Article(id=1302192631707095163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771603200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1782835200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-01, onlineDate=1788396516967, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396516967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396516967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396516967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3640, endPage=3654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192631975530621, articleId=1302192631707095163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Differential Aroma Metabolism and Key Regulatory Genes Identification Between Melting and Stony Hard Peach Flesh Types, columnId=1302192631883255932, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=HORTICULTURE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation patterns of aroma metabolism during fruit development across distinct peach flesh types, and identify key regulatory genes governing cultivar-specific aroma profiles, so as to provide a theoretical basis for flavor improvement in stony hard peaches. 【Method】 The melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei and the stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 were utilized as experimental materials. Seven critical sampling stages were established throughout the fruit development cycle. Volatile compounds were profiled using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to pinpoint core genes significantly associated with key aroma compounds.【Result】 A total of 57 volatile compounds were identified, with significant variation in composition and content across cultivars and developmental stages. The stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 exhibited no detectable ethylene production throughout development, maintained high levels of C6 aldehydes (e.g., 2-hexenal) at the mature stage, and showed almost no accumulation of esters and lactones. In contrast, the melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei exhibited a typical ethylene climacteric peak at the S3 to S4 transition, accompanied by a 3.1-3.8 fold increase in ester content and a marked decrease in C6 compounds. Transcriptome analysis identified 2 806 DEGs, with clear separation between the two cultivars at all developmental stages based on clustering analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Correlation analysis identified 16 candidate genes associated with ester/lactone biosynthesis. Among them, BSK2 (Prupe.2G110200) and PpYUC11 (Prupe.6G157400/6G157500) showed strong positive correlations with hexyl acetate and γ-decalactone, respectively.【Conclusion】 Ethylene was a key regulatory factor underlying aroma quality divergence between the two peach flesh types. Impaired ethylene signaling in Zhongtao 9 likely restricted fatty acid metabolism at the C6 aldehyde stage, preventing downstream esterification and lactone biosynthesis. Candidate genes, such as BSK2 and PpYUC11, together with hormone signaling pathways, were identified as potential regulators of aroma formation.

, authors=ZhenYu YAO1, 2, WenYi DUAN1, 2, 3, JunRen MENG2, Ang LI2, Ming CHEN2, ZongSheng YUE2, ShiHang SUN1, 2, 3, Lei PAN1, 2, 3, Liang NIU1, 3, GuoChao CUI1, 3, WenFang ZENG1, 2, 3, authorsList=ZhenYu YAO, WenYi DUAN, JunRen MENG, Ang LI, Ming CHEN, ZongSheng YUE, ShiHang SUN, Lei PAN, Liang NIU, GuoChao CUI, WenFang ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192634022350995, articleId=1302192631707095163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=溶质型与硬质型桃果实香气代谢分化规律及关键调控基因挖掘, columnId=1302192632055222398, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=园艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 明确不同肉质类型桃果实发育过程中香气形成规律,挖掘造成品种间香气品质差异的关键调控基因,为硬质桃风味品质改良提供理论依据。【方法】 以溶质型品种‘春美’和硬质型品种‘中桃9号’为试材,在果实发育全周期设置7个关键采样点,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测挥发性物质,结合转录组数据筛选差异表达基因(DEGs),通过Pearson相关性分析鉴定与关键香气物质显著关联的核心基因。【结果】 共检测到57种香气化合物,其组成与含量在不同品种及果实发育阶段均表现出显著差异。硬质型桃‘中桃9号’在整个发育过程中未检测到乙烯释放,C6醛类物质(如2-己烯醛)含量在成熟期仍维持较高水平,而内酯与酯类物质几乎未积累;溶质型桃‘春美’在S3到S4转折后出现乙烯跃变峰,内酯物质含量随之增加3.1—3.8倍,C6化合物含量显著下降。转录组分析共鉴定出2 806个DEGs,聚类分析显示两个品种在各发育时期呈现显著差异;KEGG富集分析表明DEGs主要富集在植物激素信号转导、α-亚麻酸代谢和类胡萝卜素生物合成等通路。关联分析筛选出16个与酯类/内酯类合成相关的候选基因,其中BSK2(Prupe.2G110200)、PpYUC11(Prupe.6G157400/6G157500)等基因表达水平分别与乙酸己酯、γ-癸内酯含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】 乙烯是造成两种肉质类型桃果实香气品质差异的核心调控因子,‘中桃9号’乙烯信号通路受阻,导致脂肪酸代谢通路停滞于C6醛类物质积累阶段,无法启动下游酯化反应与内酯类香气物质合成进程。同时,筛选到BSK2PpYUC11等候选基因,明确植物激素信号通路参与果实香气物质调控。

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姚振豫和段文宜为同等贡献作者。

姚振豫,E-mail:

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Molecular Horticulture, 2025, 5(1): 37., articleTitle=PeachMD: A multi-omics database for peach, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192640024400129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, awardId=201300110500, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省公益性农业科研专项资金项目(201300110500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192640087314690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, awardId=SN02-2024-01, language=CN, fundingSource=神农种业实验室协同创新项目(SN02-2024-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192640154423555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, awardId=CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI, language=CN, fundingSource=中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192640217338116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, awardId=CAAS-ASTIP-ZFRI-05-202506, language=CN, fundingSource=中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-ZFRI-05-202506), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192634261426324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634269814933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634261426324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634278203542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634261426324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 神农种业实验室, 郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192634349506711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634357895320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634349506711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634366283929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634349506711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所, 郑州 450009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192634437587098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634445975707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634437587098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, Henan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634454364316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634437587098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国农业科学院中原研究中心, 河南新乡 453000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192638074048745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Cross-section phenotypes of fruits from Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 at seven developmental stages

S1-S7 represents 45, 60, 75, 84, 90, 96, and 102 days after flowering, respectively. The same as below

, figureFileSmall=B3a1hWGmAMwztPTRa1hABQ==, figureFileBig=ugaezSZeMW65yxnFwkM/zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638132769002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图1, caption=‘春美’和‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段果实横截面表型

S1—S7分别代表花后45、60、75、84、90、96和102 d。下同

, figureFileSmall=B3a1hWGmAMwztPTRa1hABQ==, figureFileBig=ugaezSZeMW65yxnFwkM/zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638346678507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Dynamic changes of fruit color parameters of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=SbI35AR1AtzWk6otp1JfOg==, figureFileBig=OdTYZybpwp8pdHF9g1UIbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638434758892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图2, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段果实色泽参数的动态变化, figureFileSmall=SbI35AR1AtzWk6otp1JfOg==, figureFileBig=OdTYZybpwp8pdHF9g1UIbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638522839277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Dynamic changes of fruit firmness, ethylene release rate and their correlation analysis of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach, figureFileSmall=PcbLQm+InWTYyOX6rY5jmA==, figureFileBig=m0PBFe5WCuCcGbTjTm0zUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638589948142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图3, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’果实硬度和乙烯释放速率动态变化及乙烯-硬度相关性分析, figureFileSmall=PcbLQm+InWTYyOX6rY5jmA==, figureFileBig=m0PBFe5WCuCcGbTjTm0zUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638652862703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Aroma compound types of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=dR/ZJGIzwAx4yubKz+3MhQ==, figureFileBig=OVMwMuD08KiNOx496S/9jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638728360176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图4, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段香气物质种类, figureFileSmall=dR/ZJGIzwAx4yubKz+3MhQ==, figureFileBig=OVMwMuD08KiNOx496S/9jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638808051953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Composition analysis of aroma compound types of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach, figureFileSmall=m9D6ovWiP0gPrkLG1G9S3g==, figureFileBig=Gh/dyiPhOy9YdliO3R+Dpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638879355122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图5, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’香气物质组成分析, figureFileSmall=m9D6ovWiP0gPrkLG1G9S3g==, figureFileBig=Gh/dyiPhOy9YdliO3R+Dpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192638954852595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Stacked column chart of total aroma compound contents of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=3+zPj0OzjfzT+hA0aLiwbw==, figureFileBig=KUWMwJpjSArhDs3hop5Rtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639021961460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图6, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段香气物质总量堆积图, figureFileSmall=3+zPj0OzjfzT+hA0aLiwbw==, figureFileBig=KUWMwJpjSArhDs3hop5Rtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639093264629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Dynamic changes of different categories of aroma compounds in Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach during fruit development, figureFileSmall=LGOmGYwbAZ8qkQroPP57zQ==, figureFileBig=msb/snTVc/ZdIGYdISfU/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639168762102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图7, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同类别香气物质含量动态变化, figureFileSmall=LGOmGYwbAZ8qkQroPP57zQ==, figureFileBig=msb/snTVc/ZdIGYdISfU/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639235870967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=PCA plot of fruit metabolome of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=0xM37+FZrTDx0++5biCNqA==, figureFileBig=hN3oQouXbKWBTtsTL9msxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639302979832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图8, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段果实代谢组的PCA分析图, figureFileSmall=0xM37+FZrTDx0++5biCNqA==, figureFileBig=hN3oQouXbKWBTtsTL9msxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639374283001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=OPLS-DA plots of fruit metabolome in each of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=HqpVK6amoMC5p/sqxsMbcw==, figureFileBig=1qP8tSKGgldP1cn4Wy7/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639458169082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图9, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’不同发育阶段果实代谢组的OPLS-DA分析图, figureFileSmall=HqpVK6amoMC5p/sqxsMbcw==, figureFileBig=1qP8tSKGgldP1cn4Wy7/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639542055163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Differential gene expression patterns and KEGG enrichment analysis between Chunmei and Zhongtao 9, figureFileSmall=fajvUiPsmY3oE7T45kUI+A==, figureFileBig=WTrFkbJCc1T+SN41pnFg2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639617552636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=图10, caption=‘春美’与‘中桃9号’差异基因表达模式及KEGG富集分析, figureFileSmall=fajvUiPsmY3oE7T45kUI+A==, figureFileBig=WTrFkbJCc1T+SN41pnFg2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192639680467197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

21 key aroma substances with OAV>1 and their odor thresholds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气物质 Aroma substance 气味阈值 Odor thresholds (μg·kg-1) 风味类型 Aroma type
辛醛 Octanal 0.587 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
癸醛 Decanal 3 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
1-辛烯-3-醇 1-Octen-3-ol 1.5 泥土香 Scent of soil
1-辛烯-3-酮 1-Octen-3-one 0.003 泥土香 Scent of soil
正壬醛 Nonanal 1.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2-辛烯醛 (E)-2-Octenal 3 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-癸二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Decadienal 0.027 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-壬二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Nonadienal 0.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
芳樟醇 Linalool 0.22 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-大马士酮 β-Damascenone 0.002 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
二氢-β-紫罗兰酮 Dihydro-β-ionone 1 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-紫罗兰酮 β-Ionone 3.5 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 2 果香味 Fruity
乙酸-3-己烯酯 (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 13 果香味 Fruity
2, 3-辛二酮 2, 3-Octanedione 2.52 果香味 Fruity
正己醛 Hexanal 5 草香味 Grassy fragrance
2-己烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal 110 草香味 Grassy fragrance
正己醇 Hexanol 5.6 草香味 Grassy fragrance
顺-3-己烯-1-醇 (Z)-3-Hexenol 3.9 草香味 Grassy fragrance
庚醛 Heptanal 2.8 草香味 Grassy fragrance
γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 1.1 桃香 Peach fragrance
), ArticleFig(id=1302192639772741886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

21种OAV>1的关键香气物质及其气味阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气物质 Aroma substance 气味阈值 Odor thresholds (μg·kg-1) 风味类型 Aroma type
辛醛 Octanal 0.587 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
癸醛 Decanal 3 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
1-辛烯-3-醇 1-Octen-3-ol 1.5 泥土香 Scent of soil
1-辛烯-3-酮 1-Octen-3-one 0.003 泥土香 Scent of soil
正壬醛 Nonanal 1.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2-辛烯醛 (E)-2-Octenal 3 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-癸二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Decadienal 0.027 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-壬二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Nonadienal 0.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
芳樟醇 Linalool 0.22 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-大马士酮 β-Damascenone 0.002 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
二氢-β-紫罗兰酮 Dihydro-β-ionone 1 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-紫罗兰酮 β-Ionone 3.5 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 2 果香味 Fruity
乙酸-3-己烯酯 (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 13 果香味 Fruity
2, 3-辛二酮 2, 3-Octanedione 2.52 果香味 Fruity
正己醛 Hexanal 5 草香味 Grassy fragrance
2-己烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal 110 草香味 Grassy fragrance
正己醇 Hexanol 5.6 草香味 Grassy fragrance
顺-3-己烯-1-醇 (Z)-3-Hexenol 3.9 草香味 Grassy fragrance
庚醛 Heptanal 2.8 草香味 Grassy fragrance
γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 1.1 桃香 Peach fragrance
), ArticleFig(id=1302192639839850751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key candidate genes significantly associated with esters and lactones between two peach cultivars

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序号
Gene id
注释信息
Annotation
挥发物质
Volatiles
相关性
Correlation
P
P value
Prupe.1G007300 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族蛋白 Glutathione S-transferase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.78977232 5.06302E-10
Prupe.8G081800 SAUR样生长素响应蛋白家族(Small Auxin-Upregulated RNA)
SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family
γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.781266115 1.02782E-09
Prupe.6G157500 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77503427 1.69318E-09
Prupe.4G262200 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.773254369 1.947E-09
Prupe.7G192800 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77149158 2.23311E-09
Prupe.6G157400 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765521038 3.5216E-09
Prupe.7G247900 泛素样超家族蛋白 Ubiquitin-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765034818 3.65255E-09
Prupe.7G216300 肌醇加氧酶4 myo-inositol oxygenase 4 γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.750757713 1.02794E-08
Prupe.2G110200 油菜素甾醇信号激酶2 BR-signaling kinase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.840380176 3.38379E-12
Prupe.6G361600 核糖核酸酶E抑制剂RraA/二甲基甲萘醌甲基转移酶
Ribonuclease E inhibitor RraA/Dimethylmenaquinone methyltransferase
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.823552189 2.13017E-11
Prupe.8G178000 植物U-盒蛋白15(PUB15) Plant U-Box 15 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.820125425 3.02577E-11
Prupe.1G317500 脂质磷酸磷酸酶2 lipid phosphate phosphatase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.816580973 4.31669E-11
Prupe.3G162800 钙依赖脂质结合蛋白(CaLB结构域)家族蛋白
Calcium-dependent lipid-binding (CaLB domain) family protein
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.769708345 2.56219E-09
Prupe.4G188000 蛋白激酶家族蛋白 protein kinase family protein 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.761710103 4.67746E-09
Prupe.2G107600 七次跨膜MLO家族蛋白(Mildew Locus O)
Seven transmembrane MLO family protein
乙酸-3-己烯酯(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 0.791412693 4.40037E-10
Prupe.3G250400 类COBRA蛋白1前体
COBRA-like protein 1 precursor
乙酸-3-己烯酯
(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate
0.754508468 7.88601E-09
), ArticleFig(id=1302192639919542528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两个桃品种与酯类及内酯类物质显著差异基因关联物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序号
Gene id
注释信息
Annotation
挥发物质
Volatiles
相关性
Correlation
P
P value
Prupe.1G007300 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族蛋白 Glutathione S-transferase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.78977232 5.06302E-10
Prupe.8G081800 SAUR样生长素响应蛋白家族(Small Auxin-Upregulated RNA)
SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family
γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.781266115 1.02782E-09
Prupe.6G157500 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77503427 1.69318E-09
Prupe.4G262200 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.773254369 1.947E-09
Prupe.7G192800 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77149158 2.23311E-09
Prupe.6G157400 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765521038 3.5216E-09
Prupe.7G247900 泛素样超家族蛋白 Ubiquitin-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765034818 3.65255E-09
Prupe.7G216300 肌醇加氧酶4 myo-inositol oxygenase 4 γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.750757713 1.02794E-08
Prupe.2G110200 油菜素甾醇信号激酶2 BR-signaling kinase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.840380176 3.38379E-12
Prupe.6G361600 核糖核酸酶E抑制剂RraA/二甲基甲萘醌甲基转移酶
Ribonuclease E inhibitor RraA/Dimethylmenaquinone methyltransferase
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.823552189 2.13017E-11
Prupe.8G178000 植物U-盒蛋白15(PUB15) Plant U-Box 15 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.820125425 3.02577E-11
Prupe.1G317500 脂质磷酸磷酸酶2 lipid phosphate phosphatase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.816580973 4.31669E-11
Prupe.3G162800 钙依赖脂质结合蛋白(CaLB结构域)家族蛋白
Calcium-dependent lipid-binding (CaLB domain) family protein
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.769708345 2.56219E-09
Prupe.4G188000 蛋白激酶家族蛋白 protein kinase family protein 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.761710103 4.67746E-09
Prupe.2G107600 七次跨膜MLO家族蛋白(Mildew Locus O)
Seven transmembrane MLO family protein
乙酸-3-己烯酯(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 0.791412693 4.40037E-10
Prupe.3G250400 类COBRA蛋白1前体
COBRA-like protein 1 precursor
乙酸-3-己烯酯
(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate
0.754508468 7.88601E-09
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溶质型与硬质型桃果实香气代谢分化规律及关键调控基因挖掘
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姚振豫 1, 2 , 段文宜 1, 2, 3 , 孟君仁 2 , 李昂 2 , 陈明 2 , 岳宗省 2 , 孙世航 1, 2, 3 , 潘磊 1, 2, 3 , 牛良 1, 3 , 崔国朝 1, 3 , 曾文芳 1, 2, 3
中国农业科学 | 园艺 2026,59(16): 3640-3654
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中国农业科学 |园艺 2026 , 59 (16) : 3640 -3654
溶质型与硬质型桃果实香气代谢分化规律及关键调控基因挖掘
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3 中国农业科学院中原研究中心, 河南新乡 453000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192634261426324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634269814933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634261426324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634278203542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634261426324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 神农种业实验室, 郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192634349506711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634357895320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634349506711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634366283929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634349506711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所, 郑州 450009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192634437587098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634445975707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634437587098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, Henan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192634454364316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192631707095163, companyId=1302192634437587098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国农业科学院中原研究中心, 河南新乡 453000)])])]
姚振豫1, 2 , 段文宜1, 2, 3 , 孟君仁2, 李昂2, 陈明2, 岳宗省2, 孙世航1, 2, 3, 潘磊1, 2, 3, 牛良1, 3, 崔国朝1, 3, 曾文芳1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 神农种业实验室, 郑州 450002
  • 2 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所, 郑州 450009
  • 3 中国农业科学院中原研究中心, 河南新乡 453000
通讯作者:
曾文芳,E-mail:
作者简介:

姚振豫和段文宜为同等贡献作者。

姚振豫,E-mail:

段文宜,E-mail:

Differential Aroma Metabolism and Key Regulatory Genes Identification Between Melting and Stony Hard Peach Flesh Types
ZhenYu YAO1, 2 , WenYi DUAN1, 2, 3 , JunRen MENG2, Ang LI2, Ming CHEN2, ZongSheng YUE2, ShiHang SUN1, 2, 3, Lei PAN1, 2, 3, Liang NIU1, 3, GuoChao CUI1, 3, WenFang ZENG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002
  • 2 Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009
  • 3 Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, Henan
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012
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【目的】 明确不同肉质类型桃果实发育过程中香气形成规律,挖掘造成品种间香气品质差异的关键调控基因,为硬质桃风味品质改良提供理论依据。【方法】 以溶质型品种‘春美’和硬质型品种‘中桃9号’为试材,在果实发育全周期设置7个关键采样点,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测挥发性物质,结合转录组数据筛选差异表达基因(DEGs),通过Pearson相关性分析鉴定与关键香气物质显著关联的核心基因。【结果】 共检测到57种香气化合物,其组成与含量在不同品种及果实发育阶段均表现出显著差异。硬质型桃‘中桃9号’在整个发育过程中未检测到乙烯释放,C6醛类物质(如2-己烯醛)含量在成熟期仍维持较高水平,而内酯与酯类物质几乎未积累;溶质型桃‘春美’在S3到S4转折后出现乙烯跃变峰,内酯物质含量随之增加3.1—3.8倍,C6化合物含量显著下降。转录组分析共鉴定出2 806个DEGs,聚类分析显示两个品种在各发育时期呈现显著差异;KEGG富集分析表明DEGs主要富集在植物激素信号转导、α-亚麻酸代谢和类胡萝卜素生物合成等通路。关联分析筛选出16个与酯类/内酯类合成相关的候选基因,其中BSK2(Prupe.2G110200)、PpYUC11(Prupe.6G157400/6G157500)等基因表达水平分别与乙酸己酯、γ-癸内酯含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】 乙烯是造成两种肉质类型桃果实香气品质差异的核心调控因子,‘中桃9号’乙烯信号通路受阻,导致脂肪酸代谢通路停滞于C6醛类物质积累阶段,无法启动下游酯化反应与内酯类香气物质合成进程。同时,筛选到BSK2PpYUC11等候选基因,明确植物激素信号通路参与果实香气物质调控。

桃  /  果实香气  /  肉质类型  /  差异表达基因  /  乙烯

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation patterns of aroma metabolism during fruit development across distinct peach flesh types, and identify key regulatory genes governing cultivar-specific aroma profiles, so as to provide a theoretical basis for flavor improvement in stony hard peaches. 【Method】 The melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei and the stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 were utilized as experimental materials. Seven critical sampling stages were established throughout the fruit development cycle. Volatile compounds were profiled using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to pinpoint core genes significantly associated with key aroma compounds.【Result】 A total of 57 volatile compounds were identified, with significant variation in composition and content across cultivars and developmental stages. The stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 exhibited no detectable ethylene production throughout development, maintained high levels of C6 aldehydes (e.g., 2-hexenal) at the mature stage, and showed almost no accumulation of esters and lactones. In contrast, the melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei exhibited a typical ethylene climacteric peak at the S3 to S4 transition, accompanied by a 3.1-3.8 fold increase in ester content and a marked decrease in C6 compounds. Transcriptome analysis identified 2 806 DEGs, with clear separation between the two cultivars at all developmental stages based on clustering analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Correlation analysis identified 16 candidate genes associated with ester/lactone biosynthesis. Among them, BSK2 (Prupe.2G110200) and PpYUC11 (Prupe.6G157400/6G157500) showed strong positive correlations with hexyl acetate and γ-decalactone, respectively.【Conclusion】 Ethylene was a key regulatory factor underlying aroma quality divergence between the two peach flesh types. Impaired ethylene signaling in Zhongtao 9 likely restricted fatty acid metabolism at the C6 aldehyde stage, preventing downstream esterification and lactone biosynthesis. Candidate genes, such as BSK2 and PpYUC11, together with hormone signaling pathways, were identified as potential regulators of aroma formation.

peach  /  fruit aroma  /  flesh type  /  differentially expressed genes  /  ethylene
姚振豫, 段文宜, 孟君仁, 李昂, 陈明, 岳宗省, 孙世航, 潘磊, 牛良, 崔国朝, 曾文芳. 溶质型与硬质型桃果实香气代谢分化规律及关键调控基因挖掘. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3640 -3654 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012
ZhenYu YAO, WenYi DUAN, JunRen MENG, Ang LI, Ming CHEN, ZongSheng YUE, ShiHang SUN, Lei PAN, Liang NIU, GuoChao CUI, WenFang ZENG. Differential Aroma Metabolism and Key Regulatory Genes Identification Between Melting and Stony Hard Peach Flesh Types[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3640 -3654 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012
【研究意义】桃(Prunus persica L. Batsch)是蔷薇科李属植物,因其遗传背景相对简单、基因组较小且童期短,被公认为蔷薇科果树遗传学研究的模式树种[1]。作为世界重要的核果类果树,桃广泛栽培于全球200多个国家;我国作为桃的起源中心,拥有3 000余年的栽培历史及丰富的野生近缘种资源[2]。果实香气由多种挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)共同构成,这些化合物通过激活嗅觉受体形成特异性气味感知,进而影响消费者的感官评价与接受度,是果实品质的重要组成部分[2-4]。由于传统育种长期侧重产量、外观及耐贮运性等性状改良,部分桃品种的特征风味在选育过程中逐渐弱化。因此,解析桃果实香气形成的遗传基础并挖掘关键调控基因已成为现代桃品质育种的重要目标之一。【前人研究进展】桃果实香气物质主要经由脂肪酸、异戊二烯和氨基酸代谢途径合成。作为桃特征香气的主要来源,脂肪酸途径包含脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)氧化和β-氧化两个分支:LOX途径以亚油酸和亚麻酸为底物,经LOX、氢过氧化物裂解酶(hydroperoxidelyase,HPL)和醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)催化生成C6醛醇,再由醇酰基转移酶(alcohol acyltransferase,AAT)合成相应的酯;β-氧化途径中,羟基脂肪酸等内酯前体首先经乙酰辅酶A氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase,ACX)催化启动β-氧化,随后通过碳链缩短形成相应的羟基脂肪酸中间体,进一步形成内酯[5-7]。异戊二烯途径是“花香型”香气物质的主要合成来源,首先通过MVA/MEP途径生成异戊烯基焦磷酸,然后在萜类合成酶(terpene synthase,TS)作用下形成单萜、倍半萜和类胡萝卜素等物质;类胡萝卜素则在类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases,CCD)作用下裂解生成β-紫罗兰酮等C13降异戊二烯类物质,其中CCD4在调控品种间色泽与香气差异中发挥关键作用[8-11]。氨基酸途径主要以支链氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸为底物,经转氨、脱羧、还原和酰化等反应生成相应的醛类、醇类、有机酸及酯类挥发物,其中亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸等可形成支链醛、醇和酯类物质,苯丙氨酸则可进一步参与苯环类香气化合物的形成[12-13]。目前已从桃果实中鉴定出超过100种挥发性物质,包括醛类、醇类、酯类、萜烯类、C13降异戊二烯类、酮类和内酯等,其中γ-癸内酯等内酯类物质是构成桃典型风味的关键成分[14-16]。桃果实质地主要分为溶质(melting flesh,MF)、慢溶质(slow melting flesh,SMF)、硬质(stony hard,SH)和不溶质(non-melting flesh,NMF)等类型[17-18]。溶质型果实成熟过程中通常伴随乙烯大量释放,脂肪酸衍生挥发物代谢相关基因随之激活,有利于酯类和内酯类物质积累;硬质型果实因系统II乙烯合成受到抑制,酯类和内酯类等香气物质几乎检测不到,风味品质显著下降,尽管其具有良好的采后贮运性能,但特征香气不足已成为限制其市场接受度提升的重要因素[17];慢溶质型则兼具较长货架期与较优风味品质,已成为重要的育种方向[18-19]。乙烯是调控果实成熟软化的关键激素,其释放水平和动态模式在品种间存在显著差异。已有研究表明,乙烯可通过激活下游响应因子(ERFs)调控果实软化、成熟及香气合成等相关基因的表达[20-24]。在苹果中,Defilippi等[25]证实乙烯调控AAT表达进而影响酯类合成。在桃中,PpERF3可通过激活PpNCED2/3转录调控ABA生物合成,进而影响果实成熟[20];PpERF5与PpERF7互作并通过上调PpLOX4表达促进果实香气物质合成[21]。【本研究切入点】目前,国内外对于桃果实香气代谢及调控机制已有一定研究基础,但围绕溶质型与硬质型这两种重要肉质类型间的香气物质代谢规律,以及造成品种间香气品质差异的关键调控基因,尚缺乏系统深入的研究。特别是在果实发育期间,两种肉质类型香气物质的动态变化规律以及关键候选基因的鉴定等方面,仍有待进一步阐明。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以溶质型桃‘春美’和硬质型桃‘中桃9号’为试材,通过分析7个发育时期的挥发性物质和转录组动态变化,明确两种肉质类型香气物质代谢规律,挖掘造成品种间香气品质差异的关键调控基因,为解析硬质桃香气缺陷的分子机制及后续分子育种提供理论依据和基因资源。
试验于2023年在中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所桃试验园进行。
以白肉溶质型桃品种‘春美’(Chunmei)和白肉硬质型桃品种‘中桃9号’(Zhongtao 9)为试材,每个品种选取生长势一致的6株树为样本,分别于花后45 d(S1)、60 d(S2)、75 d(S3)、84 d(S4)、90 d(S5)、96 d(S6)和102 d(S7)7个发育时期采样。每株树于树冠外围中部随机采集大小均匀、无机械伤和病虫害的果实,每个时期设置3个生物学重复,每个重复5个果实。果实采收后,立即将果肉组织切割成小块,经液氮速冻后转移至-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存,用于后续试验。
果皮色差采用色差仪(美能达CR-400,柯尼卡美能达)测定,颜色用CIE L*a*b*标尺表示。随机选取果实赤道区域的4个不同点取平均值,分别记录L*、a*、b*值。果实硬度使用配备P/5圆柱形探头(直径5 mm)的TA.XT Plus质构仪测定,测试参数设置为测前速度60 mm·min-1、测试速度120 mm·min-1、测后速度600 mm·min-1、触发力5 g,每个果实于赤道部位去皮后重复测定2次,结果以牛顿(N)表示。乙烯释放速率通过气相色谱法检测:将3个果实置于2 L密封罐中20 ℃平衡2 h后,用注射器抽取1 mL顶空气体,注入GC-2010(岛津,日本)分析,单位为μL·kg-1·h-1。气相色谱仪条件为:AI2O3/S色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,0.25 μm);柱温50 ℃,SPL1检测室温度为200 ℃,FID1检测室温度为200 ℃;载气氮气流速为32 mL·min-1,氢气流速为40 mL·min-1,空气流速为400 mL·min-1
香气物质采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid- phase microextraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行提取与检测。将冷冻果肉研磨后混匀,加入EDTA(0.2 mol·L-1)、CaCl2(20%,w/v)及2-辛醇内标(0.0819 mg·mL-1),使用PDMS-DVB萃取头于40 ℃吸附30 min。色谱分离采用VF-WAXms毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm),程序升温条件为:以3 ℃·min-1的速率从40 ℃升至100 ℃,随后以5 ℃·min-1升至245 ℃。质谱检测采用EI离子源(70 eV),离子源温度230 ℃,传输线温度为250 ℃。物质鉴定依托NIST-17标准谱库,通过内标法峰面积进行定量。气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)按化合物含量与其气味阈值之比计算,OAV>1表明该物质对整体香气有实质贡献。参考Duan等[2]报道的桃果实香气物质气味阈值,筛选OAV>1的物质用于后续关联分析。
采用Vazyme植物总RNA提取试剂盒(Vazyme,RC401-01)提取果肉样品总RNA,通过NEBNext UltraTM RNA Library Prep Kit构建链特异性文库,在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台完成测序。数据显示,每个样本平均获得47.5 M raw reads(6.4—9.1 Gb raw bases),经质控过滤后,每个样本平均获得46.2 M clean reads(6.9 Gb clean bases),Q20平均值为98.0%,Q30平均值为94.7%,碱基错误率均控制在0.01%,GC含量稳定于45.5%左右,生物学重复间Pearson相关系数R2>0.93,表明数据质量优良、重复性可靠。利用HISAT2软件将clean reads比对至桃参考基因组(https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Ppersica_v2_1),平均比对效率达84.3%。
基因表达量以FPKM值(fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads)表示,基于DESeq2软件进行差异表达分析,筛选‘春美’与‘中桃9号’7个发育阶段的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),筛选标准为|log2 fold change|(|log2 FC|)>1且校正后显著性水平(adjusted P-value,Padj)<0.05。在进行关联分析前,对FPKM值进行log2 (FPKM+1)转换以消除数据偏态并稳定方差。采用Pearson相关系数法计算差异基因表达量与香气物质含量的相关性,设置关联强度阈值|r|>0.75且显著性水平P<0.001(FDR校正)作为筛选标准。仅保留与酯类或内酯类物质呈显著高关联(强正相关:r>0.75;强负相关:r<-0.75)的基因作为候选调控基因。
所有生理生化数据采用Microsoft Excel 2024进行整理,两组间差异比较使用Student’s t-test进行分析,多组间差异采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance,one-way ANOVA),结合Tukey’s honestly significant difference(HSD)法进行多重比较。主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares- discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)、相关性网络及其他图均采用R(v4.3.0)和Origin 2024软件进行可视化绘制。
果实表型与色泽变化是反映桃果实发育进程及品质形成的重要指标,不同肉质类型间存在明显差异。随着果实发育,‘中桃9号’的果肉颜色变化较为明显,S1—S3时期呈浅绿色,S4时期开始逐步转为白色,至S7时期达到均匀粉色;‘春美’果肉在整个发育过程中均以乳白色为主,仅在S6时期以后核周区域出现浅粉色晕染,整体颜色变化幅度较小(图1)。
色差参数分析表明,a*值(红绿度)在‘中桃9号’中于S3时期后快速上升,至S7时期达到25左右;而‘春美’在整个发育过程中低于15;两品种b*值(黄蓝度)均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;L*值(亮度)方面,两品种均自S4时期后开始迅速下降(图2)。
硬质型‘中桃9号’在整个发育过程中均未检测到乙烯释放,表明其成熟阶段未发生典型的乙烯跃变。溶质型‘春美’的乙烯释放速率则呈现出先升后降的跃变趋势,S1—S3阶段释放量较低(<0.5 μL·kg-1·h-1),S4时期开始快速上升,S6阶段达到峰值(约5.0 μL·kg-1·h-1),随后在S7阶段快速下降(图3-A)。
果实硬度测定结果显示(图3-B),两品种硬度均随发育进程持续下降,但‘中桃9号’在S7时期仍维持在约20 N,显著高于春美(约10 N),表现出典型的硬质特征。进一步相关性分析表明(图3-C),‘春美’果实的硬度与乙烯释放速率呈显著负相关,其Pearson相关系数为-0.743(P<0.05),表明其果实软化进程主要由乙烯调控。‘中桃9号’成熟软化过程可能主要受非乙烯依赖型调控机制影响,这与硬质型桃成熟过程中系统Ⅱ乙烯合成受抑制的生理特征相符。
香气作为桃果实核心品质性状,其合成代谢受品种遗传背景与发育阶段的共同调控。本研究对‘春美’和‘中桃9号’发育时期的果实挥发性物质进行分析,共检测到57种香气物质,包括C6化合物、醛类、醇类、酯类、内酯类、萜烯类、降异戊二烯类、酮类及苯丙氨酸衍生物等。
在S1—S7整个果实发育过程中,‘春美’和‘中桃9号’的香气物质组成表现出明显差异(图4图5)。‘春美’共鉴定出56种香气物质,以醛类(18种)和醇类(15种)最为丰富,占全部类别的59.6%。‘中桃9号’检测到50种香气物质,内酯类和酯类物质种类明显少于‘春美’。进一步分析发现,γ-癸内酯等特征性组分仅在S4、S5和S7时期检出微量,在S6时期几乎未检出;而‘春美’在S6时期的γ-癸内酯高达18.60 ng·g-1。酯类物质方面,‘中桃9号’在发育前期(S1—S3)虽然检测出多种酯类物质,但种类较‘春美’约少30%。
从共有香气物质来看,两品种均含有完整的C6醛醇类、萜烯类及降异戊二烯类物质。然而,在决定桃典型香气品质的内酯类和酯类物质组成方面,两品种存在显著差异。商业成熟期(S5)是两品种香气物质积累的重要时期。此时,‘春美’共检测到46种挥发性物质,酯类和内酯类物质种类占比达到31.2%;而‘中桃9号’共检测到42种挥发性物质,其香气组成仍以C6醛类化合物为主。另外,两品种在S6、S7过熟期的香气物质种类均少于S5商业成熟期(图4),表明过熟阶段香气物质合成能力下降。
两种肉质类型桃果实香气物质的积累在发育过程中表现出明显不同的动态变化特征(图6图7)。在果实发育前期(S1—S3),两品种香气物质种类和总含量均处于较低水平,其中‘春美’检测到36—43种挥发性物质,‘中桃9号’检测到34—41种,均以C6醛类化合物为主,占挥发性物质总含量的50%以上。
进入S3—S4阶段后,两品种香气物质组成开始出现明显分化。‘春美’呈现典型的跃变型代谢模式。伴随S6时期乙烯释放达到峰值(5.0 μL·kg-1·h-1),其酯类物质含量迅速增加,乙酸己酯从S2时期的18.14 ng·g-1升至S3时期的64.74 ng·g-1,乙酸-3-己烯酯达92.23 ng·g-1;内酯类物质在S4时期后显著积累,γ-癸内酯从S4时期的1.05 ng·g-1升至S6时期的18.60 ng·g-1,增长近18倍。与此同时,2-己烯醛含量从S1时期的1 083.84 ng·g-1迅速降低至S7期的17.08 ng·g-1,降幅达98.4%。
相比之下,‘中桃9号’中C6醛类化合物含量始终较高,2-己烯醛在S7时期仍维持209.39 ng·g-1,是‘春美’同期的12.3倍。此外,‘中桃9号’中酯类物质在发育前期有一定积累,乙酸己酯在S3时期达99.87 ng·g-1(高于‘春美’同期的64.74 ng·g-1),但在S4时期后迅速降至18.12 ng·g-1,并在后续发育阶段维持较低水平。内酯类物质在S6和S7时期几乎未检出(γ-癸内酯分别为0和0.17 ng·g-1),导致其缺乏典型的“桃香”特征。
为系统比较‘春美’与‘中桃9号’在果实发育过程中的香气代谢组差异,本研究对7个发育阶段的香气物质进行PCA和OPLS-DA分析,以解析不同品种及发育阶段香气物质组成的变化特征。
PCA结果显示,前两个主成分累计解释了48.71%的总变异,其中PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为33.85%和14.86%(图8)。在PCA得分图中,两个品种的样本呈现显著的空间分离,‘中桃9号’主要分布在PC1负向区域,其样本簇随发育阶段自右向左呈线性迁移;‘春美’则位于PC1正向区域,样本点沿S1→S7轨迹呈现阶段性聚集。进一步分析发现,在S1—S3发育前期,两品种样本在PC2方向上存在部分重叠,表明此阶段香气物质组成较为相近;而自S4时期后,两品种样本逐渐分离,并在成熟阶段形成明显独立的聚类,表明随着果实发育,两品种香气物质组成差异逐渐增大。
进一步采用OPLS-DA对两个品种不同发育时期的香气物质进行分析(图9)。对于‘春美’,第一主成分累计解释44.4%的变量信息(R²X=0.444),S1—S3发育前期样本与S4—S7成熟阶段样本明显分离,表明果实进入成熟阶段后香气物质组成发生了显著变化。相比之下,‘中桃9号’模型第一主成分解释39.4%的变量信息(R²X=0.394),各发育时期样本沿第一主成分呈连续分布,未出现明显的阶段性分离,显示其香气物质组成在整个发育过程中呈渐进式变化。
基于DESeq2对7个发育时期的转录组数据进行差异表达分析,共鉴定出2 806个差异表达基因(DEGs)。聚类热图显示,差异基因在两个品种间呈现显著的时空特异性表达模式。在样本聚类层面,‘春美’与‘中桃9号’在各发育时期均可分为两个相对独立的聚类分支(图10-A),表明品种因素对转录组差异具有显著影响。在基因聚类层面,不同表达模块在发育过程中呈现明显的阶段性表达特征,其中部分基因在‘春美’中于S4—S7时期呈持续上调趋势,而在‘中桃9号’中整体维持较低表达水平或不表达。
各发育时期差异基因数量统计结果表明(图10-B),S1时期差异基因数量最多,达1 480个(上调544个,下调936个);随着果实发育,S2—S3时期差异基因数量降至458—631个,但在S4转折期后再次上升,S5—S7成熟期维持在702—818个,整体上呈现“早期较高-中期降低-后期回升”的变化趋势。
为进一步分析与香气代谢相关的功能通路,对在S1—S7多个时期中重复出现的差异基因进行筛选,并开展KEGG通路富集分析。结果显示(图10-C),差异基因显著富集于植物激素信号转导、α-亚麻酸代谢及类胡萝卜素生物合成等通路。其中植物激素信号转导通路富集度最高,涵盖乙烯受体ETREIN3ERF转录因子等关键基因,α-亚麻酸代谢通路显著富集LOXHPL等相关基因,类胡萝卜素生物合成通路富集CCD等基因,参与C13降异戊二烯类香气物质(如β-紫罗兰酮)的形成。
为筛选对桃果实整体香气有实质贡献的关键化合物,本研究采用气味活性值(OAV)对检测到的香气物质进行评价。共筛选出21种OAV>1的关键香气物质,包括醛类7种、C6类4种、降异戊二烯类3种、酮类2种、酯类2种、萜烯类1种、醇类1种及内酯类1种(表1)。结合前文结果中酯类(如乙酸己酯、乙酸-3-己烯酯)和内酯类(如γ-癸内酯)在两品种香气差异形成中的重要作用,对2 806个差异基因的表达量与上述关键香气物质含量进行Pearson相关性分析,最终筛选出16个调控酯类与内酯类差异合成的关键候选基因(表2)。
在内酯类合成调控方面,共筛选出8个与γ-癸内酯呈显著正相关的基因(r=0.751-0.790,P<1.03×10-8)。在酯类合成调控方面,共筛选出8个与乙酸己酯及乙酸-3-己烯酯显著相关的基因(r=0.755-0.840,P<7.89×10-9)。上述基因在功能类型上涉及信号转导、脂质代谢相关过程及蛋白修饰等多个生物学类别,可能与桃果实内酯及酯类香气物质的积累过程存在关联。
前人研究已明确,硬质型桃果实因缺乏系统II乙烯合成能力,难以发生典型乙烯跃变,从而保持硬脆质地,而溶质型桃则通过乙烯跃变实现正常成熟软化过程[17-18]。Wang等[26]对硬质桃采后过程的转录组与代谢组联合分析表明,硬质桃在冷藏条件下仍维持极低的乙烯代谢水平,无法启动成熟程序。本研究结果与上述研究一致,‘中桃9号’在整个发育过程中均未检测到乙烯释放,提示其成熟过程中缺乏典型乙烯跃变过程。结合香气代谢结果来看,其香气物质积累模式与溶质型品种存在显著差异,并不仅体现在成熟后期,而是在发育早期即已呈现分化趋势,这表明乙烯信号状态可能与桃果实香气代谢程序的建立密切相关。
但是,本研究发现两个品种在S1—S7时期表现出明显的转录组差异,提示肉质类型的香气代谢分化在果实发育早期即已奠定。这一结果与Guo等[22]关于PpNAC.A59通过激活PpERFA16促进乙烯生物合成的研究相呼应,提示NAC-ERF级联可能参与果实成熟程序的早期设定。此外,Chen等[27]发现PpARF6作为生长素与乙烯信号的节点,可直接参与桃果实成熟调控,说明乙烯信号网络存在多层级调控关系。结合本研究结果,‘中桃9号’中乙烯信号相关通路整体表达水平较低,提示其成熟相关程序可能在上游调控节点即发生重编程,但该推测需通过功能验证试验进一步确认。
Defilippi等[25]在苹果中的研究表明,乙烯通过调控AAT表达影响酯类物质的生物合成,其中AAT被认为是酯类物质合成过程中的关键酶。Peng等[7]在桃中进一步发现,PpAAT1活性水平与γ-癸内酯积累密切相关,高香气品种中PpAAT1表达水平显著高于低香气品种。苗玉乐[28]研究指出,桃果实中乙烯信号缺失会抑制内酯类香气物质的合成代谢。本研究结果进一步提示硬质桃中脂肪酸代谢可能涉及更复杂的调控模式,‘中桃9号’在发育前期并不缺乏酯类和内酯类物质合成的前体物质,其C6醛醇类相关前体物质含量在发育前期甚至高于‘春美’;然而,在整个发育过程中,其酯类与内酯类物质积累水平始终较低,提示脂肪酸代谢路径可能在C6阶段之后未能有效向下游转化。
结合乙烯释放特征及转录组结果,推测乙烯信号缺失可能导致AATACX等关键酶相关基因表达未能被充分诱导,从而影响由LOX途径产生的C6醛醇向酯类及内酯类物质的转化效率。在‘春美’中,乙烯跃变可能通过激活ERF等转录因子,促进AAT/ACX等相关基因表达,从而增强脂肪酸代谢通路向酯类和内酯类方向的代谢流分配;而在‘中桃9号’中,该转化过程可能由于乙烯信号不足而受到限制。
在香气物质相关性分析中,共筛选出16个与酯类和内酯类物质合成及调控显著相关的基因,Prupe.2G110200(BSK2)表达水平与乙酸己酯含量相关性最高(r=0.840),Prupe.6G157500(PpYUC11)表达量与γ-癸内酯含量显著正相关(r=0.775)。从功能分类来看,这些候选基因可大致分为信号转导、代谢调控及细胞结构重塑3类。BSK2作为油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroid,BR)信号通路的关键基因,可能参与激素信号向代谢调控网络的传递,从而影响脂肪酸衍生物的生成与转化过程[29];值得注意的是,Prupe.6G157400和Prupe.6G157500在桃参考基因组v2.1注释中为硬质候选基因PpYUC11,被拆分注释的两个转录本[30],其编码催化IAA合成限速步骤的YUCCA型黄素单加氧酶,二者与γ-癸内酯的高度相关可能反映生长素-乙烯-香气代谢的耦联,而非直接参与内酯合成。在脂质代谢及底物供给相关基因中,脂质磷酸磷酸酶2(Prupe.1G317500)可能参与脂质信号分子的动态调控过程,钙依赖脂质结合蛋白(Prupe.3G162800)可能与膜脂结合及脂质信号感知相关,上述基因可能通过影响脂肪酸代谢底物的可及性间接参与酯类合成过程。此外,Prupe.4G262200和Prupe.7G192800(果胶裂解酶样蛋白)与γ-癸内酯呈显著相关关系,其中Prupe.4G262200即Gu等[31]报道的F-M位点基因PpendoPGF,控制黏/离核分化并对溶质性状具多效性影响;其表达变化可能与果实成熟过程中细胞壁结构重塑及组织软化过程同步发生,从而在空间与时间上影响内酯类物质积累的代谢环境。需要指出的是,在与γ-癸内酯显著相关的基因中,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族蛋白(Prupe.1G007300)的相关系数最高(r=0.790),但其在香气物质合成中的直接作用尚无报道,其与γ-癸内酯积累的高度关联可能反映成熟进程中氧化代谢的耦联,具体机制有待进一步解析。
综上,这些候选基因在功能上涉及激素信号、脂质代谢及细胞壁重构等多个层级,提示桃果实酯类与内酯类香气形成可能受多层级调控网络共同影响。
桃果实质地类型的多样性具有明确的遗传基础。Gu等[31]发现,PpendoPGMPpendoPGF两个编码内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endoPG)的基因参与调控溶质/不溶质及黏/离核分化,其中PpendoPGM功能缺失导致不溶质型果实的橡皮质。硬质型桃果实则由PpYUC11的低表达调控,该基因编码生长素合成关键酶YUCCA,其表达降低导致IAA水平下降,进而抑制PpACS1表达并限制乙烯生物合成[26-27]。本研究中,‘中桃9号’在整个发育过程中未检测到乙烯释放,其C6醛类代谢特征与已报道的硬质型桃遗传背景特征总体一致。
值得注意的是,本研究筛选到的与γ-癸内酯显著相关的候选基因恰好覆盖两个肉质决定位点——硬质候选基因PpYUC11(Prupe.6G157400、Prupe.6G157500)与F-M位点的PpendoPGF(Prupe.4G262200)。PpYUC11表达与γ-癸内酯积累的高度正相关,提示其可能通过“IAA-PpACS1-乙烯”途径同时影响果实软化与内酯类香气合成,从而将肉质类型性状与香气品质直接偶联,相关分子机制有待进一步验证。此外,Li等[1]基于多种野生及栽培桃种质的基因组分析了桃驯化过程中的遗传选择信号,但肉质类型性状是否在驯化过程中受到定向选择仍缺乏直接证据。未来可依托PeachMD等桃多组学数据库[32],结合不同肉质类型品种及其野生近缘种的群体基因组学分析,重点关注ACSACOYUC等乙烯与生长素相关基因的变异模式,以进一步解析桃果实肉质类型的进化与驯化机制。
本研究基于HS-SPME-GC-MS与转录组联合分析,系统解析了溶质型‘春美’与硬质型‘中桃9号’桃果实发育过程中的香气代谢特征及其分子基础。两品种共鉴定到57种香气物质,包括醛类、醇类、酯类、内酯类等主要类别。动态分析表明,S3—S4阶段是香气代谢分化的关键转折点。随着乙烯跃变,‘春美’中酯类与内酯类物质含量显著增加并伴随C6醛类物质含量下降;‘中桃9号’则持续维持较高C6醛类水平,酯类和内酯类物质基本缺失。转录组分析共鉴定到2 806个差异表达基因,显著富集于植物激素信号转导及脂肪酸代谢等通路。关联分析筛选出16个与酯类和内酯类物质合成相关的关键候选基因,其中,BSK2与乙酸己酯含量相关性最高,PpYUC11γ-癸内酯含量呈显著正相关,其可能是连接肉质类型与香气代谢分化的关键节点。
  • 河南省公益性农业科研专项资金项目(201300110500)
  • 神农种业实验室协同创新项目(SN02-2024-01)
  • 中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI)
  • 中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-ZFRI-05-202506)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012
  • 接收时间:2026-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-21
  • 录用日期:2026-07-01
基金
河南省公益性农业科研专项资金项目(201300110500)
神农种业实验室协同创新项目(SN02-2024-01)
中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2025-ZFRI)
中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-ZFRI-05-202506)
作者信息
    1 神农种业实验室, 郑州 450002
    2 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所, 郑州 450009
    3 中国农业科学院中原研究中心, 河南新乡 453000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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