Article(id=1302192608315462587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772553600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-04, onlineDate=1788396511390, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396511390, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396511390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396511390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3591, endPage=3604, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192608659395517, articleId=1302192608315462587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity, columnId=1302192608567120828, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 The composition of soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator reflecting the sustainable productivity of soil. By quantifying the response relationship between changes in soil nitrogen pool components and the application rate of organic and chemical fertilizers, the cultivation characteristics of different nitrogen components in soil by organic and chemical fertilizers were clarified, so as to provide a theoretical basis for soil fertilization and optimizing nitrogen management in farmland soil.【Method】 This study used a long-term location monitoring experiment with different dosages of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (starting in 2006) as a platform. Both organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were set at 10 nitrogen fertilizer levels (calculated as N, with crop nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 500, and 600 kg·hm-2 per season). The planting system was a double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize per year. Plant samples were taken during the maturity period of maize in the summer of 2024 to determine nitrogen content, biomass, and maize grain yield. After the summer maize harvest, soil samples were collected in 0-20 cm depth to determine the total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content of the soil. The Bremner method was used to determine the organic nitrogen component content of the soil. 【Result】 (1) The total nitrogen content of the soil in both fertilization treatments showed a linear increase with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Compared with the no fertilization treatment, the increase in soil total nitrogen content in organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatments was 19.1%-273.5% and 8.8%-25.0%, respectively. For soil inorganic nitrogen, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the soil nitrate nitrogen content significantly increased under both fertilization treatments. Under the same nitrogen content, the nitrate nitrogen content in soil treated with organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer, ranging from 1.44 to 5.17 times, but the difference in ammonium nitrogen was not significant. (2) For soil organic nitrogen components, the content of total acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (THN) and non-acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (NHN) in organic fertilizer treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The THN content of fertilizer treatment also increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. In the components of acid hydrolyzed nitrogen, the content of acid hydrolyzed ammonium nitrogen (AN), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), and amino sugar nitrogen (ASN) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in both organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, the trend of changes in the content of acid hydrolyzed unknown nitrogen (HUN) was opposite, with organic fertilizer treatment increasing with increasing nitrogen application, while chemical fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend. The linear fitting results indicated that there was no significant correlation between NHN and nitrogen application rate in fertilizer treatment. Under both fertilization treatments, the content of various organic nitrogen components showed a significant linear positive correlation with nitrogen application rate. Among them, the HUN of fertilizer treatment showed a significant linear negative correlation with nitrogen application rate. Long term application of organic and chemical fertilizers has changed the proportion of various acid hydrolyzed nitrogen components to total soil nitrogen. The distribution ratio of chemical fertilizer treatment was AN (28.3%-32.5%)>AAN (25.1%-29.5%)>HUN (5.9%-10.0%)>ASN (2.6%-3.5%); the allocation ratio for organic fertilizer treatment was AAN (23.7%-31.4%)>AN (19.6%- 27.6%)>HUN (7.9%-12.6%)>ASN (2.3%-3.2%). (3) Correlation analysis showed that AN, AAN, and ASN were significantly positively correlated with nitrogen uptake in the aboveground parts of summer maize (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and long-term application of organic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil nitrogen pool capacity. In acid hydrolyzed organic nitrogen, compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of AN, AAN, ASN, and HUN, thereby improving soil nitrogen supply capacity. AN, AAN, and ASN exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the nitrogen absorption in the aboveground parts of summer maize, making them potential effective nitrogen sources for the absorption and utilization by summer maize.

, authors=FangJie WANG1, 2, JiuKai XU2, ShuiQin ZHANG2, Meng XU2, YanTing LI2, JuanJuan HAN2, FanLong MENG2, Jing ZHANG2, XinXin YE1, BingQiang ZHAO2, Liang YUAN2, authorsList=FangJie WANG, JiuKai XU, ShuiQin ZHANG, Meng XU, YanTing LI, JuanJuan HAN, FanLong MENG, Jing ZHANG, XinXin YE, BingQiang ZHAO, Liang YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192612023227339, articleId=1302192608315462587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响, columnId=1302192608739087294, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 土壤氮库组成是反映土壤可持续生产力的重要指标,通过量化土壤氮库组分变化与有机肥、化肥用量的响应关系,明确有机肥和化肥对土壤中不同氮素组分的培育特征,为土壤培肥和优化农田土壤氮素管理提供理论依据。【方法】 以有机肥与化肥不同用量长期定位监测试验(始于2006年)为平台,有机肥和化肥均设置10个施氮肥水平(以N计,每季作物施氮量分别为0、60、120、180、240、300、360、420、500、600 kg·hm-2)。种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制。2024年夏玉米成熟期取植株样品,测定玉米生物量、籽粒产量和氮含量。夏玉米收获后,采集0—20 cm土层土样,测定土壤全氮、无机氮含量,采用Bremner法测定土壤有机氮组分含量。【结果】 (1)两种肥料处理的土壤全氮含量随施氮量增加均呈线性增长。与不施肥处理相比,施用有机肥和化肥土壤全氮含量提高幅度分别为19.1%—273.5%和8.8%—25.0%。随施氮量增加,施用两种肥料的土壤硝态氮含量均显著增加。等氮量下,有机肥处理土壤硝态氮含量显著高于化肥,为其1.44—5.17倍,但铵态氮差异不显著。(2)对于土壤有机氮组分,有机肥处理的酸解总氮(THN)与非酸解态氮(NHN)含量均随施氮量增加而增加。化肥处理的THN含量亦随施氮量增加而升高,但处理间无显著差异。在酸解氮组分中,酸解铵态氮(AN)、氨基酸态氮(AAN)及氨基糖态氮(ASN)含量在有机肥与化肥处理中均随施氮量增加而增加。然而,酸解未知氮(HUN)含量变化趋势相反,有机肥处理随施氮量增加而上升,化肥处理则呈下降趋势。线性拟合结果表明,化肥处理的NHN与施氮量无显著相关性。两种肥料处理下各有机氮组分含量均与施氮量呈显著线性正相关,其中化肥处理的HUN与施氮量呈显著线性负相关。长期施用有机肥和化肥改变了各酸解氮组分占土壤全氮的比例,化肥处理的占比为AN(28.3%—32.5%)AAN(25.1%—29.5%)>HUN(5.9%—10.0%)>ASN(2.6%—3.5%);有机肥处理的占比为AAN(23.7%—31.4%)>AN(19.6%—27.6%)>HUN(7.9%—12.6%)>ASN(2.3%—3.2%)。(3)相关性分析表明,AN、AAN和ASN与夏玉米地上部氮吸收量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】 在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下,与长期单施化肥相比,长期施用有机肥能够显著提高土壤氮库容量;在酸解有机氮中,有机肥处理显著增加了酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮和酸解未知氮含量,从而提高土壤供氮能力。酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮与夏玉米地上部氮吸收呈极显著正相关,是夏玉米吸收利用的潜在有效氮源。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Response of soil organic nitrogen fractions and tomato yield to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in greenhouse, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192630994063480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=158, pageEnd=164, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=82, authorNames=李菊梅, 李生秀, journalName=植物营养与肥料学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李菊梅, 李生秀. 可矿化氮与各有机氮组分的关系[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2003, 9(2): 158-164., articleTitle=可矿化氮与各有机氮组分的关系, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192631065366649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=158, pageEnd=164, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=83, authorNames=Li J M, Li S X, journalName=Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J M, Li S X. Relation of mineralizable N to organic N components[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2003, 9(2): 158-164. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Relation of mineralizable N to organic N components, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192631145058426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=72, issue=4, pageStart=992, pageEnd=999, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=84, authorNames=Bushong J T, Roberts T L, Ross W J, Norman R J, Slaton N A, Wilson C E Jr, journalName=Soil Science Society of America Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bushong J T, Roberts T L, Ross W J, Norman R J, Slaton N A, Wilson C E Jr. Evaluation of distillation and diffusion techniques for estimating hydrolyzable amino sugar-nitrogen as a means of predicting nitrogen mineralization[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2008, 72(4): 992-999., articleTitle=Evaluation of distillation and diffusion techniques for estimating hydrolyzable amino sugar-nitrogen as a means of predicting nitrogen mineralization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192621242306593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, awardId=1610132024014, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132024014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192621326192674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, awardId=CARS-03, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-03), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192612396520396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192612404909005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, companyId=1302192612396520396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192612413297614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, companyId=1302192612396520396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 安徽农业大学资源与环境学院, 合肥 230036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192612492989391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192612501378000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, companyId=1302192612492989391, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192612526543825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, companyId=1302192612492989391, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室, 北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192620105650195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Influence of different fertilization treatments on total nitrogen content in soil

CK represents the no-fertilizer treatment, CF is the chemical fertilizer treatment, and OF is the organic fertilizer treatment. Different lowercase letters on the bars indicate significant differences (P<0.05) between fertilizer treatments at different nitrogen levels; Uppercase letters on the bars indicate significant differences (P<0.05) between organic fertilizer treatments at different nitrogen levels; T represents the type of fertilizer, R represents the nitrogen application rate, and T×R represents the interaction between fertilizer type and nitrogen application rate. **, * and ns represent significant and non-significant differences, respectively, between organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatments at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels under equal nitrogen application. The same as below

, figureFileSmall=HNam01a0YRzB7J6m88aivQ==, figureFileBig=jgdIJd/RwWUs0atj1MbuKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620168564756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同施肥处理对土壤全氮含量的影响

CK为不施肥对照处理,CF为施化肥处理,OF为施有机肥处理。柱上不同小写字母表示化肥处理在不同施氮水平间差异显著(P<0.05);柱上大写字母表示有机肥处理在不同施氮水平间差异显著(P<0.05);T代表肥料类型,R代表施氮量,T×R代表肥料类型和施氮量的交互作用。**,*和ns分别代表等氮量下,有机肥和化肥处理在0.01,0.05水平差异显著和无显著影响。下同

, figureFileSmall=HNam01a0YRzB7J6m88aivQ==, figureFileBig=jgdIJd/RwWUs0atj1MbuKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620353114133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Influence of different fertilization treatments on soil inorganic nitrogen component content, figureFileSmall=S3gQLd2Ry1snu4xB6AT14w==, figureFileBig=9NsFFOJqC7tvG4L/sSIHDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620432805910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同施肥处理对土壤无机氮组分含量的影响, figureFileSmall=S3gQLd2Ry1snu4xB6AT14w==, figureFileBig=9NsFFOJqC7tvG4L/sSIHDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620491526167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Influence of different fertilization treatments on soil organic nitrogen component content, figureFileSmall=+JOnI0JI0rzs43V8BWWaxA==, figureFileBig=Aef7KmE9i2q35hdOesFeXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620554440728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同施肥处理对土壤有机氮组分含量的影响, figureFileSmall=+JOnI0JI0rzs43V8BWWaxA==, figureFileBig=Aef7KmE9i2q35hdOesFeXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620617355289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Component of soil organic nitrogen components in total nitrogen under different fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=33cvsCADt6K6IH94OdFB2Q==, figureFileBig=mtdxQStvzEOz1G3/Uewirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620701241370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同施肥处理土壤有机氮组分含量占全氮比例

NHN:非酸解氮Non-acid hydrolyzable N;AN:酸解铵态氮Acid hydrolyzed ammonium N;AAN:氨基酸态氮Amino acid N;ASN:氨基糖态氮Amino sugar N;HUN:酸解未知氮Acid hydrolyzed unknown N。图6同 The same as Table 6

, figureFileSmall=33cvsCADt6K6IH94OdFB2Q==, figureFileBig=mtdxQStvzEOz1G3/Uewirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620772544539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Yield and aboveground nitrogen uptake of summer maize under different fertilization treatments

The nitrogen uptake in the aboveground part is the sum of nitrogen uptake in grains and straw

, figureFileSmall=L3SXerMy3oBeqICJth6alA==, figureFileBig=4B9empaVb1eD08xZCVTkFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620852236316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同施肥处理夏玉米产量与地上部氮吸收量

地上部氮素吸收量为籽粒和秸秆氮吸收量之和

, figureFileSmall=L3SXerMy3oBeqICJth6alA==, figureFileBig=4B9empaVb1eD08xZCVTkFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620927733789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Correlation among soil nitrogen pool components, maize yield, aboveground nitrogen uptake

The values in the figure represent Pearson correlation coefficients between various soil indicators, with * and * * indicating significant correlation levels of 0.05 and 0.01, respectively; Red and blue represent positive and negative correlations, respectively; The flatter and longer the ellipse, the greater the absolute value of the correlation

, figureFileSmall=KJWmOfpBin6bR41Y4Jn6hw==, figureFileBig=TyXWqkxV7QmUW21HRzDdaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192620986454046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=图6, caption=土壤氮库组分与玉米产量、地上部氮吸收量的相关性

图中数值为各土壤指标间 Pearson 相关系数,*、**分别表示相关达到0.05、0.01显著水平;红色、蓝色分别表示正相关、负相关;椭圆越扁长表示相关性的绝对值越大

, figureFileSmall=KJWmOfpBin6bR41Y4Jn6hw==, figureFileBig=TyXWqkxV7QmUW21HRzDdaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192621053562911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relationship between soil nitrogen pool component content and nitrogen fertilizer application under different fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤氮组分
Soil nitrogen compositions
函数关系 Function relation
化肥 Chemical fertilizer 有机肥 Organic fertilizer
全氮 TN (g·kg-1) y=0.0002x+0.72,R2=0.32*** y=0.0031x+0.65,R2=0.96***
硝态氮 NO3--N (mg·kg-1) y=0.0440x-2.860,R2=0.77*** y =0.1092x-7.826,R2=0.91***
铵态氮 NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) y=0.0028x+4.67,R2=0.39*** y=0.0040x+5.01,R2=0.55***
酸解总氮 THN (mg·kg-1) y=0.25x+465.74,R2=0.54*** y=1.85x+433.02,R2=0.96***
非酸解氮 NHN (mg·kg-1) y=1.24x+212.47,R2=0.95***
酸解铵态氮 AN (mg·kg-1) y=0.12x+205.23,R2=0.71*** y=0.49x+199.78,R2=0.93***
氨基酸态氮 AAN (mg·kg-1) y=0.14x+169.82,R2=0.76*** y=0.93x+150.94,R2=0.91***
氨基糖态氮 ASN (mg·kg-1) y=0.02x+17.60,R2=0.76*** y=0.10x+12.53,R2=0.91***
酸解未知氮 HUN (mg·kg-1) y=-0.03x+73.08,R2=0.24** y=0.32x+69.77,R2=0.84***
), ArticleFig(id=1302192621133254688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同施肥处理土壤氮库组分含量与氮肥用量的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤氮组分
Soil nitrogen compositions
函数关系 Function relation
化肥 Chemical fertilizer 有机肥 Organic fertilizer
全氮 TN (g·kg-1) y=0.0002x+0.72,R2=0.32*** y=0.0031x+0.65,R2=0.96***
硝态氮 NO3--N (mg·kg-1) y=0.0440x-2.860,R2=0.77*** y =0.1092x-7.826,R2=0.91***
铵态氮 NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) y=0.0028x+4.67,R2=0.39*** y=0.0040x+5.01,R2=0.55***
酸解总氮 THN (mg·kg-1) y=0.25x+465.74,R2=0.54*** y=1.85x+433.02,R2=0.96***
非酸解氮 NHN (mg·kg-1) y=1.24x+212.47,R2=0.95***
酸解铵态氮 AN (mg·kg-1) y=0.12x+205.23,R2=0.71*** y=0.49x+199.78,R2=0.93***
氨基酸态氮 AAN (mg·kg-1) y=0.14x+169.82,R2=0.76*** y=0.93x+150.94,R2=0.91***
氨基糖态氮 ASN (mg·kg-1) y=0.02x+17.60,R2=0.76*** y=0.10x+12.53,R2=0.91***
酸解未知氮 HUN (mg·kg-1) y=-0.03x+73.08,R2=0.24** y=0.32x+69.77,R2=0.84***
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长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响
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王方洁 1, 2 , 徐久凯 2 , 张水勤 2 , 许猛 2 , 李燕婷 2 , 韩娟娟 2 , 孟凡龙 2 , 张静 2 , 叶新新 1 , 赵秉强 2 , 袁亮 2
中国农业科学 | 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 2026,59(16): 3591-3604
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中国农业科学 |土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 2026 , 59 (16) : 3591 -3604
长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响
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middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室, 北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192612492989391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192612501378000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192608315462587, companyId=1302192612492989391, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and 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王方洁1, 2 , 徐久凯2, 张水勤2, 许猛2, 李燕婷2, 韩娟娟2, 孟凡龙2, 张静2, 叶新新1 , 赵秉强2, 袁亮2
作者信息
  • 1 安徽农业大学资源与环境学院, 合肥 230036
  • 2 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室, 北京 100081
通讯作者:
袁亮,E-mail:
叶新新,E-mail:
作者简介:

王方洁,E-mail:

Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity
FangJie WANG1, 2 , JiuKai XU2, ShuiQin ZHANG2, Meng XU2, YanTing LI2, JuanJuan HAN2, FanLong MENG2, Jing ZHANG2, XinXin YE1 , BingQiang ZHAO2, Liang YUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036
  • 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009
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【目的】 土壤氮库组成是反映土壤可持续生产力的重要指标,通过量化土壤氮库组分变化与有机肥、化肥用量的响应关系,明确有机肥和化肥对土壤中不同氮素组分的培育特征,为土壤培肥和优化农田土壤氮素管理提供理论依据。【方法】 以有机肥与化肥不同用量长期定位监测试验(始于2006年)为平台,有机肥和化肥均设置10个施氮肥水平(以N计,每季作物施氮量分别为0、60、120、180、240、300、360、420、500、600 kg·hm-2)。种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制。2024年夏玉米成熟期取植株样品,测定玉米生物量、籽粒产量和氮含量。夏玉米收获后,采集0—20 cm土层土样,测定土壤全氮、无机氮含量,采用Bremner法测定土壤有机氮组分含量。【结果】 (1)两种肥料处理的土壤全氮含量随施氮量增加均呈线性增长。与不施肥处理相比,施用有机肥和化肥土壤全氮含量提高幅度分别为19.1%—273.5%和8.8%—25.0%。随施氮量增加,施用两种肥料的土壤硝态氮含量均显著增加。等氮量下,有机肥处理土壤硝态氮含量显著高于化肥,为其1.44—5.17倍,但铵态氮差异不显著。(2)对于土壤有机氮组分,有机肥处理的酸解总氮(THN)与非酸解态氮(NHN)含量均随施氮量增加而增加。化肥处理的THN含量亦随施氮量增加而升高,但处理间无显著差异。在酸解氮组分中,酸解铵态氮(AN)、氨基酸态氮(AAN)及氨基糖态氮(ASN)含量在有机肥与化肥处理中均随施氮量增加而增加。然而,酸解未知氮(HUN)含量变化趋势相反,有机肥处理随施氮量增加而上升,化肥处理则呈下降趋势。线性拟合结果表明,化肥处理的NHN与施氮量无显著相关性。两种肥料处理下各有机氮组分含量均与施氮量呈显著线性正相关,其中化肥处理的HUN与施氮量呈显著线性负相关。长期施用有机肥和化肥改变了各酸解氮组分占土壤全氮的比例,化肥处理的占比为AN(28.3%—32.5%)AAN(25.1%—29.5%)>HUN(5.9%—10.0%)>ASN(2.6%—3.5%);有机肥处理的占比为AAN(23.7%—31.4%)>AN(19.6%—27.6%)>HUN(7.9%—12.6%)>ASN(2.3%—3.2%)。(3)相关性分析表明,AN、AAN和ASN与夏玉米地上部氮吸收量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】 在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下,与长期单施化肥相比,长期施用有机肥能够显著提高土壤氮库容量;在酸解有机氮中,有机肥处理显著增加了酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮和酸解未知氮含量,从而提高土壤供氮能力。酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮与夏玉米地上部氮吸收呈极显著正相关,是夏玉米吸收利用的潜在有效氮源。

长期施肥  /  有机肥  /  化肥  /  土壤有机氮组分  /  氮肥施用量

【Objective】 The composition of soil nitrogen pool is an important indicator reflecting the sustainable productivity of soil. By quantifying the response relationship between changes in soil nitrogen pool components and the application rate of organic and chemical fertilizers, the cultivation characteristics of different nitrogen components in soil by organic and chemical fertilizers were clarified, so as to provide a theoretical basis for soil fertilization and optimizing nitrogen management in farmland soil.【Method】 This study used a long-term location monitoring experiment with different dosages of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (starting in 2006) as a platform. Both organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were set at 10 nitrogen fertilizer levels (calculated as N, with crop nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 500, and 600 kg·hm-2 per season). The planting system was a double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize per year. Plant samples were taken during the maturity period of maize in the summer of 2024 to determine nitrogen content, biomass, and maize grain yield. After the summer maize harvest, soil samples were collected in 0-20 cm depth to determine the total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content of the soil. The Bremner method was used to determine the organic nitrogen component content of the soil. 【Result】 (1) The total nitrogen content of the soil in both fertilization treatments showed a linear increase with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Compared with the no fertilization treatment, the increase in soil total nitrogen content in organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatments was 19.1%-273.5% and 8.8%-25.0%, respectively. For soil inorganic nitrogen, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the soil nitrate nitrogen content significantly increased under both fertilization treatments. Under the same nitrogen content, the nitrate nitrogen content in soil treated with organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer, ranging from 1.44 to 5.17 times, but the difference in ammonium nitrogen was not significant. (2) For soil organic nitrogen components, the content of total acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (THN) and non-acid hydrolyzable nitrogen (NHN) in organic fertilizer treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The THN content of fertilizer treatment also increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. In the components of acid hydrolyzed nitrogen, the content of acid hydrolyzed ammonium nitrogen (AN), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), and amino sugar nitrogen (ASN) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in both organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, the trend of changes in the content of acid hydrolyzed unknown nitrogen (HUN) was opposite, with organic fertilizer treatment increasing with increasing nitrogen application, while chemical fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend. The linear fitting results indicated that there was no significant correlation between NHN and nitrogen application rate in fertilizer treatment. Under both fertilization treatments, the content of various organic nitrogen components showed a significant linear positive correlation with nitrogen application rate. Among them, the HUN of fertilizer treatment showed a significant linear negative correlation with nitrogen application rate. Long term application of organic and chemical fertilizers has changed the proportion of various acid hydrolyzed nitrogen components to total soil nitrogen. The distribution ratio of chemical fertilizer treatment was AN (28.3%-32.5%)>AAN (25.1%-29.5%)>HUN (5.9%-10.0%)>ASN (2.6%-3.5%); the allocation ratio for organic fertilizer treatment was AAN (23.7%-31.4%)>AN (19.6%- 27.6%)>HUN (7.9%-12.6%)>ASN (2.3%-3.2%). (3) Correlation analysis showed that AN, AAN, and ASN were significantly positively correlated with nitrogen uptake in the aboveground parts of summer maize (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, the long-term application of chemical fertilizer and long-term application of organic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil nitrogen pool capacity. In acid hydrolyzed organic nitrogen, compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the content of AN, AAN, ASN, and HUN, thereby improving soil nitrogen supply capacity. AN, AAN, and ASN exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the nitrogen absorption in the aboveground parts of summer maize, making them potential effective nitrogen sources for the absorption and utilization by summer maize.

long-term fertilization  /  organic fertilizer  /  chemical fertilizer  /  soil organic nitrogen  /  nitrogen fertilizer application rate
王方洁, 徐久凯, 张水勤, 许猛, 李燕婷, 韩娟娟, 孟凡龙, 张静, 叶新新, 赵秉强, 袁亮. 长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤氮库组分及供氮能力的影响. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3591 -3604 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009
FangJie WANG, JiuKai XU, ShuiQin ZHANG, Meng XU, YanTing LI, JuanJuan HAN, FanLong MENG, Jing ZHANG, XinXin YE, BingQiang ZHAO, Liang YUAN. Effects of Long-Term Single Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Nitrogen Pool Components and Nitrogen Supply Capacity[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3591 -3604 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009
【研究意义】氮素是植物生长所必需的关键营养元素,也是维持农田生态系统生产力的重要基础[1-2],提升土壤氮库库容是培肥地力的核心内容之一。土壤氮素主要包括无机氮和有机氮两种形态。其中,无机氮是作物和微生物可直接利用的有效氮源,但在土壤氮库中占比较小[3],而有机氮是土壤氮素的主要存在形式,占比通常在90%以上[4-6],并在土壤氮循环中发挥着“源”与“库”的双重作用,对维持土壤氮素肥力具有关键意义[7]。土壤有机态氮的存在形态,关乎土壤供氮能力[8],最终影响作物氮素吸收。施用有机肥和化肥是农田氮素投入的重要措施,二者的养分形态和有效性不同,对土壤氮库的容量和强度影响也明显不同。因此,探究不同氮源肥料用量与土壤氮库变化及土壤供氮之间的关系,对土壤培肥和合理施肥具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】有研究表明,长期施用有机肥在增加土壤氮素累积方面具有显著效果[9-12]。相比之下,长期单施化肥能够维持或小幅度提高土壤全氮含量[13-15] 。在具体组分上,有机肥不仅能增加酸解总氮,还促进稳定性非酸解有机氮的积累[16-17],尤其显著提高酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮与酸解未知氮等组分含量[18-21]。有研究表明,与单施化肥相比,长期施用有机肥显著提高土壤酸解铵态氮(35.3%)和氨基酸态氮含量(91.8%),同时也增加了非酸解有机氮含量[22]。长期单施化肥主要影响活性有机氮组分,对稳定有机氮库的贡献较小。有研究表明,较不施肥处理,施用化肥能够显著增加土壤酸解有机氮组分含量,但未酸解氮含量未明显增加[23]。土壤有机氮组分对可矿化氮的贡献影响不同。土壤酸解氮中,氨基酸态氮对土壤矿化氮的贡献最大,其次为酸解未知氮[24]。氨基酸态氮和酸解铵态氮作为可矿化氮的主要来源[25],且均与小麦产量呈显著正相关[26]。在低氮条件下,氨基酸态氮是土壤供氮和作物吸收的关键组分,而在高氮条件下,氨基糖态氮的贡献更为显著[27]。【本研究切入点】当前研究多集中于单一施氮水平下比较有机肥与化肥,未能揭示两类肥料对土壤氮库的调控效应如何随施氮量梯度变化,尤其是有机肥和化肥用量与氮库容量、供氮强度的定量关系,仍缺乏深入研究。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以有机肥与化肥不同用量长期定位监测试验(始于2006年)为平台,系统分析不同氮肥梯度下长期施用有机肥和化肥与土壤氮库组分的定量关系,明确土壤氮组分对两类氮源的特异性响应,为华北平原农田建立合理施肥制度、提高土壤供氮能力及实现氮素养分高效利用提供理论依据。
有机肥、化肥不同用量长期定位试验开始于2006年10月,在中国农业科学院德州实验站陵县试验基地(37°20′N,116°38′E;海拔21.36 m)进行,种植制度为冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制。土壤类型为壤质潮土。于2006年10月冬小麦季施肥前测得试验地耕层(0—20 cm)初始土壤养分含量:土壤有机质9.01 g·kg-1,全氮0.60 g·kg-1,有效磷16.3 mg·kg-1,速效钾109 mg·kg-1,pH为8.38。
冬小麦、夏玉米每季作物有机肥和化肥均设置10个施氮量:0(N0)、60(N60)、120(N120)、180(N180)、240(N240)、300(N300)、360(N360)、420(N420)、500(N500)、600(N600)kg·hm-2,共19个处理,随机区组设计,3次重复,小区面积为25 m2。施用有机肥的各处理将全部有机肥于小麦季作基肥一次性施入,不再施用磷、钾肥。具体有机肥用量由施肥前测定的有机肥的含水量及养分含量计算得出,以全氮含量为标准进行折算。有机肥选用当地养殖场的腐熟厩粪,干基主要养分含量:有机碳12.52%—32.85%、氮(N)1.0%—2.31%、磷(P2O5)1.04%—2.01%、钾(K2O)0.67%—3.00%、pH 7.82—8.92,氮、磷、钾含量均以全量计。2006年10月至2009年6月施用的有机肥为猪粪,2009年10月至今施用的有机肥为牛粪。同一氮素水平下,化肥处理的磷、钾肥用量与有机肥处理牛粪中带入的磷、钾量相同。施用化肥的各处理冬小麦、夏玉米每季作物播种前将60%的氮肥和全部磷、钾肥做基肥,冬小麦在拔节期追施40%氮肥,夏玉米在大喇叭口期追施40%氮肥;氮肥使用尿素(N 46.4%),磷肥为磷酸二铵(N 18%、P2O5 46%),钾肥为硫酸钾(K2O 50%)。田间管理同当地常规栽培模式。冬小麦、夏玉米每季作物收获后,作物秸秆均不还田。
于2024年10月夏玉米成熟期,选择每个小区中间具有代表性的3行夏玉米进行风干、脱粒,分别测定秸秆、籽粒生物量,计算玉米籽粒产量。植株样品粉碎后用于养分测定。
夏玉米收获后,采用五点取样法,采集每个小区的0—20 cm土层土壤样品。土样混合均匀后,装入自封袋保存。土壤样品风干粉碎,分别过1 mm和0.25 mm筛后,用于土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮组分的测定。
采用浓硫酸-过氧化氢对植株样品进行消煮,采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定全氮含量。土壤全氮采用浓硫酸和混合催化剂消化,凯氏定氮法测定。称取适量鲜土,用1 mol·L-1的氯化钾浸提,流动分析仪测定(德国Seal,AA3)土壤硝、铵态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分采用Bremner[28]描述的酸水解法测定。
使用Excel(Microsoft Office 2019)软件进行数据汇总和计算;使用IBM SPSS Statistics 20统计软件进行数据分析,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和最小显著性差异(LSD)及独立样本t检验比较不同处理间差异;双因素方差分析探究肥料类型和肥料用量的交互效应;使用Origin 2025软件进行相关性分析及绘图。
图1所示,长期施用有机肥可显著提升土壤全氮含量,且随施氮量增加而增加,其含量范围为0.81—2.54 g·kg-1(平均1.60 g·kg-1);而长期施用化肥的处理全氮含量为0.74—0.85 g·kg-1(平均0.80 g·kg-1),且各化肥处理间无显著差异。与不施肥处理相比,有机肥与化肥处理的全氮含量增幅分别为19.1%—273.5%和8.8%—25.0%。在等氮量条件下,当施氮量高于60 kg·hm-2时,有机肥处理的土壤全氮含量显著高于化肥处理。方差分析结果表明,土壤全氮含量受肥料类型、肥料用量及二者交互效应的显著影响。线性回归分析表明,有机肥和化肥处理的土壤全氮含量与施氮量均呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.001)(表1)。
图2可知,方差分析表明,土壤硝态氮含量受肥料类型、肥料用量及二者交互效应的显著影响。线性拟合表明,施用化肥和有机肥处理的土壤硝、铵态氮含量均与施氮量呈线性关系(表1)。土壤有机肥处理的硝态氮含量范围为1.45—66.95 mg·kg-1,化肥为1.01—25.96 mg·kg-1。随着施氮量增加,施用有机肥和化肥处理的硝态氮均显著上升,且等氮量下有机肥处理含量始终高于化肥,为其1.44—5.17倍。相比之下,铵态氮受施氮影响较小。有机肥处理的铵态氮含量为5.16—7.41 mg·kg-1,化肥处理的为4.88—6.56 mg·kg-1,且等氮量下化肥与有机肥处理间无显著差异。整体来看,有机肥在促进土壤无机氮、尤其是硝态氮积累方面,效果远优于化肥。
图3所示,方差分析结果表明,土壤有机氮组分含量均受肥料类型、肥料用量及二者交互效应的显著影响。各有机氮组分含量与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关(表1)。长期施用有机肥处理的土壤酸解总氮(562.43—1 612.82 mg·kg-1,平均1 001.82 mg·kg-1)与非酸解态氮(248.42—924.23 mg·kg-1,平均593.79 mg·kg-1)含量显著高于化肥处理(酸解总氮:485.10— 612.92 mg·kg-1,平均545.03 mg·kg-1;非酸解态氮:245.42—280.01 mg·kg-1,平均258.85 mg·kg-1)。与不施肥处理相比,有机肥处理酸解总氮和非酸解态氮的增幅分别为26.6%—263.0%与5.2%—291.3%,而化肥处理仅酸解总氮显著增加(12.0%—37.9%),而非酸解态氮各处理间无显著差异。当施氮量超过60 kg·hm-2时,有机肥处理的酸解总氮和非酸解态氮含量均显著高于等氮量化肥处理。
在酸解有机氮中,酸解铵态氮与氨基酸态氮为主要组分。有机肥处理的二者含量分别为223.03— 497.13和218.86—761.07 mg·kg-1,均显著高于化肥处理(分别为216.78—273.95与186.39—249.20 mg·kg-1),且其含量随施氮量增加而显著提升,而化肥处理则增加缓慢。等氮量下,与化肥处理相比,有机肥处理对酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮含量的提高幅度分别为2.3%—81.5%和17.4%—205.4%。等氮量下,氨基糖态氮在有机肥处理中含量较高(21.88—80.53 mg·kg-1),且当施氮量大于120 kg·hm-2时显著高于化肥处理(19.11—29.30 mg·kg-1)。等氮量下,与单施化肥相比,施用有机肥土壤氨基糖态氮含量提高幅度为14.5%—174.8%。有机肥处理的酸解未知氮含量为98.66—274.09 mg·kg-1,随施氮量增加而升高,且显著高于化肥处理(49.16—79.56 mg·kg-1),化肥处理的酸解未知氮含量随施氮量增加有所降低。
图4所示,酸解氮是土壤有机氮的主要组成部分,但其占土壤全氮的比例因肥料类型而异。在整体构成上,化肥处理的酸解总氮占比为63.6%—69.5%,平均为67.4%,略高于有机肥处理(58.6%—69.3%,平均63.3%);而非酸解氮占全氮比例则有机肥处理的(平均为36.7%)高于化肥处理(平均为32.6%)。这表明,长期单施化肥倾向于提高酸解总氮的比重,而有机肥则有助于提升非酸解氮的占比。进一步分析酸解有机氮组分,发现其分配比例明显不同:化肥处理的以酸解铵态氮为主(平均占全氮44.5%),其次为氨基酸态氮(占比39.5%);而有机肥处理则以氨基酸态氮为主(平均占全氮42.9%),酸解铵态氮次之(占比36.0%)。此外,有机肥处理还显著提高了酸解未知氮的占比,平均为16.9%,化肥处理的为11.8%;两种肥料的氨基糖态氮占比相近,约4.2%。
随施氮量增加,有机肥和化肥处理夏玉米产量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势(图5)。有机肥和化肥处理玉米籽粒产量分别为8.85—14.59和11.37—15.03 t·hm-2。等氮量下,当施氮量60 kg·hm-2时,化肥增产效果优于有机肥,高于60 kg·hm-2时,有机肥和化肥对玉米增产效果无明显差异。方差分析结果表明,肥料类型、肥料用量及两者的交互作用对玉米产量均有显著影响。
玉米地上部氮吸收量随施氮量的变化趋势与产量相似。有机肥和化肥处理玉米地上部氮吸收量分别为118.70—325.39和156.94—341.15 kg·hm-2。当施氮量360 kg·hm-2时,化肥和有机肥处理的夏玉米地上部氮吸收量最高。方差分析结果表明,增加肥料用量显著提高了玉米地上部氮吸收量,但肥料类型及肥料类型与肥料用量的交互作用对地上部氮吸收无显著影响。
图6所示,除化肥处理的酸解未知氮外,有机肥和化肥处理的其他有机氮组分均与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。在化肥处理中,有机氮组分中酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮均与土壤硝态氮、铵态氮呈显著或极显著正相关;酸解未知氮和非酸解氮则与硝态氮无显著相关。在有机肥处理中,各有机氮组分均与土壤硝态氮、铵态氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
两种肥料处理的玉米地上部氮吸收量均与产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。化肥处理的玉米氮吸收量与酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与酸解未知氮、非酸解氮无显著相关;有机肥处理的玉米氮吸收量与所有有机氮组分均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。就产量而言,化肥处理的土壤有机氮组分与产量无显著相关;而有机肥处理的产量与酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与非酸解氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
在长期施肥条件下,有机肥与化肥对土壤全氮影响存在显著差异。本研究发现,随着施氮量的增加,化肥处理的土壤全氮含量缓慢增加,而有机肥处理则显著提高(图1)。这与已有研究结果相似[29-30]。这主要因为化肥氮活性强,易通过挥发和淋溶等途径损失,难以在土壤中累积[31-32];而有机肥中的氮素以有机形态存在,在土壤中转化慢、损失少,从而有利于氮素在土壤中的留存与积累[33]。此外,有机物料输入可为固氮微生物提供有利环境,增强生物固氮能力与土壤氮固持[34]。因此,相较于化肥,有机肥更能显著提升土壤氮库容量。在夏玉米成熟期,无论是施用有机肥还是化肥,土壤中无机氮均以硝态氮为主,铵态氮含量均处于较低水平。等氮量下,有机肥和化肥处理的铵态氮含量差异不显著,而长期施用有机肥的耕层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于施用化肥(图2)。这主要与华北平原夏季高温多雨、土壤多呈中性至微碱性的条件有关。该环境利于硝化细菌活动,使铵态氮在微生物作用下迅速转化为硝态氮[35-36]。而有机肥能为硝化微生物提供丰富的碳源和能量,进一步促进硝化作用,最终提高了土壤硝态氮含量。
土壤有机氮含量及其组分构成对土壤供氮能力具有重要影响。本研究中,土壤酸解总氮和非酸解氮含量随有机肥氮用量增加均显著增加。相比有机肥处理,单施化肥酸解总氮增幅较小,且增加化肥氮用量对非酸解氮含量无显著影响(图3)。施用有机肥能够提高土壤各酸解有机氮组分含量,进而显著提高土壤酸解总氮含量[37]。非酸解氮是土壤中结构稳定、难矿化的有机氮组分。石丽红等[38]研究表明,与不施肥处理相比,长期单施化肥能够显著提高土壤非酸解氮含量,这与本研究结果不同。有研究指出,当土壤全氮含量较高时,酸解有机氮主要转化为难矿化的未酸解态氮;而当全氮含量较低时,外源氮素优先补充酸解有机氮库[39]。其原因可能为单施化肥土壤C/N失衡,微生物缺乏充足的碳源,对外源氮的同化作用较弱,大部分外源氮肥无法进入形成稳定有机氮的途径。并且长期施用化肥可能维持了土壤非酸解氮库基本平衡。
进一步分析酸解氮组分发现,各酸解有机氮组分均随有机肥用量增加显著增加。相比之下,仅施用化学氮肥土壤酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮含量的增幅较小(图3)。酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮是土壤有机氮的主要形态[40]。长期施用化肥土壤中的尿素在脲酶的作用下易分解成铵态氮,增加土壤中交换性铵和固定态铵的含量,有助于酸解铵态氮的累积。有机肥所含的氨基酸、蛋白质等物质尤其有利于氨基酸态氮的积累[41-42]。氨基糖态氮主要源于微生物细胞壁[43],它反映的是已死亡的土壤微生物积累量,而不是现存的微生物量[44]。有研究表明,外源碳的添加能够极大地促进不同形态土壤氨基糖的累积[45]。与化肥处理相比,施用有机肥能够提供丰富碳源,促进微生物增殖与残体累积,从而提高氨基糖态氮含量。值得注意的是,化肥处理的土壤酸解未知态氮含量随施氮量增加而降低,与有机肥处理趋势相反(图3-F)。焦亚鹏等[23]研究表明,随化肥氮用量增加,土壤酸解未知氮含量显著增加。也有研究指出,施氮量对酸解未知氮含量无显著影响[44]。这可能与长期施用化肥提高了土壤中微生物对酸解未知态氮的分解能力,促使其转化为其他酸解有机氮组分有关[46],但相关影响机制还需进一步研究。长期施用有机肥有利于增加土壤酸解未知氮来源的组分,同时促进土壤微生物数量增加和活性增强,有助于有机氮组分间的相互转化,在转化过程中又可以产生酸解未知氮[34]
从组分占比来看,长期施化肥主要增加酸解总氮比例,降低非酸解氮比例。而施用有机肥的作用则相反,它有助于提高非酸解氮的比例,促进土壤难矿化氮库的稳定(图4)。在酸解氮组分分配上,有机肥处理以氨基酸态氮为主,化肥处理则以酸解铵态氮为主,这与多数研究结论相符[40,47-49]。这表明,酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮是土壤酸解有机氮中的主要组分。
土壤有机氮作为土壤矿质氮的源和库[7],其矿化过程对土壤供氮至关重要。本研究中,两种肥料处理的土壤硝、铵态氮与有机氮组分中的酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮均呈显著和极显著正相关(图6)。与单施化肥相比,长期施用有机肥能够显著增加土壤酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮等易矿化有机氮组分含量(图3)。这意味着长期施用有机肥有利于土壤生物可利用氮含量的增加,提高土壤供氮潜力。
本研究中,两种肥料处理的夏玉米地上部氮吸收量与酸解有机氮组分中的酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮均呈极显著正相关,相关系数以酸解铵态氮最高、氨基酸态氮次之、氨基糖态氮相对较低(图6)。这表明不同形态的酸解有机氮对玉米氮素吸收的贡献程度存在差异,酸解铵态氮可能作用更为关键。此外,氨基酸态氮在酸解总氮中占比也较高,对土壤矿化氮的贡献也不容忽视。有研究认为,酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮是土壤有机氮的主要组分,对土壤氮矿化作用贡献最大[25,50],这与本研究结果相似。王媛等[44]、徐晓峰等[27]研究认为,氨基酸态氮是土壤供氮的关键组分。也有研究指出,氨基糖态氮中含有更多易分解的有机氮组分,具有较高的潜在矿化能力,对矿化氮有重要贡献[51]。不同研究的差异可能与土壤类型、气候因素等有关。本研究发现,土壤易矿化有机氮含量随施氮量线性增加,但玉米籽粒产量和地上部氮吸收量与施氮量之间存在阈值(图5表1)。这表明适量施氮既能促进作物氮吸收,又能提升土壤易矿化氮库,从而增强氮素的可利用性。
本研究关注耕层土壤的氮库组分变化对有机肥氮和化肥氮的响应,未来需进一步探究不同施氮量下有机肥氮和化肥氮对深层土壤氮库的影响及调控机制,为华北平原合理施肥制度的建立及作物高产稳产提供依据。
4.1 在华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,与化肥处理相比,施用有机肥显著提高了土壤有机氮中酸解铵态氮(2.3%—81.5%)、氨基酸态氮(17.4%—205.4%)和氨基糖态氮(14.5%—174.8%)组分含量,表明有机肥在提高土壤供氮能力方面具有显著优势。同时,有机肥处理提高了非酸解氮含量和占全氮比例,能够有效增强土壤氮库的长期稳定性。
4.2 土壤有机氮中,酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮与夏玉米地上部氮吸收量呈极显著正相关,是夏玉米植株吸收利用的潜在有效氮源。
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132024014)
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-03)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.009
  • 接收时间:2025-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-11
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中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132024014)
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-03)
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    1 安徽农业大学资源与环境学院, 合肥 230036
    2 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室, 北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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