Article(id=1263819613285003655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04269, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=1741017600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247676439, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247676439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247676439, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247676439, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=349, endPage=357, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819614295830931, articleId=1263819613285003655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Study on ice load characteristics of polar ships during oblique sailing based on discrete element method, columnId=1263819606062391371, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Ship Structure and Fittings, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

As global warming accelerates the melting of sea ice, the Arctic region witnesses an increase in ship navigation. The brash ice area, composed of brash ice of various sizes and shapes, is a common operational scenario for polar ships. Understanding the ice load characteristics of polar ships during oblique navigation in brash ice regions is crucial. This can enhance ship navigation safety in the complex polar marine environment, provide a reference for polar navigation route planning, and fill the gap in the current research that mainly focuses on straight-sailing conditions.

Method

This study selects a specific type of polar ship as the research object and utilizes the discrete element method (DEM) to predict the ice loads on the ship during oblique navigation through brash ice regions. First, a numerical model of the target ship is established. The model parameters include a ship model with a scale ratio of 60, a total length of 2.04 m, a beam of 0.37 m, and a design draft of 0.13 m. The ice particles have a density of 917.0 kg/m³, a Poisson's ratio of 0.3, and other specific properties. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing it with the experimental results from the literature under the straight-sailing condition. Then, different oblique-sailing angles (0° −15°), speeds (0.6, 0.7 m/s), and ice thicknesses (0.011 67, 0.014 97 m) are set. The ice-load calculation is carried out based on the momentum conservation equation, angular momentum conservation equation, and the linear spring contact force model in the DEM.

Results

The results show that as the drift angle increases, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force on the ship increase non-linearly. For example, at a speed of 0.6 m/s, an ice concentration of 70%, and an ice thickness of 0.014 97 m, when the drift angle is 15°, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force increase by 4.25 times and 6.04 times respectively, compared to the straight-sailing condition. In terms of speed, when the drift angle is between 0° and 10°, the ice-breaking resistance increases slowly, but when it exceeds 10°, it increases significantly. The lateral force also increases non-linearly, and the influence of speed on the lateral force is more significant than whether the ship is on the ice-facing side. Regarding the influence of ice thickness, when the drift angle is greater than 10°, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force increase significantly as the ice thickness increases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research provides reliable data support for the safety assessment of ships during oblique navigation in polar brash ice regions. It offers a valuable reference for predicting and studying ice loads on polar ships under such conditions. Ship operators should be cautious when increasing speed or entering thicker ice areas, especially when the drift angle is greater than 10°. This is to avoid potential risks caused by sudden changes in ice-breaking resistance and lateral force, ensuring the safe and stable navigation of polar ships in complex ice-covered waters.

, correspAuthors=Wei CHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaonan YANG, Haitian SHI, Wei CHAI, Cheng LÜ, Peiyuan FENG, Da WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819626039882265, articleId=1263819613285003655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=基于离散元法的极地船舶斜航冰载荷特性分析, columnId=1263819606314049615, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=结构与装置, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在开展斜航作业下船舶冰载荷的准确预报和冰载荷特性研究。

方法

以某极地船型为研究对象,应用离散元法对碎冰区船舶斜航状态下的冰载荷进行预报。首先,针对目标船型建立数值模型,通过对比试验数据验证其准确性;其次,设定不同的斜航角度、航速及冰厚,计算斜航过程中船舶受到的冰载荷;最后,分析不同漂角和冰厚条件下船舶冰载荷的分布特性及变化趋势。

结果

研究显示,随着漂角的增大,船舶所受碎冰阻力及碎冰侧向力呈非线性增长;船模在航速0.6 m/s、海冰密集度70%,冰厚0.014 97 m条件下,在斜航工况15°漂角下,相比直航工况,碎冰阻力与碎冰侧向力增幅分别达4.25倍和6.04倍;船舶在大于10°漂角工况斜航作业下,提高航速或进入冰厚较大区域需注意碎冰阻力及迎冰侧碎冰侧向力突变可能造成的不利影响。

结论

所做研究可为船舶在极地碎冰区斜航工况下的安全性评估提供数据支持,为斜航工况下极地船舶冰载荷预报与研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=柴威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 柴威
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sMJjUP1Al4nQB3qhBHwgaw==, magXml=dt2psbq/C48uzJZ/Xp/Hpg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PeTn2IDvIi6TtVYdUk97AA==, pdfFileSize=12482157, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=v7SwJLhqrIJ729ui2ltynQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z5mZ2MUH8APTCncuCRdeYA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨霄楠,男,2000年生,硕士生。研究方向:极地船舶。E-mail:

柴威,男,1988年生,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:极地船舶。Email:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819662568076258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819613285003655, language=CN, label=图14, caption=船舶碎冰侧向力平均值变化曲线, figureFileSmall=EvRukAl1TVw0NnlZtRcxtw==, figureFileBig=mtfjpZ9jSjROSOBHtFJCGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819662756819944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819613285003655, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Principal dimensions of the scale ship model

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参数数值
缩尺比60
总长L/m2.04
型宽B/m0.37
设计吃水D/m0.13
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船舶模型主要参数

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参数数值
缩尺比60
总长L/m2.04
型宽B/m0.37
设计吃水D/m0.13
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Main parameters of the brash ice particle

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参数数值
缩尺比60
密度/(kg∙m−3)917.0
泊松比0.3
杨氏模量/Pa1.67×107
船−冰摩擦系数0.138
冰−冰摩擦系数0.29
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碎冰颗粒主要参数

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参数数值
缩尺比60
密度/(kg∙m−3)917.0
泊松比0.3
杨氏模量/Pa1.67×107
船−冰摩擦系数0.138
冰−冰摩擦系数0.29
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基于离散元法的极地船舶斜航冰载荷特性分析
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杨霄楠 1 , 施海天 2 , 柴威 *, 1 , 吕成 2 , 封培元 2 , 吴达 3, 4
中国舰船研究 | 结构与装置 2026,21(2): 349-357
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中国舰船研究 | 结构与装置 2026, 21(2): 349-357
基于离散元法的极地船舶斜航冰载荷特性分析
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杨霄楠1 , 施海天2, 柴威*, 1 , 吕成2, 封培元2, 吴达3, 4
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 2中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
  • 3武汉理工大学 国家水运安全工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 4武汉理工大学 智能交通系统研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 杨霄楠,男,2000年生,硕士生。研究方向:极地船舶。E-mail:

    柴威,男,1988年生,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:极地船舶。Email:

通讯作者:

* 柴威
Study on ice load characteristics of polar ships during oblique sailing based on discrete element method
Xiaonan YANG1 , Haitian SHI2, Wei CHAI*, 1 , Cheng LÜ2, Peiyuan FENG2, Da WU3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 3National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 4Intelligent Transport System Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04269
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目的

旨在开展斜航作业下船舶冰载荷的准确预报和冰载荷特性研究。

方法

以某极地船型为研究对象,应用离散元法对碎冰区船舶斜航状态下的冰载荷进行预报。首先,针对目标船型建立数值模型,通过对比试验数据验证其准确性;其次,设定不同的斜航角度、航速及冰厚,计算斜航过程中船舶受到的冰载荷;最后,分析不同漂角和冰厚条件下船舶冰载荷的分布特性及变化趋势。

结果

研究显示,随着漂角的增大,船舶所受碎冰阻力及碎冰侧向力呈非线性增长;船模在航速0.6 m/s、海冰密集度70%,冰厚0.014 97 m条件下,在斜航工况15°漂角下,相比直航工况,碎冰阻力与碎冰侧向力增幅分别达4.25倍和6.04倍;船舶在大于10°漂角工况斜航作业下,提高航速或进入冰厚较大区域需注意碎冰阻力及迎冰侧碎冰侧向力突变可能造成的不利影响。

结论

所做研究可为船舶在极地碎冰区斜航工况下的安全性评估提供数据支持,为斜航工况下极地船舶冰载荷预报与研究提供参考。

极地船舶  /  破冰船  /  离散元法  /  斜航  /  冰载荷  /  碎冰  /  有限差分法
Objective

As global warming accelerates the melting of sea ice, the Arctic region witnesses an increase in ship navigation. The brash ice area, composed of brash ice of various sizes and shapes, is a common operational scenario for polar ships. Understanding the ice load characteristics of polar ships during oblique navigation in brash ice regions is crucial. This can enhance ship navigation safety in the complex polar marine environment, provide a reference for polar navigation route planning, and fill the gap in the current research that mainly focuses on straight-sailing conditions.

Method

This study selects a specific type of polar ship as the research object and utilizes the discrete element method (DEM) to predict the ice loads on the ship during oblique navigation through brash ice regions. First, a numerical model of the target ship is established. The model parameters include a ship model with a scale ratio of 60, a total length of 2.04 m, a beam of 0.37 m, and a design draft of 0.13 m. The ice particles have a density of 917.0 kg/m³, a Poisson's ratio of 0.3, and other specific properties. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing it with the experimental results from the literature under the straight-sailing condition. Then, different oblique-sailing angles (0° −15°), speeds (0.6, 0.7 m/s), and ice thicknesses (0.011 67, 0.014 97 m) are set. The ice-load calculation is carried out based on the momentum conservation equation, angular momentum conservation equation, and the linear spring contact force model in the DEM.

Results

The results show that as the drift angle increases, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force on the ship increase non-linearly. For example, at a speed of 0.6 m/s, an ice concentration of 70%, and an ice thickness of 0.014 97 m, when the drift angle is 15°, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force increase by 4.25 times and 6.04 times respectively, compared to the straight-sailing condition. In terms of speed, when the drift angle is between 0° and 10°, the ice-breaking resistance increases slowly, but when it exceeds 10°, it increases significantly. The lateral force also increases non-linearly, and the influence of speed on the lateral force is more significant than whether the ship is on the ice-facing side. Regarding the influence of ice thickness, when the drift angle is greater than 10°, the ice-breaking resistance and lateral force increase significantly as the ice thickness increases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research provides reliable data support for the safety assessment of ships during oblique navigation in polar brash ice regions. It offers a valuable reference for predicting and studying ice loads on polar ships under such conditions. Ship operators should be cautious when increasing speed or entering thicker ice areas, especially when the drift angle is greater than 10°. This is to avoid potential risks caused by sudden changes in ice-breaking resistance and lateral force, ensuring the safe and stable navigation of polar ships in complex ice-covered waters.

polar ship  /  icebreakers  /  discrete element method  /  oblique sailing  /  ice load  /  brash ice  /  finite difference method
杨霄楠, 施海天, 柴威, 吕成, 封培元, 吴达. 基于离散元法的极地船舶斜航冰载荷特性分析. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 349 -357 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04269
Xiaonan YANG, Haitian SHI, Wei CHAI, Cheng LÜ, Peiyuan FENG, Da WU. Study on ice load characteristics of polar ships during oblique sailing based on discrete element method[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 349 -357 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04269
随着全球气候变暖,海冰加速融化,北极地区船舶航行数量与航行窗口期呈现增长趋势[1]。对于极地航行船舶,由不同大小和形状的破碎冰块组成的浮碎冰区域是其遭遇的典型作业场景之一[2-5]。对浮碎冰区域船舶冰载荷特性进行研究,有助于提升船舶在极地复杂海洋环境下的航行安全,可为极地航行路线规划提供参考。
目前,关于碎冰区极地船舶冰载荷预报的研究主要集中于船舶直航工况,其研究方法主要有经验公式、冰水池试验和数值模拟方法3种。在经验公式方面,Sazonov等[5]提出了一种估算碎冰阻力的公式,该公式是基于早期碎冰航道中预报冰阻力的半经验方法,其参考了5种不同的船舶模型试验数据,并对船体参数影响进行了考虑。但该公式更多地关注狭窄航道中碎冰对船舶阻力的影响,在更广泛的碎冰区域中的应用还有待考证。
冰水池试验是目前最认可的一种方法。Jeong等[6]在冰池中开展了IA冰级和IB冰级船舶在碎冰区的阻力试验,在与芬兰−瑞典冰级规则(Finnish-Swedish ice class rules,FSICR)公式进行对比验证其准确性后,开展了不同航道宽度、冰密集度和冰厚对碎冰区阻力影响的试验研究[7]。若没有冰池试验设施,在常规水池中加入非冻结模型冰进行试验也是一种替代选择。Xue等[8]使用非制冷聚丙烯模型冰,开展了船体与碎冰之间的局部冰载荷以及船舶总阻力预报研究。但水池试验存在成本较高以及在冰面上试验次数受限的缺点。
数值模拟方法是目前研究领域中最常用的方法之一,主要包括有限元法和离散元法等。Yang等[9]基于有限元软件LS–DYNA开展了碎冰阻力预报,并与DuBrovin[10]的经验公式进行了对比。然而,有限元法无法模拟船舶的水阻力,采用该方法开展碎冰区域的船舶冰载荷研究计算精度较低。采用离散元法可以很好地解决碎冰非连续性问题,在碎冰模拟方面具有明显的优势。徐雪松等[11]研究平板结构在碎冰与水耦合作用下的运动机理,提出碎冰的4种运动模式(堆积、滑移、翻转和跟随),并探讨了碎冰密集度和平板倾角对平板受碎冰阻力及其运动模式的影响。季顺迎等[12]采用离散元法构建三维圆盘状碎冰模型,开发用于模拟海冰与船体结构相互作用的黏弹性接触模型,并对船舶与碎冰之间的相互作用机制进行了系统研究。黄家煜等[13]采用离散元法对碎冰进行建模,分析了不同航速和碎冰环境对船体区域冰压力的影响。Zhong等[14]通过离散元法建立船舶碎冰航行数值模型,研究不同航速和冰密集度下船体冰压力的分布及其概率特性,并与试验进行了对比验证。王世超等[15]基于离散元法,提出采用HMIGA算法构建碎冰场,并对KCS标准模型进行船型优化,有效降低了碎冰阻力。
综上所述,国内外学者针对极地船舶碎冰区直航工况冰载荷特性做了大量研究,但斜航作为典型的工况,目前针对该工况下冰载荷特性的研究较少。结合以上现状,本文拟采用离散元法对碎冰区中某极地船在不同漂角下的斜航运动进行数值模拟,系统地开展冰载荷特性预报研究,统计船舶在斜航过程中所受碎冰阻力与侧向力的平均值和标准差,量化分析船舶碎冰区斜航过程中冰载荷的特性规律,为斜航工况下极地船舶冰载荷预报与研究提供参考。
本文中的数值模拟研究遵循连续性方程和动量守恒方程的要求,使用标准k-ε模型求解湍流问题。利用STAR-CCM+软件离散元法模块的单向耦合和双向耦合模式,可以实现冰与水之间的动量和能量交换。以0.7 m/s航速、0.014 97 m冰厚(实尺度下为0.9 m)、15°漂角工况为例,经验证,双向耦合碎冰阻力平均值为6.80 N,单向耦合碎冰阻力平均值为7.45 N,误差为9.55%,该工况下碎冰的不确定度为9.16%。在相同计算条件下,双向耦合下的计算时间为单向耦合下的2~3倍,因此,为了节省计算效率,采用单向耦合进行计算。
在船−冰−水耦合作用过程中,模拟碎冰采用基于拉格朗日框架的离散元法,碎冰的运动通常包含平动和旋转2种形式,其运动控制方程基于牛顿第二定律[16]
动量守恒方程:
$ m\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{p}}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = {{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{g}}} + {{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{f}}} + {{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}} $
角动量守恒方程:
$ I\frac{\mathrm{d}{\boldsymbol{\omega }}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\mathrm{d}t}={\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{f}}+{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\mathrm{c}} $
式中:m为碎冰颗粒的质量;vp为碎冰颗粒的速度;Fg为碎冰颗粒的重力;Ff为碎冰颗粒所受的流体力;Fc为来自其他颗粒或船体的接触力;I为碎冰颗粒的惯性矩;ωp为碎冰颗粒的角速度;Mf为碎冰颗粒所受的扭矩;Mc为来自其他颗粒或船体的扭矩。
使用线性弹簧模型计算冰−冰或船−冰相互作用的接触力Fc,线性弹簧模型广泛用于碎冰颗粒模型中,以求解接触力[16-18]。在线性弹簧接触模型时,弹簧提供弹性力,阻尼器提供黏性阻尼。结果,接触力Fc可以被分成沿着2个球体接触表面的法向和切向的2个分量,其中法向为沿着2个颗粒中心的连线,切向与之垂直,如图1所示。
法向分量和切向分量可以表示如下:
$ {{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{c}}} = {F_{\mathrm{n}}}{\boldsymbol{n}} + {F_{\mathrm{t}}}{\boldsymbol{\tau}} $
式中:Fn为法向作用力;Ft为切向作用力;nτ分别为法向方向和切向方向的单位向量。
当计算船−冰接触力时,可以将船舶颗粒视为具有无限直径的颗粒。此时,法向和切向分别垂直和切向于船体表面。
本文计算模型选取为某极地船舶,其主要参数如表1所示。围绕船体建立数值水池,将流体域设置为长7.84L、宽2.40L、高1.00L。如图2所示,在计算区域的高度方向,水区域和空气区域的高度分别为0.543L和0.457L
划分网格时,各漂角的网格尺寸保持不变。通过布尔减运算更新计算域网格。网格划分采用切割体网格。划分完成后,总体网格单元数209万。为确保船体周围流场平滑过渡,设置了6层棱柱层,棱柱层的延伸率为1.2。计算域及船体网格的划分如图3所示。
基于冰块不会发生破碎的假设不涉及海冰模型的弯曲失效,为了节省计算资源,每个冰单元的大小和形状一致,每个碎冰只包含1个正方体单元,碎冰主要参数如表2所示。模拟采用部件喷射器来产生碎冰,喷射方向角度随机的碎冰颗粒。部件喷射器代表从各部件几何形状中提取的一系列喷射点,这些点可以是在部件上所定义点的一个子集,碎冰颗粒从这些点中进行喷射,从而实现造冰过程。
选取文献[9]中的直航工况模型试验结果对本文数值计算模型进行验证。本次验证的碎冰尺寸与试验中的非冻结冰尺寸一致,碎冰边长为0.067 m(实尺度下为4.0 m),高度为0.014 97 m(实尺度下为0.9 m)。验证选取70%的碎冰密集度,在模型尺度下,分别选取0.5,0.6,0.7和0.8 m/s这4个航速进行敞水阻力与碎冰阻力验证。图4所示为静水及碎冰阻力数值模拟结果与试验数据的对比。由图可知,静水阻力误差小于5%,碎冰阻力误差不超过碎冰的不确定度,二者均具有较高的精度,可以较好地模拟船舶在碎冰区航行时相关的冰载荷特性。
本文将针对斜航状态下的冰载荷特性进行仿真。为了确保计算域和网格划分的准确性,在保证计算精度和计算效率的情况下,后续的计算均在模型尺度下进行。同时,采用傅汝德及柯西相似定律保证碎冰模型与实际尺度在力学上的相似性[3]
图5所示,漂角α为船首与x轴的夹角。以航速0.6 m/s、冰厚0.014 97 m工况为例,对船舶在斜航过程中的碎冰整体及局部分布情况进行说明,如图6所示。
图6所示,随着漂角的增大,船舶迎冰侧碎冰堆积增加,船−冰接触更加频繁,部分碎冰滑移至船底与船体持续发生相互作用。对比图6(a)图6(d)可知,随着漂角的增大,船舶尾迹无冰航道的宽度明显增加。
船舶在0.6,0.7 m/s速度下以不同漂角在碎冰区航行时所受的碎冰阻力时历曲线如图7所示。
图7可知,碎冰开始与船体发生接触后,由于船−冰碰撞和摩擦的随机性,船舶所受碎冰阻力也呈现出波动性。随着漂角的增大,冰块除了与船体发生摩擦作用外,冰块的翻转、堆积等运动对船体造成的挤压载荷也会持续增大,导致碎冰阻力峰值增加。不同速度下船舶的碎冰阻力平均值及标准差随漂角变化的曲线如图8所示,图中误差棒表示各工况下的阻力均值加上或是减去阻力的标准差。
图8所示,船舶在0.6,0.7 m/s速度下的碎冰阻力平均值随着漂角的增大,整体变化趋势一致,均呈非线性增长。当漂角α在0°~10°范围内时,碎冰阻力增长缓慢,接近于线性;当漂角α增至10°~12.5°时,碎冰阻力显著跃升。在小漂角下,碎冰阻力增幅较大,在α = 5°时增幅达28.5%,而在大漂角下其增幅相对较小。在2种航速下,碎冰阻力标准差随着漂角的增大,整体呈增大趋势。在0.6 m/s航速下,当α由7.5°增大至10°时,碎冰不确定度增加,导致标准差迅速增大;在0.7 m/s航速下,当α由10°增加至12.5°时,船−冰接触更加频繁、剧烈,表现为标准差显著增大,船舶碎冰阻力在此突增。当α = 15°时,航速为0.6,0.7 m/s时的碎冰阻力分别为直航工况的4.25倍和3.86倍。因此,斜航状态下船舶所受的碎冰阻力问题值得关注。
船舶在0.6,0.7 m/s速度下以不同漂角在碎冰区航行时所受的碎冰侧向力时历曲线如图9所示。由图可见,在各漂角下,船舶所受碎冰侧向力均呈现上、下波动的特性,这是因为冰块在与船发生碰撞作用时冰块的运动姿态会发生变化,部分冰块会产生翻转并沿船体表面滑行、通过,还会有部分冰块被波浪排开,导致冰块与船体不断发生加载−卸载,致使碎冰侧向力呈现随机波动的特点。不同漂角下船舶碎冰侧向力平均值的变化曲线如图10所示。
图10可知,随着漂角的增大,船舶所受碎冰侧向力呈非线性增长趋势。结合图6可知,由于船舶迎冰侧碎冰堆积较多,碎冰−船体接触力更强,因此在相同航速下,迎冰侧的侧向力整体大于非迎冰侧。相较于船舶是否迎冰,航速对船舶所受碎冰侧向力的影响更显著,在0.7 m/s航速下非迎冰侧的侧向力大于0.6 m/s航速下迎冰侧的侧向力。
在0.6 m/s速度下,α > 10°时侧向力显著增大;而在0.7 m/s速度下,α从5°增至7.5°时侧向力略微下降,但在α = 7.5°后又快速上升。不同速度下漂角对侧向力的影响差异明显:当α = 0°时,速度对侧向力的影响较小;当α = 10°时增幅显著,达81.3%。因此,当船舶在α = 10°及以上工况下增加速度时,需关注侧向力突增可能带来的航行风险。
船舶在冰厚为0.011 67 和0.014 97 m时以不同的漂角在碎冰区航行时所受碎冰阻力时历曲线如图11所示。在不同冰厚下,船舶碎冰阻力平均值随漂角的变化如图12所示。
图11图12可知,随着漂角的增大,船舶碎冰阻力平均值呈非线性增长;碎冰阻力标准差随着漂角的增大,总体呈增大趋势。当冰厚为0.014 97 m时,α>10°时碎冰阻力显著增加;在较小的冰厚下,小块的碎冰更加不稳定,碎冰阻力标准差更大。当冰厚为0.011 67 m时,α<7.5°时阻力增长较缓,而在α>7.5°时近似呈线性增长。在相同漂角下,不同冰厚对碎冰阻力的影响差异明显:漂角α超过10°后,伴随着冰厚的增加,碎冰阻力显著跃升,最高增幅可达42.9%。因此,需要关注较大漂角以及更厚碎冰区对船舶航行的影响。在不同冰厚条件下,当α = 7.5°时2种冰厚标准差均出现了下降情况。
船舶在冰厚为0.011 67,0.014 97 m时以不同的漂角在碎冰区航行时所受碎冰侧向力时历曲线如图13所示。在不同冰厚下,船舶碎冰侧向力平均值随漂角的变化如图14所示。
图13图14可知,随着漂角的增大,船舶两侧的碎冰侧向力峰值随机波动并增加;船舶迎冰侧的侧向力整体大于非迎冰侧。当α<10°时,在2种冰厚条件下碎冰迎冰侧的侧向力随漂角变化的趋势相似,均在α = 7.5°时出现下降;当α>10°时,0.014 97 m冰厚下船舶所受碎冰侧向力的增幅更大。随着冰厚的增加,α = 15°时碎冰侧向力的增幅最大,达24.4%。因此,在大漂角工况下且冰厚增大时,需要关注迎冰侧碎冰侧向力突然增加时对航行的影响。
本文采用离散元法建立了极地船舶碎冰区斜航数值模型,研究了斜航工况下船舶在碎冰区的冰载荷特性,主要得到如下结论:
1) 对比直航工况,当漂角α增大时,船舶尾迹无冰航道宽度增加,迎冰侧碎冰堆积增多,与船体的接触作用增强,船舶所受碎冰阻力及碎冰侧向力均显著增加。在航速0.6 m/s、海冰密集度70%、冰厚0.014 97 m条件下,当α = 15°时,船舶碎冰阻力及碎冰侧向力分别为直航工况的4.25倍和6.04倍。
2) 在大漂角工况下,航速的增加使船舶受到的碎冰阻力和碎冰侧向力显著提高,当α = 5°时,碎冰阻力的增幅为28.5%,当α = 10°时,碎冰侧向力的增幅达81.3%。因此,当船舶在碎冰区以较高航速航行时,在部分漂角条件下需谨慎操作,以防止突发碎冰阻力或碎冰侧向力增加带来的潜在风险。
3) 在大漂角工况下,冰厚的增加显著影响船舶所受碎冰阻力及碎冰侧向力,当α = 12.5°时,碎冰阻力的增幅为42.9%;当α = 15°时,碎冰侧向力的增幅为24.4%。因此,在大漂角和厚冰环境下,应关注碎冰阻力和碎冰侧向力的变化,以确保航行的平稳与安全。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04269
  • 接收时间:2024-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13
  • 修回日期:2025-03-04
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    1武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430063
    2中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
    3武汉理工大学 国家水运安全工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063
    4武汉理工大学 智能交通系统研究中心,湖北 武汉 430063

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