显著相关,该突变导致稀有密码子UGU变为常见密码子UGC,是黑白尾形成重要候选位点。
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 录用日期:2026-03-23
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    1 河北科技师范学院动物科技学院/河北省特色动物种质资源挖掘与创新重点实验室, 河北秦皇岛 066004
    2 河北省畜牧良种工作总站, 石家庄 050064

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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