Article(id=1263819611485684410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1742572800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247676011, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247676011, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247676011, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247676011, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=301, endPage=316, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819615541576405, articleId=1263819611485684410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Progress in verification and validation of simulations for underwater blast-induced hull structural damage, columnId=1263819606062391371, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Ship Structure and Fittings, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. However, the credibility assessment of simulation results remains an urgent issue to address. To provide a systematic reference for future research in this field, this review summarizes the progress in the verification and validation (V&V) of numerical simulations for underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. First, the basic concepts and guidelines of V&V are introduced, including the V&V guidelines for computational fluid dynamics and computational structural mechanics established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), as well as the related content of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) and Accreditation. Second, this review details V&V tests for numerical simulations of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage, offering a hierarchical summary and categorization of tests, ranging from the single problem layer to the benchmark process layer, subsystem layer, and full system layer. Specific tests cover various aspects, including shock wave dynamics, detonation fluid dynamics, bubble dynamics, strong shock fluid-structure interaction mechanics, and structural elastoplastic mechanics. In addition, the research progress in V&V methods is summarized, including code verification, solution verification, validation tests and their hierarchical levels, uncertainty analysis, validation metrics, and parameter calibration. The application and development of these methods in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion and hull structural damage are elaborated in detail. Finally, future research directions are proposed, such as strengthening the validation of basic-level benchmark models, developing V&V methods tailored to the specific characteristics of underwater explosion and damage mechanics, and exploring error estimation, uncertainty propagation, and quantification analysis methods for system-level models of hull structural damage caused by underwater explosion. Through the above literature review, this study provides a technical reference for the future credibility assessment system of underwater explosion and hull structural damage simulations, as well as for model-based ship life-cycle design.

, correspAuthors=Jiaqi XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqi XU, Gaojie CHEN, Shiping WANG, Xin LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819619157066483, articleId=1263819611485684410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤仿真的验证与确认研究进展, columnId=1263819606314049615, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=结构与装置, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤的数值仿真技术取得了显著进展,但其仿真结果的可信度评估问题,仍然是当前亟待解决的难题。为此,针对水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的验证与确认(V&V)研究进展进行系统综述,旨在为该领域的研究提供系统性的参考。首先,阐述V&V的基本概念和导则,梳理水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的V&V试验,按照单一问题层、基准过程层、子系统层与全系统层的思路,对各类确认试验进行归纳总结,涵盖冲击波动力学、爆轰流体力学、强冲击流固耦合力学、气泡动力学、结构弹塑性力学等的试验研究;然后,总结V&V方法(含代码验证、计算验证、确认试验及其分层、不确定度分析、确认度量和参数校准等)的研究进展,并详述这些方法在水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤数值仿真中的应用和发展;最后,提出未来研究方向:加强基础层级基准模型的确认试验研究,发展适配水下爆炸与毁伤力学特殊性的V&V方法,探究船体结构水下爆炸毁伤系统层模型的误差估计、不确定度传播和量化分析方法。通过上述文献研究综述,可以为未来水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤仿真可信度评估和基于模型的船舶全生命周期设计提供技术参考。

, correspAuthors=徐嘉启, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 徐嘉启
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Bn2Kd8F/X7e3x00xX31g2w==, magXml=PFfSvxR8+ovh9r/iVUTuTQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zw9byQHTkV5ckOG+irw9gg==, pdfFileSize=903634, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=aMTiGx9OEZImGMoaq34/vg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gRq0EhPUt5rAlliR2qY8tA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐嘉启,男,1991年生,博士

陈高杰,男,1981年生,硕士

王诗平,男,1983年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下爆炸。E–mail:

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The hierarchical validation experiments of the underwater explosion in different conditions

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单一问题层基准过程层子系统层全系统层
远场爆炸船体材料力学性能试验、船体梁弹性力学干湿模态试验、近水面片空化试验自由场冲击波压力试验、自由场或近水面近壁面气泡试验、近壁面局部空化(第1类)试验简易船模(如船体梁)、典型舱段、浮台抗冲击试验缩尺船模或实船抗冲击试验
近场爆炸分离式Hopkinson杆试验、圆筒试验(爆轰产物状态方程)、水下冲击波测量试验、局部空化(第2类)试验分离式Hopkinson杆试验、圆筒试验(爆轰过程)、拐角绕爆试验、近场冲击波压力试验、近自由面近壁面气泡试验、局部空化(第2类)试验船体典型结构(背空/水单层板、单双层板架、单双层圆柱壳)水下爆炸毁伤试验船体舷侧结构、舱段水下爆炸毁伤试验
), ArticleFig(id=1263819632654336942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819611485684410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水下爆炸各工况分层确认实验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单一问题层基准过程层子系统层全系统层
远场爆炸船体材料力学性能试验、船体梁弹性力学干湿模态试验、近水面片空化试验自由场冲击波压力试验、自由场或近水面近壁面气泡试验、近壁面局部空化(第1类)试验简易船模(如船体梁)、典型舱段、浮台抗冲击试验缩尺船模或实船抗冲击试验
近场爆炸分离式Hopkinson杆试验、圆筒试验(爆轰产物状态方程)、水下冲击波测量试验、局部空化(第2类)试验分离式Hopkinson杆试验、圆筒试验(爆轰过程)、拐角绕爆试验、近场冲击波压力试验、近自由面近壁面气泡试验、局部空化(第2类)试验船体典型结构(背空/水单层板、单双层板架、单双层圆柱壳)水下爆炸毁伤试验船体舷侧结构、舱段水下爆炸毁伤试验
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水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤仿真的验证与确认研究进展
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徐嘉启 *, 1 , 陈高杰 1 , 王诗平 2 , 林鑫 2
中国舰船研究 | 结构与装置 2026,21(2): 301-316
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中国舰船研究 | 结构与装置 2026, 21(2): 301-316
水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤仿真的验证与确认研究进展
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徐嘉启*, 1, 陈高杰1, 王诗平2 , 林鑫2
作者信息
  • 1中国人民解放军 91388部队,辽宁 大连 116041
  • 2哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 徐嘉启,男,1991年生,博士

    陈高杰,男,1981年生,硕士

    王诗平,男,1983年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下爆炸。E–mail:

通讯作者:

* 徐嘉启
Progress in verification and validation of simulations for underwater blast-induced hull structural damage
Jiaqi XU*, 1, Gaojie CHEN1, Shiping WANG2 , Xin LIN2
Affiliations
  • 1Unit 91388 of PLA, Dalian 116041, China
  • 2College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04324
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近年来,水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤的数值仿真技术取得了显著进展,但其仿真结果的可信度评估问题,仍然是当前亟待解决的难题。为此,针对水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的验证与确认(V&V)研究进展进行系统综述,旨在为该领域的研究提供系统性的参考。首先,阐述V&V的基本概念和导则,梳理水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的V&V试验,按照单一问题层、基准过程层、子系统层与全系统层的思路,对各类确认试验进行归纳总结,涵盖冲击波动力学、爆轰流体力学、强冲击流固耦合力学、气泡动力学、结构弹塑性力学等的试验研究;然后,总结V&V方法(含代码验证、计算验证、确认试验及其分层、不确定度分析、确认度量和参数校准等)的研究进展,并详述这些方法在水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤数值仿真中的应用和发展;最后,提出未来研究方向:加强基础层级基准模型的确认试验研究,发展适配水下爆炸与毁伤力学特殊性的V&V方法,探究船体结构水下爆炸毁伤系统层模型的误差估计、不确定度传播和量化分析方法。通过上述文献研究综述,可以为未来水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤仿真可信度评估和基于模型的船舶全生命周期设计提供技术参考。

舰艇设计  /  水下爆炸  /  船体结构  /  结构毁伤  /  验证与确认  /  不确定度量化  /  计算机仿真  /  建模与仿真

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. However, the credibility assessment of simulation results remains an urgent issue to address. To provide a systematic reference for future research in this field, this review summarizes the progress in the verification and validation (V&V) of numerical simulations for underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage. First, the basic concepts and guidelines of V&V are introduced, including the V&V guidelines for computational fluid dynamics and computational structural mechanics established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), as well as the related content of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) and Accreditation. Second, this review details V&V tests for numerical simulations of underwater explosion-induced hull structural damage, offering a hierarchical summary and categorization of tests, ranging from the single problem layer to the benchmark process layer, subsystem layer, and full system layer. Specific tests cover various aspects, including shock wave dynamics, detonation fluid dynamics, bubble dynamics, strong shock fluid-structure interaction mechanics, and structural elastoplastic mechanics. In addition, the research progress in V&V methods is summarized, including code verification, solution verification, validation tests and their hierarchical levels, uncertainty analysis, validation metrics, and parameter calibration. The application and development of these methods in the numerical simulation of underwater explosion and hull structural damage are elaborated in detail. Finally, future research directions are proposed, such as strengthening the validation of basic-level benchmark models, developing V&V methods tailored to the specific characteristics of underwater explosion and damage mechanics, and exploring error estimation, uncertainty propagation, and quantification analysis methods for system-level models of hull structural damage caused by underwater explosion. Through the above literature review, this study provides a technical reference for the future credibility assessment system of underwater explosion and hull structural damage simulations, as well as for model-based ship life-cycle design.

ship design  /  underwater explosion  /  hull structures  /  structural damage  /  verification & validation (V&V)  /  uncertainty quantification  /  computer simulation  /  modeling & simulation (M&S)
徐嘉启, 陈高杰, 王诗平, 林鑫. 水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤仿真的验证与确认研究进展. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 301 -316 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04324
Jiaqi XU, Gaojie CHEN, Shiping WANG, Xin LIN. Progress in verification and validation of simulations for underwater blast-induced hull structural damage[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 301 -316 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04324
近年来,基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)设计方法逐渐应用到船舶全生命周期设计中,通过构建船舶的数字孪生模型,可以在数字环境中实现船舶设计的优化迭代,从而大幅缩短设计周期并节省经费。船舶数字孪生模型中涉及的力学相关模型有:浮性、稳性、快速性等构成的流体力学模型、船体动力系统模型及船体结构力学和材料力学模型。这些数字或数值模型与仿真(modeling & simulation,M&S)在MBSE中的成熟应用,前提是经过验证和确认(verification & validation,V&V)。
随着水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤的仿真建模技术和运算能力的不断发展,对水下爆炸毁伤力学建模和模拟仿真的V&V和可信度(accreditation)评估需求也日益迫切。然而,水下爆炸毁伤力学的物理化学机理复杂,涉及爆炸物理学、爆轰流体力学、结构动力学、弹塑性材料力学、流固耦合力学、气泡动力学等多个学科。相关学科的参数维度高,进一步增大了V&V及模型可信度评估难度。水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤数值仿真主要包含水下爆炸演化、结构弹塑性变形及其相互耦合过程,其V&V工作可借鉴计算爆轰流体力学、计算固体力学的V&V原则和框架体系。
与计算流体力学(CFD)、计算固体力学相比,爆炸毁伤力学数值仿真确认活动仍以单列、单一过程的确认试验为主,例如Hopkinson杆试验、圆筒试验、水下爆炸气泡试验和水下爆炸板架毁伤试验等。而针对船体结构水下爆炸毁伤仿真的全系统级V&V研究相对匮乏,亟需构建系统的分层确认框架并逐步建立标准模型库。此外,现有爆炸毁伤力学数值仿真多以单列试验的误差评估预测精度,与CFD领域的研究相比,不确定度量化(uncertainty quantification, UQ)分析的引入较有限。对于不确定度随仿真层级递进的传递规律研究也不足,导致仿真可信度评估结果较为单一、系统性欠缺。
综上,本文将首先介绍仿真V&V概念和导则及其在爆炸力学数值仿真领域的发展;接着,根据相关领域V&V经验做法和本专业实际与现状,建立水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的验证与分层确认架构;然后,梳理归纳水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的V&V试验类型、对象及内容;最后,总结该领域V&V工作中常用误差估计、不确定度分析、确认度量及参数校准方法的研究进展,为后续相关研究提供系统性参考。
1999年末,美国机械工程师协会(ASME)成立了V&V专委会,制定了CFD和计算结构力学领域的V&V导则,并对验证、确认、不确定度量化(三者合称V&V&UQ),以及可信度评估(与V&V合称VV&A)等基本概念给出了明确的定义[1-3]。具体而言,验证是确定数值计算模型是否准确反映数学模型和求解算法的过程,包含代码验证和计算验证;确认是确定仿真模拟在特定应用场景下对确认试验的预测精度的过程;不确定度量化是对仿真和试验结果的不确定度进行量化分析,从而评价模型精度、量化预测能力。图1所示为美国ASME协会V&V导则给出的V&V流程框图。
为了从具体操作层面对V&V进行诠释,V&V专委会以承受分布载荷悬臂梁响应数值仿真为例,对计算结构力学数值仿真V&V导则进行了详细阐释[4]。在该案例中,采用基于欧拉−伯努利梁单元的有限元法(FEM)对悬臂梁进行建模。首先,通过有限元(FE)模型计算结果与解析解的对比,完成代码验证。然后,利用网格收敛指数对有限单元离散精度开展收敛性验证。
在国内,已有研究团队[5-7]针对复杂仿真系统开展了 VV&A相关研究,引入了国际通用的V&V概念、方法和关键技术,并初步形成了部分仿真建模软件VV&A专用的流程控制工具与软件系统。
水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤研究涉及爆轰力学、流体力学和结构力学等多个学科。其中,流体中冲击波传播、气泡运动及流场空化等数值仿真的V&V,可借鉴CFD的V&V相关研究成果。它们本质上都包含对偏微分方程组的数值离散求解[8-10]。例如,Stern等[11]提出CFD的V&V方法与流程,并针对RANS(雷诺平均纳维−斯托克斯方程)程序计算的船模阻力开展验证与确认工作[12],指出验证和确认分别是分析数值误差与不确定度的过程,以及分析建模误差与不确定度的过程。
在国内CFD的V&V领域,陈江涛等[13]开展了相关系统性研究,阐述了CFD中的V&V概念内涵、实施流程与主要方法,介绍了包括代码验证、分层确认、参数校准、确认度量及标准模型试验等方面的研究进展,并开发了CFD软件可信度评估平台。上述研究指出,目前CFD的V&V仍面临若干关键问题:现行指南和规范多以原则性约束为主,可操作性不足;误差估计和不确定度量化方法在工程实际问题中应用能力有限;现有标准模型算例在全面性和精细化程度上,尚难以满足CFD软件可信度系统评价的要求。
在爆炸力学仿真V&V领域,美国洛斯阿拉莫斯(Los Alamos)实验室的Scovel和Menikoff[14]开展了相关研究。其研究表明,圆筒试验主要用于确认CJ等熵面(Chapman−Jouguet isentropic surface)相关信息;一维平板抛射试验则显示,当反射波作用于CJ等熵面时,计算结果对Grüneisen状态方程参数高度敏感。这两类试验可用于高爆模型中的爆轰产物状态方程(EoS)参数的验证和确认。此外,Mullin 等[15]设计研制了爆炸反应釜,采用V&V方法对其抗爆安全性开展数值仿真。通过V&V&UQ分析,结果表明该爆炸反应釜可在安全范围内抵御爆炸反应产物及碎片的侵彻作用。
近年来,离心机内水下爆炸试验已成为深水爆炸仿真确认试验的一种新途径。北京理工大学、浙江大学等研究机构在离心机内开展水下爆炸试验,通过离心机提供的超重环境,实现马赫数相似和弗劳德数相似,进而近似模拟深水爆炸工况[16-18]。这些研究团队采用量纲分析方法,提出了冲击波压力和气泡脉动压力的相似律,并通过对比不同加速度、炸药质量、炸点位置等多种工况下的试验结果与经验公式计算结果,验证了所提相似律的有效性。
在国内爆炸力学数值仿真软件的V&V研究方面,王瑞利和梁霄等[19-21]在自研爆轰流体力学软件的开发过程中,提出了爆轰流体力学数值仿真建模的V&V分层划分建议。并指出:与常规V&V工作不同,爆轰流体力学仿真具有其特殊性,例如燃烧率或状态方程中的某些隐含参数无明确物理含义,且部分参数无法通过试验直接获取。图2所示为开发的爆轰流体力学软件V&V&UQ框架。
总体而言,以往水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤数值仿真研究存在“重仿真算法开发,轻算法验证与确认”的倾向。本节以V&V为逻辑框架,全面梳理归纳近年来水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤数值仿真及试验研究,旨在从中遴选出符合V&V导则和规范理念的试验活动,并结合力学现象的实际特征与仿真−试验对比分析的成熟经验,明确V&V对象与内容的一般范围。
代码验证包含数值代码验证和软件质量保证(SQA)。其中,数值代码验证主要聚焦数学模型的正确性和数值算法的有效实施,其核心内容包括仿真解的对称性、守恒性、物理现象的准确还原以及精确性等。具体来说,数值代码验证需开展数值计算离散方法、离散格式、空间离散及时间离散等方面的收敛性验证,且需明确数值计算的精度阶。严格来讲,数值代码验证的试验设计需选取易于获取解析解、人为构造解[22]、半解析解及高精度数值基准解[2]的场景。软件质量保证则涉及了仿真软件的配置管理、版本控制、代码架构优化、技术文档编制及回归测试等相关内容。
水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤的仿真代码通常包含多种物理数学模型的数值计算模块,其涵盖的学科领域有冲击波动力学、爆轰流体力学、强冲击流固耦合力学、气泡动力学、多相流力学和结构弹塑性力学等。相应验证试验研究概况如下:
1) 冲击波动力学。
常见的验证试验为一维激波管问题。该试验旨在验证求解冲击波间断面的数值离散解法(如激波装配法、激波捕捉法)、离散格式、状态方程[23-24]
2) 爆轰流体力学。
常见的验证试验包括爆轰波守恒性验证(牛顿壁面冲击,又称Noh问题)、对称性验证(球壳内爆问题)[19]、一维及二维稳定爆轰问题[25]、一维活塞冲击起爆的爆轰产物真空飞散或固壁反射试验、一点起爆滑移内爆问题等。这些试验验证对象涵盖爆轰产物状态方程、数值离散解法(含FEM、有限体积法(FVM)、间断伽辽金法(DGM)、有限差分法(FDM)等),以及数值解法的相关假设(人工黏性等)。例如,在一维平面稳定爆轰问题的仿真求解中,可通过判断炸药一维稳定爆轰波是否达到CJ状态,验证基于拉格朗日网格的FVM法的有效性[23];在一维活塞冲击起爆产物飞散问题的仿真中[26],可通过与欧拉方程的特征线理论解进行一致性对比,验证拉格朗日FEM的准确性;在二维圆柱内滑移内爆问题的仿真中[19,23],可通过多介质滑移现象的准确描述,完成数值仿真代码的验证。
3) 强冲击流固耦合力学。
常见的验证试验包括一维激波与平板相遇问题[27]和一维爆轰波与平板相遇问题。数值验证方法可归纳为以下几类:FEM,包括拉格朗日法(LM)、欧拉法(EM)、欧拉−拉格朗日耦合法(CEL)、任意拉格朗日−欧拉法(ALE)、结构化ALE法(SALE)、声固耦合(ASC)法;光滑粒子法(SPH);流体专用数值方法,包括流体边界元法(BEM)、双重渐进法(DAA)、二阶双重渐进法(DAA2)、流体DGM法等。
4) 气泡动力学。
常见的验证试验为一维楔炸药水下爆炸问题[27-29],在该试验的仿真求解中,可将仿真结果与经验公式对比气泡最大半径、气泡第一脉动周期,或与自由场流体可压缩球状气泡模型(Gilmore模型)对比气泡半径脉动时程,进而验证脉动气泡模型和气液界面捕捉算法,如Geers−Hunter气泡模型、BEM法、流体体积法(VOF)、水平集法、虚拟流法。
5) 多相流力学。
常见的验证试验包括:激波冲击气泡问题,该问题中气液界面两侧存在较大的密度与压力差,且冲击波强度较大,通过试验可验证间断捕捉算法的计算稳定性及精度[30-31];水下爆炸近自由面全局空化[32]以及局部空化问题[33],后者分为两类,一类为泰勒平板反射稀疏波导致的板前流场空化,另一类为水下爆炸气泡和壁面反射稀疏波共同作用造成流场空化,通过这类试验可验证气液多相流界面及冲击波数值算法的有效性。
6) 结构弹塑性力学。
常见的验证试验包括:二维船体梁弹性弯曲动态响应问题,用于验证船体梁结构FEM算法的正确性;材料力学基础试验(如单轴拉伸、压缩试验)用于验证线弹性应力−应变本构关系;Taylor杆撞击试验,用于验证材料弹塑性应力−应变本构模型[34];裸板壳、加筋板壳等基本结构件在强冲击或爆炸工况下的刚度与强度测试试验,通过对比弹塑性变形量、应变分布等参数的数值解和试验值,验证板壳结构屈服、开裂、断裂、屈曲失效准则和弹塑性应变率模型[35-36]
计算验证(又称解验证),需在完成代码验证、确保代码无误后开展,其主要目标是估计数值离散化和数值求解过程中的误差。数值计算解通常与验证试验中的解析解、人为构造解、数值基准解等进行对比分析。数值计算误差主要包括舍入误差、迭代误差和离散误差,其中离散误差是影响计算精度的主要误差来源。常见的数值计算方法包括但不限于:时间积分方法(如步进Newmark法、龙格−库塔(RK)法等)、数值积分方法(如梯形法则、辛普森法则等),以及空间离散格式(如一阶差分、二阶差分、中心差分、迎风格式、WENO(加权本质无振荡)等高阶格式等)。
常规试验旨在增进对物理系统的认识或估计模型参数,而确认试验则专用于比较模型仿真与试验输出量的差异,并对该差异进行量化。确认试验应具备以下特点:1)能够尽可能捕捉关键的物理现象;2)具有明确的相关物理变量、参数、初始条件和边界条件;3)测量不确定度易于表征和量化;4)多种局部或全局响应量(如压力、相态、应变、位移、加速度等)易于测量获取。
确认试验通常分为4个层次:单一问题层、基准过程层、子系统层和全系统层。具体而言,单一问题层主要用于确认模型形式及参数的合理性;基准过程层重点确认材料行为、物理现象的发生过程等;子系统层则在不同的状态、不同条件下,验证子系统所表现出的现象特征是否符合预期;全系统层则通过模拟不同工况,确认全系统所表现出的现象特征是否与实际一致[21]
大中型水中兵器通常以水下爆炸毁伤船体为主要攻击方式。水下爆炸的远场和近场工况下的载荷与结构响应涉及不同物理现象和特征,因此可分别建立确认分层框架。水下远场、近场和接触爆炸的分类,通常根据爆炸距离与装药半径或气泡最大半径的比值定义[35]。具体分类标准如下:爆距小于6倍装药半径为接触爆炸;爆距介于6倍装药半径和2倍气泡最大半径之间为近场爆炸;爆距大于2倍气泡最大半径为远场爆炸。
1) 远场水下爆炸工况的物理现象主要以近似平面冲击波传播、球形气泡脉动与压力演化、近水面全局空化为主。船体结构响应则以整体运动为主,通常涵盖刚体运动、塑性铰形成、弹性变形或鞭状响应等特征。
2) 近场水下爆炸工况的物理现象主要以炸药爆轰过程、非平面爆炸冲击波传播、非球状气泡脉动、气泡射流和溃灭流、局部空化为主。船体结构响应以局部的弹性响应和塑性毁伤为主,流体与结构耦合作用显著强于远场工况。
3) 水下接触爆炸工况的物理现象及结构响应:水下接触爆炸工况的物理现象主要以非球状气泡脉动、爆炸冲击波压力传播、气泡溃灭流和射流、局部空化效应为主。船体结构响应以局部塑性变形、构件损伤为主,除爆炸成型弹丸和射流穿甲外,水下接触爆炸与水下近场爆炸工况在物理工程、载荷传递等方面有许多相似之处。
结合业内数值仿真算法和试验研究过程中的校验经验,远场和近场这两类典型工况下包含的主要分层确认试验如表1所示。本文遵循分层确认逻辑,综述了不同学者关于确认试验、确认对象及确认内容的相关研究成果。
1) 船体结构和材料属性参数。
通过材料力学性能基础试验,如单轴准静态拉伸试验(万能材料试验机)[34],确认材料的杨氏模量、剪切模量、泊松比。通过船体梁干/湿模态试验[37-38],确认船体梁分段抗弯刚度、质量、附连水质量、阻尼、干/湿模态固有频率等参数。通过单轴动态拉伸试验[39]、分离式Hopkinson杆试验[3440],确认考虑应变率效应的材料动态本构模型参数。
2) 爆轰产物状态方程、反应率模型参数。
通过圆筒试验[11,19],确认圆筒壁径向位移和时域膨胀速度曲线,以及爆压、爆速及爆轰产物状态方程参数;通过水下爆炸冲击波测量试验,确认冲击波波形、能量及爆轰产物状态方程参数[41]
3) 水的状态方程参数。
通过水的冲击绝热关系(Hugoniot线)测量试验[27],确认冲击波波速、流体质点速度,水的Grüneisen状态方程参数。
4) 自由场水下爆炸气泡脉动与上浮运动。
通过自由场水下爆炸气泡观测和脉动压力测量试验[42-43](含水下激光或电火花激发气泡试验、炸药水下爆炸气泡试验),获取气泡半径、径向速度、泡心深度、迁移速度的时域曲线和气泡脉动压力时域曲线,进而验证气泡界面捕捉法、界面追踪法求解气泡脉动过程的有效性。
5) 流场自由面片空化或局部空化模型参数。
通过水下爆炸近自由面片空化试验[44]、水下爆炸近壁面局部空化(第2类)试验[33],确认水中空化核含量、空化区域蒸汽体积分数、双流体空化模型液相气相质量分数等空化模型参数设置。
1) 材料中应力波传播过程、材料失效行为。
通过分离式Hopkinson杆试验、爆炸或轻气炮驱动飞片冲击加载试验[45],确认弹塑性应力波在结构中的形成与演变过程;通过Taylor杆撞击试验[46],确认材料失效行为或准则。
2) 爆轰流体力学过程、炸药反应区放能、炸药材料行为。
通过圆筒试验,确认炸药爆轰过程、金属圆筒材料在炸药作用下压缩变形及炸药与金属圆筒间相互作用过程;通过拐角绕爆试验[23],确认炸药起爆后的能量释放过程、反应区形成过程,以及炸药状态(固体、产物)随压力、密度、温度的变化过程等。
3) 爆炸冲击波传播过程。
通过水下爆炸冲击波压力测量试验,确认冲击波压力峰值、时间常数、冲量、能流密度、波形等。
4) 近自由面、近壁面水下爆炸气泡射流、溃灭等演化过程。
通过近自由面[43]、近壁面[47-48]水下爆炸气泡测量试验,确认不同归一化爆距(以气泡最大半径为归一化基准)、归一化浮力系数等工况下的气泡形态演化、迁移过程、流场压力和速度场、射流特征、水冢形态演化、气泡与冲击波的相互作用规律、壁面压力场分布;进而验证BEM法[49-50]、水平集法和虚拟流法[51]、VOF法等多相流界面捕捉与追踪算法[27]的界面求解能力。在上述研究领域,国内张阿漫教授团队[52]已从理论、仿真和试验3个维度开展了全面且深入的研究。
5) 流场局部空化(第2类)现象。
通过水下爆炸冲击Taylor平板空化试验[27]、水下爆炸近壁面流场空化试验[33]、水下爆炸近弹性板流场空化试验[53],确认局部空化产生与演化特征、空化区域、壁面与流场压力、气泡反射稀疏波等,进而确认空化算法模型的正确性。
1) 水下爆炸远场工况下结构抗冲击响应试验。
该类试验旨在获得在远场水下爆炸冲击波与气泡脉动压力联合作用下,箱形梁、舱段、浮台的结构抗冲击响应规律。文献[54]在对箱形梁的系统层响应进行仿真前,首先采用DAA耦合结构FEM求解平板的压力和速度响应(子系统层试验),以验证数值仿真结果与Bleich精确解的一致性。文献[55]采用ABAQUS声固耦合方法,求解浮动冲击平台FE模型的位移响应、设备基座冲击谱位移、谱速度及谱加速度,并与试验结果对比验证。
2) 水下爆炸近场工况下结构响应试验。
该类试验旨在研究水下近场爆炸冲击波与气泡联合作用(气泡周围脉动水流、溃灭流、射流)下,背水(背空)单层板、双层加筋板、板架、单双层圆柱壳及船体箱梁的结构响应。
在水下爆炸冲击波对固支背空板毁伤试验中,文献[56-57]开展了相关研究,发现背空板的多种失效模式:塑性弯曲形变(模式Ⅰ)、边界拉伸撕裂(模式Ⅱa)、中心拉伸撕裂(模式Ⅱc)及剪切断裂开口(模式Ⅲ)。在采用ALE法和应变率材料模型进行仿真时,发现当钢板的失效模式为塑性弯曲大变形(模式Ⅰ)时,仿真值与试验值误差较小,验证了应变率模型和有效塑性应变失效准则在该工况下的有效性。然而,由于测试平板螺栓连接处存在拉孔现象,导致边界条件未能完全达到固支要求,进而出现部分仿真与试验失配情况[57]。对于类似试验,可采用ALE法或ABAQUS声固耦合法进行数值仿真[27, 58-60]。数值仿真过程 中,需验证网格收敛性,并对炸药爆轰产物及水的状态方程参数、钢板材料模型参数、自由场压力进行分层校验。最后,需确认背空板的表面压力、背空板的中心点永久变形量、板破口形态及尺寸的仿真与试验结果一致性。
在水下爆炸冲击波与气泡联合作用下的背水板毁伤试验中,文献[61-62]开展了仿真V&V研究,验证了自由场压力(冲击波、气泡脉动压力)、气泡脉动与射流过程、背水板的局部和全局位移。
在近场水下爆炸作用下的圆柱壳响应试验中,Norwood 和Gregson [63]采用气泡BEM−DAA法−结构FEM,戎宇飞等[64]采用DAA2法,分别对圆柱壳、平板的冲击响应进行仿真,并采用虚拟质量近似(VMA)计算水下爆炸气泡载荷。二者所实施的分层确认试验包括:平面波作用的球壳响应、气泡脉动压力作用下的圆柱壳响应、以及近场冲击波和气泡脉动载荷联合作用下的平板响应。
在近场水下爆炸气泡和冲击波联合作用下的简易船模(箱形梁)响应试验方面,Gan等[65]和王龙侃[30]开展了仿真与试验研究,分别采用CEL法+VOF法、RKDG(龙格−库塔间断伽辽金)法+BEM法,研究冲击波、气泡和流固耦合性能。针对结构,采用FEM,验证了气泡第一次脉动周期、气泡有效半径、气泡上浮位移、船体梁中部位移、船体总纵强度失效后的总体变形量、以及气泡上方船模舱壁的屈曲形变量等。
在近场水下爆炸作用下的结构毁伤试验方面,多个研究团队开展了加筋方板[66]、双层加筋板[34]、板架结构[67-68]、双层板架结构[69]、单层加筋圆柱壳[70]等结构的毁伤试验研究,旨在总结水下爆炸载荷下结构的失效模式与响应特性。通过上述研究,得出结构失效模式主要包括3种:模式I塑性大变形、模式II拉伸撕裂、模式III剪切断裂。在这些试验案例中,板壳失效模式可能是多种失效模式耦合的结果,因此可借助隧道电子显微镜[71]等微观手段观测区分。
在试验设置优化方面,应尽可能避免因边界条件不达标而影响板壳测试区的响应。例如,在水下爆炸圆形靶板毁伤试验中,采用可滑移边界技术可避免靶板边缘螺栓连接处的拉孔现象等边界效应,对靶板核心响应区塑性动力学行为的影响[72]。上述试验研究成果标志着水下爆炸作用下平板毁伤试验向标准化发展迈出了重要一步。
综上,板壳毁伤试验旨在确定结构塑性变形挠度、破口尺寸、破口形状、失效模式等特征参数。单层加筋圆柱壳的失效模式主要为板壳塑性大变形、筋板屈曲失稳及破裂开口。陈莹玉等[35]基于能量法,推导出单层加筋板壳塑性大变形与破口的毁伤特征表达式,该理论结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明该理论解具有较高的准确性。因此,这种基于变分理论和能量法的理论解,不仅可作为试验的补充,还可作为验证仿真正确性的另一种重要参考依据。
1) 远场水下爆炸作用下的船体响应试验。
对于远场水下爆炸作用下的船体大尺度模型及全船抗冲击问题,通过试验确认如下特征参数:冲击波载荷参数(含自由面反射、水底反射、片空化对应的自由场压力与壁面压力等);气泡载荷参数(含气泡脉动压力与脉动周期、气泡溃灭射流及气泡周围涌流导致的船体壁面压力等);结构响应参数(含船整体鞭状响应与中垂或中拱变形、船体内部设备基座冲击响应谱等)。
对于远场水下爆炸作用下实船鞭状响应等冲击响应问题,文献[73-77]通过试验与仿真的V&V研究,采用DAA法和FEM求解船体流固耦合运动。其中,结构FEM的瑞利阻尼因子由船体代表性区域的模态阻尼比拟合得出。全系统层试验旨在确认船体多测点速度响应的仿真结果与试验结果的幅值及其相位误差。此外,刘云龙等[78]采用自主研发的FSLAB流固耦合软件,基于水下爆炸波场分离理论、Geers−Hunter气泡模型和结构FEM,在完成子系统层平面波作用下的球壳响应仿真的V&V后,模拟了船舶整体远场冲击响应。
2) 介于远场和近场之间的水下爆炸作用下船总体响应试验。
定义爆径比λ(爆炸距离与气泡最大半径的比值),用于工况划分。一般情况下,当2≤λ<4时,重点关注船体受气泡多次脉动影响产生的鞭状运动;当0.7≤λ<2.0时,重点关注船舯底部气泡周围低压流场及气泡收缩导致的船体中垂弯曲毁伤;当λ很小时(即接触爆炸),着重分析并确认在爆炸冲击波和气泡溃灭射流共同作用下,船体易发生的中拱毁伤及中部出现的塑性铰[79]
3) 近场水下爆炸作用下典型船体舱段局部或总体毁伤试验。
此类试验旨在确认船体舱段局部毁伤模式,例如板和梁的单独或耦合塑性变形及破坏、板筋的动态屈曲失稳、舱段整体的刚体运动与塑性变形等。在此方面,杨棣等[80]测量了大舱段钢材断裂应变及外底板塑性变形量,发现板架整体塑性大变形、梁板动力失稳等失效模式;王海坤[81]发现多种船体结构毁伤失效模式,揭示了近场水下爆炸导致船体局部毁伤与总体毁伤的耦合特性。
近年来,多个研究团队逐步开展了舱段及大尺度船模的水下近场爆炸毁伤试验,旨在揭示冲击波与气泡联合作用机制,以及双层底跨横舱壁舱段[70,82]的毁伤模式和特性、舷侧多舱防护结构的毁伤模式与特性[83]等。这些试验的对象既包含水下爆炸多种毁伤元,还包含船体复杂结构与流固耦合过程,研究中所揭示的外底板、舷侧外板与舱壁相互作用、舱壁筋板结构动态失稳等毁伤特征,更接近实船实际工况。该类成果对数值仿真全系统层的V&V具有一定参考价值。
近年来,数值仿真V&V方法的研究取得显著进展,特别是在国家数值风洞工程(NNW)等项目的推动下,CFD和计算爆轰流体力学领域的仿真V&V技术研究掀起了热潮。相关研究团队还系统总结了V&V方法的研究进展。
水下爆炸与船体结构响应的数值仿真涵盖爆轰、冲击波传播、气泡、空化与多相流、结构弹塑性、流固耦合等关键力学问题。与CFD和计算固体力学相比,这些领域存在诸多相似之处。例如,无论是基于CJ假设的经典爆轰力学,还是考虑波后化学反应程度的现代爆轰力学,均涉及偏微分方程组的求解[23]。偏微分方程的常见数值解法包括FEM和VOF法,因此这些领域的V&V方法具有一定的共性。
然而,水下爆炸与船体结构响应的数值仿真也涉及一些特定问题,例如爆轰产物状态方程(唯象模型)、材料高应变率本构方程(复杂函数关系式)及流固强耦合等。在数值模拟过程中,需将偏微分方程组与这些特定方程联立求解,并涉及大量包含不确定度的唯象参数[10]。因此,本领域的V&V方法也呈现出特异性发展。
以下简述V&V的通用技术方法,并重点介绍其在本领域的应用和发展。
1) 代码验证。旨在检查代码是否存在语法错误,并确保仿真模型的几何形状、边界条件、初始条件与物理问题的一致性。通常,具有精确解析解的问题较少,这限制了代码验证的范围。为克服这一困难、拓宽代码验证的可信范围,人为构造解和高精度数值基准解技术得到广泛应用。
2) 计算验证。主要采用后验误差估计方法。该方法利用先验信息(包括数值算法、初始条件和边界条件)以及同一问题在不同网格密度或时间步下的数值计算结果,开展误差量化分析。对于空间离散收敛性验证,若数值计算响应量随空间分辨率提高呈渐进收敛,则可通过同一几何模型下3套网格(粗、中、密)仿真结果进行Richardson外推,获得数值收敛解。在此基础上,将密网格数值结果与网格收敛指标(GCI)相乘,即可确定数值仿真结果的收敛区间[84]。例如,陈博等[85]在空爆自由场压力数值仿真中,采用Richardson外推法和GCI对不同网格划分方案的离散误差进行估计,优选出满足精度要求的网格。该研究对采用ALE法的水下爆炸仿真的数值计算验证具有重要借鉴意义。
此外,林治家等[86]提出一种面向目标的误差估计方法,并将其用于FE仿真V&V。该方法对有限元问题进行泛函描述,涉及内能、外力功以及所关注设计量的积分表达式。原问题可视为平衡方程约束下的设计量控制问题。通过将此带约束控制问题转化为拉格朗日函数的极值问题,最终可得到FEM近似解的误差与残差估计值。
在完成各项确认试验后,均需对数值仿真结果与试验测量值和理论解析值开展一致性分析,以此评估数值仿真的可信度。确认环节的关键方法不仅包含确认分层,还涉及确认度量、仿真与试验的不确定度分析以及参数校准等内容。
在建模仿真过程中,不确定度广泛存在,从数学角度可分为偶然(随机)不确定度与认知不确定度两类。仿真不确定度的主要来源包括模型形式(含模型假设)、模型参数以及数值求解过程等,上述不确定度经传递后,最终会导致输出响应量存在相应的不确定度。不确定度量化通常涵盖试验结果不确定度、模型形式不确定度、模型参数不确定度以及数值计算不确定度等方面。不确定度分析一般包含不确定度表征、参数不确定度传播、灵敏度分析等内容。
1) 不确定度表征。
模型输入参数的不确定度既包含模型唯象参数等认知不确定度,也涵盖材料属性测量误差、制造误差、几何尺寸、边界条件等偶然不确定度。模型形式(含模型假设)的不确定度属于认知不确定度。数值计算不确定度同样归属于认知不确定度,如空间离散误差所引入的不确定度。
(1) 偶然不确定度。通常采用概率论方法将其表征为随机变量或随机过程,具体方法包括概率密度函数、累积分布函数(CDF)、概率转移矩阵、相关长度等。
(2) 认知不确定度。可借助证据理论、可能性理论、区间分析、随机模糊理论等方法进行表征[13]
(3) 混合不确定度。当数值仿真中同时存在偶然不确定度与认知不确定度时,需采用混合不确定度分析方法,通过偶然和认知双层嵌套采样开展计算,其输出响应量的不确定度通常采用概率盒(P-Box)进行表征[10]
ASME协会V&V专委会制定的计算结构力学模型V&V中的不确定度量化标准[87]中,采用扩展不确定度(给定置信水平下误差所处的标准不确定度区间)。该专委会以受均布载荷悬臂梁的位移数值计算为例,发布了V&V标准算例,并阐明了确认过程中不确定度量化的两类常用方法[4]:一是基于专家经验(先验知识)确定输出响应量的不确定区间(均值±3倍标准差),并通过仿真结果和试验结果的CDF面积差对量化结果的不确定度进行度量;二是采用抽样方法生成输入参数样本,通过遍历样本开展多次试验和仿真计算,再利用CDF面积差度量仿真结果的不确定度。
2) 参数不确定度传播。
参数不确定度传播的主要方法包括抽样法、摄动法、矩方程法、嵌入式多项式混沌法(PCM)以及非嵌入式多项式混沌法(NIPC)等[13]
(1) 参数偶然不确定度传播。当模型输入变量或参数的偶然不确定度采用概率分布表征时,用于获取参数样本的抽样法包括蒙特卡罗法、拉丁超立方抽样、重点抽样、分层抽样等。在此方面,王瑞利和胡星志等[88]系统论述并归纳总结了V&V&UQ的常用数学方法(抽样方法、代理模型方法、优化算法、归一化方法)及关键技术,包括模拟和理论解的一致性分析验证技术、基于代理模型的参数标定和不确定度量化传播技术等,并开发了一款建模与仿真V&V&UQ专用软件。此外,王瑞利和刘全等[89-90]在对爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数的不确定度评估中,采用NIPC法开展研究:首先,对输入参数样本空间进行抽样,结合输出量的多项式混沌展开(PCE)与确定值(数值仿真计算值)计算输出量,进而统计评估输出量的均值和方差;然后,给出炸药爆轰驱动飞片问题中,爆轰产物的JWL状态方程输入参数不确定度所对应的输出响应量(飞片速度)的置信区间。
在上述参数不确定度传播的主要方法中,多项式混沌法也存在局限性。随着输入参数与展开阶次的增加,该方法所需的样本量呈指数级增长,极易引发“维数灾难”。为克服这一难题,研究者相继提出了多种改进策略,如自适应法、稀疏重构法和减基法[13]。梁霄等[91]结合NIPC和多变量Rosenblatt降维变换技术,对拐角绕爆问题开展了不确定度量化研究,成功获取了两个拉格朗日参考点处速度分量、位置及压力的均值与置信度区间。研究结果表明,随着仿真时间的推进,解的不确定度呈现逐渐累积与加剧的趋势。此外,针对复杂仿真系统在不确定度分析中存在的计算费时问题,学术界发展了代理模型法,典型方法包括高斯过程、多项式回归、支持向量机等[13]。其中,多项式回归法包括mn次多项式和多项式混沌法[88]
(2) 参数认知不确定度传播。除了参数偶然不确定度传播,爆炸和水下爆炸结构毁伤领域也有学者引入区间分析、证据理论、概率盒等方法,开展参数认知不确定度传播研究[10]。最近,梁霄等[92]采用区间分析、证据理论、双层嵌套法(外层为认知不确定度的拉丁超立方抽样、内层为偶然不确定度的蒙特卡罗采样),研究了远场爆炸冲击船体设备响应数值仿真的不确定度量化问题,输入参数包括炸药质量、爆距、船体刚度、阻尼、设备质量等偶然不确定度参数,以及Cole冲击波压力公式唯象参数等认知不确定度参数,最终给出了设备相对船体位移响应的不确定度结果(由基本信度分配函数、似然函数和信度函数构成的可信区间)。
3) 敏感度分析。
在输入参数不确定度来源复杂时,为了提高不确定度分析的效率,可首先进行输出响应量对输入参数的敏感度分析,筛选出对输出量影响显著的输入参数,再针对这些参数进行后续不确定度分析。敏感度分析分为全局敏感度分析和局部敏感度分析。
(1) 局部敏感度分析。主要衡量输入不确定度对关注输出量的局部影响,缺乏全局性。
(2) 全局敏感度分析。衡量输入不确定度在整个取值空间对关注输出量的整体影响,常用方法包括基本效应法(Morris法)、导数法、基于方差的Sobol指标法、矩独立法等[93-94]。在此方面,梁霄等[95]结合PCM和Sobol指标,对圆筒试验数值仿真的多个输入不确定度进行了全局敏感度分析,优选出5个排序靠前的因素(Wilkins反应率方程两个可调参数、JWL爆轰产物状态方程唯象参数R1R2等),给出了圆筒壁位移和速度的以置信区间表征的不确定度量化结果。
确认度量是定量评价数值仿真结果与试验测量结果一致性的关键指标。确认度量可以分为确定性框架下的确认度量和不确定度框架下的确认度量。
1) 确定性框架下的确认度量。在确定性框架下,常见的确认度量方法包括绝对误差、相对误差,还有R2 (决定系数)和均方误差(RSME)[94]、计入幅值和相位误差(如船舶抗冲击响应)的Russell误差因子等[76]
2) 不确定度框架下的确认度量。在不确定度框架下,确认度量分为随机不确定度的确认度量和认知不确定度的确认度量。主要方法包括经典假设检验法、贝叶斯因子法、频率度量法、面积度量法(仿真结果的CDF与试验结果经验分布函数面积之差)。
夏侯唐凡等[96]系统介绍了CFD模型在随机和认知不确定度框架下的确认度量方法。综述了以下方法:基于区间变量的面积度量法,该方法可同时计入模型输入参数的认知不确定度或试验测量的随机不确定度;基于概率盒的面积度量法,能够兼顾仿真结果和试验结果的混合不确定度。这些方法在NACA0012翼型扰流的模型确认案例中得到应用,其有效性得到了验证。
模型确认是确认仿真可信度的重要组成部分,同时也是不确定度量化中的关键环节。在水下爆炸与船体结构毁伤的数值仿真中,需校准的唯象参数包括炸药爆轰产物的状态方程参数、材料本构方程参数以及非炸药状态方程参数等。这些参数的校准通常通过冲击Hugoniot试验、圆筒试验、材料高应变率拉伸试验等试验手段来完成。
1) 冲击Hugoniot曲线参数标定。
梁霄等[97]采用基于绝对偏差距离的自适应聚类异常值检测法,剔除PBX9502炸药冲击Hugoniot试验中粒子速度与冲击波速度的异常干扰数据点,并通过最小二乘法拟合得到冲击Hugoniot关系。经过数据清洗处理后,冲击Hugoniot关系的不确定度显著降低,对PBX9502的冲击动力行为描述更为准确,这一结果表明了参数标定方法的有效性。
2) 圆筒试验JWL参数标定。
温丽晶等[98]采用遗传算法和DYNA2D软件,对圆筒试验中爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数进行确认。崔浩等[99]针对圆筒试验中爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数,提出一种基于圆筒能量模型、神经网络和遗传算法的参数标定方法。首先,该方法利用输入参数(R1R2ω)和圆筒能量模型计算的能量差函数样本训练神经网络,并通过神经网络预测任意一组输入参数对应的能量差函数,然后采用遗传算法寻找最优解。王瑞利和喻强[100]提出一种标定JWL参数的快速方法,该方法首先在参数不确定度范围内少量抽取输入参数(含材料应变率模型参数、状态方程参数等),通过数值仿真建立响应量(径向壁位置和速度)与输入参数的关联样本,再依据样本构建输入−输出关系的多项式混沌代理模型,利用代理模型产生大量样本,进而通过贝叶斯最大似然估计(输入参数为均匀分布时,等价于残差平方和估计)完成参数的标定。
3) 钢材高应变率下应力−应变模型参数标定。
钢材高应变率下的应力−应变模型参数标定通常结合本构模型(如多项式函数形式)与参数优化算法开展[3440]
4) 贝叶斯标定等相关新方法。
陈华[101]、王言金[102]、王艳莉等[103]对圆筒试验、爆轰驱动飞片试验中爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数开展了标定研究。首先,采用高斯过程构建标定参数与数值模拟结果、试验测量结果之间的代理模型;然后,通过拉丁超立方抽样或马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)抽样生成样本,用于估计高斯过程超参数;最后,借助抽样方法和高斯代理模型,获取待定参数的最大后验分布,进而完成参数标定。该方法可有效降低因人为选定输入参数概率分布而引发的认知不确定度。
Chodora等[104]在材料应变率模型参数的贝叶斯标定中,规定模型校核参数取决于模型状态,并引入高斯过程偏差项以优化标定效果。与一般采用固定校核参数的标定结果相比,改进后的材料应变率模型参数标定结果与试验值的拟合度更高,且具有更高的外插价值。
Mullins等[105]提出了一种基于Johnson分布族的贝叶斯标定方法,该方法可在后验参数分布中清晰区分随机和认知不确定度,通过对仿真结果的验证与修正,进而提升仿真预测的稳健性。
本文探讨了水下爆炸与结构毁伤力学领域内仿真V&V概念的发展,同时借鉴了国内外CFD和计算爆轰流体力学的V&V方法,以及复杂工业产品的VV&A概念和框架导则。通过综合分析爆轰流体力学、水下爆炸力学和结构塑性毁伤力学的数值仿真与试验研究,系统筛选出了适用于水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真的V&V试验,建立了从验证到单一问题、基准过程、子系统、全系统层的确认架构,总结了V&V的一般对象和内容。
目前,通过筛选得到的V&V试验主要集中在处理基本力学问题,例如一维激波管问题、二维楔水下爆炸问题,以及近场水下爆炸对背水板的毁伤问题。这些基本问题因其几何条件、边界条件和初始条件较为简单和理想,试验实施难度相对较低。在应用价值上,这些试验的基础性和普适性使其在V&V活动中的推广应用价值较高。然而,随着确认试验分层等级的提高,系统的复杂性和特异性也随之增强,相应的确认试验的应用范围变得更加具体和狭窄,基准模型试验的实施也变得更加困难,推广应用的范围也相应减少。
此外,本文还总结归纳了与水下爆炸结构毁伤力学紧密相关的计算结构力学和CFD数值仿真的V&V方法,以及爆轰流体力学的验证、误差估计、不确定度分析、确认度量和参数校准方法。当前,不确定度量化研究主要集中在理论层面和单一问题层、基准过程层的对象上,而针对水下爆炸乃至船体结构毁伤等系统层工程对象的分层确认和不确定度量化研究仍不够充分,有待进一步深入探索。
展望未来,随着水下爆炸对船体结构毁伤数值仿真技术的不断发展和仿真精度的持续提高,仿真模拟的确认研究可在以下几个方面加快步伐:
1) 加强基础层级基准模型的确认试验研究,并在基准试验的确定性数据中融入不确定度信息。
2) 推出更高层级的基准模型,为水下爆炸的船体结构毁伤系统层试验提供涵盖时空维度的定量测量数据,为确认试验提供基准参照。
3) 发展针对水下爆炸与毁伤力学特殊性的V&V方法,研究船体结构水下爆炸毁伤系统层模型的误差估计方法、单层和跨层的不确定度传播及量化分析方法。
这些研究的实施,有助于更加科学、系统和全面地评估水下爆炸船体结构毁伤工程案例仿真的正确性、有效性和可信度,从而为船舶MBSE设计提供坚实的基础支持。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04324
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-03-22
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    1中国人民解放军 91388部队,辽宁 大连 116041
    2哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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