Article(id=1302192563704844943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1788396500755, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788396500755, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788396500755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788396500755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302192562882761358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, year='2026', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='3465', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788396500558, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405251849, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302229268860264481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, issueId=1302192562882761358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3476, endPage=3495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302192563952308881, articleId=1302192563704844943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=EN, title=Evaluation and Genetic Analysis of Seed Vigor in Inbred Lines and Responding Hybrids in Shaan A and Shaan B Groups, columnId=1302192563881005712, journalTitle=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, columnName=CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【Objective】 Seed vigor is one of the key determinants of seed quality in maize, directly influencing emergence rate, seedling growth, and stand uniformity, thereby affecting final yield formation. This study aimed to identify high-vigor inbred lines and hybrids, uncover key genes involved in regulating seed germination, and provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-vigor maize varieties.【Method】 Twenty-two maize inbred lines from two heterotic groups, Shaan A Group and Shaan B Group, were used to produce 104 F1 hybrids following an NC-Ⅱ mating design. Seed vigor was evaluated under both the standard germination test and the cold soaking germination test. Nine traits were recorded, including germination energy (GE), germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), seedling length (SL), root length (RL), dry weight (DW), vigor index I (VIⅠ), vigor index Ⅱ (VIⅡ), and vigor index Ⅲ (VIⅢ). Genotypic and phenotypic data were combined to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for major traits. Quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with seed vigor were identified. Public transcriptome data were further used to screen potential candidate genes and to predict their possible functions. 【Result】 Significant genetic variation was observed for seed vigor-related traits in both inbred lines and hybrids. Compared with the standard germination test, cold soaking treatment reduced GE, GP, and GI, and increased the range of phenotypic variation among genotypes. Most traits showed significant effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction, indicating that seed vigor is mainly controlled by genetic factors. Germination traits were positively correlated with seedling growth traits and vigor indices. Several materials showed stable performance under different germination conditions and low sensitivity to cold soaking. Hybrids derived from KA105, KA088, KA085, and KA205 of the Shaan A Group, and KB088, KB060, KB168, KB076, and KB021 of the Shaan B Group maintained relatively high seed vigor under cold soaking conditions. Some inbred lines with moderate seed vigor were able to improve hybrid performance in specific combinations. GWAS detected 43 QTNs significantly associated with seed vigor, including seven loci that were shared by two or more traits under cold soaking conditions. Based on transcriptome data, 11 candidate genes were identified, of which eight had functional annotation and were mainly related to stress response and transcription regulation.【Conclusion】 Maize seed vigor is a quantitative trait under genetic control, and genetic variation is the main source of phenotypic differences. Seed vigor is regulated by multiple loci, with key genomic regions involved under low-temperature conditions. The accumulation of favorable alleles can improve seed vigor in hybrids, and hybrid performance is also influenced by specific genetic interactions between parents.

, authors=Fan CAO, Yao TANG, MengWei WANG, DongYuan ZHANG, YaBo WEI, Shuang WU, WanChao ZHU, ShuTu XU, XingHua ZHANG, JiQuan XUE, authorsList=Fan CAO, Yao TANG, MengWei WANG, DongYuan ZHANG, YaBo WEI, Shuang WU, WanChao ZHU, ShuTu XU, XingHua ZHANG, JiQuan XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302192569149051557, articleId=1302192563704844943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, language=CN, title=陕A群、陕B群选育玉米自交系及其杂交种种子活力评价及遗传解析, columnId=1302192564032000658, journalTitle=中国农业科学, columnName=作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 玉米种子活力是决定种子品质的关键因素之一,直接影响出苗率、幼苗生长及群体整齐度,进而影响产量形成。筛选高活力自交系与杂交种,挖掘调控种子萌发的关键基因,为培育高活力玉米品种提供理论依据。【方法】 选取陕A群、陕B群2个杂种优势群选育的22份玉米自交系并采用NC-Ⅱ遗传设计组配104份F1杂交组合。通过标准发芽试验和冷浸发芽试验测定发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、苗长、根长、苗干重,以及活力指数Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ共9个性状,开展种子活力的综合评价。结合基因型数据与表型数据,对主要性状开展全基因组关联分析,筛选与种子活力显著相关的数量性状核苷酸位点,并整合公共转录组数据对潜在候选基因进行挖掘与功能预测。【结果】 自交系与杂交种的种子活力相关性状均存在显著遗传变异。相较于标准发芽,冷浸处理显著降低了发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,同时扩大了表型变异幅度,增强了基因型间的差异表达。多数性状在基因型、处理及其互作效应上达到显著或极显著水平,证实种子活力受遗传因素显著调控。发芽性状与苗期生长性状和活力指数呈显著正相关。并筛选出一批在不同发芽条件下表现稳定、对冷浸处理敏感性较低的优良材料,其中,在冷浸条件下,以陕A群的KA105、KA088、KA085、KA205和陕B群的KB088、KB060、KB168、KB076、KB021为亲本组配的杂交组合仍保持较高种子活力水平。自身活力中等的自交系在特定组合中可显著提升后代表现。全基因组关联分析共检测到43个与种子活力显著相关的QTN位点,其中7个为冷浸条件下的多性状共定位位点。利用公共转录组数据进一步筛选出11个候选基因,其中8个具有功能注释,主要涉及胁迫响应与转录调控等生物学过程。【结论】 玉米种子活力为遗传控制的数量性状,基因型变异是其表型差异的主要来源。种子活力受多位点协同调控,低温条件下存在关键遗传区域参与调节。有利等位基因的积累有助于提升杂交种活力,同时杂交种表现还受亲本间特异遗传互作影响。

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曹凡和唐瑶为同等贡献作者。

曹凡,E-mail:

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薛吉全,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=QTL mapping of seed germination traits under different temperature conditions using recombinant inbred lines of maize, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586458944299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=刘文童, journalName=玉米自交系种子活力相关性状的综合评价和关联分析, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘文童. 玉米自交系种子活力相关性状的综合评价和关联分析[D]. 保定: 河北农业大学, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586538636076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Liu W T, journalName=Comprehensive evaluation and association analysis of seed vigor related traits in maize inbred lines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu W T. Comprehensive evaluation and association analysis of seed vigor related traits in maize inbred lines[D]. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586601550637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=37, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Wu X M, Feng F Q, Zhu Y Z, Xie F G, Yang J, Gong J, Liu Y, Zhu W, Gao T L, Chen D Y, Li X Q, Huang J, journalName=Genes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu X M, Feng F Q, Zhu Y Z, Xie F G, Yang J, Gong J, Liu Y, Zhu W, Gao T L, Chen D Y, Li X Q, Huang J. Construction of high-density genetic map and identification of QTLs associated with seed vigor after exposure to artificial aging conditions in sweet corn using SLAF-seq[J]. Genes, 2019, 11(1): 37., articleTitle=Construction of high-density genetic map and identification of QTLs associated with seed vigor after exposure to artificial aging conditions in sweet corn using SLAF-seq, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586677048110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=68, issue=6, pageStart=2521, pageEnd=2535, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Guo X Y, Sun X H, Liu S, Gong C X, Feng C C, Han X, Lv T T, Zhou Y, Wang Z H, Di H, journalName=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo X Y, Sun X H, Liu S, Gong C X, Feng C C, Han X, Lv T T, Zhou Y, Wang Z H, Di H. Screening and application of SSR markers related to seed storability traits in maize (Zea mays L.)[J]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2021, 68(6): 2521-2535., articleTitle=Screening and application of SSR markers related to seed storability traits in maize (Zea mays L.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586765128495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=19345, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Li H Q, Yue H W, Xie J L, Bu J Z, Li L, Xin X Y, Zhao Y M, Zhang H Y, Yang L, Wang J H, Jiang X W, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li H Q, Yue H W, Xie J L, Bu J Z, Li L, Xin X Y, Zhao Y M, Zhang H Y, Yang L, Wang J H, Jiang X W. Transcriptomic profiling of the high-vigour maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid variety response to cold and drought stresses during seed germination[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 19345., articleTitle=Transcriptomic profiling of the high-vigour maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid variety response to cold and drought stresses during seed germination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302192586828043056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=161, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Zhou S N, Yu X L, Tan J, Sun H X, Yang W, Jiang L Y, Zang Z Y, Ci J B, Ren X J, journalName=Plants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou S N, Yu X L, Tan J, Sun H X, Yang W, Jiang L Y, Zang Z Y, Ci J B, Ren X J. Transcriptomics reveals cold tolerance maize lines involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways[J]. Plants, 2026, 15(1): 161., articleTitle=Transcriptomics reveals cold tolerance maize lines involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1302192581929095941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, awardId=2024ZY-CGZY-17, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省科技厅项目(2024ZY-CGZY-17), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1302192582012982022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, awardId=CARS-02-77, language=CN, fundingSource=现代农业产业技术体系专项(玉米)(CARS-02-77), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302192571229426342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571246203559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, companyId=1302192571229426342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302192571254592168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, companyId=1302192571229426342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西北农林科技大学农学院/农业农村部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302192577600574183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Analysis of vigor traits of inbred lines

▲: Phenotypic value of inbred line materials; ●: Control inbred line KA105. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001. ns: The difference is not significant. The same as below

, figureFileSmall=mim/fLJHvdHeOreZvBRwzA==, figureFileBig=xOdn6TSRw56LILH/3wYEoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192577684460264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图1, caption=自交系活力性状指标分析

▲:自交系材料表型值;●:对照自交系KA105。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001。ns:差异不显著。下同

, figureFileSmall=mim/fLJHvdHeOreZvBRwzA==, figureFileBig=xOdn6TSRw56LILH/3wYEoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579609645801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Analysis of vigor traits of hybrids

▲: Phenotypic value of hybrid materials; ●: Control material ZD958; ■: Control material SD650

, figureFileSmall=kHoLi/P5mVNLXjcB90IAvg==, figureFileBig=MmQsUG4d2VEPQ1sz55ETNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579680948970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图2, caption=杂交种活力性状指标分析

▲:杂交种材料表型值;●:对照材料ZD958;■:对照材料SD650

, figureFileSmall=kHoLi/P5mVNLXjcB90IAvg==, figureFileBig=MmQsUG4d2VEPQ1sz55ETNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579739669227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Correlation analysis of various traits between inbred lines and hybrids

A: Correlation analysis of inbred line materials; B: Correlation analysis of hybrid materials

, figureFileSmall=avM9NnlSkNnKr5rgrix4Tw==, figureFileBig=mryxgZ3esS/34sQ7XMgMaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579806778092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图3, caption=自交系与杂交种各性状相关性分析

A:自交系材料相关性分析;B:杂交种材料相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=avM9NnlSkNnKr5rgrix4Tw==, figureFileBig=mryxgZ3esS/34sQ7XMgMaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579894858477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The clustering diagram of the vigor traits of inbred lines and hybrids based on two germination tests

A: Inbred line materials; B: Hybrid materials

, figureFileSmall=AlbomSm83ltme3/bHHMbxA==, figureFileBig=k9zkuTYnczN6iHDhnst6jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192579961967342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图4, caption=自交系与杂交种基于2种发芽试验下各活力性状的聚类图

A:自交系材料;B:杂交种材料

, figureFileSmall=AlbomSm83ltme3/bHHMbxA==, figureFileBig=k9zkuTYnczN6iHDhnst6jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580041659119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Frequency analysis of inbred lines in hybrid combinations, figureFileSmall=UmXLe2HPQMhtlwYONpsD8w==, figureFileBig=Ncra2PycjWGCbAbfiuAeWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580117156592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图5, caption=自交系在杂交组合中出现频次分析, figureFileSmall=UmXLe2HPQMhtlwYONpsD8w==, figureFileBig=Ncra2PycjWGCbAbfiuAeWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580209431281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Parental kinship and population structure analysis

A: Analysis of parental kinship; B: Analysis of population structure

, figureFileSmall=GSFBKLbFvR7f0rx1yrG9bw==, figureFileBig=mjdw6xZhegU0fOl76ByvRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580263957234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图6, caption=亲本亲缘关系与群体结构分析

A:亲本亲缘关系分析;B:亲本群体结构分析

, figureFileSmall=GSFBKLbFvR7f0rx1yrG9bw==, figureFileBig=mjdw6xZhegU0fOl76ByvRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580335260403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Genome-wide association analysis for seed vigor-related traits under different models

Add: Add model; Dom: Dom model; Rec: Rec model. The same as below

, figureFileSmall=y5sdjTIZkdtb1J1VPTUL2A==, figureFileBig=ZQ4dtt7XJJSdINWLN/ne3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580402369268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同模型下种子活力相关性状的全基因组关联分析结果

Add:加性模型;Dom:显性模型;Rec:隐性模型。下同

, figureFileSmall=y5sdjTIZkdtb1J1VPTUL2A==, figureFileBig=ZQ4dtt7XJJSdINWLN/ne3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580482061045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Phenotypic effect analysis of co-localization sites, figureFileSmall=Z/nT9ZXfcUPPXpSFtxztYQ==, figureFileBig=TiwGSxVdUv9Gb7XwvXFQtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580565947126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图8, caption=共定位位点的表型效应分析, figureFileSmall=Z/nT9ZXfcUPPXpSFtxztYQ==, figureFileBig=TiwGSxVdUv9Gb7XwvXFQtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580637250295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Differential expression analysis of candidate genes at transcriptional level

A: GO enrichment analysis of public transcriptome data; B: Common data Wayne diagram of differentially expressed genes and candidate genes; C: Differential expression analysis of candidate genes under two treatments

, figureFileSmall=5056I/b/+WR1TIfvomGIuw==, figureFileBig=Xo7skSd8gXRirEdTSqoGUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580704359160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=图9, caption=转录组候选基因的差异表达分析

A:公共转录组数据GO富集分析;B:公共数据差异表达基因与候选基因韦恩图;C:2种处理下候选基因差异表达分析

, figureFileSmall=5056I/b/+WR1TIfvomGIuw==, figureFileBig=Xo7skSd8gXRirEdTSqoGUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302192580788245241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of inbred line materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No. 材料名称Name 来源Source 序号No. 材料名称Name 来源Source
M1 KA105 陕A群Shaan A Group P4 KB060 陕B群Shaan B Group
M2 KA023 陕A群Shaan A Group P5 KB076 陕B群Shaan B Group
M3 KA205 陕A群Shaan A Group P6 KB077-2 陕B群Shaan B Group
M4 KA215 陕A群Shaan A Group P7 KB088 陕B群Shaan B Group
M5 KA085 陕A群Shaan A Group P8 KB017 陕B群Shaan B Group
M6 KA088 陕A群Shaan A Group P9 KB113 陕B群Shaan B Group
M7 KB-9-1 陕B群Shaan B Group P10 KB168 陕B群Shaan B Group
M8 KB-9-2 陕B群Shaan B Group P11 KB177 陕B群Shaan B Group
P1 KB017 陕B群Shaan B Group P12 KB179 陕B群Shaan B Group
P2 KB021 陕B群Shaan B Group P13 KB209 陕B群Shaan B Group
P3 KB042-2 陕B群Shaan B Group P14 KB562 陕B群Shaan B Group
), ArticleFig(id=1302192580859548410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自交系材料清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号No. 材料名称Name 来源Source 序号No. 材料名称Name 来源Source
M1 KA105 陕A群Shaan A Group P4 KB060 陕B群Shaan B Group
M2 KA023 陕A群Shaan A Group P5 KB076 陕B群Shaan B Group
M3 KA205 陕A群Shaan A Group P6 KB077-2 陕B群Shaan B Group
M4 KA215 陕A群Shaan A Group P7 KB088 陕B群Shaan B Group
M5 KA085 陕A群Shaan A Group P8 KB017 陕B群Shaan B Group
M6 KA088 陕A群Shaan A Group P9 KB113 陕B群Shaan B Group
M7 KB-9-1 陕B群Shaan B Group P10 KB168 陕B群Shaan B Group
M8 KB-9-2 陕B群Shaan B Group P11 KB177 陕B群Shaan B Group
P1 KB017 陕B群Shaan B Group P12 KB179 陕B群Shaan B Group
P2 KB021 陕B群Shaan B Group P13 KB209 陕B群Shaan B Group
P3 KB042-2 陕B群Shaan B Group P14 KB562 陕B群Shaan B Group
), ArticleFig(id=1302192580943434491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics of seed vigor related characters of inbred lines and hybrids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
性状
Trait
处理
Treatment
变异范围
Range
平均值±标准偏差
Mean±SD
偏度
Skewness
峰度
Kurtosis
变异系数
CV (%)
自交系
Inbred lines
发芽势GE (%) SGT 53.33-100.00 85.35±0.13 -0.99 0.32 15.34
CST 4.44-95.56 58.64±0.24 -0.37 -0.48 41.50
发芽率GP (%) SGT 84.44-100.00 96.26±0.05 -1.27 0.51 5.02
CST 8.89-98.89 65.40±0.24 -0.57 -0.23 36.47
发芽指数GI SGT 6.14-9.81 7.74±0.92 0.48 -0.19 11.91
CST 0.60-9.11 5.56±2.22 -0.37 -0.45 39.93
苗长SL (cm) SGT 6.79-12.59 9.57±1.62 -0.04 -0.83 16.88
CST 3.88-12.74 9.99±2.05 -1.13 2.31 20.52
根长RL (cm) SGT 14.54-21.34 17.07±1.50 0.93 1.97 8.79
CST 4.28-22.49 16.90±3.68 -1.78 6.08 21.75
苗干重DW (g) SGT 0.14-0.74 0.51±0.13 -0.94 1.99 25.59
CST 0.46-0.88 0.68±0.12 -0.10 -0.74 17.18
活力指数I VIⅠ SGT 3.08-8.15 5.37±1.41 0.43 -0.47 26.32
CST 0.08-5.53 3.03±1.50 0.04 -1.17 51.97
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ SGT 49.16-114.95 75.09±19.86 0.38 -0.91 26.44
CST 2.33-99.17 58.63±28.29 -0.22 -1.07 48.25
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ SGT 98.21-209.28 132.93±25.12 1.32 3.01 18.90
CST 2.57-204.75 99.59±49.24 0.11 -0.36 49.44
杂交种
Hybrids
发芽势GE (%) SGT 55.56-100.00 90.55±0.10 -1.67 2.26 11.49
CST 31.11-97.78 74.79±0.15 -0.95 0.31 19.88
发芽率GP (%) SGT 85.56-100.00 98.17±0.03 -2.47 6.69 2.85
CST 36.67-100.00 80.79±0.13 -1.04 0.85 16.70
发芽指数GI SGT 6.29-9.94 8.25±0.94 -0.01 -1.10 11.40
CST 3.18-9.64 7.21±1.34 -0.82 0.25 18.64
苗长SL (cm) SGT 8.47-16.69 12.61±1.84 -0.14 -0.68 14.62
CST 4.95-15.97 11.89±1.87 -0.80 1.18 15.72
根长RL (cm) SGT 15.45-25.68 19.71±1.88 0.46 0.27 9.53
CST 11.53-22.40 18.18±1.82 -0.62 1.13 10.01
苗干重DW (g) SGT 0.46-1.17 0.86±0.13 -0.29 0.43 15.36
CST 0.37-1.06 0.71±0.13 0.25 0.33 17.78
活力指数ⅠVIⅠ SGT 3.38-11.08 7.12±1.56 0.05 -0.27 21.89
CST 1.56-8.25 5.20±1.49 -0.30 -0.30 28.65
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ SGT 53.33-153.60 105.20±24.94 0.20 -0.96 23.71
CST 20.98-143.65 87.06±24.67 -0.41 -0.21 28.34
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ SGT 100.33-228.19 163.61±30.51 0.31 -0.81 18.65
CST 48.85-210.06 132.60±33.00 -0.44 0.07 24.89
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581048292092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自交系与杂交种种子活力相关性状的描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
性状
Trait
处理
Treatment
变异范围
Range
平均值±标准偏差
Mean±SD
偏度
Skewness
峰度
Kurtosis
变异系数
CV (%)
自交系
Inbred lines
发芽势GE (%) SGT 53.33-100.00 85.35±0.13 -0.99 0.32 15.34
CST 4.44-95.56 58.64±0.24 -0.37 -0.48 41.50
发芽率GP (%) SGT 84.44-100.00 96.26±0.05 -1.27 0.51 5.02
CST 8.89-98.89 65.40±0.24 -0.57 -0.23 36.47
发芽指数GI SGT 6.14-9.81 7.74±0.92 0.48 -0.19 11.91
CST 0.60-9.11 5.56±2.22 -0.37 -0.45 39.93
苗长SL (cm) SGT 6.79-12.59 9.57±1.62 -0.04 -0.83 16.88
CST 3.88-12.74 9.99±2.05 -1.13 2.31 20.52
根长RL (cm) SGT 14.54-21.34 17.07±1.50 0.93 1.97 8.79
CST 4.28-22.49 16.90±3.68 -1.78 6.08 21.75
苗干重DW (g) SGT 0.14-0.74 0.51±0.13 -0.94 1.99 25.59
CST 0.46-0.88 0.68±0.12 -0.10 -0.74 17.18
活力指数I VIⅠ SGT 3.08-8.15 5.37±1.41 0.43 -0.47 26.32
CST 0.08-5.53 3.03±1.50 0.04 -1.17 51.97
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ SGT 49.16-114.95 75.09±19.86 0.38 -0.91 26.44
CST 2.33-99.17 58.63±28.29 -0.22 -1.07 48.25
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ SGT 98.21-209.28 132.93±25.12 1.32 3.01 18.90
CST 2.57-204.75 99.59±49.24 0.11 -0.36 49.44
杂交种
Hybrids
发芽势GE (%) SGT 55.56-100.00 90.55±0.10 -1.67 2.26 11.49
CST 31.11-97.78 74.79±0.15 -0.95 0.31 19.88
发芽率GP (%) SGT 85.56-100.00 98.17±0.03 -2.47 6.69 2.85
CST 36.67-100.00 80.79±0.13 -1.04 0.85 16.70
发芽指数GI SGT 6.29-9.94 8.25±0.94 -0.01 -1.10 11.40
CST 3.18-9.64 7.21±1.34 -0.82 0.25 18.64
苗长SL (cm) SGT 8.47-16.69 12.61±1.84 -0.14 -0.68 14.62
CST 4.95-15.97 11.89±1.87 -0.80 1.18 15.72
根长RL (cm) SGT 15.45-25.68 19.71±1.88 0.46 0.27 9.53
CST 11.53-22.40 18.18±1.82 -0.62 1.13 10.01
苗干重DW (g) SGT 0.46-1.17 0.86±0.13 -0.29 0.43 15.36
CST 0.37-1.06 0.71±0.13 0.25 0.33 17.78
活力指数ⅠVIⅠ SGT 3.38-11.08 7.12±1.56 0.05 -0.27 21.89
CST 1.56-8.25 5.20±1.49 -0.30 -0.30 28.65
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ SGT 53.33-153.60 105.20±24.94 0.20 -0.96 23.71
CST 20.98-143.65 87.06±24.67 -0.41 -0.21 28.34
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ SGT 100.33-228.19 163.61±30.51 0.31 -0.81 18.65
CST 48.85-210.06 132.60±33.00 -0.44 0.07 24.89
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581148955389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Joint variance analysis of seed vigor related traits in inbred lines and hybrids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
性状
Trait
基因型 Genotype 处理 Treatment 处理×基因型 Genotype×Treatment
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自交系
Inbred lines
发芽势GE 21 0.14 36.83** 1 2.36 605.78** 21 0.09 22.08**
发芽率GP 21 0.11 39.73** 1 3.14 1168.19** 21 0.07 26.38**
发芽指数GI 21 10.64 48.18** 1 159.99 724.255** 21 6.57 29.73**
苗长SL 21 15.33 14.83** 1 5.37 5.19 21 5.30 5.13
根长RL 21 33.27 32.05** 1 0.65 0.63 21 11.67 11.24**
苗干重DW 21 0.08 31.35** 1 0.99 384.99** 21 0.01 4.57
活力指数Ⅰ VIⅠ 21 11.01 27.52** 1 75.22 188.09** 21 4.39 10.97**
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ 21 2409.15 28.49** 1 9115.14 107.78** 21 1124.84 13.30**
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ 21 6158.26 43.45** 1 37043.47 263.76** 21 2900.96 20.66**
杂交种
Hybrids
发芽势GE 105 0.05 16.72** 1 3.95 1326.67** 105 0.05 16.49**
发芽率GP 105 0.03 19.51** 1 4.80 2917.90** 105 0.02 15.11**
发芽指数GI 105 4.60 18.73** 1 175.54 713.92** 105 3.67 14.93**
苗长SL 105 17.50 13.93** 1 83.48 66.48 105 3.18 2.54**
根长RL 105 13.36 7.08** 1 374.04 198.29** 105 7.17 3.80*
苗干重DW 105 0.08 16.23** 1 3.35 676.20** 105 0.02 4.04**
活力指数ⅠVIⅠ 105 8.72 15.24** 1 252.55 441.49** 105 4.35 7.61**
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ 105 2687.82 18.32** 1 53441.35 364.15** 105 1038.37 7.08**
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ 105 3894.52 15.62** 1 154790.67 620.68** 105 2248.23 9.02**
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581237035774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自交系和杂交种种子活力性状联合方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
性状
Trait
基因型 Genotype 处理 Treatment 处理×基因型 Genotype×Treatment
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自由度
DF
均方
MS
F
F-value
自交系
Inbred lines
发芽势GE 21 0.14 36.83** 1 2.36 605.78** 21 0.09 22.08**
发芽率GP 21 0.11 39.73** 1 3.14 1168.19** 21 0.07 26.38**
发芽指数GI 21 10.64 48.18** 1 159.99 724.255** 21 6.57 29.73**
苗长SL 21 15.33 14.83** 1 5.37 5.19 21 5.30 5.13
根长RL 21 33.27 32.05** 1 0.65 0.63 21 11.67 11.24**
苗干重DW 21 0.08 31.35** 1 0.99 384.99** 21 0.01 4.57
活力指数Ⅰ VIⅠ 21 11.01 27.52** 1 75.22 188.09** 21 4.39 10.97**
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ 21 2409.15 28.49** 1 9115.14 107.78** 21 1124.84 13.30**
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ 21 6158.26 43.45** 1 37043.47 263.76** 21 2900.96 20.66**
杂交种
Hybrids
发芽势GE 105 0.05 16.72** 1 3.95 1326.67** 105 0.05 16.49**
发芽率GP 105 0.03 19.51** 1 4.80 2917.90** 105 0.02 15.11**
发芽指数GI 105 4.60 18.73** 1 175.54 713.92** 105 3.67 14.93**
苗长SL 105 17.50 13.93** 1 83.48 66.48 105 3.18 2.54**
根长RL 105 13.36 7.08** 1 374.04 198.29** 105 7.17 3.80*
苗干重DW 105 0.08 16.23** 1 3.35 676.20** 105 0.02 4.04**
活力指数ⅠVIⅠ 105 8.72 15.24** 1 252.55 441.49** 105 4.35 7.61**
活力指数Ⅱ VIⅡ 105 2687.82 18.32** 1 53441.35 364.15** 105 1038.37 7.08**
活力指数Ⅲ VI Ⅲ 105 3894.52 15.62** 1 154790.67 620.68** 105 2248.23 9.02**
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581312533247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of mean values of seed vigor traits in inbred lines and hybrids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Materials
类别
Type
材料数量
Number
发芽势
GE (%)
发芽率
GP (%)
发芽指数
GI
活力指数Ⅰ
VIⅠ
活力指数Ⅱ
VIⅡ
活力指数Ⅲ
VIⅢ
SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST
自交系
Inbred lines
第Ⅰ类Category Ⅰ 8 88.33 83.61 99.31 89.03 7.91 7.87 5.80 4.79 78.32 87.97 136.13 150.27
第Ⅱ类Category Ⅱ 9 82.34 55.06 94.44 63.21 7.63 5.21 5.02 2.53 73.63 53.39 131.43 89.17
第Ⅲ类Category Ⅲ 5 86.00 25.10 94.67 31.95 7.69 2.46 5.27 1.10 72.53 21.14 130.51 37.26
杂交种
Hybrids
第Ⅰ类Category Ⅰ 51 83.70 84.51 98.21 89.69 7.86 8.06 6.68 5.98 97.26 99.24 150.65 152.22
第Ⅱ类Category Ⅱ 41 93.28 71.65 98.51 77.75 8.64 6.96 7.66 4.97 114.94 84.33 177.48 125.66
第Ⅲ类Category Ⅲ 14 94.37 48.58 96.99 57.23 8.53 4.86 7.12 3.02 105.65 50.65 170.22 81.41
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581392225024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

自交系和杂交种各种子活力性状均值比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Materials
类别
Type
材料数量
Number
发芽势
GE (%)
发芽率
GP (%)
发芽指数
GI
活力指数Ⅰ
VIⅠ
活力指数Ⅱ
VIⅡ
活力指数Ⅲ
VIⅢ
SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST SGT CST
自交系
Inbred lines
第Ⅰ类Category Ⅰ 8 88.33 83.61 99.31 89.03 7.91 7.87 5.80 4.79 78.32 87.97 136.13 150.27
第Ⅱ类Category Ⅱ 9 82.34 55.06 94.44 63.21 7.63 5.21 5.02 2.53 73.63 53.39 131.43 89.17
第Ⅲ类Category Ⅲ 5 86.00 25.10 94.67 31.95 7.69 2.46 5.27 1.10 72.53 21.14 130.51 37.26
杂交种
Hybrids
第Ⅰ类Category Ⅰ 51 83.70 84.51 98.21 89.69 7.86 8.06 6.68 5.98 97.26 99.24 150.65 152.22
第Ⅱ类Category Ⅱ 41 93.28 71.65 98.51 77.75 8.64 6.96 7.66 4.97 114.94 84.33 177.48 125.66
第Ⅲ类Category Ⅲ 14 94.37 48.58 96.99 57.23 8.53 4.86 7.12 3.02 105.65 50.65 170.22 81.41
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581488694017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Information about important association sites detected by the whole genome association analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
标记
Marker
染色体
Chromosome
位置
Position (bp)
基因型
Genotype
模型
Model
性状
Trait
P
P value
表型解释率
R2(%)
SNP1 1_3353289 1 3353289 G/A Add SGT-GI 9.00E-06 11.43
SNP2 1_43499054 1 43499054 T/C Rec CST-GP 1.24E-10 18.26
SNP3 1_84304371 1 84304371 C/T Rec CST-SL 2.86E-12 25.07
SNP4 1_85839980 1 85839980 A/C Rec SGT-SL 2.05E-21 32.68
SNP5 1_154295033 1 154295033 A/G Add CST-GE 7.82E-08 17.78
SNP6 1_178647142 1 178647142 A/G Rec SGT-DW 1.55E-12 22.04
SNP7 1_291856974 1 291856974 T/C Dom SGT-SL 5.13E-15 22.47
SNP8 2_18197441* 2 18197441 A/G Dom CST-GE 6.97E-15 18.78
Dom CST-GI 2.80E-15 19.43
Dom CST-GP 1.10E-19 26.68
Add CST-GI 9.57E-15 18.69
SNP9 2_18739525 2 18739525 T/C Dom SGT-DW 2.63E-18 13.73
SNP10 2_19244047 2 19244047 T/C Rec SGT-GI 3.47E-09 17.49
SNP11 2_19372692 2 19372692 C/T Add CST-GE 8.77E-16 21.42
SNP12 2_30802598 2 30802598 G/C Add SGT-GE 6.48E-08 19.44
SNP13 2_39940294 2 39940294 G/A Dom SGT-RL 1.25E-06 11.55
SNP14 2_183378697 2 183378697 C/T Dom SGT-GI 6.59E-10 13.51
SNP15 3_17590250* 3 17590250 G/A Dom CST-RL 6.46E-10 17.11
Dom CST-SL 3.85E-15 24.91
SNP16 3_17805407* 3 17805407 C/T Rec CST-GE 5.57E-18 35.60
Rec CST-GI 8.49E-18 30.14
Rec CST-GP 7.32E-16 24.59
SNP17 3_17932972* 3 17932972 T/C Dom CST-GE 4.91E-16 24.05
Dom CST-GI 1.28E-14 20.89
SNP18 3_19091776 3 19091776 G/A Dom CST-GP 8.60E-11 11.02
SNP19 3_22825936 3 22825936 C/G Dom SGT-SL 1.34E-14 23.70
SNP20 3_32242592 3 32242592 C/A Dom SGT-DW 1.50E-07 12.62
SNP21 3_155021348 3 155021348 A/C Dom SGT-GE 3.33E-27 19.80
SNP22 3_192210299 3 192210299 G/A Rec SGT-RL 1.04E-06 19.69
SNP23 4_15716701 4 15716701 C/A Rec CST-DW 3.26E-05 12.32
SNP24 4_18511010* 4 18511010 G/C Rec CST-GE 6.81E-07 13.60
Rec CST-GI 1.31E-08 15.92
SNP25 4_28100027 4 28100027 C/A Dom CST-DW 3.08E-12 12.23
SNP26 4_52506095 4 52506095 C/T Add CST-SL 3.61E-10 32.65
SNP27 4_69862542 4 69862542 C/T Add SGT-GI 2.17E-06 16.18
SNP28 4_145757636 4 145757636 G/C Dom SGT-GE 8.07E-16 18.45
SNP29 5_7270274 5 7270274 G/A Rec SGT-GP 6.93E-06 15.31
SNP30 5_11611314 5 11611314 C/A Add SGT-SL 3.07E-18 47.37
SNP31 5_11960070 5 11960070 T/C Rec SGT-DW 2.63E-10 17.35
SNP32 5_142175693 5 142175693 A/G Dom CST-DW 7.30E-18 14.83
SNP33 5_204262820* 5 204262820 T/A Rec CST-GI 3.49E-06 8.56
Rec CST-GP 2.44E-09 14.74
Add CST-GI 5.57E-13 14.79
Add CST-GP 5.80E-08 14.18
Add CST-GE 1.63E-08 10.12
SNP34 6_96096697 6 96096697 C/T Rec CST-SL 3.58E-07 13.13
SNP35 6_159316307 6 159316307 C/T Add SGT-GE 6.71E-07 11.82
SNP36 6_168385013 6 168385013 C/T Dom SGT-GI 1.57E-08 10.40
SNP37 7_21288129 7 21288129 G/A Dom CST-DW 2.01E-18 13.75
SNP38 8_170405872 8 170405872 C/A Add SGT-RL 5.22E-08 22.64
SNP39 9_149806469 9 149806469 C/A Add CST-DW 1.12E-09 15.24
SNP40 9_153233111 9 153233111 C/T Dom CST-SL 3.84E-12 18.95
SNP41 10_9606210 10 9606210 T/C Dom SGT-GI 1.93E-07 11.63
SNP42 10_111383922 10 111383922 A/C Rec SGT-GI 5.59E-07 10.33
SNP43 10_138859255* 10 138859255 C/T Dom CST-GE 6.04E-08 7.74
Dom CST-GI 7.85E-10 10.36
Dom CST-GP 1.35E-07 6.76
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581606134530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

全基因组关联分析检测到的重要关联位点信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
No.
标记
Marker
染色体
Chromosome
位置
Position (bp)
基因型
Genotype
模型
Model
性状
Trait
P
P value
表型解释率
R2(%)
SNP1 1_3353289 1 3353289 G/A Add SGT-GI 9.00E-06 11.43
SNP2 1_43499054 1 43499054 T/C Rec CST-GP 1.24E-10 18.26
SNP3 1_84304371 1 84304371 C/T Rec CST-SL 2.86E-12 25.07
SNP4 1_85839980 1 85839980 A/C Rec SGT-SL 2.05E-21 32.68
SNP5 1_154295033 1 154295033 A/G Add CST-GE 7.82E-08 17.78
SNP6 1_178647142 1 178647142 A/G Rec SGT-DW 1.55E-12 22.04
SNP7 1_291856974 1 291856974 T/C Dom SGT-SL 5.13E-15 22.47
SNP8 2_18197441* 2 18197441 A/G Dom CST-GE 6.97E-15 18.78
Dom CST-GI 2.80E-15 19.43
Dom CST-GP 1.10E-19 26.68
Add CST-GI 9.57E-15 18.69
SNP9 2_18739525 2 18739525 T/C Dom SGT-DW 2.63E-18 13.73
SNP10 2_19244047 2 19244047 T/C Rec SGT-GI 3.47E-09 17.49
SNP11 2_19372692 2 19372692 C/T Add CST-GE 8.77E-16 21.42
SNP12 2_30802598 2 30802598 G/C Add SGT-GE 6.48E-08 19.44
SNP13 2_39940294 2 39940294 G/A Dom SGT-RL 1.25E-06 11.55
SNP14 2_183378697 2 183378697 C/T Dom SGT-GI 6.59E-10 13.51
SNP15 3_17590250* 3 17590250 G/A Dom CST-RL 6.46E-10 17.11
Dom CST-SL 3.85E-15 24.91
SNP16 3_17805407* 3 17805407 C/T Rec CST-GE 5.57E-18 35.60
Rec CST-GI 8.49E-18 30.14
Rec CST-GP 7.32E-16 24.59
SNP17 3_17932972* 3 17932972 T/C Dom CST-GE 4.91E-16 24.05
Dom CST-GI 1.28E-14 20.89
SNP18 3_19091776 3 19091776 G/A Dom CST-GP 8.60E-11 11.02
SNP19 3_22825936 3 22825936 C/G Dom SGT-SL 1.34E-14 23.70
SNP20 3_32242592 3 32242592 C/A Dom SGT-DW 1.50E-07 12.62
SNP21 3_155021348 3 155021348 A/C Dom SGT-GE 3.33E-27 19.80
SNP22 3_192210299 3 192210299 G/A Rec SGT-RL 1.04E-06 19.69
SNP23 4_15716701 4 15716701 C/A Rec CST-DW 3.26E-05 12.32
SNP24 4_18511010* 4 18511010 G/C Rec CST-GE 6.81E-07 13.60
Rec CST-GI 1.31E-08 15.92
SNP25 4_28100027 4 28100027 C/A Dom CST-DW 3.08E-12 12.23
SNP26 4_52506095 4 52506095 C/T Add CST-SL 3.61E-10 32.65
SNP27 4_69862542 4 69862542 C/T Add SGT-GI 2.17E-06 16.18
SNP28 4_145757636 4 145757636 G/C Dom SGT-GE 8.07E-16 18.45
SNP29 5_7270274 5 7270274 G/A Rec SGT-GP 6.93E-06 15.31
SNP30 5_11611314 5 11611314 C/A Add SGT-SL 3.07E-18 47.37
SNP31 5_11960070 5 11960070 T/C Rec SGT-DW 2.63E-10 17.35
SNP32 5_142175693 5 142175693 A/G Dom CST-DW 7.30E-18 14.83
SNP33 5_204262820* 5 204262820 T/A Rec CST-GI 3.49E-06 8.56
Rec CST-GP 2.44E-09 14.74
Add CST-GI 5.57E-13 14.79
Add CST-GP 5.80E-08 14.18
Add CST-GE 1.63E-08 10.12
SNP34 6_96096697 6 96096697 C/T Rec CST-SL 3.58E-07 13.13
SNP35 6_159316307 6 159316307 C/T Add SGT-GE 6.71E-07 11.82
SNP36 6_168385013 6 168385013 C/T Dom SGT-GI 1.57E-08 10.40
SNP37 7_21288129 7 21288129 G/A Dom CST-DW 2.01E-18 13.75
SNP38 8_170405872 8 170405872 C/A Add SGT-RL 5.22E-08 22.64
SNP39 9_149806469 9 149806469 C/A Add CST-DW 1.12E-09 15.24
SNP40 9_153233111 9 153233111 C/T Dom CST-SL 3.84E-12 18.95
SNP41 10_9606210 10 9606210 T/C Dom SGT-GI 1.93E-07 11.63
SNP42 10_111383922 10 111383922 A/C Rec SGT-GI 5.59E-07 10.33
SNP43 10_138859255* 10 138859255 C/T Dom CST-GE 6.04E-08 7.74
Dom CST-GI 7.85E-10 10.36
Dom CST-GP 1.35E-07 6.76
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581727769347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Candidate gene prediction and functional annotation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
QTN位点
QTN marker
染色体位置
Position
候选基因CandidateGenes 功能注释
Annotation
2_18197441 Chr.2:18197441 GRMZM2G567481
2_18739525 Chr.2:18739525 GRMZM2G175504 有丝分裂激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶YODA
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase YODA
3_155021348 Chr.3:155021348 GRMZM2G146280 含WD重复序列的蛋白质结构域磷酸肌醇相互作用蛋白3
WD repeat-containing protein domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3
3_17590250 Chr.3:17590250 GRMZM2G166064 蛋白TRM32 Protein TRM32
3_17805407 Chr.3:17805407 GRMZM2G020941
3_17932972 Chr.3:17932972 GRMZM2G100898 DNA甲基化因子1 Factor of DNA methylation 1
4_18511010 Chr.4:18511010 GRMZM5G846314
4_28100027 Chr.4:28100027 GRMZM2G319062 多酚氧化酶潜伏型,叶绿体 Polyphenol oxidase latent form, chloroplastic
5_204262820 Chr.5:204262820 GRMZM2G000280 反转录转座子蛋白Ty1-copia亚类 Retrotransposon protein Ty1-copia subclass
9_149806469 Chr.9:149806469 GRMZM2G061314 蛋白结合蛋白 protein binding protein
10_138859255 Chr.10:138859255 GRMZM2G391272 皮层细胞描绘蛋白 Cortical cell-delineating protein
), ArticleFig(id=1302192581807461124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301850032934322245, articleId=1302192563704844943, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

候选基因预测及功能注释

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
QTN位点
QTN marker
染色体位置
Position
候选基因CandidateGenes 功能注释
Annotation
2_18197441 Chr.2:18197441 GRMZM2G567481
2_18739525 Chr.2:18739525 GRMZM2G175504 有丝分裂激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶YODA
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase YODA
3_155021348 Chr.3:155021348 GRMZM2G146280 含WD重复序列的蛋白质结构域磷酸肌醇相互作用蛋白3
WD repeat-containing protein domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3
3_17590250 Chr.3:17590250 GRMZM2G166064 蛋白TRM32 Protein TRM32
3_17805407 Chr.3:17805407 GRMZM2G020941
3_17932972 Chr.3:17932972 GRMZM2G100898 DNA甲基化因子1 Factor of DNA methylation 1
4_18511010 Chr.4:18511010 GRMZM5G846314
4_28100027 Chr.4:28100027 GRMZM2G319062 多酚氧化酶潜伏型,叶绿体 Polyphenol oxidase latent form, chloroplastic
5_204262820 Chr.5:204262820 GRMZM2G000280 反转录转座子蛋白Ty1-copia亚类 Retrotransposon protein Ty1-copia subclass
9_149806469 Chr.9:149806469 GRMZM2G061314 蛋白结合蛋白 protein binding protein
10_138859255 Chr.10:138859255 GRMZM2G391272 皮层细胞描绘蛋白 Cortical cell-delineating protein
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陕A群、陕B群选育玉米自交系及其杂交种种子活力评价及遗传解析
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曹凡 , 唐瑶 , 王孟玮 , 张栋渊 , 卫亚博 , 吴爽 , 朱万超 , 徐淑兔 , 张兴华 , 薛吉全
中国农业科学 | 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 2026,59(16): 3476-3495
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中国农业科学 |作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 2026 , 59 (16) : 3476 -3495
陕A群、陕B群选育玉米自交系及其杂交种种子活力评价及遗传解析
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曹凡 , 唐瑶 , 王孟玮, 张栋渊, 卫亚博, 吴爽, 朱万超, 徐淑兔, 张兴华 , 薛吉全
作者信息
  • 西北农林科技大学农学院/农业农村部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
薛吉全,E-mail:
张兴华,E-mail:
作者简介:

曹凡和唐瑶为同等贡献作者。

曹凡,E-mail:

唐瑶,E-mail:

Evaluation and Genetic Analysis of Seed Vigor in Inbred Lines and Responding Hybrids in Shaan A and Shaan B Groups
Fan CAO , Yao TANG , MengWei WANG, DongYuan ZHANG, YaBo WEI, Shuang WU, WanChao ZHU, ShuTu XU, XingHua ZHANG , JiQuan XUE
Affiliations
  • College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.002
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【目的】 玉米种子活力是决定种子品质的关键因素之一,直接影响出苗率、幼苗生长及群体整齐度,进而影响产量形成。筛选高活力自交系与杂交种,挖掘调控种子萌发的关键基因,为培育高活力玉米品种提供理论依据。【方法】 选取陕A群、陕B群2个杂种优势群选育的22份玉米自交系并采用NC-Ⅱ遗传设计组配104份F1杂交组合。通过标准发芽试验和冷浸发芽试验测定发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、苗长、根长、苗干重,以及活力指数Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ共9个性状,开展种子活力的综合评价。结合基因型数据与表型数据,对主要性状开展全基因组关联分析,筛选与种子活力显著相关的数量性状核苷酸位点,并整合公共转录组数据对潜在候选基因进行挖掘与功能预测。【结果】 自交系与杂交种的种子活力相关性状均存在显著遗传变异。相较于标准发芽,冷浸处理显著降低了发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,同时扩大了表型变异幅度,增强了基因型间的差异表达。多数性状在基因型、处理及其互作效应上达到显著或极显著水平,证实种子活力受遗传因素显著调控。发芽性状与苗期生长性状和活力指数呈显著正相关。并筛选出一批在不同发芽条件下表现稳定、对冷浸处理敏感性较低的优良材料,其中,在冷浸条件下,以陕A群的KA105、KA088、KA085、KA205和陕B群的KB088、KB060、KB168、KB076、KB021为亲本组配的杂交组合仍保持较高种子活力水平。自身活力中等的自交系在特定组合中可显著提升后代表现。全基因组关联分析共检测到43个与种子活力显著相关的QTN位点,其中7个为冷浸条件下的多性状共定位位点。利用公共转录组数据进一步筛选出11个候选基因,其中8个具有功能注释,主要涉及胁迫响应与转录调控等生物学过程。【结论】 玉米种子活力为遗传控制的数量性状,基因型变异是其表型差异的主要来源。种子活力受多位点协同调控,低温条件下存在关键遗传区域参与调节。有利等位基因的积累有助于提升杂交种活力,同时杂交种表现还受亲本间特异遗传互作影响。

玉米  /  种子活力  /  自交系  /  杂交种  /  全基因组关联分析

【Objective】 Seed vigor is one of the key determinants of seed quality in maize, directly influencing emergence rate, seedling growth, and stand uniformity, thereby affecting final yield formation. This study aimed to identify high-vigor inbred lines and hybrids, uncover key genes involved in regulating seed germination, and provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-vigor maize varieties.【Method】 Twenty-two maize inbred lines from two heterotic groups, Shaan A Group and Shaan B Group, were used to produce 104 F1 hybrids following an NC-Ⅱ mating design. Seed vigor was evaluated under both the standard germination test and the cold soaking germination test. Nine traits were recorded, including germination energy (GE), germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), seedling length (SL), root length (RL), dry weight (DW), vigor index I (VIⅠ), vigor index Ⅱ (VIⅡ), and vigor index Ⅲ (VIⅢ). Genotypic and phenotypic data were combined to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for major traits. Quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with seed vigor were identified. Public transcriptome data were further used to screen potential candidate genes and to predict their possible functions. 【Result】 Significant genetic variation was observed for seed vigor-related traits in both inbred lines and hybrids. Compared with the standard germination test, cold soaking treatment reduced GE, GP, and GI, and increased the range of phenotypic variation among genotypes. Most traits showed significant effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction, indicating that seed vigor is mainly controlled by genetic factors. Germination traits were positively correlated with seedling growth traits and vigor indices. Several materials showed stable performance under different germination conditions and low sensitivity to cold soaking. Hybrids derived from KA105, KA088, KA085, and KA205 of the Shaan A Group, and KB088, KB060, KB168, KB076, and KB021 of the Shaan B Group maintained relatively high seed vigor under cold soaking conditions. Some inbred lines with moderate seed vigor were able to improve hybrid performance in specific combinations. GWAS detected 43 QTNs significantly associated with seed vigor, including seven loci that were shared by two or more traits under cold soaking conditions. Based on transcriptome data, 11 candidate genes were identified, of which eight had functional annotation and were mainly related to stress response and transcription regulation.【Conclusion】 Maize seed vigor is a quantitative trait under genetic control, and genetic variation is the main source of phenotypic differences. Seed vigor is regulated by multiple loci, with key genomic regions involved under low-temperature conditions. The accumulation of favorable alleles can improve seed vigor in hybrids, and hybrid performance is also influenced by specific genetic interactions between parents.

maize  /  seed vigor  /  inbred line  /  hybrids  /  genome-wide association analysis
曹凡, 唐瑶, 王孟玮, 张栋渊, 卫亚博, 吴爽, 朱万超, 徐淑兔, 张兴华, 薛吉全. 陕A群、陕B群选育玉米自交系及其杂交种种子活力评价及遗传解析. 中国农业科学, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3476 -3495 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.002
Fan CAO, Yao TANG, MengWei WANG, DongYuan ZHANG, YaBo WEI, Shuang WU, WanChao ZHU, ShuTu XU, XingHua ZHANG, JiQuan XUE. Evaluation and Genetic Analysis of Seed Vigor in Inbred Lines and Responding Hybrids in Shaan A and Shaan B Groups[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026 , 59 (16) : 3476 -3495 . DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.002
【研究意义】玉米(Zea mays L.)作为全球三大粮食作物之一,也是我国种植面积最广的作物,对国家粮食安全具有重要战略意义。种子活力是指在各种环境中,决定种子发芽、出苗且长成正常幼苗潜在能力特性的总和[1],是幼苗在发芽的基础上是否能实现茁壮顽强生长的能力,它对植物的发芽率、整齐度、抗病性等因素有重要影响,是评价玉米种子质量的关键指标之一[2]。根据种子质量国家标准,玉米自交系的发芽率需达到80%及以上;单交种大田用种的发芽率不低于88%,其中,单粒播种用种的发芽率不低于93%[3]。同时,近年来,玉米单粒播种与机械化播种模式不断推广,对能够保障出苗质量、提升幼苗成活率和实现高产稳产的高活力种子的需求也日益迫切。因此,选育高活力种子不仅能够保障出苗质量、提高幼苗成活率,也是实现玉米高产稳产的重要基础。【前人研究进展】种子活力普遍被认为是一个复杂的综合性状,主要由微效多基因控制,由环境因素和遗传因素共同作用[4],具有明显的加性遗传效应。不同基因型材料在发芽速度、发芽整齐度和逆境出苗能力等方面存在明显差异,表明种子活力受遗传背景显著影响并具有较为丰富的遗传变异基础[5-6]。全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)技术能够通过鉴定基因组中的遗传变异以解析复杂性状的遗传关联[7],且能够高效鉴定调控玉米复杂性状的基因组区域,显著加速数量性状位点与育种候选基因的精准定位[8],近年来,GWAS已被广泛应用于玉米种子萌发及相关活力性状的遗传解析研究。已有研究利用自然群体或自交系群体,对发芽率、发芽速度、发芽一致性等性状开展关联分析,鉴定出多个显著关联位点。Li等[9]通过包含321份材料的玉米自然群体对种子萌发速度与萌发一致性2个性状进行全基因组关联分析,共检测到58个显著关联位点,并进一步鉴定出36个候选基因,其功能涉及能量代谢(如线粒体FtsH蛋白酶基因ZmFtsH)、信号转导(如蛋白磷酸酶2C基因PP2C)和转录调控等。Ma等[10]通过对由190份自交系组成的关联群体以相对萌发率(relative germination rate,RGR)和相对萌发指数(relative germination index,RGI)开展全基因组关联分析。最终定位到一个位于第6染色体上的主效QTL,并鉴定出37个候选基因。其中,多个候选基因与低温胁迫响应、种子萌发及其他非生物胁迫相关通路密切相关。Yu等[11]通过对包含296份材料的玉米自然群体在低温胁迫下的相对发芽率与相对发芽指数进行全基因组关联分析,共检测到21个与萌发期低温耐性显著关联的SNP位点,关键位点14070在田间与室内条件下均与低温萌发耐性显著相关,其邻近候选基因可能参与逆境胁迫响应、信号转导及能量代谢等生物学过程。也有研究进一步结合转录组数据对GWAS鉴定到的关联位点附近基因进行表达分析,从而提高候选基因筛选的准确性。Ma等[12]在玉米种子萌发能力研究中,结合全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)与RNA-Seq表达分析,在显著关联位点附近筛选获得4个与种子萌发能力密切相关的优先候选基因,其中,MADS26被证实为关键调控基因。【本研究切入点】尽管全基因组关联分析方法在解析玉米种子活力相关性状的遗传基础方面取得了一定进展,但现有研究多集中于自交系材料,对杂交种种子活力的遗传基础关注较少,且在多数情况下未能将亲本遗传变异与杂交种种子活力表现进行系统关联分析。并且现有研究对冷浸胁迫条件下种子活力性状的遗传解析相对不足,缺乏在胁迫条件下评价种子活力及其遗传基础的研究,从而限制了对玉米实际生产环境中出苗潜力的评估。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以自交系及其杂交种后代为材料,利用标准发芽试验和冷浸发芽试验测定种子活力相关性状,并对其种子活力进行评价分析,筛选高种子活力优良自交系及杂交组合,为育种工作提供指导。结合高通量分子标记开展种子活力的全基因组关联分析,解析杂交种种子活力的遗传基础,筛选关联位点并筛选相关候选基因,为高种子活力玉米品种的选育提供理论依据和分子支撑。
从陕A群和陕B群选育出22份玉米自交系(表1),包括陕A群6份、陕B群16份。陕A群和陕B群均源自同一基础群体,分别通过优良自交系掖478(Reid群)和黄早四(塘四平头群)导入并进行约10年改良而形成,在杂种优势利用中通常分别作为母本和父本[13]。于2022年冬季,将上述22份自交系种植于西北农林科技大学三亚南繁基地(18.40°N,109.20°E),基于NC-Ⅱ遗传设计,组配出F1杂交组合104份,统一收获,自然晾干至标准水分后,统一精选(去除小粒、瘪粒、病粒、虫蛀粒等,挑选整齐一致的种子)贮藏备用。2023年,在西北农林科技大学农学院/农业农村部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种重点试验室对22份亲本自交系及104份杂交组合进行种子活力鉴定,其中,自交系以KA105为对照,杂交种以陕单650(SD650)和郑单958(ZD958)为对照材料。
每个材料各随机选取90粒种子(3个重复,每个重复30粒种子),用1.0%次氯酸钠溶液浸泡3—5 min,蒸馏水清洗3—4遍。按照农作物种子检验规程GB/T 3543.4—1995[14]进行发芽试验。从第3天开始,每日观察并记录其发芽情况,直至第7天。选取具有代表性的整齐均匀的10株幼苗,测量其根长苗长(发芽至第7天的苗长,从胚芽突破种皮的地方为起始进行测量),测量完毕后装入牛皮纸袋中,105 ℃烘干30 min,然后,75 ℃烘至恒重,称量苗干重。每个单株的性状均为一一对应。
种子经上述相同方式消毒冲洗后,完全浸没于蒸馏水中,置于4 ℃低温环境中处理72 h。冷浸结束后统一取出种子,立即以常温蒸馏水冲洗以终止冷害,滤纸吸干表面水分后按照标准发芽试验方法继续发芽并测定相关指标。
测定指标包括:发芽势(germination energy,GE)、发芽率(germination percentage,GP)、发芽指数(germination index,GI)、苗长(seedling length,SL)、根长(root length,RL)、苗干重(dry weight,DW)、活力指数Ⅰ(vigor index,VIⅠ)、活力指数Ⅱ(vigor index,VIⅡ)、活力指数Ⅲ(vigor index,VIⅢ)。其中,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数最终结果为3次重复供试种子平均值。根长、苗长、苗干重,以及活力指数Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ最终结果为3次重复表型数据平均值,每次重复含10株单株。
发芽势:GE=发芽第4天正常发芽数/供试种子总数×100%;
发芽率:GP=发芽终第7天正常发芽数/供试种子总数×100%;
发芽指数:GI=ΣGt/Dt,Gt:第t天的发芽率;Dt:发芽天数。
活力指数Ⅰ:VIⅠ=GI×S,S:10株苗干重的平均值;
活力指数Ⅱ:VIⅡ=GI×SL,SL:第7天时正常幼苗的苗长平均值;
活力指数Ⅲ:VIⅢ=GI×RL,RL:第7天时正常幼苗的根长平均值。
使用Microsoft Excel 2024及GraphPad Prism 10整理和统计原始数据并作图。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件对所得表型数据的最大值、最小值、平均值、标准偏差、偏度、峰度进行描述性统计。使用Origin Pro 2024b进行相关性分析并可视化,相关类型为皮尔逊。同样使用Origin对自交系和杂交种在2个处理下的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数I、活力指数Ⅱ和活力指数Ⅲ进行系统聚类分析,聚类方法为平均、距离类型。使用QTL IciMaping v4.2对各性状不同处理之间进行联合方差分析和广义遗传力(broad-sense heritability,H2)计算。广义遗传力计算公式H2=σg2/(σg2+σge2/n+σe2/nr),其中,σg2为遗传方差,σge2为基因型与环境互作方差,σe2为误差方差,n为环境数,r为重复[15]
2023年,于杨凌玉米试验基地播种22份玉米亲本自交系,播种后,采集三叶期的玉米自交系幼叶,送至辽宁东亚种业有限公司进行基因型检测。DNA提取、芯片检测、基因分型均由辽宁东亚种业有限公司完成,其中,基因分型采用北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心根据B73参考基因组v3版本的序列自主研制的Maize 6H60K SNP芯片完成。芯片扫描后,获得61 214个SNP位点的原始基因型数据。
利用使用PLINK version 1.9对亲本自交系的基因型数据按照最小等位基因频率(minor allele frequency,MAF)<0.05和缺失率(missing rate,MR)>0.2的位点进行过滤[16],得到22份亲本自交系的基因型数据。将亲本基因型中杂合基因型全部替换为NN,并将获得的37 523个高质量SNP导入TASSEL5.2.93[17],使用LD KNNi Imputation对缺失的基因型进行填补,填补后的基因型数据用于利用TASSEL5.2.93的Create Hybrid Genotypes合成杂交种基因型[18]。合成的杂交种基因型再次按照MAF<0.05和MR>0.2进行过滤,最终获得36 524个高质量SNP用于后续杂交种全基因组关联分析。
利用TASSEL v.5.2.93软件进行基因型数据分析,计算亲本材料间的亲缘关系系数[17],获得亲本材料间的亲缘关系矩阵(Kinship matrix,K矩阵)。并通过TBtools绘制亲缘关系热图。使用软件MEGAv7.0构建亲本进化树[19],并在在线网站iTOL(http://itol.embl.de)进行进化树的美化。使用软件PLINK1.9进行主成分计算,取前2个主成分(principal components,PCA)后使用R语言(https://www.r-project.org/)进行后续的作图。
在R语言中使用IIIVmrMLM v1.0软件包分别对F1群体2个处理下的所有一级性状,包括发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GP)、发芽指数(GI)、苗长(SL)、根长(RL)和苗干重(DW)进行全基因组关联分析。参考Huang等[20]方法,在显性与隐性模型中,将所有SNP的杂合基因型分别替代为主等位基因的纯合基因型和次等位基因的纯合基因型。不同编码方式结合相应模型对F1群体进行GWAS分析。其中,显著QTN(significant QTNs,SIG)为Bonferroni校正概率阈值为主的显著水平获得的位点,根据临界阈值P=0.05/m确定SIG,m为多态性标记数目。建议的QTN(suggested QTNs,SUG)为极大似然函数比常用对数(likelihood of odd,LOD)得分阈值为LOD≥3.0水平上的显著位点[21]。主成分分析由PLINK1.9计算得出,K矩阵由IIIVmrMLM计算得出。
以距关联位点物理距离最近的基因为候选基因。利用B73参考基因库v3.0版本(https://www.maizegdb.org/gbrowse/maize_v3)来确定物理位置以及候选基因名称和数量。利用玉米遗传学和基因组学数据库(https://qteller.maizegdb.org)中收录的公共转录组数据中的苗期24 ℃正常培养下的表达量和7 ℃处理14 h的冷浸胁迫下表达量数据(PRJNA244661),按照|log2(Fold change)|>1为标准对候选基因进行差异表达分析[22],以共定位位点筛选到的候选基因及苗期胁迫下差异表达基因作为最终候选基因。基因注释工作基于美国国立生物技术信息中心数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene)中的基因和蛋白功能数据比对和汇总,并参照其他作物同源基因功能注释加以确认。
通过对22份自交系与104份杂交种种子活力相关性状进行统计,结果显示,在标准发芽试验中,自交系各指标的变异系数为5.02%—26.44%;而在冷浸发芽试验中,自交系各指标变异系数显著提升,范围为17.18%—51.97%(表2)。在标准发芽试验中,杂交种各指标变异系数为2.85%—23.71%;在冷浸发芽试验条件下,变异系数为10.01%—28.65%。在自交系(图1)与杂交种(图2)种子活力的多项性状指标中,标准发芽试验的平均值普遍高于冷浸发芽试验。表明无论是自交系还是杂交种,冷浸处理均能抑制种子活力的同时扩大表型的变异幅度。因此,与标准发芽试验相比,冷浸处理更有利于反映不同材料的抗逆能力。
联合方差分析结果表明,在自交系种子活力相关性状中,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数Ⅰ、活力指数Ⅱ和活力指数Ⅲ在基因型、处理及基因型与处理互作效应中均呈现极显著差异(表3)。在杂交种种子活力相关性状中,苗长在处理前后未表现出显著差异,同时除根长在基因型与处理互作效应中表现为显著差异外,其余各活力相关性状均达到极显著差异水平,进一步证实苗长对冷浸胁迫处理的敏感性较低。此外,自交系和杂交种种子活力相关性状对基因型效应的响应均达到极显著水平,表明杂交种的种子活力性状受遗传因素的调控作用显著,基因型变异是驱动表型变异的主要因素。
进一步对自交系与杂交种种子活力相关性状在2种试验条件下的相关性进行分析(图3),结果显示,在标准发芽试验和冷浸发芽试验中,发芽相关性状(发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数)和苗期相关性状(苗长、根长、苗干重)分别与种子活力性状(活力指数Ⅰ、活力指数Ⅱ、活力指数Ⅲ)呈显著正相关。自交系与杂交种在冷浸处理条件下,各性状间的相关系数普遍低于标准发芽试验,且2种试验条件下各性状间相关性趋势一致。
基于自交系种子活力性状中的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数Ⅰ、活力指数Ⅱ、活力指数Ⅲ对自交系和杂交种种子活力进行系统聚类,结果显示,材料被分为3类(图4)。结合对种子活力性状均值的比较,发现随着分类等级的提高,对应的材料对冷浸处理的敏感性也逐渐提高(表4)。具体而言,处于较高等级分类的自交系和杂交种在冷浸处理下的种子活力表现更差,而处于较低等级分类的则表现出不同处理下更强的稳定性。
通过对聚类结果进行统计,结果显示,第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类的材料主要为父本材料,这表明父本材料相对母本材料表现了更高的种子活力。由这些材料组配的杂交种也主要集中于第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类,尤其是KB088(Ⅰ)、KB209(Ⅰ)、KB021(Ⅰ)、KB060(Ⅱ)、KB076(Ⅱ),它们组配的杂交种种子活力均仅处于第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类,且第Ⅰ类频次高于第Ⅱ类。而自身种子活力高,且作为母本的自交系(如KA105(Ⅱ)、KA085(Ⅱ))的杂交组合大多集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类,说明种子活力高的亲本材料能对组配出的杂交种的种子活力产生正向影响。此外,部分自交系自身的种子活力表现并不突出,但在特定的组合中能产生具有良好种子活力的杂交种(如KB168(Ⅲ)和KA205(Ⅲ))自身种子活力较低,但它们与特定的父本组合时,能够产生在冷浸处理下仍能保持较高稳定性的杂交种。表明除自交系自身的种子活力外,还需要考虑其与其他自交系的组合效应。
通过对自交系材料在各类杂交种中的出现频次进行统计(图5),结果显示,母本自交系在第Ⅰ类中的出现次数普遍高于父本,且高种子活力的自交系所组配的杂交种种子活力也普遍较高。父本自交系中大部分材料所组配的杂交种的种子活力表现相似。其中,以KB042-2、KB088、KB076和KB077-2组配的杂交种表现相对突出。KB168和KB179自身的种子活力不高,但组配的杂交种多集中于第Ⅰ类且种子活力较高,这表明除自交系自身的种子活力外,自交系间的组合效应对杂交种种子活力也具有重要影响。在母本自交系中,KA085、KA088不仅自身种子活力较高,其组配的杂交种也表现出较高的种子活力。KA205、KA105和KA215所组配的杂交种在种子活力方面的变化趋势与其母本自交系自身活力的变化趋势一致,表明这些材料作为母本时对杂交种的种子活力具有较强的影响。KA085、KA088、KA105、KA205作为母本组配的杂交种的种子活力均表现出较强的优势,说明它们不仅能将高种子活力性状稳定传递给后代,还可能其在种子活力性状上具有较高的一般配合力,由它们组配出高种子活力的杂交种的可能性更大。
通过对22份亲本自交系群体遗传特征分析,结果显示,亲缘关系和主成分分析结果均显示,陕A群和陕B群自交系可以被较好区分(图6-A、B)。进一步对关联分析群体在标准发芽试验(SGT)和冷浸发芽试验(CST)2种试验条件下测得的发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GP)、发芽指数(GI)、苗长(SL)、根长(RL)、苗干重(DW)等6个一级性状在加性模型、显性模型、隐性模型下进行全基因组关联分析(图7表5)。全基因组关联分析最终检测到71个显著SNP,其中43个位点对关联性状的表型解释率大于10%,并且7个为共定位位点,将这些关联位点作为重要关联位点进行再分析。加性模型下,在2种处理条件下检测到10个重要关联位点,其中,在标准发芽试验条件下检测到6个关联位点,表型解释率为11.43%—47.37%;冷浸发芽试验检测到5个关联位点,表型解释率为10.12%—32.65%。显性模型下,在2种处理下定位到19个关联位点,其中,标准发芽试验下检测到10个关联位点,表型解释率为10.40%—23.70%;冷浸发芽试验下检测到9个关联位点,表型解释率为6.76%—26.68%。隐性模型下,在2种处理下6个性状共检测到14个关联位点,其中,在标准发芽试验条件下检测到7个关联位点,表型解释率为10.33%—32.68%;冷浸发芽试验定位到7个关联位点,表型解释率为8.56%—35.60%。综上所述,不同模型检测到的关联位点存在差异,说明加性模型会覆盖部分非加性效应,而以非加性进行基因型编码可以检测到部分被加性效应掩盖的非加性效应位点。
通过对全基因组关联分析鉴定到的能同时与2个及2个以上性状关联的7个关联位点进行分析(表5),结果显示,共定位位点均为冷浸发芽试验下独立鉴定到的位点,说明该区间存在受环境诱导的种子活力相关基因。进一步比较分析不同等位基因型的表型发现(图8),关联位点SNP8(2_18197441)、SNP15(3_17590250)、SNP16(3_17805407)、SNP17(3_17932972)对所有关联性状表现出相同的趋势,即杂合基因型与高表型值纯合基因型均与低表型值的纯合基因型存在显著差异,表明这些位点中单个有利等位基因即可实现接近最大表型效应,在育种中应注意在种质筛选过程中去除纯合不利等位基因型。类似的,对于位点SNP24(4_18511010),育种中需要固定GG基因型来提高种子活力,对于SNP33(5_204262820)和SNP43(10_138859255)而言,育种过程中需要对高表型的有利等位基因为纯合基因型进行选择并避免选择劣势的杂合基因型。总的来说对于种子活力单个关联位点而言,无明显的有利的杂种优势,在育种中可通过选择或者保留高种子活力的纯合基因型来提高种子活力并避免劣势的杂合基因型的影响。
基于关联分析结果挖掘对玉米种子活力有显著效应的候选基因,利用B73参考基因组v3.0确定各QTN位点的物理位置及其邻近基因信息,并筛选距离关联位点物理位置最近的基因作为潜在候选基因。对所挖掘到的基因进行基因本体(GO)富集分析(图9-A),结果表明,多个与胁迫响应和转录调控相关的功能类别显著富集。其中,最显著的富集条目为“对刺激的响应”,包括对内源性刺激、激素刺激、非生物刺激和有机物质刺激的响应,说明种子活力相关基因广泛参与对环境信号、代谢产物和生物因子的感知与应答过程。在转录因子活性、序列特异性DNA结合等功能类别也被显著富集,进一步反映转录调控网络在种子活力形成与维持过程中的重要作用。
进一步结合maizeGDB中苗期标准发芽条件和冷浸胁迫条件下的转录组数据,以|log2(Fold change)|>1为筛选阈值鉴定差异表达基因,结果显示,差异表达基因中包含4个潜在候选基因(图9-B、C)。综合多性状共定位的关联位点和转录组差异表达分析结果,最终筛选出11个与玉米种子活力相关的候选基因(表6)。其中,包括编码有丝分裂激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶YODA(GRMZM2G175504)、DNA甲基化因子1(GRMZM2G100898)、WD重复结构域磷脂酰肌醇相互作用蛋白(GRMZM2G146280)、多酚氧化酶潜伏型叶绿体蛋白(GRMZM2G319062)等,这些基因在细胞信号转导、表观遗传调控和逆境响应等生物过程中可能发挥重要作用。
种子活力是影响作物出苗质量和群体建成的关键性状[23],其表型表现往往受到遗传背景、环境条件、植株发育状况与成熟度等因素的综合影响的共同调控[24]。本研究在标准发芽和冷浸发芽2种条件下对玉米自交系及其杂交种后代的种子活力进行系统评价,结果显示,相较于标准条件,在冷浸条件下不论是自交系还是杂交种的差异都更加显著,说明低温胁迫可有效放大不同基因型在种子活力方面的遗传差异。这一现象与前人关于逆境条件有助于揭示种子活力潜在遗传差异的研究结论一致[25-26]
在种子活力评估中,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数被广泛用于表征种子的发芽能力、整齐度及综合发芽表现;根长、苗长、苗干重等指标能够综合评价种子发芽后的发芽质量;活力指数则能同时反映幼苗的生长水平与生长活力,是评价种子活力的重要指标[27]。通过多个指标的综合评价使种子活力从多个角度进行综合评估与筛选,避免了单一指标的局限性的同时实现了从种子萌发到幼苗生长的综合评价。
本研究通过综合多性状评价筛选出两类具有不同育种价值的高活力种质资源。其中“双高型”自交系不仅自身表现出较高的种子活力,其杂交后代在不同发芽条件下亦保持较高且稳定的活力水平,说明该类材料在种子活力相关有利等位基因上具有较高的富集度,是创制高活力杂交种的理想亲本,可以考虑作为核心育种材料用于改良骨干自交系的种子活力。已有研究指出高活力亲本在杂交组合中更易稳定传递有利等位基因,从而提高杂交种在不良环境下的出苗能力[28],本研究结果与其一致。另一类自交系自身种子活力表现中等,但能显著提高其杂交后代活力,表现出明显的杂交增效现象。表明种子活力并非完全由亲本表型水平决定,而是受到双亲基因互作及非加性遗传效应的影响。这类材料可以拓宽高种子活力育种过程中的亲本选择范围,同时也表明亲本与杂交种种子活力规律不完全一致,杂交种种子活力受双亲共同作用。因此,在高种子活力杂交种选育过程中,应突破单纯依据亲本自身表型进行选择的传统思路,更加重视亲本组合的效应。
此外,本研究筛选获得的部分杂交组合如KA023×KB060、KA105×KB060等在2种发芽条件下均表现出较好的稳定性,显示出对环境变化的较强适应能力。考虑到当前玉米生产中单粒精播和机械化播种对出苗整齐度和稳定性的更高要求,这类材料在实际生产中的应用潜力突出,可以在后续研究中进一步结合田间出苗率和产量性状进行综合评价。
基于加性、显性和隐性模型的全基因组关联分析,本研究在标准发芽和冷浸发芽条件下共鉴定出71个与种子活力相关的QTN位点,且这些位点分布于玉米全部染色体上,反映了种子活力作为典型复杂数量性状所具有的多基因控制特征。与已有基于QTL定位和GWAS的研究结果相比,本研究检测到的多个位点在染色体分布和效应特征上具有较好的一致性[29-32],同时也发现了一批仅在特定环境条件下显著的新位点,拓展了对种子活力遗传基础的认识。
不同遗传模型的关联分析结果进一步揭示了种子活力遗传效应形式的多样性。本研究中部分位点(如SNP8、SNP33等)在加性模型以及显性或隐性模型中均达到显著水平,表明这些位点可能同时通过多种遗传效应共同影响种子活力表型;而另一些位点(如SNP7、SNP26等)仅在单一遗传模型下被检测到,提示其遗传效应主要受特定等位基因作用方式的调控。总体反映了种子活力作为典型复杂数量性状,其遗传基础由加性、显性及非加性等多种遗传效应共同构成。其中,加性效应通常决定性状的基础遗传水平,而显性及非加性效应在杂交种表型形成过程中发挥重要调节作用。此外,在有关种子萌发杂种优势的基因表达研究中发现,杂交种相较于亲本在中亲表达水平附近呈现加性与非加性表达模式的基因数量存在显著差异[28],进一步表明不同遗传效应形式的综合作用是杂交种优良表型形成的重要遗传基础。
不同处理下检测到的关联位点也存在明显差异,尤其是部分位点仅在冷浸条件下被定位,表现出显著的环境特异性遗传效应。已有研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下玉米种子萌发阶段会发生显著的转录重编程,大量与膜稳定性、抗氧化代谢、激素信号转导及胁迫响应相关的基因被特异性激活,其表达模式与常温条件下存在显著差异[33]。同时低温条件下玉米种子和幼苗中能量代谢、ROS清除及次生代谢等通路被选择性调控,构成了区别于标准条件的低温响应调控网络[34]。因此,本研究中仅在冷浸发芽条件下检测到的关联位点可能参与低温感知及其下游信号转导过程,在逆境条件下对种子活力形成发挥调控作用,可为进一步解析低温胁迫下玉米种子活力的分子调控网络提供新的遗传线索。
种子活力是受强遗传控制的性状,基因型变异是表型差异的主导因素。杂交种活力表现不仅取决于亲本自身水平,更依赖于亲本间特异遗传互作。全基因组关联分析结果反映低温环境诱导的关键遗传区域在影响种子活力中发挥重要作用。有利等位基因对提升杂交种活力具有积极效应,同时存在显著的组合特异性遗传互作效应。
  • 陕西省科技厅项目(2024ZY-CGZY-17)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系专项(玉米)(CARS-02-77)
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2026年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.002
  • 接收时间:2025-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-31
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
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陕西省科技厅项目(2024ZY-CGZY-17)
现代农业产业技术体系专项(玉米)(CARS-02-77)
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    西北农林科技大学农学院/农业农村部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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