Article(id=1263819610445497016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=1741104000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247675762, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247675762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247675762, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247675762, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=415, endPage=423, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819612613952190, articleId=1263819610445497016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Study on energy characteristics of false targets in time-modulated adaptive jamming, columnId=1263819608264458931, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Weapon, Electronic and Information System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This research focuses on the energy characteristics of false targets generated by time-modulated adaptive jamming technology, aiming to investigate the significant variations in these characteristics caused by different modulation schemes and parameter settings. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modulation parameters influence the energy distribution of false targets, thereby offering practical insights for electronic warfare applications.

Method

First, theoretical interference models were established for different modulation schemes against linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse radar. These models elucidate the mapping relationship between modulation timing and the amplitude of false targets. Second, a Ku-band jamming system was designed and built to experimentally validate the theoretical findings. The system incorporates 1-bit modulation and control modules to generate time-modulated signals. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the energy characteristics of false targets under various duty cycles and modulation schemes. Additionally, experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment to compare the performance of various modulation modules and to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.

Results

The results demonstrate that 1-bit modulation effectively conceals the target's energy at the fundamental frequency, making it difficult for radar systems to detect the true target. Under a fixed modulation scheme, it was observed that decreasing the duty cycle of the modulation signal reduces the amplitude difference between each harmonic and the fundamental frequency. When the harmonics approach the fundamental frequency in amplitude, the radar's ability to distinguish between true and false targets is significantly compromised. This finding highlights the importance of optimizing the duty cycle to enhance the effectiveness of time-modulated adaptive jamming. The experimental results closely matched the numerical simulations, validating both the theoretical models and the effectiveness of the proposed jamming system.

Conclusion

By employing 1-bit modulation and carefully adjusting the duty cycle of the modulation signal, it is possible to effectively shape the energy profile of the real target, thus improving the jamming effectiveness against modern radar systems. This research provides both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the energy characteristics of false targets, and offers practical guidance for the development and implementation of time-modulated adaptive jamming systems. Future work may focus on extending this study to multi-target jamming scenarios, and on incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms to optimize jamming strategies in real time, as well as exploring countermeasures against emerging radar technologies.

, correspAuthors=Jingfeng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dongfang WU, Siyu ZHOU, Yuehang SUN, Xiaonan ZHAO, Weifeng ZHU, Yu XIA, Jingfeng CHEN, Ronghong JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819658092790030, articleId=1263819610445497016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=时间调制自适应干扰假目标能量特性研究, columnId=1263819609539527351, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=武器与电子信息系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

针对时间调制自适应干扰技术中不同调制模块和参数条件导致干扰假目标能量特性多变的问题,分析不同调制模块和参数条件下干扰假目标的能量特性,并通过仿真和实验验证研究结果的有效性。

方法

首先,建立针对线性调频脉冲雷达的不同调制模块干扰理论模型,明确调制时序与虚假目标幅度的映射关系,实现对干扰假目标能量特性的研究。其次,设计并加工一套 Ku 波段干扰系统,采用多手段评估(仿真与实验结合、不同调制模块对比)来验证研究的有效性。

结果

结果表明,在2种调制方式下,1 bit调制具有隐藏基波目标能量的功能。在调制方式固定时,随着调制信号占空比的减小,各次谐波与基波的差值逐渐减小,当谐波的幅值与基波越接近时,目标雷达越难以区分真假目标。

结论

因此,通过选用1 bit调制并尽可能降低调制信号占空比,可以实现真实目标能量的合理分配。所提出的研究方法通过定性和定量分析干扰假目标能量特性,可为时间调制灵巧式干扰技术的实际应用提供重要指导。

, correspAuthors=陈靖峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈靖峰
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=I6K+j+VdS7CVWQCYqATzeA==, magXml=6zPVk5BjljGpfv1Bk6I+Wg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lZItAgKTuoaymYEsUbeHVg==, pdfFileSize=24574870, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+0r7TRGx41QDP/bfbJ/GlQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aFMUYYYBmMqtxhkRyD1vFQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴东方,男,1986年生,硕士

陈靖峰,男,1986年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:阵列信号处理,电子对抗。E-mail:

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陈靖峰,男,1986年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:阵列信号处理,电子对抗。E-mail:

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articleId=1263819610445497016, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Experimental environment setup for jamming test in radio frequency channel, figureFileSmall=i8YBWN+dA0RqrZydi9xYHA==, figureFileBig=xJU92hChobUHgM4G/1C0GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819690711892643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610445497016, language=CN, label=图13, caption=通道内干扰测试实验环境图, figureFileSmall=i8YBWN+dA0RqrZydi9xYHA==, figureFileBig=xJU92hChobUHgM4G/1C0GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819691135517354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610445497016, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The amplitude differences between harmonic and fundamental components under different duty cycles, figureFileSmall=/VLC+a0Ips0LtUEnmAIjvw==, figureFileBig=2x0wjhX+BjD0A9S2P0NKnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819691332649648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610445497016, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同占空比下各次谐波与基波的幅度差值, figureFileSmall=/VLC+a0Ips0LtUEnmAIjvw==, figureFileBig=2x0wjhX+BjD0A9S2P0NKnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819691601085110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610445497016, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Values of key parameters

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参数数值
L1/mm3.05
L2/mm4.08
W1/mm0.46
W2/mm2.95
G1/mm0.1
G2/mm0.2
G3/mm0.12
G4/mm0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1263819691768857276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610445497016, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

关键参数取值

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参数数值
L1/mm3.05
L2/mm4.08
W1/mm0.46
W2/mm2.95
G1/mm0.1
G2/mm0.2
G3/mm0.12
G4/mm0.12
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时间调制自适应干扰假目标能量特性研究
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吴东方 1 , 周思雨 2 , 孙月行 2 , 赵晓楠 3 , 朱伟锋 3 , 夏雨 2 , 陈靖峰 *, 2 , 金荣洪 2
中国舰船研究 | 武器与电子信息系统 2026,21(2): 415-423
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中国舰船研究 | 武器与电子信息系统 2026, 21(2): 415-423
时间调制自适应干扰假目标能量特性研究
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吴东方1, 周思雨2, 孙月行2, 赵晓楠3, 朱伟锋3, 夏雨2, 陈靖峰*, 2 , 金荣洪2
作者信息
  • 1江南造船(集团)有限责任公司,上海 201913
  • 2上海交通大学 电子工程系,上海 200240
  • 3中国舰船研究设计中心,湖北 武汉 430064
  • 吴东方,男,1986年生,硕士

    陈靖峰,男,1986年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:阵列信号处理,电子对抗。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈靖峰
Study on energy characteristics of false targets in time-modulated adaptive jamming
Dongfang WU1, Siyu ZHOU2, Yuehang SUN2, Xiaonan ZHAO3, Weifeng ZHU3, Yu XIA2, Jingfeng CHEN*, 2 , Ronghong JIN2
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201913, China
  • 2Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3China Ship Development and Design Center, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04305
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目的

针对时间调制自适应干扰技术中不同调制模块和参数条件导致干扰假目标能量特性多变的问题,分析不同调制模块和参数条件下干扰假目标的能量特性,并通过仿真和实验验证研究结果的有效性。

方法

首先,建立针对线性调频脉冲雷达的不同调制模块干扰理论模型,明确调制时序与虚假目标幅度的映射关系,实现对干扰假目标能量特性的研究。其次,设计并加工一套 Ku 波段干扰系统,采用多手段评估(仿真与实验结合、不同调制模块对比)来验证研究的有效性。

结果

结果表明,在2种调制方式下,1 bit调制具有隐藏基波目标能量的功能。在调制方式固定时,随着调制信号占空比的减小,各次谐波与基波的差值逐渐减小,当谐波的幅值与基波越接近时,目标雷达越难以区分真假目标。

结论

因此,通过选用1 bit调制并尽可能降低调制信号占空比,可以实现真实目标能量的合理分配。所提出的研究方法通过定性和定量分析干扰假目标能量特性,可为时间调制灵巧式干扰技术的实际应用提供重要指导。

时间调制  /  自适应干扰  /  能量特性  /  脉冲时间调制  /  干扰  /  雷达目标识别
Objective

This research focuses on the energy characteristics of false targets generated by time-modulated adaptive jamming technology, aiming to investigate the significant variations in these characteristics caused by different modulation schemes and parameter settings. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modulation parameters influence the energy distribution of false targets, thereby offering practical insights for electronic warfare applications.

Method

First, theoretical interference models were established for different modulation schemes against linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse radar. These models elucidate the mapping relationship between modulation timing and the amplitude of false targets. Second, a Ku-band jamming system was designed and built to experimentally validate the theoretical findings. The system incorporates 1-bit modulation and control modules to generate time-modulated signals. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the energy characteristics of false targets under various duty cycles and modulation schemes. Additionally, experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment to compare the performance of various modulation modules and to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.

Results

The results demonstrate that 1-bit modulation effectively conceals the target's energy at the fundamental frequency, making it difficult for radar systems to detect the true target. Under a fixed modulation scheme, it was observed that decreasing the duty cycle of the modulation signal reduces the amplitude difference between each harmonic and the fundamental frequency. When the harmonics approach the fundamental frequency in amplitude, the radar's ability to distinguish between true and false targets is significantly compromised. This finding highlights the importance of optimizing the duty cycle to enhance the effectiveness of time-modulated adaptive jamming. The experimental results closely matched the numerical simulations, validating both the theoretical models and the effectiveness of the proposed jamming system.

Conclusion

By employing 1-bit modulation and carefully adjusting the duty cycle of the modulation signal, it is possible to effectively shape the energy profile of the real target, thus improving the jamming effectiveness against modern radar systems. This research provides both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the energy characteristics of false targets, and offers practical guidance for the development and implementation of time-modulated adaptive jamming systems. Future work may focus on extending this study to multi-target jamming scenarios, and on incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms to optimize jamming strategies in real time, as well as exploring countermeasures against emerging radar technologies.

time modulation  /  adaptive jamming  /  energy characteristics  /  pulse time modulation  /  jamming  /  radar target recognition
吴东方, 周思雨, 孙月行, 赵晓楠, 朱伟锋, 夏雨, 陈靖峰, 金荣洪. 时间调制自适应干扰假目标能量特性研究. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 415 -423 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04305
Dongfang WU, Siyu ZHOU, Yuehang SUN, Xiaonan ZHAO, Weifeng ZHU, Yu XIA, Jingfeng CHEN, Ronghong JIN. Study on energy characteristics of false targets in time-modulated adaptive jamming[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 415 -423 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04305
雷达干扰是现代海洋电子战的重要组成部分。在海战功能划分中,雷达干扰主要侧重于防御,通过识别和评估接收到的反舰导弹雷达导引头信号,生成干扰信号以削弱其截获和跟踪能力,从而增强舰船防御能力。然而,现有新型弹载雷达导引头通过综合运用发射信号脉内或脉间相干的波形设计抗干扰技术,能够抑制与雷达发射波形不匹配的干扰信号,从而显著提高弹载雷达导引头抗压制式干扰的能力。
自适应相干干扰是对抗相干波形体制雷达的有效干扰方法[1-2],其通过精确模仿敌方雷达发射的信号波,可使进入雷达接收机的干扰信号获得与真目标回波相同的相干处理增益而产生虚假目标。现有自适应干扰技术主要通过数字射频存储器来实现,方式有多种。当采用信号检测与估计等方法获取敌方雷达信号载频等先验信息时,可以通过低通或带通采样方法完成对信号的数字化处理,以较低的采样率达到干扰信号生成与转发的目的,系统成本较低,但是需要额外设备来辅助获取敌方雷达信息[3-5]。此外,通过对接收雷达信号在射频频段直接进行采样可以规避掉辅助设备的需求,但是直接采样所需要的高采样率将极大增加采样后的数据量,随即也会增加信号处理的计算量和复杂度,进而显著增加系统成本[6]。因此,基于数字射频存储器的干扰技术具有数字化处理流程复杂的问题,会导致干扰系统反应速度的降低,增加舰船暴露的风险。
可见,反应时间是决定干扰系统能力甚至电子战胜败极为重要的因素。现有干扰系统普遍存在对敌方信号参数提取与分析这一步骤,从而导致在干扰流程上便先导引入了一个环节,因而在敌方更改信号体制时难以实时跟进,显得较为被动。因此,如何规避掉这一流程,直接超高速自适应地生成相应的干扰信号成为保证干扰能力的关键因素。时间调制干扰方法[7]为解决这一问题提供了思路。
时间调制技术最初通过周期性调制将时间占空比映射到幅度加权,从而实现超低旁瓣抑制[8]。近年来,研究人员对基波方向图综合和谐波能量抑制进行了一系列研究[9-11],并且随着对谐波相位加权特性的重视,随后也出现了包括测向[12-14]、安全通信[15]和波束扫描[16]等利用谐波特性的相关应用。自适应干扰是时间调制技术的谐波特性在电子对抗方面的新应用,其对接收到雷达发射的线性调频信号进行周期性调制后进行处理,从而展开成时频域独立分布的多阶谐波。利用频域混叠的各阶谐波经过雷达系统匹配滤波网络后会形成具有一定延时的峰值点的特性进而实现欺骗式干扰。由于通过调控谐波的频谱参数可以动态调控假目标的特征,因此该方法具有超高速和自适应的优势,这使得其可应用于相位调制表面[17-18]、时间调制超表面[19-20]以及主动频率选择表面[21]等超表面结构。现有的时间调制干扰主要从不同干扰架构、带宽以及功能等方面研究该技术的适用性,但并未从调制参数的角度分析其所产生的假目标特性。而不同调制参数条件下产生的虚假目标能量特性差异性较大,为使该技术在实际应用中具备更好的适用性,应通过定性和定量的方式完成干扰假目标能量特性的研究。为此,本文将从干扰假目标能量特性研究的角度研究时间调制干扰。通过明确调制时序与虚假目标幅度的映射关系,来实现对干扰假目标能量特性的研究。同时,除了给出数值仿真结果来验证该研究的有效性之外,还将加工一套工作在Ku波段且包含1 bit调制模块和控制模块的自适应干扰系统进行实验验证,再次证实调制时序占空比与干扰假目标能量特性间的强相关性。
在敌方雷达系统发出线性调频信号以探测我方目标时,我方干扰系统采取如图1所示的基于时间调制自适应干扰流程:首先,通过单个接收天线接收敌方雷达发射信号,接收信号经限幅器处理后,馈入低噪声放大器;其次,放大后的信号经功率分配器(简称功分器)分为N路,然后输入对应调制模块;接着,通过控制模块对每路信号进行调制以产生干扰信号;最后干扰信号通过N单元天线阵列发送,其中发射天线与接收天线摆放指向相同。
下面对干扰过程进行数学分析。假设敌方雷达发射调频斜率为μ的线性调频信号sLFM(t),其可表示为
$ s_{\text{LFM}}\left(t\right)=\text{rect}\left(t/T\right)\text{e}^{\text{j}2\text{π}\left(f\mathrm{\mathit{_{\mathrm{c}}}}t+\mu t^2/2\right)} $
式中:fc为载波频率;线性调频斜率μ等于B/TB为信号带宽,T为脉冲宽度;rect(t/T)为脉冲方波,可表示为
$ {\text{rect}}\left( {t/T} \right) = \left\{ \begin{aligned} &1,&& t \leqslant \left| {T/2} \right| \\ & 0,&& {\text{other}} \end{aligned}\right. $
该信号照射在我方目标后被反射,反射信号传播至敌方雷达被接收为回波信号secho(t),可表示为
$ {s_{{\text{echo}}}}\left( t \right) = {\sigma _0}{s_{{\text{LFM}}}}\left( {t - {t_0}} \right) $
式中:σ0为由我方目标RCS决定的幅度系数;t0 = 2dreal/c 为传输时延,dreal为真实目标与敌方雷达的距离,c为光速。
图1所示,在我方目标附近安装有基于时间调制阵列的干扰系统,其中接收端为传统天线,发射阵列为N单元的时间调制阵列。敌方发射的线性调频信号被干扰系统的天线接收,接收信号先经过低噪声放大器。放大的信号进入N路功分器被分为N路子信号,由控制模块控制的时间调制模块对每路信号进行调制。第n路调制后的信号由天线Tn发射并传播至敌方雷达为干扰信号sjam(t),可表示为
$ s_{\text{jam}}\left(t\right)=\rho_0\sum\limits_{n=1}^Nu_n\left(t-t'_0\right)s_{\text{LFM}}\left(t-t'_0\right)\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta_{\mathrm{c}}D\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta} $
式中:βc为载波fc对应的波数;D为阵元间距;θ为敌方雷达的观测角;ρ0为由干扰系统性能决定的幅度系数;t′0 = t0 +∆t0,其中∆t0表示信号在干扰系统传播所消耗的时间;un(t)为第n个时间调制模块的调制函数,当其为单刀单掷开关时,可表示为
$ \begin{gathered}[b] {u_n}\left( t \right) = \left\{ \begin{aligned} & 1,&& m{T_{p,n}} + {\tau _{{\text{on}},n}} \leqslant t \leqslant m{T_{p,n}} + {\tau _{{\text{off}},n}} \\ & 0,&& {\text{otherwise}}\end{aligned}\right.\\m \in Z \end{gathered} $
式中:Tp,n为第n个调制周期;τon,nτoff,n分别为单位调制周期内第n个单刀单掷开关的开启和关断时刻。当其为1 bit移相调制模块时,可以表示为
$ \begin{gathered}[b] u_n\left(t\right)=\left\{\begin{aligned} & 1, & & mT_{\mathrm{p},n}+\tau_{\text{on},n}\leqslant t\leqslant mT_{\mathrm{p},n}+\tau_{\text{off},n} \\ & -1, & & \text{otherwise}\end{aligned}\right.\\m\in Z\end{gathered} $
由于信号的周期性,un(t-t0)可用傅里叶级数展开为
$ u_n\left(t-t'_0\right)=\sum\limits_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty}a_{n,k}\text{e}^{\text{j}2\text{π}kf_{\mathrm{p},n}\left(t-t'_0\right)} $
由式(7)可得,调制函数在频域表现为无穷次谐波的系数加权组合,其中,fp,n为与调制周期对应的第n个调制模块的调制频率,an,k为第n个调制模块产生的第k次谐波的傅里叶级数系数,可由下式计算:
$ {a_{n,k}} = \left\{ \begin{aligned} &{\tau _n},&& k = 0 \\ & {\tau _n}{\text{sinc}}\left( {k{\text{π}}{\tau _n}} \right){{\text{e}}^{ - {\text{j}}{\text{π}}k{\tau _n}}}{{\text{e}}^{ - {\text{j}}2{\text{π}}k{\tau _{{\text{ON}},n}}}},&& k \ne 0 \end{aligned} \right. $
式中,τn = fp,n (τoff,nτon,n)和τON,n = fp,nτon,n分别表示为第n个调制函数的占空比和第n个编码模块的开启时刻。将式(7)和 式(8)代入式(4)可得干扰信号表达式:
$ \begin{split} &{s_{{\text{jam}}}}\left( t \right) = {\rho _0}\sum\limits_{n = 1}^N {\sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^{ + \infty } {{a_{n,k}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{j}}2{\text{π}}k{f_{p,n}}\left( {t - {t'_0}} \right)}}} } \times \\&\qquad{s_{{\text{LFM}}}}\left( {t - {t'_0}} \right){{\text{e}}^{{\text{j}}{\beta _c}D\left( {n - 1} \right)\sin \theta }} \end{split} $
结合式(9)可得,干扰信号可等效为线性调频信号基波分量和具有相同调频斜率和不同载波频率移动的线性调频信号谐波分量的系数加权组合。
敌方雷达接收信号为目标回波信号和干扰信号的叠加,可表示为
$ {s_r}\left( t \right) = {s_{{\text{echo}}}}\left( t \right) + {s_{{\text{jam}}}}\left( t \right) $
考虑敌方雷达采用匹配滤波技术对接收信号进行脉冲压缩,则敌方雷达输出信号可由下式计算:
$ {s_{{\text{output}}}}\left( t \right) = \left[ {{s_{{\text{echo}}}}\left( t \right) + {s_{{\text{jam}}}}\left( t \right)} \right] * h\left( t \right) $
式中,$ h\left(t\right)={s}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{M}}^{*}\left(-t\right) $,为匹配滤波器脉冲响应。设一个具有频移∆f和时延∆t的线性调频信号经过脉冲压缩后的输出信号可表示为
$ \begin{split} & \gamma_{\Delta f,\Delta t}\left(t\right)=\text{rect}\left(\frac{t-\Delta t}{2T}\right)\text{e}^{\text{j}2\text{π}\left(f_{\mathrm{c}}+\Delta f\right)\left(t-\Delta t\right)}\times \\ &\; \; \frac{\text{sin}\left[\left(\mu\left(t-\Delta t\right)+\Delta f\right)\left(T-\left|t-\Delta t\right|\right)\right]}{\mu\left(t-\Delta t\right)+\Delta f}\end{split} $
式中,在$ {t}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{k}}^{\Delta f,\Delta t}=\Delta t-\Delta f/\mu $处存在能量累积的峰值点,该峰值点表示有目标存在,所在时刻表示为接收回波的信号传输时延,即对应探测目标与敌方雷达之间的距离。可见,线性调频信号的频移可映射为目标的距离移动。从而敌方雷达输出信号式(12)可进一步表示为
$ s_{\text{output}}\left(t\right)=\sigma_0\gamma_{0,t_0}\left(t\right)+\rho_0\sum\limits_{n=1}^N\sum\limits_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty}a_{n,k}\gamma_{kf_{p,n},t'_0}\left(t\right)\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta\mathrm{_c}D\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta} $
由于一个能量累积峰值表示一个探测目标,经过脉冲压缩后,回波信号的输出对应一个距离为$ {d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}={{c}t}_{0}/2 $的真实目标。干扰信号的输出一系列对应距离为$ d_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}^{n,k}=\mathrm{\mathit{c}}\left(t_0+\Delta t_0-kf_{p,n}/\mu\right)/2 $的假目标。由于一个能量累积峰值表示一个探测目标,因此在敌方接收端经过脉冲压缩后,目标回波信号会对应输出一个距离为$ {d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}={{c}t}_{0}/2 $的真实目标,而干扰信号则对应输出一系列距离为$ d_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}^{n,k}=\mathrm{\mathit{c}}(t_0+\Delta t_0- kf_{p,n}/\mu)/2 $的假目标。
值得注意的是,因为干扰系统由模拟器件组成,信号经过干扰系统的时延∆t0非常小。因此,与线性调频信号基波相对应距离为$ d_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}^{n,0}=\mathrm{\mathit{c}}\left(t_0+\Delta t_0\right)/2 $的假目标与真实目标之间的距离会非常近,这使得真实目标的暴露风险增大。各个假目标的幅值与谐波系数相关,而由式(12)可得,干扰信号中基波成分经过对方雷达处理后与真实目标位置一致。因此,可以用基波与其他谐波幅度的比值来衡量原本真实目标能量分配到各个假目标的程度,该比值可以表示为
$ \begin{gathered}[b] \delta_k=\sum\limits_{n=1}^Na_{n,k}\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta_{\mathrm{c}}D\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta}\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\sum\limits_{n=1}^Na_{n,k}\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta_cD\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta}\sum\limits_{n=1}^Na_{n,0}\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta_cD\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta}}\right.}\sum\limits_{n=1}^Na_{n,0}\text{e}^{\text{j}\beta_{\mathrm{c}}D\left(n-1\right)\sin\theta}\\k\ne0\end{gathered} $
该比值越小,敌方雷达接收真实目标的能量就越小,真实目标分配到假目标的能量就越多,真实目标被识别的概率也就相应降低。
时间调制电路由一个$ {90}{\text{°} }$移相器和一个$ {180}{\text{°} }$移相器级联组成。具体包括基于希夫曼移相器设计的90°移相器单元、基于PIN二极管设计的射频开关以及基于类同轴耦合线和缺陷地设计的180°移相器单元。该结构采用多层板设计,上下层板之间通过金属过孔连接,传输微带线印制于介质板1的上表面,控制信号线印制于介质板2的下表面,控制信号通过金属过孔传输到射频开关进而作用于整个电路。直流电路和射频电路的分层设计可以有效避免直流和射频电路之间的耦合效应,具体结构如图2所示。
希夫曼移相器在电路设计上的实现较为简单,因而通过设计即可实现良好的阻抗匹配,故电路结构采用标准的希夫曼移相器结构。在标准的希夫曼移相器结构中,移相值$ \phi $与奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $可表达为
$ \phi = {\cos ^{ - 1}}\left(\frac{{\rho - {{\tan }^2}\theta }}{{\rho + {{\tan }^2}\theta }}\right) $
$ \rho = \frac{{{Z_{0{\text{e}}}}}}{{{Z_{0{\text{O}}}}}} = \frac{{{Y_{11}} - {Y_{12}}}}{{{Y_{11}} + {Y_{12}}}} $
奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $与介质板的材料、介质板的厚度、铜层的厚度、耦合线的线宽以及耦合线的间距有关。介质板选用Rogers4350B,介电常数为3.66,板材厚度为0.254 mm,铜层厚度为0.035 mm,线宽为传输线的线宽0.52 mm,通过改变耦合线的间距可以改变奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $
电长度$ \theta $为耦合线的物理尺寸l所对应的电长度,所以调整耦合线物理尺寸l就可以调整移相值$ \phi $。在相位差异性要求给定的情况下,通过选择合适的奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $,以确保最佳带宽,但是在带宽为宽带的情况下,为实现要求的奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $,耦合线间距S会因为太小而无法制造。因为奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $与介质板的材料、介质板的厚度相关,因而设置缺陷地,也可以改变奇偶模阻抗比$ \rho $,来实现要求的$ \rho $值。
180°移相器的电路图如图3所示,耦合线的$ {S}_{21} $取决于耦合线的电长度$ \theta $以及耦合系数K。耦合系数K由奇模阻抗值$ {Z}_{0\mathrm{O}} $和偶模阻抗值$ {Z}_{0\mathrm{e}} $确定。提高耦合系数的方法之一是增加耦合线的数目,结合缺陷地可以改变奇偶模阻抗值的方法,故本设计使用缺陷地结构和类同轴耦合线的180°移相器结构,如图3所示。该结构的移相通道以传统的终端短路耦合线为基础,通过增加耦合线数量和缺陷地来提升耦合度K
0°/180°移相器,移相值较大。若无适当的相位补偿,宽带内无法实现稳定180°移相。常见的相位补偿方法是在移相单元的参考通道上并联一对相距λ/4的终端短路线。
如式(17)所示:移相单元的参考路通道的移相值$ \Delta\phi $可以用均匀传输线的电气长度$ {\theta }_{u} $$ r\left({\theta }_{1},{\theta }_{2},f\right) $的差值表示;$ r\left({\theta }_{1},{\theta }_{2},f\right) $指的是随$ {\theta }_{1} $$ {\theta }_{2} $f变化的相位函数;$ {\theta }_{1} $$ {\theta }_{2} $分别指的是终端短路线、两终端短路线相距的电气长度;f为工作频率。这里$ {\theta }_{1}\mathrm{和}{\theta }_{2} $均为90°
$ \Delta \phi = {\theta _u} - r ({\theta _1},{\theta _2},f) $
因此,并联一对相距λ/4的终端短路线可以改变相速度随频率变化的大小,从而实现稳定相位的功能。
采用MACOM公司的MADP-000907-14020型号的PIN二极管,其开关切换速率为2 ns,可满足高速射频调制的需求。介质板选取Rogers 4350B,其介电常数 $ {\varepsilon }_{r}=3.48 $,基于图4所示的调制结构,在HFSS软件中进行仿真优化。
全波仿真得到模块的关键参数如表1所示。核心电路部分尺寸60.3 mm×42.1 mm,对应11.7 GHz频率下电尺寸为3.98λ×2.78λ
本部分基于时间调制自适应干扰理论模型,对不同占空比下干扰假目标能量特性进行数值仿真评估。仿真参数如下:雷达发射的线性调频脉冲信号长度为100 μs,信号带宽为20 MHz,调频斜率为0.2$ \times {10}^{11} $。干扰系统调制模块结构分别为单刀单掷开关和1 bit移相调制模块,调制频率为1 MHz。单刀单掷开关调制信号占空比分别设置为0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9,1 bit移相调制模块的占空比分别设置为0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,以观察改变调制信号占空比对干扰假目标能量特性的影响。
首先定性观察不同占空比时由谐波引入的假目标空间和能量分布特性,图5(a)图5(b)分别给出单刀单掷开关和1 bit移相调制模块在不同调制占空比下欺骗式干扰的效果。仿真中设置真实目标位置在30 km处,可以看到2种调制模式下,随着占空比变化,不同谐波引入的假目标的能量分布差异性明显,整体趋势呈现出占空比越高,真实目标处回波能量越明显的趋势。随着占空比的降低,各阶谐波引入的假目标能量分配呈现出均匀化分布的特性。
进一步将不同占空比下各假目标的幅值取出进行定量分析,具体如图6所示。可以看出,随着调制信号占空比的减小,各次谐波与基波的差值也逐渐减小,当谐波的幅值与基波越接近时,目标雷达也就越难以区分真假目标。
通过对图4中的设计进行加工,得到如图7所示的实物图。搭建的测试环境如图8所示,其中上位机用来控制FPGA发出对应的控制信号进而使得时间调制模块工作在4种状态之一,矢量网络分析仪用以对时间调制模块的S参数进行测量。
图9给出了时间调制模块反射系数仿真结果与实测结果。可以看到,在10.7 ~12.7 GHz的频率范围内,4个状态仿真结果回波损耗均优于−15 dB, 实测回波损耗下均优于−10 dB。实测与仿真有一定差距,这与加工引入的误差有关。对比实测与仿真可以发现,实测得到的反射系数向低频偏移0.7 GHz,这与加工使用的罗杰斯4350B介质板介电常数与仿真的不一致有关。
图10所示,插入损耗仿真结果与实测结果基本一致。可以看出,仿真得到的插入损耗优于−6 dB。实测4种状态的平均插入损耗11.7 GHz 时约为9 dB。实测比仿真的插入损耗偏大,这与加工使用的沉金工艺以及金属表面的粗糙度有关。插入损耗会随着频率升高而变大,这与导体损耗和介质损耗有关,导体损耗和介质损耗都会随着频率的增加而变大。
图11可以看出,在10.7~12.7 GHz频段,仿真得到的相邻状态的相位差均小于90°±5°,而实测得到的则为均小于90°±12°。相邻状态的相位差仿真结果与实测结果基本一致。
相邻状态的幅度差仿真结果与实测结果基本一致。由图12可以看出,在10.7 ~12.7 GHz频段,仿真得到的幅度偏差小于 0.4 dB,实测得到的幅度偏差小于1.5 dB。值得注意的是,每个状态的幅度和相位偏差都很小,这意味着所设计的时间调制模块在频域上具有良好的性能。
接下来利用加工的调制模块来对时间调制自适应干扰假目标的能量特性进行测试,通道内测试的实验场景图如图13所示。由信号源模拟雷达发射端,由示波器模拟雷达接收端。发射的线性调频脉冲信号通过混频器上变频后进入时间调制模块,经调制模块生成的干扰信号再经下变频后被示波器接收。
发射信号中心载频为5 GHz,本振的频率设为7 GHz,因此信号上变频后的中心频率为12 GHz。信号时间长度为100 μs,信号带宽为20 MHz。干扰系统时间调制模块首先设置为单刀单掷开关形式,保持调制信号的频率为1 MHz,改变其占空比分别为0.25,0.5和0.75,所测得的干扰信号各次谐波与基波的幅度差值结果如图14(a)所示。可以看出,在单刀单掷开关调制下随着调制信号占空比的减小,各次谐波与基波的差值也逐渐减小,当谐波的幅值与基波越接近时,目标雷达也就越难以区分真假目标。因此,如果想要达到更好的干扰效果,应当使得在同等条件下,调制信号的占空比尽量较小。
由测试结果可以看出,通过合理设置调制信号占空比可以实现对虚假目标幅度特性的调控。图14(b)所示为当调制模块为1 bit移相调制模块时,调制信号占空比分别为0.25和0.5时其具有基波和偶次谐波的抑制效果,可以看到与前述结论一致,占空比为0.25时明显具有更好的真实目标隐藏效果。
本文针对时间调制自适应干扰技术,研究了不同调制参数条件下定性和定量产生的虚假目标的能量特性。通过建立不同调制模块条件下线性调频脉冲雷达的干扰理论模型,明确了调制时序与虚假目标幅度的映射关系,随后通过数值仿真验证了模型的有效性。最后加工了一套Ku波段的包含1 bit调制模块和控制模块的自适应干扰系统来进行实验验证。结果表明,调制时序占空比与干扰假目标能量特性强相关。研究成果在推动干扰系统智能化、自适应发展,提升舰船隐身性、生存力及作战效能方面具有关键作用。
后续可以聚焦多目标干扰场景建模,引入人工智能优化干扰策略,以及开展与新型雷达的对抗研究,为进一步引领雷达干扰技术创新发展注入动力。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04305
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
  • 修回日期:2025-03-05
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    1江南造船(集团)有限责任公司,上海 201913
    2上海交通大学 电子工程系,上海 200240
    3中国舰船研究设计中心,湖北 武汉 430064

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* 陈靖峰
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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