Article(id=1263819610260889689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=1741881600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247675718, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247675718, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247675718, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247675718, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=292, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819612651642979, articleId=1263819610260889689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Study on empirical formula analysis and correction method for sea-spray flux on polar ship decks, columnId=1263819609908568150, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Ship Design and Performance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To address the defect that the empirical formula of sea-spray flux depends on observation data from specific ships, this study proposes a correction method for the empirical formula of sea-spray flux on polar ship decks.

Methods

By analyzing the parameter characteristics of the empirical formula, it is proposed to modify the empirical formula of sea spray flux using numerical solutions of sea-spray flux for different ship types and corresponding environmental conditions as inputs. The reliability of the numerical method is verified through numerical wave profile and MFV fishing vessel spray flux calculations. Based on the proposed method, the empirical formulas of sea spray flux for four different ship types, such as bulbous bow, ice-resistant bow, clipper bow and raked bow, are modified.

Results

The theoretical and numerical solutions of the empirical formula for fishing vessel spray flux are in good agreement. The spray duration coefficients for the other four ship types are similar to each other, and the liquid water content coefficient is similar to the coefficient in the existing empirical formula.

Conclusion

The results show that the proposed method has the ability to correct the empirical formula of sea-spray flux for different ship types.

, correspAuthors=Xu BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiajing CHEN, Xu BAI, Daolei WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819653197980265, articleId=1263819610260889689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式分析与修正方法研究, columnId=1263819611175247966, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=总体与性能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

针对海洋飞沫通量经验公式依赖特定船舶观测数据的缺陷,提出一种极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式的修正方法。

方法

通过对经验公式进行参数特征分析,提出以具体船型的海洋飞沫通量数值解和相应环境条件为输入,对海洋飞沫通量经验公式进行修正。通过数值波浪形态和MFV渔船飞沫通量计算验证数值方法的可靠性。基于提出的方法对球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏4种船型的海洋飞沫通量经验公式进行修正。

结果

结果显示,渔船飞沫通量经验公式与数值解吻合良好;4种船型的平均飞沫持续时间系数较为接近,且液态水含量系数与现有经验公式中的系数较为接近。

结论

研究表明所提方法具有针对不同船型修正海洋飞沫通量经验公式的能力。

, correspAuthors=白旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 白旭
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陈家静,女,1996年生,博士生。研究方向:物理海洋学。E-mail:

白旭,男,1984年生,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:极地船舶与海洋结构物安全性分析技术。E-mail:

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SPH numerical parameter setting

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参数数值
粒子间距dp/m0.2
粒子数925 516
光滑半径h/m0.45
黏性项人工黏性项
人工黏性0.01
时间积分格式Verlet
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SPH数值参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
粒子间距dp/m0.2
粒子数925 516
光滑半径h/m0.45
黏性项人工黏性项
人工黏性0.01
时间积分格式Verlet
), ArticleFig(id=1263819685741585351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610260889689, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

the parameters of the Verify model

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参数模型及数值
验证船体模型
波高H/m6
波周期T/s6.8
船长与波长比0.55
波陡1/12
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验证模型参数

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参数模型及数值
验证船体模型
波高H/m6
波周期T/s6.8
船长与波长比0.55
波陡1/12
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Selection of sea spray duration period for different ship types

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船型飞沫持续时间/s
t1t2t3t4t5t6t7t8t9t10t11
球鼻艏1.651.561.551.701.901.551.701.601.601.551.60
飞剪艏1.651.551.751.801.701.651.601.601.651.50
前倾艏1.551.551.701.651.851.651.701.501.601.551.50
破冰艏1.651.601.551.701.601.551.651.551.551.501.60
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不同船型飞沫持续时间的选取

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船型飞沫持续时间/s
t1t2t3t4t5t6t7t8t9t10t11
球鼻艏1.651.561.551.701.901.551.701.601.601.551.60
飞剪艏1.651.551.751.801.701.651.601.601.651.50
前倾艏1.551.551.701.651.851.651.701.501.601.551.50
破冰艏1.651.601.551.701.601.551.651.551.551.501.60
), ArticleFig(id=1263819686307816412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610260889689, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Revised empirical formula for sea spray across different ships types

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船型经验公式
平均飞沫持续时间液态水含量
球鼻艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.36{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 8.12 \times {10^{ - 5}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
飞剪艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.60{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 5.98 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
前倾艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.70{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 4.95 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
破冰艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.46{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 4.32 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
), ArticleFig(id=1263819686458811364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819610260889689, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同船型修正后的海洋飞沫通量经验公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船型经验公式
平均飞沫持续时间液态水含量
球鼻艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.36{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 8.12 \times {10^{ - 5}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
飞剪艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.60{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 5.98 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
前倾艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.70{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 4.95 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
破冰艏 $ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = 11.46{{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $ $ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = 4.32 \times {10^{ - 4}}{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
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极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式分析与修正方法研究
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陈家静 1, 2 , 白旭 *, 1 , 武道磊 1
中国舰船研究 | 总体与性能 2026,21(2): 292-300
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中国舰船研究 | 总体与性能 2026, 21(2): 292-300
极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式分析与修正方法研究
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陈家静1, 2 , 白旭*, 1 , 武道磊1
作者信息
  • 1江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 2中国科学院 南海海洋研究所,广东 广州 510300
  • 陈家静,女,1996年生,博士生。研究方向:物理海洋学。E-mail:

    白旭,男,1984年生,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:极地船舶与海洋结构物安全性分析技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 白旭
Study on empirical formula analysis and correction method for sea-spray flux on polar ship decks
Jiajing CHEN1, 2 , Xu BAI*, 1 , Daolei WU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510300, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04309
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目的

针对海洋飞沫通量经验公式依赖特定船舶观测数据的缺陷,提出一种极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式的修正方法。

方法

通过对经验公式进行参数特征分析,提出以具体船型的海洋飞沫通量数值解和相应环境条件为输入,对海洋飞沫通量经验公式进行修正。通过数值波浪形态和MFV渔船飞沫通量计算验证数值方法的可靠性。基于提出的方法对球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏4种船型的海洋飞沫通量经验公式进行修正。

结果

结果显示,渔船飞沫通量经验公式与数值解吻合良好;4种船型的平均飞沫持续时间系数较为接近,且液态水含量系数与现有经验公式中的系数较为接近。

结论

研究表明所提方法具有针对不同船型修正海洋飞沫通量经验公式的能力。

极地船舶  /  甲板  /  飞沫形态和轨迹  /  海洋飞沫通量  /  船型  /  艏形状  /  经验公式
Objective

To address the defect that the empirical formula of sea-spray flux depends on observation data from specific ships, this study proposes a correction method for the empirical formula of sea-spray flux on polar ship decks.

Methods

By analyzing the parameter characteristics of the empirical formula, it is proposed to modify the empirical formula of sea spray flux using numerical solutions of sea-spray flux for different ship types and corresponding environmental conditions as inputs. The reliability of the numerical method is verified through numerical wave profile and MFV fishing vessel spray flux calculations. Based on the proposed method, the empirical formulas of sea spray flux for four different ship types, such as bulbous bow, ice-resistant bow, clipper bow and raked bow, are modified.

Results

The theoretical and numerical solutions of the empirical formula for fishing vessel spray flux are in good agreement. The spray duration coefficients for the other four ship types are similar to each other, and the liquid water content coefficient is similar to the coefficient in the existing empirical formula.

Conclusion

The results show that the proposed method has the ability to correct the empirical formula of sea-spray flux for different ship types.

polar ship  /  deck  /  sea spray morphology  /  marine spray flux  /  ship type  /  bow shape  /  empirical formula
陈家静, 白旭, 武道磊. 极地船舶甲板海洋飞沫通量经验公式分析与修正方法研究. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04309
Jiajing CHEN, Xu BAI, Daolei WU. Study on empirical formula analysis and correction method for sea-spray flux on polar ship decks[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04309
低温环境下的船体结冰问题是极地航行面临的主要挑战之一。在寒冷环境中,船体、甲板及上层建筑常出现结冰现象,严重时会对船舶的安全性和运行效率造成显著影响。结冰不仅会增加船体重量,削弱其稳定性,还会提高能耗,并可能限制关键设备和操作系统的正常功能[1-2]。在极端情况下,过重的积冰甚至可能导致船体倾覆或结构损坏[3]。因此,采取有效的防结冰措施并准确预测结冰状况,对于保障船舶在极地海域的安全航行至关重要。
船舶甲板结冰的水源主要包括大气结冰(雨、雪等)和海水飞沫结冰,其中海水飞沫结冰可分为风致飞沫和波致飞沫。波致飞沫因与船体的直接相互作用,成为主要的结冰来源,占总结冰量的90%以上[4-5]。飞沫的生成、输运及其结冰转化过程受波浪活动、船首形状、海浪高度及环境温度等多种因素的综合影响。这些飞沫在生成后,历经输运、分布及传热等复杂物理过程,最终导致船体表面的结冰现象[6-7]。因此,深入研究飞沫的生成机制、输运规律及分布特性,对于制定有效的防冰策略和优化船舶设计具有重要的理论与实际意义。
海洋飞沫通量经验公式旨在定量描述飞沫的生成、输运与沉积过程。这些公式基于历史数据与实验观测,为船舶设计及防除冰预测提供了指导。早期研究通过观察简单物理模型,探索飞沫生成量与环境条件(如风速、波浪状态)之间的关系。随着研究的深入,船体设计、航速及风向等复杂因素也被纳入分析框架。
波浪冲击海洋结构物时产生的飞沫,其入水率通常用单位体积空气中的水量,即液态水含量($ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $)表示。$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $公式最早由Kachurin等[8]提出,将其仅作为波高的函数描述。随后,Borisenkov等[9]基于中型渔船MFV的实地测量结果提出了一个无量纲公式。此后,Zakrzewski[10]扩展了这一公式,将波高与船舶相对于波浪的速度纳入模型参数。Brown等[11]对Borisenkov公式进行了改进,将指数项定义为波高的函数,以提高其适用性。Horjen等[12]基于某日本船的飞沫测量数据,提出了一种仅以波高为参数的经验公式。Chung等[13]通过加拿大拖网渔船MV Zandberg的模型实验,发展了一种以波高和船速为函数的改进模型。近年来,Horjen[14]更新了飞沫通量公式,将风速与船舶速度作为关键参数并进一步优化。Ryerson[15]采用频闪摄像机,在距离海面约10 m处测量飞沫云与水滴的分布,以避免上浪对数据的干扰。但此方法仅能观测达到该高度的飞沫事件,且样本体积仅为3.96 cm3,因此忽略了样本体积外的液滴分布,导致视频帧中仅约2.5%的液滴被记录。
关于$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $和飞沫流入的研究,现有模型大多依赖于上述经验公式。其中,Zakrzewski[16]提出的$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $公式被广泛应用,已被嵌入到多个模型,如Lozowski等[17]的飞沫计算模型、Shipilova等[18]的计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟、Kulyakhtin等[19]的MARICE模型以及Dehghani等[20]的数值模型。Samuelsen等[21]对Zakrzewski[10]和Horjen[12]的公式进行了对比分析,指出Horjen[12]的公式在低波浪条件下明显低估了$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $。在Forest等[22]的RIICE4模型和Horjen等[12]的ICEMOD模型中,分别采用了自主开发的经验$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $公式。此外,Thomas[23]发现,相对风速是影响飞沫事件持续时间的重要因素。Zakrzewski[16]基于MFV渔船观测数据提出的经验公式经Lozowski等[24]修改,以匹配USCG Midgett船体的Ryerson[15]数据,并基于这些数据的线性回归分析提出了新方程。Horjen[14]则通过理论建模,将波长和相对风速对船舶速度的影响纳入考虑,改进了飞沫持续时间的计算方法。
上述基于经验公式的飞沫通量计算模型依赖于MFV渔船现场观测数据,难以适用于其他船型。为提高模型对不同船型的适用性,必须对经验公式进行扩展。然而,目前缺乏其他船型的观测数据,因此采取数值计算方法是必要的。传统基于网格的数值模型在模拟波浪破碎生成海水飞沫时,极易出现网格破碎和变形,导致数值计算发散[25-27]。光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法作为一种高效的数值计算方法,已被一些学者成功用于模拟船波相互作用生成海水飞沫的过程。Mintu等[28]通过SPH法量化了实尺度下MFV渔船甲板的飞沫体积。陈家静等[29]利用SPH方法模拟飞沫生成形态,并进一步分析不同船首下的飞沫生成机制[4]。然而通过SPH方法计算飞沫通量需要一定的计算资源和时间,相比之下,经验公式可以快速预报海水飞沫通量。
为解决海洋飞沫通量经验公式依赖MFV渔船观测数据的局限性,本文拟对经验公式进行参数特征分析,结合SPH数值计算方法的优势,在明确船型影响参数的基础上,提出基于数值解的修正方法。通过与文献[28]中MFV渔船海洋飞沫通量对比,验证数值方法的可靠性,并将数值解和经验公式进行对比分析,证明数值解修正不同船型经验公式的能力。以球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏船型为例,通过SPH数值计算方法获得液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间,并对4种船型经验公式中的液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间系数进行修正,得到4种船型对应的海洋飞沫通量经验公式,为不同船型海洋飞沫经验公式修正提供参考。
当船首迎波时,波浪冲击可能产生射流或水片,沿船体上升至海面之上。随着水柱的上升,空气被卷入其中,水柱逐渐分解形成飞沫液滴。在一定时间内落至甲板上的水量可通过飞沫通量的经验公式描述为
$ {R_{\text{w}}} = E{V_{\text{d}}}{l_{{\text{wc}}}}N{t_{{\text{dur}}}} $
式中:$ {R_{\text{w}}} $为飞沫通量;E为液滴收集系数,根据Finstad[30]的假设,对于直径大于500 μm的液滴,收集系数为1;$ {V_{\text{d}}} $为液滴速度;$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $为液态水含量;N为飞沫频率;$ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} $为飞沫持续时间。
Borisenkov等[9]基于MFV渔船的飞沫观测,得到了$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $与甲板以上高度之间的关系。然而,原始公式未考虑环境条件、船舶运动和观测含水量之间的关系。Zakrzewski[16]进一步提出了包含有义波高和船舶与迎面波之间相对速度的$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} $公式:
$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = {C_1} \cdot {H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $
式中:$ {H_{\text{s}}} $为有义波高;$ {V_{\text{r}}} $为波浪与船体的相对速度;z为飞沫生成高度;对于MFV渔船,$ {C_1} = 6.36 \times {10^{ - 5}} $
根据Aksyutin[31]的研究,船波连续碰撞的时间间隔$ {t_{\rm{int} }} $由波长$ \lambda $$ {V_{\text{r}}} $决定:
$ {t_{\rm{int} }} = {\lambda \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\lambda {{V_{\text{r}}}}}} \right. } {{V_{\text{r}}}}} = {{c{P_{\text{s}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{c{P_{\text{s}}}} {{V_{\text{r}}}}}} \right. } {{V_{\text{r}}}}} $
式中:c为波的速度;$ {P_{\text{s}}} $为波周期,但在本文数值计算中,连续碰撞的时间间隔仅需通过波长及相对运动速度获得。由于飞沫事件并非连续产生,亦非每次船浪相互作用时均会产生,因此N应小于$ {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{t_{\rm{int} }}}}} \right. } {{t_{\rm{int} }}}} $。Panov[32]提供了渔船MFV的飞沫频率测量数据,其平均值表明,喷淋射流的产生间隔约为1 s。Lozowski等[24]指出,平均每4次船浪相互作用中会产生1次飞沫事件,该飞沫频率的表达式被应用于式(4)中:
$ N = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {4{t_{\rm{int} }}}}} \right. } {4{t_{\rm{int} }}}} $
Zakrzewski[16]观测了渔船MFV的平均飞沫持续时间,基于相对运动速度、风速和有义波高进行拟合,得出持续事件的经验系数。最终渔船MFV的平均飞沫持续时间表示为
$ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} = {C_2} \cdot {{{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}} / {V_{\text{a}}^2}} $
式中:$ {V_{\text{a}}} $为风速;对于MFV渔船,$ {C_2} = 10 $
对式(1)的经验公式参数进行拆解,如图1所示。图中:方形表示可以通过计算获得的值;圆形表示待输入的值;菱形表示系数值,其中液滴的收集系数E设为1。在经验公式(5)中,风速$ {V_{\text{a}}} $作为分母,不能为0。由于目前缺乏风速和有义波高之间的关系,因此在计算经验公式时,将风速$ {V_{\text{a}}} $恒定设置为5 m/s。
液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间与船型相关,而这两个参数均可通过数值计算进行分析,以揭示其与船型的关系。因此,采用数值计算分析不同船型对这两个参数的影响,并据此修正这两个参数,从而修正经验公式,以实现现有经验公式在不同船型条件下的适用性。
通过对不同船型建立SPH数值模型,可以模拟船舶在特定波浪条件下的航行情况。模型输入包括波高、波浪与船体的相对速度以及船型特征等,通过对波浪与船体相互作用的动态模拟,输出液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间等关键参数。
在应用中,首先进行波浪和船体粒子的初始化,确定粒子间核函数并设置光滑长度。建立波浪作用方程和船体运动方程,时间积分格式采用Verlet方案。通过领域搜索更新飞沫粒子的速度和位移,并处理船体与波浪的边界。计算完成后,输出飞沫粒子轨迹并提取飞沫信息。然后,根据SPH数值计算结果,修正不同船型的平均飞沫持续时间以及液态水含量的经验公式。具体技术路线如图2所示。
基于SPH的飞沫数值模拟需要进行两个方面的校验:数值水槽中波形的可靠性验证以及飞沫通量计算的可靠性验证。通过数值计算,对比经验公式与数值解的结果,从而探讨经验公式的普适性。
为了验证数值水池造波的可靠性,建立了320 m×35 m×46 m 的数值水池。在推板造波模块中设置主动吸收式造波模块,并在水池后100 m处设置阻尼消波模块(图3)。波浪采用二阶入射波,波高为5.2 m,波长为32 m,数值算例中所有模型均采用SPH方法离散。船体被视为刚性体,船体与波浪的固液边界均采用动态边界条件(DBC)[33],具体参数见表1
规则二阶波浪数值模拟结果如图4所示,该图为推板造波的波面曲线图,其中横轴为波浪传递距离,纵轴为波浪高程。由图4可知,在未添加主动吸收式造波模块(AWAS)时,波浪呈现无规则运动趋势,受边界反射影响较大,不适用于波浪数值模拟分析。而添加了主动吸收式造波模块后,波浪呈现规则运动趋势,且吸收及反馈波浪的效果较好。同时,在数值水槽末端100 m的阻尼消波区域内,波浪能够被有效消波,证明此处的消波效果明显,波浪在运动到右边直墙时形成的反射几乎可以忽略。因此,采用主动吸收式造波模块结合阻尼消波模块的波浪水槽具有较好的模拟效果。
为验证飞沫通量计算的可靠性,选取Mintu等[28]的MFV渔船模型,建立数值水池,尺寸为7LBP×5BE×12TLBP为船长,BE为型宽,T为吃水)。该模型参数与Mintu等[28]研究的相似模型参数如表2所示。设置粒子间距dp为0.2[28],建立相似的数值案例,进行飞沫总量的定量分析。
根据飞沫总量的统计结果(图5),本研究与数值模型[28]、理论模型[34]的相对误差分别为−5.82%和6.52%。风速主要影响飞沫的输运过程,对飞沫生成阶段的影响较小[4]。在SPH方法中,自由液面可以通过压力状态方程(EOS)维持,无需气相来保证自由液面的存在。此外,考虑风速以及添加气相粒子将使计算量翻倍,本研究将场景简化为不考虑风速。
验证所用的MFV渔船具有基于观测数据的经验公式,因此在数值验证的基础上,进一步采用MFV渔船模型进行数值解与经验公式的对比分析,此时设置波高为3 m,波长为30 m。
图6所示,在捕捉海洋飞沫生成高度的过程中,船体的纵摇运动逐渐趋于稳定且呈周期性波动。由此判定,本算例中飞沫高度的捕捉数据是有效的。将该飞沫高度的数值代入经验公式求取数值解,进而验证计算结果的合理性与精度。
根据船体运动的稳定性及飞沫生成高度的有效性,本验证算例选取了18~28 s的时间窗口进行对比分析。通过MATLAB对式(1)及其各项分别进行计算,其中式(2)和式(5)的系数均设置为MFV渔船对应的值,并将得到的飞沫通量与SPH数值算例的求解结果进行对比分析。如图7所示,在选取窗口之外的理论和数值飞沫通量也具有相同趋势,并且飞沫通量值较接近。在未明确捕捉到输入飞沫爬高数值的时间段内(因飞沫高度小于可监测阈值,但仍有粒子速度),经验公式的计算结果受有义波高和粒子速度的影响,仍与数值案例表现出相似工况。通过式(2)分析可知,飞沫高度数值仅影响液态水含量的计算值,而其值存在于指数函数$ f\left( x \right) = \exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right) $中,在飞沫高度的范围内(0~4 m),该函数的变化值较小,导致在选取的时间窗口之外的飞沫通量值相差也较小。另外,在18 s之前,飞沫通量较低,甲板上飞沫粒子数目较少,风速导致的飞沫粒子总输运速度差异较小,从而使数值解与经验公式较为贴合。
在所选取的18~28 s时间窗口内,由于前期输入的飞沫高度数值的影响,数值算例和经验公式的计算结果均表现出3次飞沫爬高事件。在这3次事件中,飞沫通量峰值的差异分别为0.08,0.18和0.10 kg/m2。在经验公式中,风速参数作为式(5)分母的关键因素不可忽略,经验公式与数值解的差异主要源于风速参数$ {V_{\text{a}}} $的变化,因此误差在可接受范围内。
三维水池模型尺寸为60.0 m×6.5 m×10.0 m,初始静水位d为4 m,在距离上游边界40 m处设置了20 m长的黏性消波区域(图8)。入射波采用Stokes二阶规则波,其波高与波周期分别为0.18 m和1.6 s,船体长6 m,型宽1.2 m。粒子分辨率的收敛性测试通过比较不同粒子间距(dp)下的波浪形态进行。对于图8中的数值模型,当dp =0.02 m时,推板造波法生成的波形与二阶波浪理论波形基本一致[4],此时总粒子数约为600万。船首选取了较为常见的球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏(图9)。
通过统计飞沫通量的生成周期生成飞沫的持续时间。以球鼻艏船体的飞沫通量时历曲线为例(图10),每种船型通过飞沫通量的持续时间如表3所示。在统计出每一种船型数值数据中的飞沫事件持续时间$ {t_{{\text{dur}}}} $后,对式(5)进行变换:
$ {C_2} = {t_{{\text{dur}}}} \cdot {{V_{\text{a}}^2} / {{V_{\text{r}}}{H_{\text{s}}}}} $
通过式(6)计算系数$ {C_2} $并对所有飞沫事件的系数求平均值,即可得到每种船型对应的平均飞沫持续时间系数值(图11)。飞剪艏向前伸出,船体重心坐标略微靠前上方,因此船体达到稳定的纵摇运动需要更多的波浪砰击,导致稳定生成飞沫的开始时刻在11.5 s左右,在0~30 s内,飞剪艏船稳定生成飞沫的周期只有10个。其他船型稳定生成飞沫的开始时刻在10 s左右,在0~30 s内稳定生成飞沫的周期为11个。
通过上述4种船型的飞沫事件数据,提取单次飞沫事件的持续时间及相关数值参数,并计算相应的系数值。图11给出了4种船型在不同时刻的系数值分布情况。由图可见,这些系数值彼此较为接近,且与Ryerson[15]研究得出的数值较相近,均在9.0~12.5范围内。
由于4种船型仅船首形态存在差异,而船长、型宽、型深均保持一致,这使得在相同波浪条件下,船舶与波浪的遭遇周期相同。这可能是导致4种船型对应的平均飞沫持续时间较为接近的原因。然而,这并不能直接说明这些船型在飞沫持续时间方面具有相似性。原因在于,本文忽略了不同船型在船长、型宽、型深等方面的差异,在同一数值模拟工况下,波浪与船体相互作用的环境条件一致,导致系数值可能趋同。这对于探讨经验公式的修正研究具有重要意义,但在实际应用中仍存在一定的局限性。
众多学者已对液态水含量的表达式进行修正。大部分研究者普遍认为,在与液态水含量相关的参数中,船体与波浪相互作用的相对速度以及波浪的有义波高是不容忽视的影响因素。因此,本文采用Zakrzewski[16]所提经验公式进行修正。采用3.2节修正后的平均飞沫持续时间,除了液态水含量外,式(1)中其余参数均可通过已知条件计算获得。对式(1)和式(2)进行变换得到:
$ {l_{{\text{wc}}}} = {{{R_{\text{w}}}} / {E{V_{\text{d}}}N{t_{{\text{dur}}}}}} $
$ {C_1} = {{{l_{{\text{wc}}}}} / {{H_{\text{s}}}V_{\text{r}}^2\exp \left( { - 0.55{\textit{z}}} \right)}} $
将数值计算得到的飞沫通量和除液态水含量外的其他参数代入式(7)和(8),计算系数$ {C_1} $,结果如图12所示。
对不同船型液态水含量计算式(2)的分析表明,除球鼻艏船型外,其余3种船型的液态水含量计算公式系数与Zakrzewski[16]提出的渔船经验公式中的系数均处于同一量级范围内,球鼻艏船型低于其他船型一个量级。不同船型按生成的飞沫高度排序,依次是飞剪艏、前倾艏、破冰艏和球鼻艏,这导致在相同飞沫通量下,球鼻艏船型甲板上方单位体积的粒子数目最少,即液态水含量最低。从式(2)可见,系数值受飞沫高度等参数的显著影响,其计算结果与现有经验公式中的系数值较为接近。然而,这种差异性及其对比结果仍需进一步细化影响因素的权重。由于这些船型的数据提取与分析均基于相同的数值模型,其具体工况的影响可能存在一定局限性,需通过更细致的影响因素研究加以验证。
通过修正得到4种船型的飞沫通量经验公式中的平均飞沫持续时间和液态水含量(表4),代入式(1)即可得到4种船型的飞沫通量经验公式。
本文基于选定的海洋飞沫通量经验公式,逐项分析公式参数特征,明确了船型对经验公式的影响,并针对性地提出了基于SPH数值模拟的修正方法。通过验证数值波形和MFV渔船海洋飞沫通量的计算结果,验证了数值模拟的可靠性,并进一步对比分析了MFV渔船的经验公式与数值解,证明了基于数值解对经验公式进行修正的可行性。在此基础上,利用所提出的修正方法,对球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏4种船型进行海洋飞沫通量经验公式修正,得出以下结论:
1) 通过分析经验公式特征,提出了基于SPH数值模拟对液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间进行修正的方法。这两项参数与船型密切有关,通过对液态水含量和平均飞沫持续时间的修正,实现了对海洋飞沫通量经验公式的修正。
2) 球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏4种船型的平均飞沫持续时间系数值分别为11.36,11.60,11.70和11.46,彼此较为接近。波浪与船体相互作用的环境条件一致可能导致系数趋同,但这并不能直接说明不同船型在飞沫持续时间上的相似性。
3) 球鼻艏、破冰艏、飞剪艏和前倾艏4种船型的液态水含量系数值分别为8.12×10−5,5.98×10−4,4.95×10−4和4.32×10−4。除球鼻艏船体低一个量级外,其余3种船型均处于同一量级范围内。
为简化风速和有义波高的复杂关系,本文将风速设定为5 m/s。当利用本文提出的方法对具体船型进行飞沫通量经验公式修正时,经验公式中的风速值可以根据目标海域的实际风速设定。此外,对经验公式系数值取平均仅为展示修正流程的一部分,当数值计算结果足够多时,可以采取其他方式进行更复杂的拟合分析。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04309
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
  • 修回日期:2025-03-14
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    1江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
    2中国科学院 南海海洋研究所,广东 广州 510300

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