Article(id=1263819612580397757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247676271, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247676271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247676271, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247676271, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=380, endPage=390, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819614727881421, articleId=1263819612580397757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Research on adaptive LOS guidance with time-varying sideslip compensation under environmental disturbances, columnId=1263819608688025684, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Marine Machinery, Electrical Equipment and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To address the problem of inadequate path-following accuracy and stability in unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) operating in complex environments (characterized by uncertainties such as fluctuating wind speeds and initial position deviations), a guidance method called time-varying sideslip compensated adaptive line-of-sight (TSC-ALOS) is proposed.

Method

First, a time-varying sideslip compensation mechanism is introduced based on real-time measurements of wind speed and direction, which forms the foundation of the improved TSC-ALOS algorithm. This mechanism dynamically compensates for sideslip angle variations induced by environmental disturbances, thereby optimizing the desired heading output of the USV. Subsequently, a proportional-derivative (PD)-based heading controller is designed. This controller translates the desired heading generated by the TSC-ALOS algorithm into actual rudder angle commands, enabling the USV to rapidly and stably track the target heading. This also establishes an effective connection between high-level navigation strategies and low-level control execution. Finally, numerical simulations emulating real marine environments are conducted. The performance of TSC-ALOS algorithm is compared with that of adaptive LOS (ALOS) and traditional LOS algorithms under three operational conditions: no wind, steady wind, and variable wind. Key metrics such as cross-track error and heading stability are specifically analyzed.

Results

Simulation results demonstrate that under no-wind conditions, both TSC-ALOS and ALOS algorithms achieve higher path-following accuracy than traditional LOS algorithm, particularly in handling turning segments. Under steady wind (wind speed: 8.37 m/s) and variable wind (wind speed: 16.73 m/s) conditions, TSC-ALOS significantly reduces the cross-track error, showcasing stronger resilience to environmental disturbances. In scenarios with initial position deviations, the average cross-track error of TSC-ALOS is reduced by 24.6% and 36.8% compared to ALOS and LOS algorithms, respectively.

Conclusion

The TSC-ALOS algorithm demonstrates superior guidance performance across various complex environments, with particularly notable advantages in addressing environmental disturbances and initial position deviations. It offers essential technical support for the development of autonomous navigation systems for USVs and provides insights into future research directions for algorithm optimization.

, correspAuthors=Shifeng DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiahao SUN, Sen HAN, Lingxiao YAN, Ke LIU, Shifeng DING, Li ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819716951458735, articleId=1263819612580397757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=基于时变侧滑角补偿的无人艇自适应LOS制导方法, columnId=1263819610273472602, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=机电与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

针对无人艇(USV)在复杂环境(如风速变化和初始位置偏差等不确定因素)下路径跟随精度和稳定性不足的问题,提出一种基于时变侧滑角补偿的自适应视线(TSC-ALOS)制导算法。

方法

首先,引入基于实时风速、风向测量数据的时变侧滑角补偿机制,改进形成 TSC-ALOS 算法,动态补偿环境扰动导致的侧滑角变化,优化USV期望航向输出。然后,设计基于比例微分(PD) 的航向控制器,将 TSC-ALOS 算法生成的期望航向转化为实际舵角控制,确保USV能快速、稳定跟踪目标航向,实现从高层导航策略到低层控制执行的有效衔接。最后,利用实海域数值仿真,在无风、固定风和随机风3种工况下,分别对TSC-ALOS、ALOS和传统LOS算法进行性能对比,重点分析横向跟踪偏差与航向稳定性等指标。

结果

仿真结果显示,在无风环境中,TSC-ALOS与ALOS算法的路径跟随精度均优于传统LOS,尤其在路径转弯处表现突出;在风速分别为8.37 m/s和16.73 m/s的固定风与随机风工况下,TSC-ALOS显著降低了横向跟踪偏差,展现出更强的抗扰动能力。在初始位置偏差的情形下,TSC-ALOS相较于ALOS和LOS算法的平均横向跟踪偏差分别降低了24.6%和36.8%。

结论

TSC-ALOS算法在多种复杂环境下均表现出卓越的制导性能,尤其在应对环境干扰和位置偏差方面优势明显,为USV自主航行系统的研发提供技术支持的同时,也为算法的进一步优化提供了方向。

, correspAuthors=丁仕风, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 丁仕风
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孙家豪,男,1999年生,硕士生。研究方向:无人船运动控制。E-mail:

丁仕风,男,1981年生,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:智能船舶运动控制与极地工程设备开发。E-mail:

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Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2017 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819743090360404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SKJETNE R, SMOGELI Ø N, FOSSEN T I. A nonlinear ship manoeuvering model: identification and adaptive control with experiments for a model ship[J]. Modeling Identification and Control, 2004, 25(1): 3–27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263819717425415090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819717442192307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, companyId=1263819717425415090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819717463163828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, companyId=1263819717425415090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100)]), 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figureFileBig=xArwY89A/awXkALld5Sk3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819736228479029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Cross-track errors and heading of USV with initial position deviation for different LOS algorithms, figureFileSmall=XrNDJvGGhT8dmITnnAjaOg==, figureFileBig=foQlo3uRAhCP6WE2ZXCIWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819736375279670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, language=CN, label=图19, caption=有初始位置偏差不同LOS算法下USV的横向跟踪偏差与航向, figureFileSmall=XrNDJvGGhT8dmITnnAjaOg==, figureFileBig=foQlo3uRAhCP6WE2ZXCIWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819736446582839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of Cross-track errors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风速/(m·s−1)TSC-ALOS/mALOS/mLOS/m
无风07.9247.9249.732
固定风8.378.69513.02018.110
16.7311.94631.28744.914
随机风8.378.73311.85516.852
16.7312.49930.76743.542
位置偏差(随机风)16.7335.26846.75255.771
), ArticleFig(id=1263819736564023352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819612580397757, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

横向跟踪误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风速/(m·s−1)TSC-ALOS/mALOS/mLOS/m
无风07.9247.9249.732
固定风8.378.69513.02018.110
16.7311.94631.28744.914
随机风8.378.73311.85516.852
16.7312.49930.76743.542
位置偏差(随机风)16.7335.26846.75255.771
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基于时变侧滑角补偿的无人艇自适应LOS制导方法
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孙家豪 1 , 韩森 1 , 闫灵霄 1 , 刘可 1 , 丁仕风 *, 2, 3 , 周利 2, 3
中国舰船研究 | 机电与控制 2026,21(2): 380-390
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中国舰船研究 | 机电与控制 2026, 21(2): 380-390
基于时变侧滑角补偿的无人艇自适应LOS制导方法
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孙家豪1 , 韩森1, 闫灵霄1, 刘可1, 丁仕风*, 2, 3 , 周利2, 3
作者信息
  • 1江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 2上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 3上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 孙家豪,男,1999年生,硕士生。研究方向:无人船运动控制。E-mail:

    丁仕风,男,1981年生,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:智能船舶运动控制与极地工程设备开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 丁仕风
Research on adaptive LOS guidance with time-varying sideslip compensation under environmental disturbances
Jiahao SUN1 , Sen HAN1, Lingxiao YAN1, Ke LIU1, Shifeng DING*, 2, 3 , Li ZHOU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04328
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目的

针对无人艇(USV)在复杂环境(如风速变化和初始位置偏差等不确定因素)下路径跟随精度和稳定性不足的问题,提出一种基于时变侧滑角补偿的自适应视线(TSC-ALOS)制导算法。

方法

首先,引入基于实时风速、风向测量数据的时变侧滑角补偿机制,改进形成 TSC-ALOS 算法,动态补偿环境扰动导致的侧滑角变化,优化USV期望航向输出。然后,设计基于比例微分(PD) 的航向控制器,将 TSC-ALOS 算法生成的期望航向转化为实际舵角控制,确保USV能快速、稳定跟踪目标航向,实现从高层导航策略到低层控制执行的有效衔接。最后,利用实海域数值仿真,在无风、固定风和随机风3种工况下,分别对TSC-ALOS、ALOS和传统LOS算法进行性能对比,重点分析横向跟踪偏差与航向稳定性等指标。

结果

仿真结果显示,在无风环境中,TSC-ALOS与ALOS算法的路径跟随精度均优于传统LOS,尤其在路径转弯处表现突出;在风速分别为8.37 m/s和16.73 m/s的固定风与随机风工况下,TSC-ALOS显著降低了横向跟踪偏差,展现出更强的抗扰动能力。在初始位置偏差的情形下,TSC-ALOS相较于ALOS和LOS算法的平均横向跟踪偏差分别降低了24.6%和36.8%。

结论

TSC-ALOS算法在多种复杂环境下均表现出卓越的制导性能,尤其在应对环境干扰和位置偏差方面优势明显,为USV自主航行系统的研发提供技术支持的同时,也为算法的进一步优化提供了方向。

无人艇  /  操纵性  /  路径跟随  /  运动控制  /  侧滑角  /  TSC-ALOS
Objective

To address the problem of inadequate path-following accuracy and stability in unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) operating in complex environments (characterized by uncertainties such as fluctuating wind speeds and initial position deviations), a guidance method called time-varying sideslip compensated adaptive line-of-sight (TSC-ALOS) is proposed.

Method

First, a time-varying sideslip compensation mechanism is introduced based on real-time measurements of wind speed and direction, which forms the foundation of the improved TSC-ALOS algorithm. This mechanism dynamically compensates for sideslip angle variations induced by environmental disturbances, thereby optimizing the desired heading output of the USV. Subsequently, a proportional-derivative (PD)-based heading controller is designed. This controller translates the desired heading generated by the TSC-ALOS algorithm into actual rudder angle commands, enabling the USV to rapidly and stably track the target heading. This also establishes an effective connection between high-level navigation strategies and low-level control execution. Finally, numerical simulations emulating real marine environments are conducted. The performance of TSC-ALOS algorithm is compared with that of adaptive LOS (ALOS) and traditional LOS algorithms under three operational conditions: no wind, steady wind, and variable wind. Key metrics such as cross-track error and heading stability are specifically analyzed.

Results

Simulation results demonstrate that under no-wind conditions, both TSC-ALOS and ALOS algorithms achieve higher path-following accuracy than traditional LOS algorithm, particularly in handling turning segments. Under steady wind (wind speed: 8.37 m/s) and variable wind (wind speed: 16.73 m/s) conditions, TSC-ALOS significantly reduces the cross-track error, showcasing stronger resilience to environmental disturbances. In scenarios with initial position deviations, the average cross-track error of TSC-ALOS is reduced by 24.6% and 36.8% compared to ALOS and LOS algorithms, respectively.

Conclusion

The TSC-ALOS algorithm demonstrates superior guidance performance across various complex environments, with particularly notable advantages in addressing environmental disturbances and initial position deviations. It offers essential technical support for the development of autonomous navigation systems for USVs and provides insights into future research directions for algorithm optimization.

unmanned vehicles  /  maneuverability  /  path following  /  motion control  /  sideslip angle  /  TSC-ALOS
孙家豪, 韩森, 闫灵霄, 刘可, 丁仕风, 周利. 基于时变侧滑角补偿的无人艇自适应LOS制导方法. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 380 -390 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04328
Jiahao SUN, Sen HAN, Lingxiao YAN, Ke LIU, Shifeng DING, Li ZHOU. Research on adaptive LOS guidance with time-varying sideslip compensation under environmental disturbances[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 380 -390 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04328
无人艇(USV)是一种低成本、小型轻便,具有高机动性、高自主性、模块化和智能化等特点的智能平台[1-3]。其已广泛应用于海洋监测、侦察、军事防御和领海安全等多个领域[4]。随着USV技术的不断发展,实现其完全自主航行已成为当前研究的核心方向。USV的自主航行系统通常由感知、路径规划与运动控制3大子系统组成[5]。其中,运动控制的核心问题在于通过精确的控制策略确保USV沿着规划路径航行,并在复杂环境中实现稳定可靠的路径跟随。
路径跟随是USV运动控制中的关键问题之一。传统的路径跟随算法,如视线(line-of-sight, LOS)制导算法,将路径跟随问题转化为航向控制问题,因其计算简单、实时性强,已广泛应用于USV的自主导航[6-7]。近年来,针对LOS制导算法的局限性,研究者们从不同角度对其进行了改进,这些改进主要集中在改进策略和应用场景两个方面。
按改进策略可以分为以下3类:
1) 自适应调整。Liu等[8]提出一种自适应LOS制导系统,通过引入可变接纳圆半径,改善了路径跟随精度。Mu等[9]提出自适应积分LOS算法,实时补偿风流引起的漂移效应,提高了航行稳定性。
2) 扰动补偿。刘陆[10]提出基于扩张状态观测器的路径跟随方法,解决了侧滑角补偿的难题。Fossen[11]设计非线性自适应视线(ALOS)制导律,有效对抗环境扰动,提高了系统鲁棒性。
3) 复合控制。Zhao等[12]将回退控制和自适应滑模控制相结合,用于USV轨迹跟踪,增强了控制稳定性,但需进一步解决振动问题。Liao等[13]基于变约束无模型自适应控制理论,设计USV航向控制子系统,通过仿真验证了方法的有效性。
按应用场景分类,改进的LOS制导算法主要集中在应对复杂环境的适应性增强上。例如,Hu等[14]提出的改进扰动抑制控制方法,可在风浪和海流等时变扰动条件下实现精确的航向控制。Liu等[15]基于改进前视距离提出Improved-ALOS制导方法,并通过数值仿真在不同环境条件下对其路径跟随性能进行了全面评估。Liu等[16]针对USV复杂水域中的导航挑战,提出一种结合非均匀Theta*和动态Theta*算法的改进ALOS制导系统,通过全局路径映射和动态避碰路径重构,显著提升了USV在非规则水道中导航的安全性和效率。
尽管上述研究为USV路径跟随提供了重要支持,但现有LOS制导算法在复杂环境中仍面临显著挑战。例如,时变环境干扰(如风、波浪和海流)会引起侧滑角快速变化,导致USV偏离规划路径,尤其在路径转弯处产生较大的横向跟踪误差。积分视线法[17]在抑制漂角方面取得了较好效果,但其积分部分引发的相位延迟和饱和问题亟待解决。针对该问题,Fossen等[11]提出ALOS制导律。然而,由于漂角具有复杂的动力学特性,传统方法存在局限性:尽管采用了自适应策略和线性扩张状态观测器以提升精度,但它们仍依赖于小角度线性化假设,且观测误差仅能达到渐近收敛。为克服这些不足,Wang等[18]开发了一种基于有限时间漂角观测器的平移−旋转级联路径跟踪控制方案,其目的是在补偿漂角的同时,实现整个制导系统的全局一致渐近稳定。
但是大部分算法未能充分考虑环境扰动的动态特性及其对USV稳定性的深远影响。因此,提升LOS制导算法的复杂环境适应性,是当前研究亟待解决的关键问题。
为此,本文将提出一种时变侧滑角补偿自适应LOS(TSC-ALOS)制导方法,通过实时风测量数据动态补偿侧滑角变化,以优化航向控制,从而提高路径跟随精度和航行安全性。TSC-ALOS算法结合比例微分(PD)航向控制器后能精准应对时变扰动,可为复杂环境下USV自主航行系统的发展提供重要技术支撑。
船舶运动控制以船舶运动学模型为基础,船舶运动由6个自由度来描述,即横荡、纵荡、垂荡、横摇、纵摇和艏摇。对于USV的航行通常只考虑水平面的3个自由度运动,即横荡、纵荡以及艏摇。采用2种坐标系统:一种是以船舶自身为参考点的随船坐标系,记为$ \{ b\} = ({x_{\rm{b}}},{o_{\rm{b}}},{y_{\rm{b}}}) $,原点$ {o_{\rm{b}}} $位于船舶重心;另一种是以地球为参考点的惯性坐标系,记为$ \{ n\} = ({x_{\mathrm{G}}},{o_{\mathrm{G}}},{y_{\mathrm{G}}}) $,原点$ o_{\mathrm{G}} $可以固定在任意位置,如图1所示。
对于三自由度模型,船舶的运动学方程可简化为
$ \dot {\boldsymbol{\eta}} = {\boldsymbol{R}}(\psi ){\boldsymbol{v}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\cos (\psi )}&{ - \sin (\psi )}&0 \\ {\sin (\psi )}&{\cos (\psi )}&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{array}} \right]{\boldsymbol{v}} $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{R}}(\psi ) $表示3自由度的坐标转换矩阵;状态量$ \dot {\boldsymbol{\eta }}$= [x, y, ψ]Tv = [u, v, r]T分别表示为大地坐标系{n}中位置矩阵和随船坐标系{b}中速度矩阵。
考虑到环境扰动和控制力的作用,船舶在随船坐标系下的三自由度动力学方程表示为
$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{RB}}}\dot {\boldsymbol{v}} + {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{A}}}{{\dot {\boldsymbol{v}}}_{\mathrm{r}}} + {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{RB}}}({\boldsymbol{v}}){\boldsymbol{v}} + {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{A}}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}){{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}} + {\boldsymbol{D}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}){{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}} = {\boldsymbol{\tau}} + {{\boldsymbol{\tau}} _{{\text{wind}}}} $
式中:$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{RB}}} $表示刚体的惯性矩阵;$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{A}}} $表示水动力附加质量矩阵;$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{RB}}}({\boldsymbol{v}}) $表示刚体的科氏力与向心力矩阵;$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{A}}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}) $表示附加质量引起的科氏力与向心力矩阵;$ {\boldsymbol{D}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}) $表示阻尼矩阵;$ {{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}} = {\boldsymbol{v }}- {{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{c}}} $表示相对速度矩阵,$ {{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{c}}} $表示非旋转流体的流速矩阵;τ = [τu, τv, τr]T表示控制输入矩阵,包含纵荡控制力、横荡控制力以及艏摇控制力矩;τwind表示作用在船舶上的风载荷。式中的各矩阵具体表示为
$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{RB}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} m&0&0 \\ 0&m&{m{x_{\text{g}}}} \\ 0&{m{x_{\text{g}}}}&{{I_{{z}}}} \end{array}} \right],{{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\rm{A}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - {X_{\dot u}}}&0&0 \\ 0&{ - {Y_{\dot v}}}&{ - {Y_{\dot r}}} \\ 0&{ - {N_{\dot v}}}&{ - {N_{\dot r}}} \end{array}} \right] $
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{RB}}}({\boldsymbol{v}}) = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0&{ - m({x_{\text{g}}}r + v)} \\ 0&0&{mu} \\ {m({x_{\text{g}}}r + v)}&{ - mu}&0 \end{array}} \right] $
$ \begin{gathered} {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\rm{A}}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}) = \\ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0&{{Y_{\dot \nu }}{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}} + 0.5({N_{\dot \nu }} + {Y_{\dot r}})r} \\ 0&0&{ - {X_{\dot u}}{u_r}} \\ { - {Y_{\dot \nu }}{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}} - 0.5({N_{\dot \nu }} + {Y_{\dot r}})r}&{{X_{\dot u}}{u_r}}&0 \end{array}} \right] \end{gathered} $
$ {\boldsymbol{D}}({{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}}) = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{d_{11}}(u)}&0&0 \\ 0&{{d_{22}}(v,r)}&{{d_{23}}(v,r)} \\ 0&{{d_{32}}(v,r)}&{{d_{33}}(v,r)} \end{array}} \right] $
式中:m为船舶质量;$ {I_{z}} $为转动惯量;$ {X_{( \cdot )}} $$ {Y_{( \cdot )}} $$ {N_{( \cdot )}} $为水动力系数;d11(u) = − Xu X|u|u|ur| − Xuuuur2d22(v, r) = − Yv Y|v|v|vr| − Y|r|v|r|d23(v, r) = − Yr Y|v|r|vr| − Y|r|r|r|d32(v, r) = − Nv N|v|v|vr| − N|r|v|r|d33(v,r) = − Nr N|v|r|v| − N|r|r|r|ur为船舶与流体之间的纵向相对速度。
图2所示,本研究选择的地图以北纬39°12.50',东经119°31.00'为中心,在南北方向与东西方向分别拓展0.1'与1.5'。
图3所示,参考航线由P1P2P3P4P5共5点构成。由$ Ax + By + C = 0 $代表参考航线所在直线的解析式,初始状态为P1P2两点所在直线的解析式,当USV当前位置到P2的距离小于接纳圆半径时,$ Ax + By + C = 0 $代表P2P3两点所在直线的解析式,依次类推,最终代表P4P5两点所在直线的解析式。
USV在进行路径跟随时,通常使用平均横向跟踪偏差Ye作为跟踪效果好坏的评价指标,该偏差是指USV位置到设定航线直线所在的距离。
$ {e_x} = \frac{{\left| {A{x_0} + B{y_0} + C} \right|}}{{\sqrt {{A^2} + {B^2}} }} $
$ {Y_{\rm{e}}} = \sqrt {\frac{1}{M}\sum\limits_{m = 1}^M {{{\left( {{e_x}} \right)}^2}} } $
式中:$ ({x_0},{y_0}) $代表USV的位置坐标;ex表示USV当前位置到预设航线的直线距离,即横向偏差;M代表路径跟随USV航行路径点的总数量。
USV在海上航行时,受到螺旋桨、舵机及环境载荷的共同作用,导致其运动特性复杂。考虑到实海域测试中难以对波浪和海流进行实时测量,本研究主要考虑了风载荷对USV运动的影响,并采用经验公式来估算风载荷。
$ \left. {{{\boldsymbol{\tau}} _{{\text{wind}}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{X_{{\text{wind}}}}} \\ {{Y_{{\text{wind}}}}} \\ {{N_{{\text{wind}}}}} \end{array}} \right.} \right] = \frac{1}{2}{\rho _a}V_{\rm{rw}}^2\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{C_X}({\gamma _{\rm{rw}}}){A_{\rm{Fw}}}} \\ {{C_Y}({\gamma _{\rm{rw}}}){A_{\rm{Lw}}}} \\ {{C_N}({\gamma _{\rm{rw}}}){A_{\rm{Lw}}}{L_{\rm{oa}}}} \end{array}} \right] $
式中:${X_{{\text{wind}}}}$${Y_{{\text{wind}}}}$${N_{{\text{wind}}}}$分别为风载荷作用于船体的纵荡力、横荡力和艏摇力矩;${\rho _{\mathrm{a}}}$为空气密度;${C_X}$${C_Y}$${C_N}$分别为船舶纵荡、横荡以及艏摇方向的无因次风力系数;${A_{\rm{Fw}}}$${A_{\rm{Lw}}}$分别为船舶的纵向和横向受风面积;${L_{\rm{oa}}}$为船舶总长;${V_{\rm{rw}}}$为相对风速;${\gamma _{\rm{rw}}}$为相对于船头的迎风角,表示为
$ {V_{\rm{rw}}} = \sqrt {u_{\rm{rw}}^2 + v_{\rm{rw}}^2} $
$ {\gamma _{\rm{rw}}} = - \arctan 2({v_{\rm{rw}}},{u_{\rm{rw}}}) $
相对速度可表示为
$ u_{\rm{rw}}^{} = u - {u_{\rm{w}}} $
$ {v_{\rm{rw}}} = v - {v_{\rm{w}}} $
${V_{\rm{w}}}$$ x_{\rm{b}} $$ y_{\rm{b}} $方向的分量表示为
$ {u_{\rm{w}}} = {V_{\rm{w}}}\cos ({\beta _{\rm{w}}} - \psi ) $
$ {v_{\rm{w}}} = {V_{\rm{w}}}\sin ({\beta _{\rm{w}}} - \psi ) $
式中:${V_{\rm{w}}}$为在大地坐标系下的风速;${\beta _{\rm{w}}}$为风向。
然而,USV在航行中所受到的风载荷往往是平均方向与平均速度已经确定下的随机风向与随机速度。因此,本研究通过Weibull分布与高斯分布分别模拟随机风速与随机风向。
Weibull分布常用于描述风速的统计特性,其概率密度函数[19]
$ {f_{\rm{V}}}(v;\lambda ,k) = \frac{k}{\lambda }{\left( {\frac{v}{\lambda }} \right)^{k - 1}}\exp \left( { - {{\left( {\frac{v}{\lambda }} \right)}^k}} \right),\quad v \geqslant 0 $
式中:$\lambda $k分别为尺度参数和形状参数;v为当前平均风速。尺度参数$\lambda $决定风速的平均大小,而形状参数k则影响风速分布的形状。在本研究中,形状参数k被设定为3,以保证生成的风速分布更符合自然风速的统计特征。$\lambda $表示为
$ \lambda = \frac{{2v\sqrt {{L_{{\text{cell}}}}} }}{{\sqrt {\text{π}} }} $
式中,${L_{{\text{cell}}}}$为缩尺参数。
最后,通过式(18)生成符合Weibull分布的随机风速。
$ {V_{\rm{w}}} = \lambda \cdot {( - \ln (1 - U))^{1/k}} $
式中,U为均匀分布在区间(0,1)上的随机数。
${\beta _{\rm{w}}}$的随机生成则采用了正态分布,其概率密度函数为
$ {f_\psi }({\psi _{\text{m}}};\mu ,\sigma ) = \frac{1}{{\sigma \sqrt {2{\text{π }}} }}\exp \left( { - \frac{{{{({\psi _{\text{m}}} - \mu )}^2}}}{{2{\sigma ^2}}}} \right) $
式中,$\mu $$\sigma $分别为风向的均值和标准差。在本研究中,风向的均值$\mu $设置为给定的平均风向${\psi _{\text{m}}}$,标准差$\sigma $设置为30°,以模拟风向在自然环境中的波动。风向的生成使用MATLAB的内置函数normrnd($\mu $,$\sigma $),生成一个符合正态分布的随机风向值。
本章节介绍参数选取和设置,只针对本研究第4章采用的算例。
图4展示了LOS制导算法的原理,本质上路径跟随控制的目标是使船首方向与方$ {O_{\rm{b}}}{P_{\rm{LOS}}} $保持一致。期望的路径可视为由n个期望路径点$ {P_i}({x_i},{y_i}) $$ {P_{i + 1}}({x_{i + 1}},{y_{i + 1}}) $,…,$ {P_{i + n}}({x_{i + n}},{y_{i + n}}) $所连接成的n −1个航迹段。$ {O}_{\text{b}}({x}_{0},{y}_{0}) $为USV当前位置,$ {P}_{\rm{LOS}}({x}_{\rm{LOS}},{y}_{\rm{LOS}}) $为USV的预瞄点,则USV期望航向角的计算如式(20)所示。
$ {\psi _{\rm{d}}} = {\psi _{\rm{p}}} - {\psi _{\rm{LOS}}} $
式中:${\psi _{\rm{p}}}$为当前参考航段中$ {P_i} $$ {P_{i + 1}} $的指向;${\psi _{\rm{LOS}}}$为LOS角,其可以表示为
$ {\psi _{\rm{LOS}}} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{{{e_x}}}{\varDelta }} \right) $
式中,$ \varDelta $为前视距离。
$ {R_i}_{ + 1} $为LOS的接纳圆半径,USV当前跟随的航段为$ {P_i}{P_i}_{ + 1} $。当USV逐渐靠近期望路径点$ {P_i}_{ + 1} $,满足式(22)的条件时期望航段将由$ {P_i}{P_i}_{ + 1} $切换到$ {P_{i + 1}}{P_i}_{ + 2} $
$ ||\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{O_{\rm{b}}} - {P_{i + 1}}} \end{array}|| \leqslant {R_{i + 1}} $
然而,ALOS制导算法中路径跟随可以根据位置偏差分为2个阶段:在收敛阶段,USV的位置偏差逐渐减小;在引导阶段,USV稳定地沿着期望路径航行,保持路径跟随精度。在传统LOS制导中,前视距离是恒定的[20]。如果前视距离太长,USV需要很长时间才能收敛到期望路径,如图5(a)所示。为加快修正速度,应该采用较短的前视距离。如果前视距离太短,当USV到达路径时可能会出现振荡现象,难以收敛到期望路径,如图5(b)所示。因此,引入自适应前视距离方法[21]引导USV的航行。使用以USV当前位置$ {o_{\text{b}}} $为圆心,$ {R_{\rm{LOS}}} $为半径的圆与参考航段$ {P_i}{P_i}_{ + 1} $的交点确定点$ {P_{\rm{LOS}}} $位置,计算如式(23):
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\left( {{x_{{\text{LOS}}}} - {x_{\text{b}}}} \right)^2} + {\left( {{y_{{\text{LOS}}}} - {y_{\text{b}}}} \right)^2} = R_{{\text{LOS}}}^2 \\ \frac{{{y_{{\text{LOS}}}} - {y_{\text{b}}}}}{{{x_{{\text{LOS}}}} - {x_{\text{b}}}}} = \frac{{{y_{n + 1}} - {y_n}}}{{{x_{n + 1}} - {x_n}}} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
一般来说,求解得到的交点有2个或者1个,当存在2个交点时选择距离期望路径点$ {P_i}_{ + 1} $更近的交点作为$ {P_{\rm{LOS}}} $。当横向偏差$ {e_x} $较大时,这种方法可能造成没有实数解,为避免这种情况发生,定义$ {R_{\rm{LOS}}} $
$ {R_{{\text{LOS}}}} = \left\{ \begin{aligned} &3{L_{\rm{oa}}} && |{e_x}| \leqslant 3{L_{\rm{oa}}} \\ & {e_x} + {L_{\rm{oa}}} && |{e_x}| \gt 3{L_{\rm{oa}}} \end{aligned} \right. $
式中,${L_{\rm{oa}}}$为船长。
在某些特殊情况下,参考路径可能会在2个期望路径点之间形成一段较短的路径。对于这种情况,直接选择路径点Pi+1作为USV的期望航向点PLOS
USV在复杂海洋环境航行过程时,往往会产生侧滑角。侧滑角是指USV的艏向与其实际前进方向(速度方向)之间的夹角,该夹角在复杂时变环境的干扰下会不断变化。侧滑角的存在使得USV的实际航行方向与期望航行方向之间产生偏差,从而影响路径跟随控制的精度。如果不加以修正,这种偏差可能会随着时间的推移逐渐积累,导致较大的横向偏差。为了在复杂环境中稳定地引导USV沿期望路径航行,本文对Fossen教授2023年提出的ALOS算法[11]进行了改进,提出一种TSC-ALOS算法。该方法通过实时测量得到的风速和风向对快速变化的侧滑角进行补偿,使USV能够更准确地沿着期望路径前进。
在本研究中,采用了主动补偿风速和风向引起的侧滑效应的思想。若无外界扰动,USV应沿参考航段航行,此时以$ {\psi _{\rm{LOS}}} $能确保USV逐步趋向目标路径;而在实际环境中,风速Vw与参考航段方向和风向之间的夹角$ \varDelta {\psi _{\rm{pw}}} $会对USV产生额外侧滑,此时通过引入$ \left( {a + b \cdot {V_{\rm{w}}}\sin (\varDelta {\psi _{\rm{pw}}})} \right){\beta _{\rm{s}}} $这一补偿项,可以主动校正由侧滑引起的偏差。其计算式为
$ {\psi _{\rm{d}}} = {\psi _{\rm{p}}} - {\psi _{\rm{LOS}}} - \left( {a + b \cdot {V_{\rm{w}}}\sin (\varDelta {\psi _{\rm{pw}}})} \right){\beta _{\rm{s}}} $
式中:ab为一个常值参数,本研究采用$ a=2, b=2 $$ \varDelta {\psi _{\rm{pw}}} $为参考航段方向${\psi _{\rm{p}}}$与风向$ {\beta _{\rm{w}}} $之间的夹角;$ {\beta _{\rm{s}}} $为估计的侧滑角,该值在实海域测试中难以直接测量,可以通过下式进行求解:
$ {\dot \beta _{\rm{s}}} = \alpha \frac{\varDelta }{{\sqrt {{\varDelta ^2} + {{({e_x})}^2}} }}{e_x} $
式中,$ \alpha $为增益系数,本研究采用$ \alpha $ = 0.000 6。该式表明,侧滑角的变化率与横向误差成正比,同时通过归一化处理避免当误差较大时补偿过度,从而实现对侧滑角动态变化的平滑估计。
综上所述,TSC-ALOS算法利用式(25)对期望航向进行实时修正,既考虑传统LOS算法的导引效果,又通过风速、风向及侧滑角的补偿,有效抵消了外界扰动带来的偏差。式(26)则提供了一种间接估计侧滑角动态变化的方法,使得补偿机制得以顺利实施,从而在复杂海况下实现USV路径跟随的高精度和高鲁棒性。
在第3章中提出的TSC-ALOS方法通过实时获取环境扰动信息,综合考虑风速、风向及侧滑效应,生成一个能够抵消外部干扰的期望航向。为将这一高层导航策略转化为实际控制动作,本章将重点设计基于PD控制器的航向控制模块。该模块以TSC-ALOS方法生成的期望航向为参考输入,实时调节舵角输出,确保USV能够快速、稳定地跟踪目标航向。通过这种由高层导航决策到低层控制执行的无缝衔接,整体控制系统不仅能够实现精确路径跟踪,还具备较强的实时响应能力和鲁棒性,从而有效满足复杂海况下自主航行的需求。
USV艏向控制的PD控制器控制律为
$ {\tau _r} = {K_{\rm{p}}} \cdot {e_\psi } + {K_{\rm{d}}} \cdot \dot \psi $
式中:${\tau _r}$为艏摇控制力矩;${K_{\rm{p}}}$${K_{\rm{d}}}$分别为比例和微分增益;${e_\psi }$为当前艏向与期望艏向$ {\psi _{\text{d}}} $之间的偏差角度,$\dot \psi = r$为USV的艏向角速度。在本研究中,比例增益和微分增益分别设置为${K_{\rm{p}}}$ = −2.0和${K_{\text{d}}}$ = −0.8,以确保控制响应的快速性和稳定性。
在实际控制过程中,对控制力矩进行了限幅处理,确保力矩的变化率在物理系统允许的范围内,从而提高系统的控制稳定性。如式(28)所示:
$ \begin{split} & \Delta\tau_{r,\mathrm{min}}\le\tau\mathit{_{r}}(i+1)-\tau\mathit{_{r}}(i)\le\Delta\tau_{r,\mathrm{max}} \\ &\qquad\; \; \tau_{r,\mathrm{min}}\le\tau\mathit{_{r}}(i)\le\tau_{r,\mathrm{max}}\end{split} $
式中:Δτr,min和Δτr,max分别表示控制力矩的最小变化量和最大变化量;τr,minτr,max分别表示控制力矩的最小值和最大值。考虑到船舶在低速状态下,舵效较差,因此需要给控制力矩增加一个和船速相关的约束,如式(29)所示:
$ \begin{split} &{\tau _{r,\min }} = \max \{ {\tau _{r,\min }},\alpha \cdot {V^2}{\tau _{r,\min }}\} \\& {\tau _{r,\max }} = \min \{ {\tau _{r,\max }},\alpha \cdot {V^2}{\tau _{r,\max }}\} \end{split}$
式中:$ \alpha $为一个权重系数;V为船速。
本节以挪威科技大学(NTNU)的实验船CyberShip Ⅱ为研究对象,采用实海域数值模拟比较不同制导算法的性能,验证所提TSC-ALOS算法在各种环境载荷作用下的有效性与适应性。该船水动力参数详见文献[22]。需要说明的是,CyberShip Ⅱ实验船符合USV的应用要求,本研究均以USV作为描述对象。所有仿真计算通过MATLAB 2022a实现,并在搭载Intel Core 9 3.6 GHz CPU和32 GB RAM的计算机中执行。
为验证不同LOS算法在无环境影响下的路径跟随性能,将进行仿真测试,并比较TSC-ALOS,ALOS[11]和传统LOS这3种算法的表现。
图6展示了在无风环境下不同LOS算法的路径跟随轨迹。从图中可以看出,TSC-ALOS和ALOS的轨迹完全重合,而LOS的轨迹与这2种算法相比有所偏离。尤其在路径的转弯部分,LOS算法的轨迹偏离较为明显。
图7(a)所示为不同LOS算法下USV的平均横向跟踪偏差Ye。通过对比可以看到,TSC-ALOS和ALOS的平均Ye均为7.924 m,显著低于LOS算法的9.732 m。此外,LOS算法在航向转变时出现较大的偏差波动,说明LOS算法在路径跟随的稳定性方面存在一定的不足。
使用风速为8.37 m/s、风向为90°的固定风,对TSC-ALOS,ALOS和LOS算法的路径跟随性能进行仿真比较。
图8为不同LOS算法在固定风条件下的路径跟随轨迹。TSC-ALOS的轨迹在大部分情况下与参考航线非常接近,仅在拐弯处略有偏离,ALOS的轨迹与参考航线的偏离较小,而LOS的偏离程度则较大。
图9(a)所示为不同算法下的横向偏差曲线。从结果来看,TSC-ALOS的平均横向跟踪偏差Ye为8.695 m,明显低于ALOS的13.020 m和LOS的18.110 m。然而,由图9(b)结果可见,TSC-ALOS的艏向变化曲线相较于ALOS和LOS波动略大,说明TSC-ALOS能够根据环境载荷变化快速调整航向,更精准地完成路径跟随任务。
在该随机风工况下,设定风速均值为8.37 m/s、风向均值为90°,但实际风速和风向均通过2.2节中随机风载荷的生成方法获得。使用该随机风,对TSC-ALOS,ALOS和LOS算法的路径跟随性能进行比较。
图10图11所示,与ALOS相比,TSC-ALOS的平均横向偏差降低26.3%;与LOS相比,TSC-ALOS偏差减少48.2%。
综上所述,在风速为8.37 m/s的固定风与随机风环境下,TSC-ALOS能够明显降低跟踪偏差,表现出较强的适应性,整体性能最优。
使用风速为16.73 m/s、风向为90°的固定风,对TSC-ALOS,ALOS和LOS算法的路径跟随性能进行仿真比较。
图12所示,TSC-ALOS的轨迹与参考航线发生偏移,但在大部分情况下与参考航线非常接近。ALOS的轨迹与参考航线的偏离较大但仍然可以完成跟踪任务。LOS的偏离程度最大,并且在靠近终点时跟踪失败。
图13(a)结果来看,TSC-ALOS的平均横向跟踪偏差Ye为11.946 m,相比于ALOS的31.278 m和LOS的44.914 m分别下降61.8%与73.4%。从图13(b)中依旧可以看出,随着风速的增大,TSC-ALOS的艏向波动变得更为明显,尤其当USV位于拐弯处时。这种波动是算法为了应对环境的快速变化而做出的有益决策。
在随机风工况下,设定风速均值为16.73 m/s、风向均值为90°,对TSC-ALOS,ALOS和LOS算法的路径跟随性能进行比较。
图14图15所示,相较于固定风的航行轨迹,3种算法在随机风作用下的轨迹是崎岖多变的,Ye曲线振荡更为频繁,这充分反映出随机风的作用效果。在随机风的作用下,TSC-ALOS的跟踪效果要明显优于ALOS和LOS,平均横向偏差分别降低59.4%和71.3%,相较于固定风TSC-ALOS的优势更加突出。
综上,TSC-ALOS在固定风和随机风作用下的跟踪效果都是最好的。并且随着风速增大,TSC-ALOS算法在跟踪偏差方面的优势更加明显。
在风速均值为16.73 m/s、风向均值为90°的随机风环境下,设定USV的初始位置与参考航线存在偏差,同时对TSC-ALOS,ALOS和LOS算法的路径跟随性能进行比较。
图16图17图18所示,TSC-ALOS能够立即调整航向,并快速回归到参考航线,同时TSC-ALOS航行轨迹与参考航线基本重合,仅在路径转弯处出现轻微偏移。相较之下,LOS与ALOS的实船轨迹,在初始位置发生偏移后缓慢向参考航线靠拢,且均在第1次拐弯处时才回归到参考航线,两者返回参考航线的程度接近,但均明显弱于TSC-ALOS。尤其是LOS算法,在整个航行过程中与参考航线始终保持较大偏移,并在接近终点时因不能到达目标点而出现转圈现象。
图19所示,TSC-ALOS的Ye相较于ALOS和LOS,分别降低24.6%和36.8%。这种性能的提升源于TSC-ALOS对时变侧滑角的实时补偿能力,使其在应对复杂扰动时能够精确校正偏差。然而,与其高效的路径调整相对应,TSC-ALOS的航向变化曲线波动较大,ALOS的波动次之,LOS的航向最为平稳。尽管如此,这种波动幅度换取了路径跟随性能的显著提升。
综上所述,在初始位置存在较大偏差的情况下,TSC-ALOS返回参考航线的速度和效果显著优于另外2种算法,其轨迹表现出快速收敛的特点。而ALOS和LOS的调整过程相对缓慢,尤其是LOS算法始终难以完全回归参考航线。这一现象表明,传统LOS制导方法不能对侧滑角进行补偿,在遇到外部扰动或航向转变时,容易产生较大的跟踪偏差。ALOS算法不能根据环境扰动强度自适应调整补偿力度,在时变环境扰动下的鲁棒性较差。而TSC-ALOS通过多次航向调整和自适应侧滑角补偿,实现了对路径偏差的快速校正,为USV在复杂环境中的自主航行提供了强有力的技术支持。
表1所示,相比于ALOS和传统的LOS算法,TSC-ALOS算法在无风、固定风、随机风以及初始位置偏差等多种工况下均表现出了显著的性能优势。
本研究针对复杂时变环境干扰下的USV路径跟随问题进行了深入研究,并提出一种TSC-ALOS算法。通过实时测量风速和风向数据,动态补偿了环境扰动引起的侧滑角变化,显著提高了USV的路径跟随精度和鲁棒性。仿真验证表明,与传统LOS及ALOS算法相比,本文方法在无风、固定风、随机风及初始位置偏差等多种工况下均表现出优势,尤其在强风与路径转弯条件下,可有效降低平均横向偏差,提升航行稳定性。
TSC-ALOS算法的优越性能得益于其在复杂环境下对侧滑角的实时补偿和前视距离动态调整的航向优化机制。尽管TSC-ALOS算法在航向稳定性方面表现出一定的波动性,但这一代价换取了显著提升的路径跟随精度和复杂环境适应能力,尤其在路径转弯和强时变扰动环境中优势明显。
本文方法创新点在于提出并验证了一种针对时变环境扰动的实时侧滑角补偿机制,有效克服了传统方法对快速变化扰动适应性不足的问题。这为提升USV自主航行系统在复杂海洋环境中的可靠性与稳定性提供了重要的技术支持。
未来研究可进一步提升算法的航向稳定性与能效,抑制其波动,并将该方法扩展至多USV协同作业、狭窄航道与密集障碍区域的应用中,从而推动USV技术在海洋监测、物流运输、环境保护与军事防御等领域的深入发展与广泛应用。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04328
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-03-17
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    1江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
    2上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
    3上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240

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