Article(id=1263819609510130041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04783, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1769356800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247675540, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247675540, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247675540, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247675540, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=256, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819610357379454, articleId=1263819609510130041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Effects of fin-hull geometric parameters on propulsion performance in bionic vehicles, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to systematically quantify the effects of fin-hull geometric configuration on the propulsion performance of bionic undulating-fin vehicles employing media and/or paired fin propulsion (MPF). It addresses the lack of a unified analysis of geometric parameters across different bionic underwater vehicles in existing research.

Methods

To this end, a universal parametric geometric model incorporating the hull and a pair of undulating fins was developed. The model innovatively introduces the ratio of fin width to hull width β as the core dimensionless geometric parameter. Based on this model, high-fidelity CFD numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the propulsion performance and flow field structure of the vehicle under different β values.

Results

The results indicate that β has a nonlinear and significant influence on propulsion performance, and that an optimal range of β values exists for maximizing propulsion efficiency. Excessively small β values lead to insufficient thrust generation, whereas excessively large β values increase drag due to intensified fin-hull interactions that induce flow separation. Furthermore, β significantly modulates the magnitude of the pitching moment, imposing a critical constraint on the vehicle's attitude stability.

Conclusions

This study clarifies the design trade-off between efficiency and stability governed by the β parameter. The established parametric model and the identified underlying mechanisms provide a quantitative theoretical basis for the shape design of bionic underwater vehicles and lay a solid foundation for future research on multi-parameter coupling optimization and self-propulsion performance.

, correspAuthors=Chonglei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong SUN, Xianqiu LONG, Chonglei WANG, Bin FANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819657971118989, articleId=1263819609510130041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=仿生航行器鳍−艇几何参数对推进性能的影响, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在系统量化鳍−艇几何构型对仿生波动鳍(MPF)推进性能的影响机制,以解决现有研究对不同仿生航行器几何参数缺乏统一分析的问题。

方法

首先,建立包含艇体与一对波动鳍的通用参数化几何模型,并引入鳍宽与艇宽之比β作为核心无量纲几何参数;然后,基于此模型,通过高保真CFD数值模拟,分析不同β值下航行器的推进性能与流场结构。

结果

结果显示,β值对推进性能具有显著的非线性影响:存在一个最优的β值范围可使推进效率最大化,β值过小会导致推力不足,过大则会因鳍−艇间的强干扰诱发流动分离而增加阻力;β值能显著调控纵倾力矩的大小,对航行器姿态稳定性构成关键约束。

结论

所做研究明确了β参数在效率与稳定性之间的设计权衡关系,所建立的参数化模型与揭示的影响规律可为仿生航行器的外形设计提供定量的理论依据,并为后续多参数耦合优化及自航性能研究奠定坚实的基础。

, correspAuthors=王崇磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王崇磊
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孙聪,男,1988年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:推进器优化设计。E-mail:

隆贤秋,男,1999年生,硕士生。研究方向:波动耦合泵喷推进。E-mail:

王崇磊,男,1989年生,博士,实验师。研究方向:仿生航行器总体设计。E-mail:

方斌,男,1978年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:仿生航行器总体设计。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=pPD6rWcT/0oR77ZDz+HN/Q==, figureFileBig=72FK+BCw7pPDgRnBU1baRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819680830075048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同$ \beta $单周期仿生航行器压力云图, figureFileSmall=pPD6rWcT/0oR77ZDz+HN/Q==, figureFileBig=72FK+BCw7pPDgRnBU1baRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819680943321259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental and numerical simulation results of thrust

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f/Hz波动鳍的推力/N误差/%
实验值CFD
0.501.2061.1921.16
0.752.4542.6989.58
1.004.7824.8290.98
), ArticleFig(id=1263819681127870638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验与数值计算的推力结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
f/Hz波动鳍的推力/N误差/%
实验值CFD
0.501.2061.1921.16
0.752.4542.6989.58
1.004.7824.8290.98
), ArticleFig(id=1263819681337585843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation results of varied mesh resolutions and time increments

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网格网格数量/万($ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}t}{T} $)/sTx/N误差/%
A317.73/2 0004.8200.795
B76.33/2 0004.8491.401
C142.13/2 0004.8290.983
D142.11/2 0004.9613.473
E142.15/2 0004.8331.066
), ArticleFig(id=1263819681740239032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格数量及时间步长计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格网格数量/万($ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}t}{T} $)/sTx/N误差/%
A317.73/2 0004.8200.795
B76.33/2 0004.8491.401
C142.13/2 0004.8290.983
D142.11/2 0004.9613.473
E142.15/2 0004.8331.066
), ArticleFig(id=1263819682289692862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Geometric dimensions and kinematic parameters of the bionic vehicle for different varying $ \beta $ values

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$ \beta $WfARe
0.500.080.03121 327.71
0.750.120.04631 991.57
1.000.160.06242 655.43
1.250.200.07753 319.29
1.500.240.09263 983.14
1.750.280.10774 647.01
), ArticleFig(id=1263819682520379589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819609510130041, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同$ \beta $下仿生航行器模型的几何尺寸及运动参数

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$ \beta $WfARe
0.500.080.03121 327.71
0.750.120.04631 991.57
1.000.160.06242 655.43
1.250.200.07753 319.29
1.500.240.09263 983.14
1.750.280.10774 647.01
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仿生航行器鳍−艇几何参数对推进性能的影响
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孙聪 1 , 隆贤秋 2 , 王崇磊 *, 2 , 方斌 3
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 256-265
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 256-265
仿生航行器鳍−艇几何参数对推进性能的影响
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孙聪1 , 隆贤秋2 , 王崇磊*, 2 , 方斌3
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 2哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
  • 3海军工程大学 舰船与海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430033
  • 孙聪,男,1988年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:推进器优化设计。E-mail:

    隆贤秋,男,1999年生,硕士生。研究方向:波动耦合泵喷推进。E-mail:

    王崇磊,男,1989年生,博士,实验师。研究方向:仿生航行器总体设计。E-mail:

    方斌,男,1978年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:仿生航行器总体设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王崇磊
Effects of fin-hull geometric parameters on propulsion performance in bionic vehicles
Cong SUN1 , Xianqiu LONG2 , Chonglei WANG*, 2 , Bin FANG3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
  • 3College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04783
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目的

旨在系统量化鳍−艇几何构型对仿生波动鳍(MPF)推进性能的影响机制,以解决现有研究对不同仿生航行器几何参数缺乏统一分析的问题。

方法

首先,建立包含艇体与一对波动鳍的通用参数化几何模型,并引入鳍宽与艇宽之比β作为核心无量纲几何参数;然后,基于此模型,通过高保真CFD数值模拟,分析不同β值下航行器的推进性能与流场结构。

结果

结果显示,β值对推进性能具有显著的非线性影响:存在一个最优的β值范围可使推进效率最大化,β值过小会导致推力不足,过大则会因鳍−艇间的强干扰诱发流动分离而增加阻力;β值能显著调控纵倾力矩的大小,对航行器姿态稳定性构成关键约束。

结论

所做研究明确了β参数在效率与稳定性之间的设计权衡关系,所建立的参数化模型与揭示的影响规律可为仿生航行器的外形设计提供定量的理论依据,并为后续多参数耦合优化及自航性能研究奠定坚实的基础。

自主水下航行器  /  仿生航行器  /  仿生波动鳍  /  鳍−艇几何参数  /  推进性能
Objective

This study aims to systematically quantify the effects of fin-hull geometric configuration on the propulsion performance of bionic undulating-fin vehicles employing media and/or paired fin propulsion (MPF). It addresses the lack of a unified analysis of geometric parameters across different bionic underwater vehicles in existing research.

Methods

To this end, a universal parametric geometric model incorporating the hull and a pair of undulating fins was developed. The model innovatively introduces the ratio of fin width to hull width β as the core dimensionless geometric parameter. Based on this model, high-fidelity CFD numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the propulsion performance and flow field structure of the vehicle under different β values.

Results

The results indicate that β has a nonlinear and significant influence on propulsion performance, and that an optimal range of β values exists for maximizing propulsion efficiency. Excessively small β values lead to insufficient thrust generation, whereas excessively large β values increase drag due to intensified fin-hull interactions that induce flow separation. Furthermore, β significantly modulates the magnitude of the pitching moment, imposing a critical constraint on the vehicle's attitude stability.

Conclusions

This study clarifies the design trade-off between efficiency and stability governed by the β parameter. The established parametric model and the identified underlying mechanisms provide a quantitative theoretical basis for the shape design of bionic underwater vehicles and lay a solid foundation for future research on multi-parameter coupling optimization and self-propulsion performance.

autonomous underwater vehicles  /  bionic vehicles  /  media and/or paired fin propulsion (MPF)  /  fin−hull geometric parameters  /  propulsion performance
孙聪, 隆贤秋, 王崇磊, 方斌. 仿生航行器鳍−艇几何参数对推进性能的影响. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 256 -265 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04783
Cong SUN, Xianqiu LONG, Chonglei WANG, Bin FANG. Effects of fin-hull geometric parameters on propulsion performance in bionic vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 256 -265 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04783
所谓仿生波动鳍(media and/or paired fin propulsion,MPF),是指鱼类利用胸鳍、背鳍、臀鳍的拍动或波动提供推力的游动模式[1],因具有机动性高、效率高以及承载能力高等优点[2-3],成为热门仿生航行器的设计原型。有学者建立了多种几何外形显著不同的仿生航行器,如仿蝠鲼型[4-7]、仿刀鱼型[8-10]和仿海扁虫型[11-16]等(图1),并给出了这些仿生水下航行器在水动力性能方面的差异。造成这些差异的根本原因在于鳍−艇几何关系的不同,因此,建立鳍推进仿生航行器的几何参数化模型,并研究鳍−艇几何关系对其推进性能的影响机理,这对于高效率的仿生航行器设计具有重大意义。
仿蝠鲼型水下航行器是通过三角形鳍的拍动来产生推力,鳍的宽度大于艇体宽度,艇体多为扁平形。仿蝠鲼型水下航行器的典型样机有Festo公司研制的水鳐型航行器(Aqua Ray)[4]、北京航空航天大学研制的北航鳐型航行器[6]以及国防科技大学研制的牛鼻鲼仿生航行器[7]。其中,北航鳐型航行器样机的水动力实验结果表明,推力与波动幅值成正比,与入口流速成反比,样机航行的最大速度为0.9 m/s;牛鼻鲼仿生航行器样机的航行实验研究了不同运动参数下潜水器的推进性能, 结果显示,其可以在1 Hz 的扑动频率下以 0.18 m/s的速度游动。
仿刀鱼型水下航行器是通过单条胸鳍/背鳍的波动来产生推力,鳍的长度接近于艇体长度。仿刀鱼型水下航行器的典型样机有国防科技大学研制的格尼洛斯(Gnilos)机器鱼[8]、浙江大学研制的机器鱼[9]以及Florida Atlantic University研制的刀鱼机器人[10]。格尼洛斯机器鱼长 0.17 m,该样机的一维导轨实验结果表明,其最大航速可达 0.4 m/s,最大效率约为 0.1。浙江大学研制的Robotic fish的回转体艇长1.2 m、直径0.14 m、胸鳍长0.7 m、尾鳍长0.18 m,实验结果表明,该样机的最大航速可达0.25 m/s。Knife Bot的扁平艇体长0.462 m、宽0.077 m、高0.125 m,波动鳍长 0.3 m、高 0.07 m,该样机的水动力实验结果表明,其最大航速可达0.33 m/s,最大效率为0.6。
仿海扁虫型水下航行器是通过分布于艇体两侧的波动鳍来产生推力。仿海扁虫型水下航行器的艇体多为扁平体,典型的样机有Pliant Energy Systems[16]公司研制的柔性水陆两栖仿生水下航行器和国防科技大学研制的仿生机器鱼[13]。后者艇长0.8 m、宽0.156 m、高0.126 m,波动鳍长0.8 m、高0.2 m,样机的实验结果表明,航行器的最大航速为 0.761 m/s。
采用数值模拟方法可以获取随时间变化的流场细节, 模拟鱼类游动的真实环境, 有助于研究人员理解生物游动的机理。Candelier等[17-18]最早建立了鳍的CFD模型并与理论模型进行了验证,结果显示,两者间的误差不超过10%。自此,数值模拟计算得到更多学者的认可与应用。Sun等[19]设计搭建了波动鳍水动力实验平台,所用波动鳍长0.7 m、高0.15 m,通过实验,验证了CFD的可靠性,结果显示鳍的最大推力为 8.093 N,最大误差为 0.127 9。此外,还计算了不同频率所对应推力的大小,结果显示推力与频率呈正相关。上述研究采用CFD方法对波动鳍的推进进行了分析,但未考虑艇体对鳍推进的影响。Liu等[9]建立了仿刀鱼型水下航行器的CFD模型并进行了水下实验,实验模型的回转体艇体长1.2 m、半径0.09 m,鳍长0.5 m、高0.15 m,CFD计算结果显示,其最大航速为0.25 m/s,最大推力为3.78 N,最大误差为0.082。Li等[11]建立了仿海扁虫型水下航行器的CFD模型,该模型采用的是平行双波动鳍,其数值模拟结果表明,反相位、低波数、小间距模式可为平行双波动鳍系统提供最大效率0.664 5。冯亿坤等[14-15]建立的仿生双波动鳍机器鱼的数值CFD模型如图2(a)所示,其将波动鳍鳍长与波长的比值作为变参数进行了数值计算,结果显示波长与速度呈正相关,其最大航速为0.19 m/s,最大推力为0.584 N。机器鱼的压力云图如图2(b)所示。研究表明,波动鳍推力的产生源自波动鳍上、下表面的压力差,胸鳍表面的低压区和高压区分别位于波峰和波谷的前半段,分别产生斜向前上方和斜向前下方的压力差,在前进方向上的分力即共同组成了胸鳍的推力,使得机器鱼迅速向前游动。
综上所述,现有的仿生水下航行器具有不同的几何特征,仿蝠鲼型航行器的波动鳍为三角形且鳍的宽度通常大于艇体宽度;仿刀鱼型及仿海扁虫型航行器的波动鳍为矩形且鳍的宽度通常小于艇体宽度。造成这些模型水动力性能差异的根本原因是,它们具有不同的鳍−艇几何关系,但是,描述这一几何关系的物理模型尚未建立,鳍−艇几何关系对推进性能的影响机理尚不清楚。
根据现有文献所述,MPF仿生水下航行器的艇体具有扁平体、回转体等外形,波动鳍有单鳍、双鳍等方式。以仿海扁虫型水下航行器为原型,本文建立的几何模型如图3所示。由图3(a)的俯视图可见,波动鳍波行进的方向为X轴负方向,其中Lf为波动鳍的长度,L为艇体长度。由图3(b)的前视图可见,波动鳍于艇体两侧对称分布,其中Wf为波动鳍的宽度,Wh为艇体宽度,艇体横截面的中间是宽为Wb、高为h的矩形,且Wb = h/2,两侧是半径为h/2的半圆。Myring船体剖面被称为在给定体长和直径比率下最小化阻力系数的最佳外形轮廓[20] ,因此,将其选为中纵截面轮廓(图3(c))。仿生水下航行器按流体流动方向可分为3个部分,分别为依次连接形成主体的艇首段、艇鳍段和艇尾段,其中艇首段的长度为Lh,艇鳍段的长度为Lf,艇尾段的长度为Lt
仿生水下航行器宽度方向上对推进性能影响显著的是鳍与艇的总宽度,因此,定义如下无量纲数描述宽度方向上鳍−艇的几何相对关系, 也即鳍宽与艇宽的比值β
$ \beta =\frac{2{\mathrm{W}}_{\text{h}}}{{\textit{W}}_{\text{f}}} $
MPF的游动模式是通过波动鳍沿鳍部产生行波来推进[21],推进波传播的方向与身体运动的方向相反。波动鳍推进波建模为基本正弦曲线,其运动学特性由沿X轴传播的行波方程控制。将推进波设定为沿X轴方向的行波,即波动鳍表面的任意一点围绕X轴转动,并沿Y轴和Z轴振荡。该运动学模型的公式源自文献[22],其波动鳍实验结果表明,改变鳍推进波的频率、振幅和波长会对推力产生显著影响。Liu等[10]将此模型用于控制水下仿生航行器并进行了实验,结果表明,水下仿生航行器最优效率对应的斯特劳哈尔数St与鱼类相同。上述文献均表明了此运动学模型公式的有效性和可靠性,具体表达式如下:
$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} &{x = {k_x}} \\ & {y = r\cos \left[ {{\theta _{{\text{max}}}}\sin \left( {2{\text{π }}{\mkern 1mu} \frac{{{k_x}}}{\lambda } + \omega t + {\phi _0}} \right)} \right]} \\ & {{\textit{z}} = r\sin \left[ {{\theta _{{\text{max}}}}\sin \left( {2{\text{π }}{\mkern 1mu} \frac{{{k_x}}}{\lambda } + \omega t + {\phi _0}} \right)} \right]} \end{aligned} \right. $
式中:kx为鳍的长度参数;r为鳍的宽度参数;θmax为最大摆角;λ为波长;ω为圆频率;t 为时间;$ \phi_{0} $为初始相位角。
推力系数是评价推进性能的核心无量纲参数。本文将波动鳍的力系数分为了XYZ三个方向,即推力系数CTx、侧向力系数CTy和升力系数CTz,力系数的CT定义见式(3)[23]
$ {C}_{T}=\frac{\boldsymbol{T}}{0.5\rho {f}^{2}{A}^{2}{L}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{2}}} $
式中:T为力;ρ为流体密度;$ f $为波动频率;$ A $为波动幅值。
推进效率是衡量能量转换有效性的关键指标,本文定义为输出推进功率与输入功率的比值,可表示为[24-26]
$ \eta =\frac{{\boldsymbol{T}}_{x}\boldsymbol{V}}{\text{π}f{\theta }_{\text{max}}\displaystyle\int M\text{(}x\text{)}\mathrm{d}x} $
式中:TxV为推进功率;M(x)为X轴方向单位长度扭矩上的平均值。
仿生水下航行器航行于水中,而水是一种黏性不可压缩的流体,其运动由纳维−斯托克斯方程控制。本文采用基于有限体积法的数值策略求解流体流动,并通过商用 CFD 软件 ANSYS Fluent 进行系统模拟。在仿生水下航行器的航行过程中,由于波动鳍始终处于运动状态,因此需要采用动网格模型来处理随波动鳍运动变化的计算网格。针对动网格,控制方程如下[27]
$ \nabla \cdot (u-{u}_{\mathrm{g}})=0 $
$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\nabla (u-{u}_{\mathrm{g}})=-\frac{1}{\rho }\nabla p+v{\nabla }^{2}u $
式中:$ u $为流体速度;ug为动网格的网格速度; $ p $为压力;$ v $为水的运动黏度。
本文由波动鳍推进波模型控制波动鳍的运动变形,并通过用户自定义函数(UDF)程序DEFINE_GRID_MOTION定义波动鳍的运动。
雷诺数Re为黏性力与惯性力的比值,雷诺数越小,意味着黏性力的影响越显著,越大则意味着惯性的影响越显著。本文中Re的定义如下[23, 28]
$ Re=\rho \frac{fA{L}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\mu } $
式中,$ \mu $为动力黏度。
将上述控制方程基于有限体积法进行离散化处理,并选用压力基求解器。时间项采用一阶隐式格式,对流项采用二阶迎风格式,弥散项采用二阶中心差分格式,压力与速度通过SIMPLE算法耦合,近壁流动采用标准壁面函数法处理。根据式(7),本文研究模型的Re约为105~106,因此,湍流模拟采用SST $ k-\omega $双方程模型。该湍流模型有效融合了$ k-\omega $模型在近壁区的鲁棒性和精确性,以及$ k-\varepsilon $模型在远场的自由流无关性特征,能够合理、有效地求解流体中运动物体的外流场。$ \boldsymbol{k} $$ \omega $的方程如下:
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho k\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho k{u}_{i}\right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\mathit{\Gamma }}_{k}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{k}-{Y}_{k}+{S}_{k}+{G}_{\mathrm{b}} $
$ \begin{split} &\qquad \frac{\partial }{\partial t}(\rho \omega )+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left(\rho \omega {u}_{j}\right)=\\&\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\mathit{\Gamma }}_{\omega }\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{\omega }-{Y}_{\omega }+{G}_{\omega \mathrm{b}}+{S}_{\omega }\end{split} $
式中:$ G_{k} $为时均速度梯度产生的湍动能;$ G_{\omega} $为比耗散率生成项;ГkГω分别为$ \boldsymbol{k} $$ \boldsymbol{\omega} $的有效扩散系数;YkYω为湍流耗散项;$ S_{k} $$ S_{\omega} $为自定义源项;GbGωb为考虑浮力项。
图4所示,三维计算域的左侧为速度入口,右侧为压力出口,前后、上下两侧设为对称边界,计算域沿X轴(流向)、Y轴(横向)和Z轴(纵向)的尺寸分别为3.5LfLf和1.2Lf。波动鳍前缘计算域0.5Lf与尾流计算域2Lf确保了流场的充分发展,可最大限度地降低计算域边界对结果的影响。有关鳍厚度的设置,需注意以下两个方面:一是波动鳍的厚度相对其弦长极小;二是非零厚度波动鳍求解可能存在数值不稳定性。因此,本文采用二维零厚度波动鳍进行数值计算,该方案与Sun等[19]的研究方案一致。
对波动鳍的数值模拟面临两大挑战:一是波动鳍的推进模式涉及复杂的流体动力学问题,需应用动态网格技术处理波动的动态边界,调整计算域的空间分辨率,从而精确捕捉波动产生的涡旋结构;二是需要调用用户自定义函数建立精确的运动方程来描述波动鳍的运动,但这会增加数值模拟的难度。
因此,将采用混合网格划分计算域:外部区域使用结构化网格,用以减少计算网格量和计算负荷,网格尺寸为0.02 m;内部区域采用非结构化网格,以实现局部网格重构,网格尺寸为0.01 m;对波动鳍表面及周围流场进行网格细化,细化的网格尺寸为0.005 m。采用扩散法与局部单元重划技术生成动态网格,通过粗、细网格的结合调整计算域的空间分辨率,从而精准捕捉波动产生的涡旋结构。计算域的网格总量为500万,最大偏斜度小于0.75,具有良好的正交性。网格的划分如图5所示。
本文CFD模型数值计算结果与文献[19]中有关波动鳍推力实验数据的比较如表1所示。
表1可知,CFD模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,平均误差低于5%,但在频率f = 0.75 Hz时误差较高。
该误差水平在基于CFD的波动鳍推进研究中属于可接受范围。 例如,Liu等[9]在对仿刀鱼型水下航行器的CFD研究中,数值模型与实验验证结果间的最大误差为26.8%。Sun等[19]关于波动鳍的水动力研究报告显示,其最大误差为12.79%。这些研究表明,对于涉及复杂非定常流和动态边界的波动鳍CFD模拟,由于湍流模型、网格分辨率以及实验系统本身(如文献[18]中指出的,在高频下可能存在舵机堵转风险)的不确定性,15%的误差是常见且合理的。
针对本文中有关在f = 0.75 Hz工况下误差较高的情况,经分析认为,在该频率下,流动分离与涡旋脱落现象更为剧烈,对网格分辨率以及时间步长更为敏感。尽管已经过独立性验证,但当前的全局网格设置有可能在捕捉此类瞬态强涡结构时存在轻微的不足之处。综上所述,尽管存在局部误差,但本文所建立的CFD模型在整体趋势和多数工况下均表现出较高的精度,足以用于系统性的参数影响分析。
在正式进行数值计算之前,需要完成对数值计算模型网格数量和时间步长的双重独立性验证。选取典型的数值计算模型工况为:频率f = 1 Hz,最大摆角θ = 22.5º。设置3种不同数量的网格模型,分别命名为网格A、网格B和网格C,用于网格无关性验证,相关的网格参数和计算结果如表2(表中,T为波动周期,Tx为波动鳍沿X轴方向产生的推力。)所示。不同的网格数量产生的推力有所差别的原因在于鳍梢处的边界层网格。表2中结果表明,网格A、网格B和网格C这3种网格数量数值模型的推力计算结果比较相近,在计算中其推力变化周期相同,在单个周期内其平均推力相似,与实验值间的最大误差为1.401%,表明网格C的计算结果满足网格独立性要求,且因网格C的计算效率较高,故选择网格C作为数值计算网格模型。
基于网格C验证时间步的独立性,将时间步分别设置为dt/T = 1/2 000,3/2 000和5/2 000 s,瞬时推力计算结果如图6所示。运动中,dt/T = 1/2 000,3/2 000和5/2 000 s时的推力变化周期相同,在单个周期内其平均推力相似,与实验值间的最大误差为3.743%,表明dt/T = 3/2 000 s时满足时间步的独立性要求,且其计算效率也较高。综上,本文采用网格数量为142.1万和时间步长dt/T = 3/2 000 s的情况进行数值计算。
基于图3所示的参数化仿生航行器模型,其中基础模型(鳍宽与艇宽之比β = 1.00)的鳍长度Lf = 0.7 m,艇体总长度L = 1.5 m,艇体高度h = 0.22 m,波动鳍宽度Wf = 0.16 m,艇体宽度Wh = 0.16 m,探究了宽度方向上鳍−艇几何关系的影响机理,通过修改波动鳍的宽度,建立了6种不同β取值的工况模型,如图7所示。如表3所示,β的取值范围为0.50~1.75,与当前主流MPF游动模式仿生水下型航行器β的取值范围相符。
基于上述参数化模型以及经过验证的CFD方法,研究了鳍−艇几何关系在宽度方向(β = 0.50~1.75)上对推进性能的影响机理,如图7表3所示。下面,将详细分析不同β取值工况下的数值模拟结果,揭示其与推进性能之间的规律以及机理。
本文中的波动鳍推力指由双波动鳍产生的净推进力,其方向与航行器的前进方向一致,为X轴负方向;阻力指航行体(即航行器艇体)所受的流体阻力,其方向与航行体前进的方向相反,为X轴正方向。这里的推力不包括艇体贡献,阻力不包括波动鳍的贡献,用以隔离推进和阻力效应。在CFD仿真中,波动鳍推力通过对双波动鳍表面进行应力积分来计算,并使用软件中的“面积分”功能,其中积分变量为压力和剪切应力在前进方向的分量;阻力通过对航行体表面(排除鳍区域)进行类似的积分获得。为方便直观解读数据,推力(波动鳍产生的净推进力)报告为正值,表示其作用方向与航行方向一致(负X轴);阻力(航行体所受流体阻力)报告为负值,表示其作用方向与航行方向相反(正X轴)。
图8所示为仿生航行器在6个不同β值下艇体阻力及波动鳍推力变化曲线。图中,Fhull为艇体阻力,Ffin为波动鳍推力,负号表示阻力的方向与运动相反。
图8可知,随着β从0.50增加到1.75,艇体阻力由0.27 N减小到0.19 N。艇体阻力分压差阻力和摩擦阻力2种。随着β的增大,艇鳍段长度不变,也即摩擦阻力不变;而压差阻力则随着β的增大而减小(详情见后面对不同β值下仿生航行器压力云图的分析)。因此,随着β的增大,艇体总阻力减小。另由图还可知,随着β从0.50增加到1.75,波动鳍推力由0.8 N增大到8 N。表面推力是应力张量在波动鳍表面的积分,应力张量与β的大小无关,波动鳍表面积在长度不变的条件下与β呈正相关,可见推力是随着β的增加而增加的。因此,就造成了波动鳍推力增大而艇体阻力减小的情况,可见,β增加会增大艇体的净推力。
图9所示为仿生航行器在6个不同β值下波动鳍推力系数及推进效率的变化曲线。图中,η为推进效率,绿色线条为辅助线。
图9可知,随着β从0.50增加到1.75,波动鳍推力系数由0.08增加到0.36,推力的增加大于特征阻力的增加,有益于推进性能。另由图还可知,随着β由0.50增加到1.75,推进效率由0.53增加到0.72。由效率公式(4)可知,其分子为推进功率,分母为输入功率。为获得一个简洁的物理表达式,引入了等效输入力Finput的概念,其核心思想是:将波动鳍整体在运动过程中所受到的平均流体阻力效应凝聚为一个作用在波动传播方向上的等效力。
根据输入功率Pinput的定义,可得
$ {P}_{\mathrm{input}}={F}_{\mathrm{input}}\cdot {V}_{\mathrm{wave}} $
式中:Finput为一个推导出的等效力,代表驱动鳍波动所需的“合力”;Vwave为波动鳍的合速度。
在本文所有工况中,航行器的偏航角与倾角均为0,航行器的合速度与推力方向一致。那么,效率可简化为
$ \eta \approx {\boldsymbol{T}}_{x}/{F}_{\mathrm{input}} $
随着$ \beta $的增大,推力在合力中的占比系数增大,在输出能量中,推力的占比增加。
图10所示为t/T = 0时仿生航行器在6个不同β值下的横视图,同时还示出了截面S(xyz = 0)和艇体表面的压力分布云图。
图10可知,随着β从0.50增大到1.75,艇首和艇尾处的压力值无明显变化,而艇鳍段上、下表面的压力差则在增加,导致压差力随之增大,进而指向X轴负方向的压差力分量增大。所以,艇体的总压差阻力减小,因艇体的摩擦阻力与β无关,故艇体的总阻力在减小。
图11所示为仿生航行器在6个不同β值下波动鳍波动一个周期的横视图。
图11可知,对于任意的t/T,随着β从0.50增加到1.75,波动鳍表面压力增大,所以鳍上、下表面的压差力随之增大。根据上述对图8的分析,表明波动鳍的压差力在X轴方向分量的合力为波动鳍的推力。因此,随着β的增大,波动鳍的推力随之增大。
在仿生航行器的行进过程中,艇体提供阻力,波动鳍提供推力,效率则是评价推进模式重要的参考量,因此,将从阻力、推力以及效率这3个角度来分析仿生航行器。
从阻力的角度来看,艇体阻力在β = 0.50~1.00范围时变化不大,但随着β从1.00继续增大,则会减小。因此,在进行艇鳍几何设计时,应考虑最小为1.00的β值,因此时艇体的阻力比较小。
从推力的角度来看,波动鳍的推力和推力系数与β呈正相关。推力系数的大小反映了波动鳍将流体动能转换为推力的有效性,因此在进行艇鳍几何设计时,应考虑较大的β值,因此时波动鳍的推力和推力系数较大。
从推进效率的角度来看,效率在β值较小时快速增长,但随着β的增大,增速降低,至驻点(β =1.50)时效率曲线的增长几乎停滞,效率接近于峰值;当β >1.50时,输入功率的持续增长主要转化为加剧的流体能耗散。当β值过大时,过大的波幅使得鳍表面局部区域的波动更易诱发大尺度的流动分离。分离流过程伴随着强烈的剪切和涡旋生成,这些涡旋的破碎与黏性耗散将大量机械能不可逆地转化为了内能。因此,在进行艇鳍几何设计时,应考虑合适的β值。
根据前文有关压力云图的分析可知,艇体因波动鳍的波动而受一个周期性的纵倾力矩,此力矩与艇体表面压力差呈正相关,随β值的增大而增大。这一力矩对于航行器的工程应用具有双重影响:其一,过大的平均力矩会导致不利的静态纵倾,从而改变航行姿态、增加阻力并挑战静稳定性;其二,力矩的周期性波动会直接激励艇体做俯仰运动,若其频率与艇体的固有频率接近,则会引发共振,放大姿态振荡,危害航行安全与任务执行。
从控制系统设计的角度来看,该纵倾力矩构成了一个固有的动态扰动,因而要求控制器具备更强的抗干扰或前馈补偿能力,从而增加了系统复杂性和能耗。然而,其与波动参数的可预测关联性也暗示了将其开发为一种辅助姿态控制手段的潜在可能。
因此,在艇−鳍集成系统设计中,必须进行频率匹配与裕度分析以规避共振,并利用CFD工具对纵倾力矩进行早期预报与综合评估,以便在高效推进与可控载荷间取得平衡。最终,应将此力矩的特性输入控制系统设计流程,从而开发出适应性更强、鲁棒性更高的航行器运动控制策略。
综上,在进行艇−鳍几何设计时,应通过CFD方法对β进行性能预报,β也应考虑效率曲线的驻点(β = 1.50)。此时,艇体阻力在减小,而波动鳍推力及推力系数则均较大,由艇体表面压力差引起的纵倾力矩对艇体的失稳性影响较小。需要指出的是,为揭示鳍−艇几何参数对推进性能的影响,将聚焦于宽度方向的核心无量纲参数β进行分析,这使得我们可以深入探讨β对推进效率、尾流结构以及艇体受力的独立作用机制。然而,在实际仿生航行器的一体化设计中,鳍长比(鳍长与艇长之比)、翼型剖面形状、三维展向弯曲变形等参数同样是决定系统性能的关键因素,且其与β之间存在复杂的耦合关系。这些参数对推进效率、纵倾力矩以及流动分离特性的联合影响机制,是未来需要深入探索的重要研究方向。
为了研究MPF游动模式仿生航行器的鳍−艇几何关系对其推进性能的影响机制,本文建立了仿生航行器的参数化几何模型,并将β作为几何特征参数,推导了仿生航行器的推进性能(推力、推进效率等)与β的理论关系。随后,采用CFD方法进一步分析了不同β值对应的鳍−艇几何关系对推进性能的影响机制,揭示了仿生航行器艇体与波动鳍之间的相互作用机理。主要得到如下结论:
1) 存在一个最优的β值(β = 1.50),使得在推进效率达到准峰值时,若小于此β值则推进效率随β值的增加而增大,在超过此β值之后,推进效率的增长几乎停滞。
2) 波动鳍产生的纵倾力矩与艇体表面压力差呈正相关,并随参数β的增大而增大。为避免由力矩引发的共振失稳风险及操控性问题,在艇−鳍设计阶段应规避波动频率与艇体固有频率重合,并采取CFD与实验相结合的方法优化β的取值,从而控制力矩幅值。
本文采用固定姿态的航行器模型进行了模拟,该设定有效隔离了因航行器运动带来的复杂耦合效应,从而能专注分析β在推进水动力与艇体干扰载荷方面的独立作用规律。然而,这也意味着自航状态(推力与阻力动态平衡)下的真实性能未被直接揭示。
基于此,后续工作将从以下3个层面展开,用以推动波动鳍推进技术向工程实用化迈进:
1) 多参数耦合设计机理研究。 基于本文所得β的影响规律,引入鳍长比、翼型剖面等关键设计变量,系统研究这些参数与β之间的耦合作用机制,旨在建立更完备的设计参数空间,揭示多目标竞争下的水动力性能演变规律。
2) 自航性能验证与评估。开展带自由度的自航CFD数值模拟以及缩比模型水池实验,在真实的推力−阻力平衡状态下,对基于固定状态结论所设计的波动鳍系统的实际推进效率、航速控制能力以及姿态稳定性进行验证与评估,完成从机理研究到性能验证的闭环。
3) 智能化多目标优化设计探索。 依托本文建立的参数化模型与性能数据库,结合代理模型(如Kriging、神经网络)与多目标优化算法(如NSGA-II),构建一套高效的“仿真−优化”设计流程,通过以同时最大化推进效率、最小化纵倾力矩波动等为目标,实现波动鳍−艇体集成系统的自动化和智能化协同设计。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04783
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2026-01-26
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    1哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
    2哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,山东 青岛 266000
    3海军工程大学 舰船与海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430033

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* 王崇磊
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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