Article(id=1302192590133162112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768406400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778688000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-14, onlineDate=1788396507055, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396507055, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396507055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396507055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3541, endPage=3555, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192590925885570, articleId=1302192590133162112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Identification of Yield-Limiting Factors Associated with Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Soil Nutrients in Long-Term Continuous Sugarcane Cultivation Fields, columnId=1302192590426763393, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation in characteristics of soil chemical properties and their relationship with sugarcane yield under long-term continuous cropping, identify the key soil factors limiting sugarcane productivity, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management in sugarcane fields.【Method】 A space-for-time substitution approach was adopted with five continuous cropping duration treatments: CK (0 a), T1 (1 a), T2 (10-19 a), T3 (20-29 a), and T4 (>35 a). Sugarcane yield and soil chemical properties within the 0-60 cm profile (stratified into 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers) were systematically analyzed, including pH, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and available micronutrients contents. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was calculated using factor analysis combined with correlation coefficient analysis and the Nemerow composite index method. Two machine learning algorithms-Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF)-were employed to quantify the relative contribution of individual soil chemical indicators to sugarcane yield.【Result】 (1) Long-term continuous cropping significantly reduced sugarcane yield (P<0.05), with a 13.68% decline observed in the T4 treatment(>35 years)compared with the CK, and induced deterioration in soil chemical properties. (2) Soil acidification was intensified under continuous cropping, exhibiting significant layer-specific characteristics. Compared with the control (CK), the mean soil pH decreased to 4.60 after more than 20 years of continuous cropping. The subsurface layer (20-40 cm) exhibited the most severe acidification, with pH values significantly lower than the CK in the T3 and T4 treatment groups. (3) Soil nutrients exhibited obvious surface enrichment and accumulation of certain elements. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface layer (0-20 cm) were significantly higher than in deeper layers. Prolonged continuous cropping led to significant accumulation of available potassium and available zinc, increasing by 320.47% and 164.13%, respectively, in the surface layer. (4) The soil integrated fertility index (IFI) decreased significantly with soil depth. Although long-term continuous cropping improved average fertility in the surface layer, it exacerbated the variability and spatial heterogeneity of fertility in deeper soil layers. (5) Both XGBoost and RF analyses consistently identified soil pH in the 20-40 cm layer as the primary limiting factor determining sugarcane yield, with a relative importance contribution substantially greater than that of surface available nutrients and other soil indicators.【Conclusion】 Under long-term continuous sugarcane cultivation, soils exhibited a spatiotemporal soil pattern characterized by surface nutrient enrichment and severe subsurface acidification. Acidification in the 20-40 cm soil layer constitutes the core obstacle restricting sugarcane productivity. In practical production, management strategies should shift from surface-oriented nutrient application to deep amelioration targeting subsurface acidification.

, authors=Jun DENG1, 2, Jing AI2, YuTong WANG2, JingMei DAO2, Yong ZHAO2, Song YE2, Yan DENG3, FuSuo ZHANG1, authorsList=Jun DENG, Jing AI, YuTong WANG, JingMei DAO, Yong ZHAO, Song YE, Yan DENG, FuSuo ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192594306494608, articleId=1302192590133162112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=长期连作蔗地土壤养分时空分异特征的产量限制因子识别, columnId=1302192591009771651, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 揭示长期连作蔗地土壤化学性质的分异特征及其与产量的关系,识别制约甘蔗产量提升的关键土壤因子,为蔗地可持续管理提供科学依据。【方法】 采用空间代替时间试验,分析不同连作种植年限CK(0 a)、T1(1 a)、T2(10—19 a)、T3(20—29 a)和T4(>35 a)下甘蔗产量及0—60 cm土壤剖面(0—20、20—40、40—60 cm)的化学性质(pH、有机质、速效氮磷钾及全量、有效态微量元素等)演变规律。采用因子分析法、相关系数法及内梅罗指数法评价土壤综合肥力(IFI)。最后,运用极端梯度提升(XGBoost)和随机森林(RF)2种机器学习模型,量化土壤化学指标对甘蔗产量的相对重要性。【结果】 (1)长期连作导致甘蔗产量显著下降(P<0.05),连作>35 a处理较CK降幅达13.68%,并引发土壤化学性质的劣化。(2)长期连作导致土壤酸化加剧,且具有显著的土层特异性。与CK比,连作>20 a土壤pH均值降至4.60;土壤亚表层(20—40 cm)酸化最严重,连作20—29 a和>35 a处理下该层pH较CK显著下降。(3)土壤养分呈现明显的“表聚性”和部分元素的累积效应。0—20 cm表层土中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷显著高于其他层;随连作年限延长,速效钾、有效锌出现显著积累,其中表层增幅分别为320.47%和164.13%。(4)土壤综合肥力指数随土层深度增加而显著递减,虽长期连作提升表层土的平均肥力,但加剧深层土肥力的不稳定性与空间异质性。(5)XGBoost和RF模型分析一致表明,20—40 cm土层的pH是决定甘蔗产量的首要限制因子,其重要性贡献率远超表层速效养分及其他指标。【结论】 长期连作下蔗地土壤呈现表层养分富集、亚表层严重酸化的时空分布特征,20—40 cm土层的酸化是制约甘蔗生产力提升的核心障碍因子。生产实践中应从表土层施肥转向针对亚表层土壤酸化的深层改良与调控。

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London; Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192602359558367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, awardId=XDYC-CYCX-2022-0049, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0049), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192602443444448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, awardId=202401AT070045, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省科技计划项目基础研究专项(202401AT070045), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192602514747617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, awardId=SKLTCB-YAAS-2025-04, language=CN, fundingSource=热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室自主课题项目(SKLTCB-YAAS-2025-04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192594516209809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594520404114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594516209809, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Beijing 100094), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594528792723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594516209809, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院/养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100094)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192594595901588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594604290197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594595901588, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kaiyuan 661699, Yunnan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594608484502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594595901588, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所, 云南开远 661699)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302192594675593367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594683981976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594675593367, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192594688176281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, companyId=1302192594675593367, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆 400715)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192598999920847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of sampling sites, figureFileSmall=aQgB7SKAmF/puSErBH8GkA==, figureFileBig=YmtSMhHPF3f3wxN2g2HHuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599083806928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样点分布图, figureFileSmall=aQgB7SKAmF/puSErBH8GkA==, figureFileBig=YmtSMhHPF3f3wxN2g2HHuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599247384785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sugarcane yield (A), sucrose content (B), soil pH (C) and organic matter content (D) in different soil layers under different continuous cropping years

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different continuous cropping years for the same indicator (P<0.05). 0 a represents control soil without sugarcane planting; 1 a, 10—19 a, 20—29 a, and >35 a represent continuous cropping for 1 year, 10—19 years, 20—29 years, and 35 years or more, respectively; A, B, and C represent 0-20 cm, 20—40 cm, and 40—60 cm soil layers, respectively. The same as below

, figureFileSmall=Y9BX0tG5Xir+BgKc9zYggQ==, figureFileBig=KZuNTJC02R/E//UF86W6qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599322882258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同连作年限下甘蔗产量(A)、蔗糖分(B)和不同土层土壤pH(C)及有机质含量(D)

不同小写字母表示同一指标不同连作年限间差异显著(P<0.05)。0 a表示未种植甘蔗的对照土壤,1、10—19、20—29、>35 a分别表示连作1年、10—19年、20—29年和35年及以上;A、B、C分别表示0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层显著性差异。下同

, figureFileSmall=Y9BX0tG5Xir+BgKc9zYggQ==, figureFileBig=KZuNTJC02R/E//UF86W6qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599389991123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Soil macronutrient contents in different soil layers under different continuous cropping years, figureFileSmall=+otZ5SinMXTERciu/4NI7g==, figureFileBig=xeupDwLA5qvp1RuynXUSkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599457099988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同连作年限下各土层土壤大量元素含量, figureFileSmall=+otZ5SinMXTERciu/4NI7g==, figureFileBig=xeupDwLA5qvp1RuynXUSkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599520014549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Soil micronutrient contents in different soil layers under different continuous cropping years, figureFileSmall=1nb8e4u59qcs5BIa3+THKA==, figureFileBig=oqP2sGJVhvC3DcwW1KP/qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599578734806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同连作年限下各土层土壤微量元素含量, figureFileSmall=1nb8e4u59qcs5BIa3+THKA==, figureFileBig=oqP2sGJVhvC3DcwW1KP/qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599637455063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Soil Fertility as influenced by continuous cropping duration and soil depth (0—20, 20—40, 40—60 cm), figureFileSmall=BjAbJXP9XVNZyeXjYut+Lg==, figureFileBig=z8HmNSPF6oRimHJSei7Cwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599691981016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同连作年限0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层土壤肥力, figureFileSmall=BjAbJXP9XVNZyeXjYut+Lg==, figureFileBig=z8HmNSPF6oRimHJSei7Cwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599750701273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Performance comparison of XGBoost and RF models for sugarcane yield prediction and importance of soil driving factors

A: Relative importance contribution of different soil layers to yield prediction; B: Relative importance of soil nutrient indicators; OM: Organic matter; TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus; TK: Total potassium; AN: Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen; AP: Available phosphorus; AK: Available potassium; Fe: Available iron; Mn: Available manganese; Cu: Available copper; Zn: Available zinc; (C) : Importance ranking of key limiting factors, in which the numeric suffix of each variable name indicates the corresponding soil layer depth (e.g., "AN_20-40" denotes alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the 20-40 cm soil layer); (D) : Validation of model performance by fitting predicted values against measured values, where the dashed line represents the 1﹕1 reference line, the solid line represents the linear regression fit, the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval, R2 is the coefficient of determination, and RMSE is the root mean square error (t·hm⁻2). Orange and blue represent the XGBoost and RF models, respectively

, figureFileSmall=k8zLE19vWc9NCsHz9B6EGA==, figureFileBig=c8hwy355jVYhfwz3oFjMrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599830393050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于XGBoost和RF的甘蔗产量预测模型性能比较及土壤驱动因子重要性

A:不同土层对产量预测的相对重要性贡献;B:各土壤养分指标的相对重要性:OM:有机质;TN:全氮;TP:全磷;TK:全钾;AN:碱解氮;AP:有效磷;AK:速效钾,Fe:有效态铁,Mn;有效态锰,Cu;有效态铜;Zn:有效态锌;C:关键限制因子的重要性排序,变量名称后缀数字表示所属土层深度(如“AN_20—40”表示20—40 cm土层的碱解氮);D:模型预测值与实测值的拟合验证,虚线为1﹕1参考线,实线为线性拟合线,阴影区域为95%置信区间,R2为决定系数,RMSE为均方根误差(t·hm-2)。橙色代表XGBoost模型,蓝色代表RF模型

, figureFileSmall=k8zLE19vWc9NCsHz9B6EGA==, figureFileBig=c8hwy355jVYhfwz3oFjMrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192599910084827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Historical fertilization practices for sugarcane in Gengma Town

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
Year
肥料类型
Fertilizer type
常规施肥次数及施肥量
Fertilization schedule and application rate
施肥总量
Total fertilizer applied (kg·hm-2)
氮磷钾养分总投入量
Total NPK input
(kg·hm-2)
2016—2022 复合肥(总养分44%,N-P2O5-K2O=26-12-6)
Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 44%, N- P2O5-K2O = 26-12-6)
一次性施肥:肥料全部用于基肥施用
Single application: all applied as basal fertilizer
1 200 528
2004—2015 复合肥(总养分25%,N-P2O5-K2O=10-
10-5)+尿素(含N 46%)
Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 25%, N-P2O5-K2O = 10-10-5) + urea (46% N)
二次施肥:基肥施1 200 kg·hm-2复合肥,追肥施600 kg·hm-2尿素
Two applications: basal application of 1 200 kg·hm-2 compound fertilizer; topdressing with 600 kg·hm-2urea
1 800 576
1980—2003 尿素(含N 46%)+过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥(含P2O5 12%)+氯化钾(含K2O 60%)
Urea (46% N) + single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate (12% P2O5) + potassium chloride (60% K2O)
三次施肥:基肥施300 kg·hm-2尿素+750 kg·hm-2过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥+300 kg·hm-2氯化钾,第一次追肥施600 kg·hm-2尿素,第二次追肥施300 kg·hm-2尿素
Three applications: basal application of 300 kg·hm-2 urea +750 kg·hm-2 single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate+300 kg·hm-2 potassium chloride; first topdressing: 600 kg·hm-2 urea; second topdressing: 300 kg·hm-2 urea
2 250 822
), ArticleFig(id=1302192600023331036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耿马镇蔗区不同年代甘蔗施肥情况调度表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
Year
肥料类型
Fertilizer type
常规施肥次数及施肥量
Fertilization schedule and application rate
施肥总量
Total fertilizer applied (kg·hm-2)
氮磷钾养分总投入量
Total NPK input
(kg·hm-2)
2016—2022 复合肥(总养分44%,N-P2O5-K2O=26-12-6)
Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 44%, N- P2O5-K2O = 26-12-6)
一次性施肥:肥料全部用于基肥施用
Single application: all applied as basal fertilizer
1 200 528
2004—2015 复合肥(总养分25%,N-P2O5-K2O=10-
10-5)+尿素(含N 46%)
Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 25%, N-P2O5-K2O = 10-10-5) + urea (46% N)
二次施肥:基肥施1 200 kg·hm-2复合肥,追肥施600 kg·hm-2尿素
Two applications: basal application of 1 200 kg·hm-2 compound fertilizer; topdressing with 600 kg·hm-2urea
1 800 576
1980—2003 尿素(含N 46%)+过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥(含P2O5 12%)+氯化钾(含K2O 60%)
Urea (46% N) + single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate (12% P2O5) + potassium chloride (60% K2O)
三次施肥:基肥施300 kg·hm-2尿素+750 kg·hm-2过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥+300 kg·hm-2氯化钾,第一次追肥施600 kg·hm-2尿素,第二次追肥施300 kg·hm-2尿素
Three applications: basal application of 300 kg·hm-2 urea +750 kg·hm-2 single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate+300 kg·hm-2 potassium chloride; first topdressing: 600 kg·hm-2 urea; second topdressing: 300 kg·hm-2 urea
2 250 822
), ArticleFig(id=1302192600115605725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The grading standard of soil properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级
Grade
有机质含量
Organic matter content (g·kg-1)
全氮含量
Total nitrogen
content
(g·kg-1)
全磷含量
Total
phosphorus
content (g·kg-1)
全钾含量
Total
potassium
content (g·kg-1)
碱解氮含量
Alkali-hydrolyzable
nitrogen content
(mg·kg-1)
速效磷含量
Available
phosphorus
content (mg·kg-1)
速效钾含量
Available
potassium
content (mg·kg-1)
pH
>7 <7
Xa 10 0.75 0.4 5 60 3 40 8.5 4.5
Xc 20 1.50 0.6 20 120 10 100 8.0 5.5
Xp 30 2.00 1.0 25 180 20 150 7.5 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1302192602212757726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192590133162112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤各属性分级标准值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级
Grade
有机质含量
Organic matter content (g·kg-1)
全氮含量
Total nitrogen
content
(g·kg-1)
全磷含量
Total
phosphorus
content (g·kg-1)
全钾含量
Total
potassium
content (g·kg-1)
碱解氮含量
Alkali-hydrolyzable
nitrogen content
(mg·kg-1)
速效磷含量
Available
phosphorus
content (mg·kg-1)
速效钾含量
Available
potassium
content (mg·kg-1)
pH
>7 <7
Xa 10 0.75 0.4 5 60 3 40 8.5 4.5
Xc 20 1.50 0.6 20 120 10 100 8.0 5.5
Xp 30 2.00 1.0 25 180 20 150 7.5 6.5
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长期连作蔗地土壤养分时空分异特征的产量限制因子识别
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邓军 1, 2 , 艾静 2 , 王禹童 2 , 刀静梅 2 , 赵勇 2 , 叶松 2 , 邓燕 3 , 张福锁 1
中国农业科学 | 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 2026,59(16): 3541-3555
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中国农业科学 |耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 2026 , 59 (16) : 3541 -3555
长期连作蔗地土壤养分时空分异特征的产量限制因子识别
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邓军1, 2 , 艾静2, 王禹童2, 刀静梅2, 赵勇2, 叶松2, 邓燕3 , 张福锁1
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院/养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100094
  • 2 云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所, 云南开远 661699
  • 3 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆 400715
通讯作者:
邓燕,E-mail:
张福锁,E-mail:
作者简介:

邓军,E-mail:

Identification of Yield-Limiting Factors Associated with Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Soil Nutrients in Long-Term Continuous Sugarcane Cultivation Fields
Jun DENG1, 2 , Jing AI2, YuTong WANG2, JingMei DAO2, Yong ZHAO2, Song YE2, Yan DENG3 , FuSuo ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Nutrient Resources, Beijing 100094
  • 2 Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kaiyuan 661699, Yunnan
  • 3 College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006
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【目的】 揭示长期连作蔗地土壤化学性质的分异特征及其与产量的关系,识别制约甘蔗产量提升的关键土壤因子,为蔗地可持续管理提供科学依据。【方法】 采用空间代替时间试验,分析不同连作种植年限CK(0 a)、T1(1 a)、T2(10—19 a)、T3(20—29 a)和T4(>35 a)下甘蔗产量及0—60 cm土壤剖面(0—20、20—40、40—60 cm)的化学性质(pH、有机质、速效氮磷钾及全量、有效态微量元素等)演变规律。采用因子分析法、相关系数法及内梅罗指数法评价土壤综合肥力(IFI)。最后,运用极端梯度提升(XGBoost)和随机森林(RF)2种机器学习模型,量化土壤化学指标对甘蔗产量的相对重要性。【结果】 (1)长期连作导致甘蔗产量显著下降(P<0.05),连作>35 a处理较CK降幅达13.68%,并引发土壤化学性质的劣化。(2)长期连作导致土壤酸化加剧,且具有显著的土层特异性。与CK比,连作>20 a土壤pH均值降至4.60;土壤亚表层(20—40 cm)酸化最严重,连作20—29 a和>35 a处理下该层pH较CK显著下降。(3)土壤养分呈现明显的“表聚性”和部分元素的累积效应。0—20 cm表层土中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷显著高于其他层;随连作年限延长,速效钾、有效锌出现显著积累,其中表层增幅分别为320.47%和164.13%。(4)土壤综合肥力指数随土层深度增加而显著递减,虽长期连作提升表层土的平均肥力,但加剧深层土肥力的不稳定性与空间异质性。(5)XGBoost和RF模型分析一致表明,20—40 cm土层的pH是决定甘蔗产量的首要限制因子,其重要性贡献率远超表层速效养分及其他指标。【结论】 长期连作下蔗地土壤呈现表层养分富集、亚表层严重酸化的时空分布特征,20—40 cm土层的酸化是制约甘蔗生产力提升的核心障碍因子。生产实践中应从表土层施肥转向针对亚表层土壤酸化的深层改良与调控。

甘蔗  /  养分平衡  /  土壤酸化  /  亚表层酸化  /  产量驱动因子  /  机器学习

【Objective】 This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation in characteristics of soil chemical properties and their relationship with sugarcane yield under long-term continuous cropping, identify the key soil factors limiting sugarcane productivity, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management in sugarcane fields.【Method】 A space-for-time substitution approach was adopted with five continuous cropping duration treatments: CK (0 a), T1 (1 a), T2 (10-19 a), T3 (20-29 a), and T4 (>35 a). Sugarcane yield and soil chemical properties within the 0-60 cm profile (stratified into 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers) were systematically analyzed, including pH, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and available micronutrients contents. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was calculated using factor analysis combined with correlation coefficient analysis and the Nemerow composite index method. Two machine learning algorithms-Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF)-were employed to quantify the relative contribution of individual soil chemical indicators to sugarcane yield.【Result】 (1) Long-term continuous cropping significantly reduced sugarcane yield (P<0.05), with a 13.68% decline observed in the T4 treatment(>35 years)compared with the CK, and induced deterioration in soil chemical properties. (2) Soil acidification was intensified under continuous cropping, exhibiting significant layer-specific characteristics. Compared with the control (CK), the mean soil pH decreased to 4.60 after more than 20 years of continuous cropping. The subsurface layer (20-40 cm) exhibited the most severe acidification, with pH values significantly lower than the CK in the T3 and T4 treatment groups. (3) Soil nutrients exhibited obvious surface enrichment and accumulation of certain elements. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface layer (0-20 cm) were significantly higher than in deeper layers. Prolonged continuous cropping led to significant accumulation of available potassium and available zinc, increasing by 320.47% and 164.13%, respectively, in the surface layer. (4) The soil integrated fertility index (IFI) decreased significantly with soil depth. Although long-term continuous cropping improved average fertility in the surface layer, it exacerbated the variability and spatial heterogeneity of fertility in deeper soil layers. (5) Both XGBoost and RF analyses consistently identified soil pH in the 20-40 cm layer as the primary limiting factor determining sugarcane yield, with a relative importance contribution substantially greater than that of surface available nutrients and other soil indicators.【Conclusion】 Under long-term continuous sugarcane cultivation, soils exhibited a spatiotemporal soil pattern characterized by surface nutrient enrichment and severe subsurface acidification. Acidification in the 20-40 cm soil layer constitutes the core obstacle restricting sugarcane productivity. In practical production, management strategies should shift from surface-oriented nutrient application to deep amelioration targeting subsurface acidification.

sugarcane  /  nutrient balance  /  soil acidification  /  subsurface acidification  /  yield driving factor  /  machine learning
邓军, 艾静, 王禹童, 刀静梅, 赵勇, 叶松, 邓燕, 张福锁. 长期连作蔗地土壤养分时空分异特征的产量限制因子识别. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3541 -3555 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006
Jun DENG, Jing AI, YuTong WANG, JingMei DAO, Yong ZHAO, Song YE, Yan DENG, FuSuo ZHANG. Identification of Yield-Limiting Factors Associated with Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Soil Nutrients in Long-Term Continuous Sugarcane Cultivation Fields[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3541 -3555 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006
【研究意义】甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)作为全球重要的糖料和生物质能源作物[1],其产业可持续发展对保障全球食糖稳定供给、优化能源结构及维系区域经济韧性具有不可替代的战略价值。在中国,超过85%的食糖原料来源于甘蔗,产业高度集中于广西、云南等蔗区[2]。然而,受限于耕地资源和传统种植模式,甘蔗长期连作已成为中国蔗地的主导生产方式,由此引发的连作障碍问题日益凸显,主要表现为蔗区地力衰退、甘蔗病虫害加剧以及单产提升缓慢,严重制约糖业可持续发展[3-5]。在甘蔗单产亟待突破的背景下,连作导致的土壤环境劣化已成为限制产能提升的“瓶颈”。因此,深入解析长期连作下土壤养分的演变特征,建立精准的产量限制因子识别模型,对制定科学的土壤改良策略、打破连作障碍具有极其重要的意义。【前人研究进展】土壤化学性质的劣化被认为是作物生产力下降的核心驱动力[5]。甘蔗作为高生物量作物,对养分尤其是钾(K)需求强烈[6]。在连作环境下,若土壤养分失衡,极易造成特定养分库的严重亏缺和元素间的比例失调[7];其次,长期依赖化学氮肥的投入,叠加作物根系分泌物和养分吸收过程,会持续向土壤输入H+,导致土壤酸化加剧[8]。这种酸化不仅直接抑制根系发育,还显著降低磷(P)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)等养分有效性,并活化铝(Al)、锰(Mn)等元素[9],从而形成一个由酸化、养分失衡和离子毒害构成的复杂化学胁迫网络[10],最终协同抑制甘蔗生长发育。此外,传统的评价方法多侧重于单一指标或线性关系,难以全面解析土壤多因子间的复杂交互作用。尽管已有大量研究关注连作障碍的成因,但多将视野局限于表层土壤(0—20 cm),忽略了土壤性质劣化过程存在的显著垂直分异特征[11-12]。甘蔗根系虽可深扎1 m以上,但其主要的吸收根群密集分布于0—40 cm的土层[13-14]。表层土壤(0—20 cm)作为耕作与施肥的直接作用层,直接承受着最多的养分吸收、肥料输入和农事耕作扰动[11,15],其土壤化学性质的改变最为迅速和剧烈。此外,降水和灌溉加剧了养分淋溶,尤其是由氮肥施用和根系泌酸驱动的酸化过程会持续向下迁移[8],从而改变亚表层(20—40 cm)乃至更深层的土壤环境。亚表层不仅是甘蔗生长中后期水分和养分获取的重要储备区,其环境的优劣直接关系到根系健康与深扎能力[16-17]。【本研究切入点】当前,对土壤养分库在垂直维度上的重新分配规律、酸化纵向迁移及其与产量衰退的内在关系缺乏系统性的定量认知,导致对连作障碍机制的理解存在盲区,极大限制了精准、高效改良策略的制定。同时,面对土壤生态系统的高度非线性、多重共线性及复杂交互作用,传统的线性模型(如相关性分析、多元线性回归)其解释力与预测力均显不足[18]。近年来,以极端梯度提升(eXtreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)算法模型和随机森林(random forest,RF)为代表的机器学习算法,为此类复杂问题的解析提供新范式[19-20]。【拟解决的关键问题】利用“空间代替时间”[21]的田间试验,结合综合肥力指数评价与机器学习算法(XGBoost和RF),系统分析不同连作年限蔗地0—60 cm剖面土壤化学性质的演变规律。同时,探讨土壤养分及酸化的垂直分异特征,精准识别并量化在不同土层深度上制约甘蔗生产力的关键限制因子,以期为突破甘蔗连作障碍、实现针对不同土层的分层调控提供理论依据。
本研究在云南省临沧市耿马傣族佤族自治县(以下简称“耿马县”)开展(图1)。耿马县地处中国西南边陲(23°21′—24°01′N,98°48'—98°54' E),位于横断山脉南延段,海拔介于450.0—3 233.5 m。耿马县是中国糖料蔗核心生产基地和生产保护区之一,蔗糖产业是县域经济的支柱。耿马县甘蔗种植历史超过40年,甘蔗种植面积连续5年稳定在2.50万hm2以上,其中2024—2025榨季甘蔗种植面积为2.74万hm2,工业入榨甘蔗原料235.46万t,出糖率13.43%,产糖量31.62万t,蔗糖产业综合产值103亿元,甘蔗入榨量、产糖量稳居云南省第一,是甘蔗主产区最具代表性的地区之一。研究区域选择在耿马县甘蔗产业最集中的耿马镇,该区域是云南省典型的丘陵山地蔗区,属亚热带季风气候,多年平均气温20.3℃,年积温6 867.6 ℃,年平均日照时数2 169 h,年平均降水量1 316.6 mm,2024—2025年榨季甘蔗种植面积为7 771.12 hm2,工业入榨甘蔗原料62.30万t。
本研究于2022年2月(甘蔗成熟期)在耿马县耿马镇进行,为探究甘蔗长期连作的影响,采用空间代替时间[21]的策略构建连作年限梯度。选取了5种具有代表性的地块:长期未受耕作扰动的邻近次生林地作为对照(CK,n=3),以及4组不同连作年限的甘蔗地,分别为新种植的蔗地(T1,1 a,n=8)、中短期连作(T2,10—19 a,n=8)、长期连作(T3,20—29 a,n=8)和极长期连作(T4,>35 a,n=9)。为确保各处理间的可比性,所有选定的甘蔗地块均具有相似的海拔、土壤类型和地形特征,各蔗地统一种植当地主栽甘蔗品种云蔗081609。农艺管理措施保持一致,包括行距1.2 m、播种密度120 000—180 000芽/hm2。所有甘蔗地均在种植时采用一次性施肥,施肥种类为甘蔗测土配方肥料(N-P2O5-K2O= 26-12-6),施用量为1 200 kg·hm-2表1)。
在每个试验地块内,沿“S”形路线随机选取5个采样点进行采样,具体为人工挖土壤剖面再分层(0—20、20—40、40—60 cm)取土壤样品。将来自同一地块、同一土层的5份土壤样品充分混合,组成一份混合土壤样品。采用四分法取约4 kg混合样,装入已标记的透气布袋中,带回实验室。土壤样品自然风干,剔除植物根系和石块,研磨后过筛,分别用于不同指标测定。其中1 kg混匀后的鲜土样剔除杂质后风干、研磨过1 mm土样分样筛测定pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效态铁、有效态锰、有效态铜和有效态锌,过0.149 mm筛用来测定土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质。
土壤取样前,在每个蔗地研究区域内随机选取20株具有代表性的甘蔗植株,进行农艺性状的连续测量。茎长使用塔尺测量从地面到甘蔗生长点的距离;茎径使用电子游标卡尺在蔗茎中部测量。有效茎数通过在样地内测量10 m行长内的有效茎数量,并结合平均行距换算为单位面积的有效茎数。理论蔗糖分通过手持式糖度计测定从20株甘蔗中部钻取的混合蔗汁的锤度(Brix,Bx)。蔗糖分根据下式计算。
蔗糖分(Sucrose content,%)=Brix(%)×1.0825- 7.703
实际产量通过在每个蔗地研究区域内随机选取一个12 m2(每行5.0 m×1.2 m,共2行)的样方,将样方内所有甘蔗按当地原料蔗收获标准砍收后称取鲜重,最终折算为产量(t·hm-2)。
土壤样品理化性质测定方法参照《土壤农化分析》[22],pH采用pH计电位法(水土比为2.5﹕1.0)测定;有机质采用高温外热重铬酸钾氧化容量法—外加热测定;全氮采用半微量凯氏法测定;全磷土壤经HClO4-H2SO4消解后,采用钼锑抗比色法测定;采用火焰光度计测定全钾含量;碱解氮采用1.0 mol·L-1 NaOH碱解扩散法测定;速效磷采用0.5 mol·L-1 NaHCO3浸提,钼锑抗比色法测定;速效钾采用1.0 mol·L-1 NH4CH3CO2浸提,火焰光度法测定;有效态铁、锰、铜和锌用DTPA浸提,原子吸收光谱仪测定。
为构建土壤肥力综合评价体系,本研究遵循指标的系统性、可获取性原则,并参照已有研究[23-26]优先选用能直接反映土壤供肥能力的化学指标。最终,确定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和pH共8项指标,用于后续的多方法综合评价。
为全面评估不同连作年限土壤肥力的演变特征,本研究分别采用基于模糊数学的综合评价法(fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,FCE)[27]和能够反映土壤最小养分限制律的修正内梅罗指数法(modified nemerow index,MNI)[28]进行计算与对比。
该方法通过构建隶属度函数和确定权重集,将定性的土壤肥力指标转化为定量的综合指数。计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{IFI}=\sum_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{n}} \mathrm{~W}_{\mathrm{i}} \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}$
式中,Wi与Pi分别为第i项评价指标的权重系数和隶属度值;n为评价指标个数。综合土壤肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)取值在0—1,其值越高,表明综合土壤肥力质量越好。
(1)隶属度(Pi)的确定:依据土壤学原理及各指标的生态效应,分别建立“S”形或抛物线形隶属度函数,将各指标实测值转换为0—1的无量纲隶属度值。
(2)权重(Wi)的确定:为避免单一赋权方法
的片面性,本研究采用2种客观赋权法分别计算权重,进而获得2种基于不同权重体系的综合肥力指数[26-29]
①因子分析法(factor analysis,FA):基于主成分分析原理,以各指标公因子方差占总公因子方差的比例确定权重,计算得出的指数记为基于因子分析法的综合肥力指数(IFI-FA)。
②相关系数法(correlation coefficient,CC):计算某项指标与其他所有指标相关系数的平均值,经归一化处理后作为该指标权重,计算得出的指数记为基于相关系数法的综合肥力指数(IFI-CC)。
该方法能够有效凸显限制性最强的“短板”因子能较好地反映最小因子定律(Liebig's law of the minimum)[30]。计算过程包含分肥力系数计算与综合指数合成2步。
(1)分肥力系数(IFIi)的确定:参考全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准[30]表1),建立各指标的分段评价函数。将土壤属性实测值转化为分肥力系数(Fi)。该系数经标准化后介于0—3,值越大表示该单项指标越优,且当测定值超过分级上限时,不再增加,以符合作物对养分需求的实际规律。
$ \mathrm{IFI}_{\mathrm{i}}=\left\{\begin{array}{lc} \frac{X}{X_{a}} & X \leq X_{a} \\ \frac{X-X_{a}}{X_{c}-X_{a}}+1 & X_{a}<X \leq X_{p} \\ \frac{X-X_{a}}{X_{c}-X_{a}}+2 & X_{c}<X \leq X_{p} \\ 3 & X>X_{p} \end{array}\right.$
式中,IFIi为分肥力系数,X为该属性测定值,XaXp分别为分级标准下、上限,Xc:介于分级标准上、下限间。属性值分级标准(Xa、Xc、Xp)主要参考第二次全国土壤普查标准(表2)。通过该方法标准化后,IFIi参数值介于0—3。
(2)综合肥力指数(IFI)的计算:采用修正的内梅罗公式计算综合肥力,公式如下:
$ I F I=\sqrt{\frac{\left(I F I_{\text {imean }}\right)^{2}-\left(I F I_{\text {imin }}\right)^{2}}{2}} \times\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)$
式中,IFI为土壤综合肥力,IFIimean与IFIimin分别为土壤各属性分肥力均值与最小值;n为评价指标个数。
试验数据采用WPS Office软件进行整理与预处理。所有统计分析在R(version 4.4.3)环境中完成,所有图形采用ggplot2包绘制。
为明确不同处理(连作年限、土层深度等)对土壤理化性质及甘蔗产量的影响,首先对数据进行正态分布检验(Shapiro-Wilk test)和方差齐性检验(Levene’s test),根据检验结果选择相应的统计方法:
(1)参数检验:对于满足正态分布的数据,采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)。若方差齐性满足,采用LSD法或Tukey法进行多重比较;若方差不齐,则采用Welch’s ANOVA结合Tamhane’s T2法进行事后检验。
(2)非参数检验:对于不满足正态分布假设的数据,采用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验;若组间差异显著,进一步采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行两两比较,并使用Benjamini-Hochberg(BH)法对P值进行校正以控制假阳性率。
上述分析显著性水平设定为α=0.05,结果均以差异显著性字母标记法在图表中展示。
为精准识别制约甘蔗产量的关键土壤限制因子并量化其相对贡献,本研究构建极端梯度提升(XGBoost)和随机森林(RF)2种回归预测模型进行交叉验证分析。
将各土层的土壤化学指标设为预测变量,甘蔗产量设为响应变量。利用caret包对模型进行训练,均采用10次重复的10折交叉验证(Repeated 10-fold Cross-validation)策略进行超参数寻优和模型性能评估,以增强模型的泛化能力和稳健性。
(1)XGBoost模型:基于树模型的提升算法,通过计算特征的增益(Gain)来衡量各土壤指标的重要性。
(2)RF模型:作为对比验证,通过计算预测均方误差的增加率(%,IncMSE)来评估变量重要性。
以2种模型重要性排序均靠前的指标,作为关键限制因子,以确保结果的可靠性和稳健性。
图2可知,随连作年限的延长,甘蔗产量和蔗糖分均呈现下降趋势,但二者对连作的响应程度不同。在产量方面(图2-A),连作年限对甘蔗产量具有显著影响(P<0.05)。新植蔗(1 a)的平均产量最高,为137.31 t·hm-2,显著高于连作20—29 a和>35 a的蔗地;随连作年限增加,产量逐渐降低,连作10—19 a、20—29 a和>35 a的平均产量分别为127.29、118.65和118.52 t·hm-2。与新种植的蔗地相比,连作>35 a蔗地的甘蔗产量降幅达13.68%。从样本极值来看,研究区域新种植的蔗地最高产量达155.58 t·hm-2,而连作>35 a地块最低产量仅为92.12 t·hm-2,表明长期连作对甘蔗产量的抑制作用明显。在蔗糖分方面(图2-B),各处理间蔗糖分差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。新种植的蔗地(1 a)、连作10—19 a、20—29 a和>35 a的蔗地平均蔗糖分分别为16.10%、15.60%、15.32%和15.15%。这表明在同一种植品种条件下,连作年限并非影响甘蔗糖分积累的主导因素,同一品种在不同连续种植蔗地上蔗糖分差异不显著。
图2-C可知,研究区域土壤总体呈酸性(pH<7.0),长期连作导致土壤酸化加剧,但具有明显的阶段性和土层特异性。在垂直分布上,土壤pH随土层深度的增加而降低,0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的平均pH分别为5.01、4.88和4.86。进一步分析表明,土壤酸化过程主要集中在亚表层(20—40 cm)。与新种植的蔗地(1 a,pH=5.38±0.84)相比,连作20—29 a(pH=4.56±0.31)和>35 a(pH=4.53±0.16)的20—40 cm土层pH显著下降(P<0.05);而土壤表层(0—20 cm)和深层(40—60 cm)的pH在整个观测期内虽有波动,但未表现出统计学上的显著差异(P>0.05)。
图2-D可知,不同连作年限下不同土层的土壤有机质(OM)含量差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。在整个土壤剖面上,与新种植的蔗地(1 a,20.44 g·kg-1)比,OM平均含量随年限延长呈“先下降再回升再下降”的趋势,在连作20—29 a时达到峰值(25.97 g·kg-1),至>35 a时回落至22.13 g·kg-1,与初始森林土(22.54 g·kg-1)水平接近。在垂直分布上,OM表现出显著的表聚现象,含量随土层深度增加而急剧降低。0—20 cm土层OM均值最高(27.10 g·kg-1),分别是20—40 cm (21.57 g·kg-1)和40—60 cm (18.31 g·kg-1)土层的1.26和1.48倍。
土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量受连作年限的影响较小,主要受土层深度的显著影响。不同连作种植年限下蔗地0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层中TN含量分别为0.14%、0.12%和0.11%,不同种植年限下0—20 cm土层蔗地TN含量整体上显著高于20—40 cm 和40—60 cm土层(图3-A)。不同连作种植年限下,蔗地TP含量在0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层中分别为0.06%、0.04%和0.04%,其中连作20—29 a的蔗地0—20 cm土层TP含量显著高于20—40和40—60 cm土层,连作>35 a的蔗地0—20 cm土层TP含量显著高于40—60 cm土层(图3-B)。TK含量在不同土层深度和连作年限中相对稳定。在0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层中,TK含量均值为1.69%,种植0、1、10—19、20—29和>35 a蔗地中TK含量分别为:1.72%、1.45%、1.63%、1.86%和1.78%,新植1 a蔗地中TK含量最低(图3-C)。
土壤速效养分对连作年限和土层深度的响应更为敏感,且呈现出强烈的空间异质性。随着连作年限的增加,碱解氮(AN)含量在不同土层表现出显著变化,新植1 a蔗地不同土层中AN含量最低,随连作年限增加逐渐累积。在垂直分布上,0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的AN含量分别为127.06、115.66和89.08 mg·kg-1,0—20 cm土层中AN显著高于其他土层(图3-D)。有效磷(AP)含量在不同土层和连作年限中显示出显著变化。在0—20 cm土层中AP含量最高19.43 mg·kg-1,显著高于20—40 cm(7.59 mg·kg-1)和40—60 cm(5.95 mg·kg-1)土层中AP含量,表明磷在土壤中主要集中在耕作层(图3-E)。速效钾(AK)含量在不同土层和连作年限中变化较大,长期连作最显著影响是导致土壤AK含量大幅累积。在0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层中,AK含量分别为234.44、176.30和154.88 mg·kg-1,表层(0—20 cm)土壤AK含量显著高于其他土层(图3-F)。
图4可知,长期连作甘蔗对土壤微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)有效态含量的影响存在显著差异,且不同元素在垂直剖面上的分布特征各异。土壤有效Fe含量随连作年限的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,但组间差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。在垂直分布上,有效Fe含量表现出明显的表层富集特征,即含量随土层深度增加而极显著降低(P<0.01)(图4-A)。与有效Fe相似,有效Mn、Cu含量也表现出表层富集特征现象,其含量随土层深度的增加而降低,且差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)(图4-B、C)。土壤有效Zn含量随连作年限的延长呈增加趋势。在0—20、20—40 cm土层中,连作>35 a的土壤有效Zn含量显著高于次生林地土壤(0 a)(P<0.05),而不同连作年限间甘蔗土壤有效Zn含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。同时,土壤有效Zn具有极显著的表层富集特征(P<0.01),其含量在0—20 cm耕作层显著高于亚表层、深层土壤(图4-D)。
利用因子分析法(IFI-FA)、相关系数加权法(IFI-CC)及修正内梅罗指数法(MNI)3种评价模型,对不同连作年限及土层深度的土壤肥力进行综合评估。结果表明,3种方法得出的评价结果具有高度一致性(图5)。从垂直分布特征看,土壤综合肥力随土层增加呈显著递减趋势(P<0.05)。以因子分析法为例,0—20 cm表层土壤的IFI均值(2.02±0.53)显著高于20—40 cm(1.66±0.47)和40—60 cm(1.42±0.45)土层。相关系数加权法和修正内梅罗指数法也显示相同的规律,其中修正内梅罗指数在0—20 cm土层均值达1.49±0.51,显著优于中、下层土壤(均值分别为1.18和1.02)。这表明研究区域土壤肥力具有明显的表聚性,养分主要集中在耕作层。从时间演变特征看,连作年限对土壤肥力具有明显的阶段性影响。在0—20 cm表层,土壤肥力随连作年限延长总体呈上升趋势。以修正内梅罗指数法为例,连作>35 a的蔗地平均值最高(1.766),其次为20—29 a(1.581),均高于次生林地土壤(0 a,1.334)。上述结果表明,长期施肥管理措施有助于提升表层土壤肥力指数。然而,值得注意的是,在长期连作(>35 a)处理中,土壤肥力指数的波动范围显著增大(修正内梅罗指数极值范围0.730—2.863),反映出长期连作虽提升平均土壤肥力,但也加剧地块间土壤质量的空间异质性与不稳定性。
基于各土层内所有变量的重要性累加,分析发现不同土壤深度对甘蔗产量预测的综合贡献(图6-A),土壤垂直空间对产量的影响存在显著异质性。极端梯度提升(XGBoost)模型的结果显示,20—40 cm土层对产量形成的贡献度最大,达到57.5%;其次为0—20 cm土层(26.8%)和40—60 cm土层(15.7%)。随机森林(RF)模型也表现出相似趋势,20—40 cm与40—60 cm土层贡献度最高,均超50%。这进一步证实了亚表层土壤环境(尤其是20—40 cm)是当前甘蔗生产中的主要限制层位。
通过对模型中所有土壤理化指标的相对重要性进行评估(图6-B),结果揭示,2种模型均识别出土壤pH是影响甘蔗产量的首要因素。在XGBoost模型中,pH的相对重要性为56.65%,远高于其他所有因子。其次为AK(16.37%)、AN(4.56%)和Mn(4.49%)。与此类似,RF模型亦显示pH具有显著的重要性(94.61%),但其后依次为Mn和TN。
为进一步明晰具体限制因子,依据XGBoost模型对各土层变量的重要性排序(图6-C),20—40 cm土层的pH(Gain 0.495,即分裂增益)是影响产量的最关键单一变量。此外,表层土壤(0—20 cm)AK及pH,深层土壤(40—60 cm)的Mn与AN含量也表现出较高的相对重要性。综合分析揭示,亚表层土壤(20—40 cm)的理化性状,特别是pH,是当前甘蔗生产中的主要限制层位和首要限制因子。
基于土壤养分数据的甘蔗产量预测模型验证结果表明(图6-D),XGBoost模型在拟合精度与稳定性上均显著优于RF模型。XGBoost模型的决定系数(R2)为0.51,均方根误差(RMSE)为16.15 t·hm-2;相比之下,RF模型的解释能力较弱(R2=0.27),且预测误差较高(RMSE=20.64 t·hm-2)。这表明XGBoost模型对产量变异具有更强的解释能力。
在集约化农业体系下,单一作物长期连作引发的土壤生态功能退化与作物生产力衰退,是全球农业可持续发展面临的共性挑战[31-33]。本研究通过系统分析不同连作年限下甘蔗产量、蔗糖分、土壤剖面化学性质及综合肥力的演变规律,并结合XGBoost与RF2种模型,揭示驱动甘蔗连作障碍的关键土壤因子。结果表明,长期连作导致甘蔗产量显著下降,并引发土壤化学性质的系统性变化,其核心特征为整个土壤剖面(尤其是20—40 cm亚表层)的酸化及伴随的养分失衡。
本研究发现,随连作年限的延长,甘蔗产量显著下降(从新植蔗1 a的137.31 t·hm-2降至>35 a的118.52 t·hm-2),与全球许多集约化作物系统中观察到的连作障碍现象一致[32-33]。作物产量衰退并非单一养分匮乏所致,而是土壤化学环境系统性劣化的结果[4]。其中最突出的问题是土壤剖面的整体酸化。与次生林地相比,长期连作(20 a)后土壤pH均降至4.60,显著低于初始水平。这一趋势与长期化学氮肥施用引入大量H+[10],以及作物移除过程中盐基离子的持续耗竭密切相关[9,34]。尤为重要的是,笔者的研究发现酸化并非仅限于表层,而是在整个0—60 cm的甘蔗根区内均有显著体现,其中以20—40 cm亚表层的酸化幅度最为突出。
在酸化驱动下,土壤养分库呈现表聚性与非均衡性。受限于P、K等元素较差的移动性及浅施习惯[12],大量养分滞留在0—20 cm表层,但其垂直移动性差,导致根系主要分布区(20—40 cm)的有效供应不足。同时,IFI随土层增加而下降,量化了垂直方向上地力的系统性衰退。这与养分互作与拮抗理论相吻合,在酸性环境下,过量的活性Mn、Fe离子可能对作物产生毒害,并抑制对K、Ca、Mg等必需元素的吸收[35-36],从而形成复杂的多重胁迫,最终限制甘蔗生长发育。
本研究利用XGBoost与RF模型的交叉验证识别出20—40 cm土层的pH是预测影响甘蔗产量的最主要的因子,这一发现揭示连作障碍中一个常被忽视的机制——酸化垂直迁移与亚表层富集。传统上,土壤管理多聚焦于0—20 cm的耕作层。然而,甘蔗作为深根系作物,其中后期水分和养分吸收极大地依赖于亚表层土壤环境[12,36-38]。本研究结果表明,长期连作导致的土壤酸化已向下迁移,严重破坏关键根区的生态功能。亚表层土壤的酸化可能通过多种机制加剧连作障碍。首先,它直接损害根系的健康和功能,抑制其向下深扎和吸收深层养分的能力,使作物在干旱胁迫下更为脆弱。其次,酸性环境会显著增加交换性铝(Al3+)的浓度,对根系产生直接毒害,并降低磷、钼等元素的有效性[35,39]。本研究中,与酸化同步出现的有效锰在深层土壤的积累(如40—60 cm土层在>35 a时达76.17 mg·kg-1),进一步佐证了酸性条件下微量元素溶出带来的潜在毒害风险[40]。因此,20—40 cm土层的酸化不仅仅是表层问题的延伸,而是构成了一个独立的、更为隐蔽且危害巨大的限制层。忽视对这一土层的土壤改良,可能是甘蔗单产提升缓慢的重要原因之一。
尽管长期连作体系中基于化学指标计算的IFI呈现升高趋势,但甘蔗产量却显著下降。本研究结果揭示这一“高肥力、低产出”非协同演变背后的生态学机制,其本质是传统的化学评价体系掩盖了土壤生物有效性下降与环境胁迫加剧的真实状况[41]。一方面,长期单一施用化肥,特别是磷肥,其当季利用率通常低于20%[42]。大量未被利用的磷素会在表层土壤中累积,被土壤矿物固定或形成难溶性磷酸盐[43]。在化学测定时,这部分累积的磷仍会计入速效磷或全磷总量,从而在数字上显著提高IFI的计算结果。同样,微量元素也可能因施肥或环境变化而累积。这种累积仅仅是元素在土壤库中的总量增加,并不代表植物能有效吸收利用,从而形成“高库存、低供给”的评价偏差。另一方面,根据利比希最小因子定律,作物产量并非由养分总分决定,而是由最缺乏的限制因子决定[44]。在本研究中,通过机器学习模型识别出,亚表层(20—40 cm)的强酸化是最主要的限制因子。说明无论表层土壤累积了多少N、P、K(提高IFI),只要亚表层pH这一关键因子未被改善,它就会对整个甘蔗生长发育过程形成抑制。极低的pH会直接毒害根系,活化土壤中的铝离子(Al3+),对根尖产生毒害作用,抑制根系伸展和功能[9]
生物有效性的丧失与化学固定,高IFI往往反映的是土壤养分的库容量,而非植物可利用的有效性。在强酸性条件下,大量的P被Fe、Al氧化物固定为难溶性磷酸盐[39];同时,阳离子交换量(CEC)降低导致Ca、Mg等盐基离子淋失。因此,即便化学分析显示的养分储量很高即较高的IFI值,根系实际能吸收的有效性养分较低,最终导致甘蔗产量下降。随连作年限的增加,土壤酸化导致Mn、Al等金属元素的溶解度呈指数级增加,致使在生理层面,过量的Mn2+和Al3+对甘蔗根系具有强烈的细胞毒性[9,38]。此时,土壤化学指标的升高不再代表肥力的提升,而是标志着化学胁迫的加剧。因此,传统的IFI评价体系因缺乏对物理障碍、酸度阈值及离子毒害的加权考量,在云南酸性红壤区存在显著的失真风险。
除pH外,模型识别出0—20 cm土层的速效钾是仅次于酸化的关键限制因子。这反映甘蔗作为典型喜钾作物与云南蔗区长期施钾肥不足之间的供需不匹配。在长期连作体系下,土壤矿物钾的释放速率难以匹配作物的移除速率,导致土壤速效钾库的逐年下降[45]。表层钾素亏缺与亚表层酸化协同限制甘蔗产量的形成。一方面,亚表层(20—40 cm)的酸化障碍限制甘蔗根系的下扎深度和广度,迫使根系集中于土壤表层[43];另一方面,根系密集的表层土壤却面临严重的钾素亏缺,直接限制作物的光合产物运输与糖分积累[46]。钾素亏缺与亚表层酸化的协同负效应构成连作后期甘蔗产量呈非线性急剧下降的生理生态基础。
本研究应用XGBoost和RF模型,克服传统统计方法在处理高维、非线性土壤数据时的局限[18-20]。2种算法均表现出卓越的预测性能,并交叉验证20—40 cm土层pH的核心影响。这种一致性极大地增强本研究结论的可靠性。机器学习模型的优势在于其能够量化多个因子的相对贡献,并从大量候选变量中精准识别关键限制因子[20]。XGBoost和RF模型均显示,20—40 cm土层pH的重要性远超其他土壤养分指标。这为未来甘蔗优化管理措施的制定和推广应用提供重要支撑。在资源有限的情况下,阻控亚表层土壤酸化应成为缓解连作障碍最优先的干预因子。这种方法为未来精准挖掘甘蔗产量潜力提供理论依据。
甘蔗长期连作易导致蔗地土壤养分表层富集、亚表层酸化的垂直分异。在>35 a的连作周期下,甘蔗产量衰退幅度达13.68%,土壤化学性质发生显著的垂直重构:(1)0—20 cm表层土壤虽出现有效磷、锌等养分的富集,但土壤速效钾库持续耗竭;(2)土壤酸化随连作年限增加而向下迁移,加剧20—40 cm亚表层酸化(pH均值降至4.60),构成制约甘蔗根系下扎的垂直障碍层;(3)基于XGBoost和RF模型交叉验证,亚表层土壤酸化对甘蔗产量的决定作用远超土壤表层N、P、K含量,这揭示连作障碍的核心机制在于亚表层酸化限制深层甘蔗根系功能。因此,破解甘蔗连作障碍的策略必须从单纯的表层(0—20 cm)养分平衡管理转向亚表层(20—40 cm)关键根区的酸化阻控与耕层构造协同优化。
  • 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0049)
  • 云南省科技计划项目基础研究专项(202401AT070045)
  • 热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室自主课题项目(SKLTCB-YAAS-2025-04)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006
  • 接收时间:2026-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-15
  • 录用日期:2026-05-14
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云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”(XDYC-CYCX-2022-0049)
云南省科技计划项目基础研究专项(202401AT070045)
热带作物生物育种全国重点实验室自主课题项目(SKLTCB-YAAS-2025-04)
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    1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院/养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100094
    2 云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所, 云南开远 661699
    3 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆 400715

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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