Article(id=1263819607865942098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04558, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1756137600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247675148, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247675148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247675148, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247675148, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=266, endPage=277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819610034397272, articleId=1263819607865942098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Research progress on the wake of underwater vehicles, columnId=1263819609908568150, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Ship Design and Performance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wake characteristics of underwater vehicles during navigation are influenced by factors such as the intensity of ocean stratification, free surface effects, and unsteady motion, making them detectable and posing challenges to their stealth. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on underwater vehicle wakes, focusing on three key aspects: theoretical modeling, experimental research, and numerical simulation. It discusses the wake generation mechanisms, evolution patterns, and key influencing factors in stratified flows, highlighting the limitations of existing models in describing complex stratified structures, nonlinear effects, and turbulent dissipation. The paper proposes the future development of high-precision coupled models, multi-physics experimental databases, and intelligent wake control algorithms. Additionally, it explores the current state and future directions of wake detection and suppression technologies, aiming to provide insights for optimizing underwater vehicle design, enhancing stealth capabilities, and advancing efficient detection technologies.

, correspAuthors=Yanyuan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chunyu GUO, Haijing YU, Yanyuan WU, Yang HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819617735139496, articleId=1263819607865942098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=水下航行器尾迹研究进展, columnId=1263819611175247966, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=总体与性能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下航行器在航行过程中其尾迹特性受海洋分层强度、自由表面效应以及非定常运动等因素的影响,易被探测,对其隐蔽性提出了较高要求。为此,在系统综述水下航行器尾迹研究前沿进展的基础上,从理论建模、实验研究和数值模拟三个方面展开分析,重点探讨分层流中尾迹生成机理、演化规律以及关键影响因素,指出现有模型在描述复杂分层结构、非线性效应及湍流耗散方面的不足,提出在未来需发展高精度耦合模型、构建多物理场实验数据库和尾迹控制智能算法。同时,还针对尾迹探测与抑制技术的研究现状与未来发展方向进行探讨,旨在为优化水下航行器设计、提升隐蔽性以及发展高效探测技术提供参考。

, correspAuthors=吴延园, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴延园
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郭春雨,男,1981年生,博士,教授。研究方向:船舶推进与节能技术。E-mail:

吴延园,男,1997年生,博士生。研究方向:舰船水动力数值模拟与试验测试技术。E-mail:

韩阳,女,1988 年生,博士,实验师。研究方向:舰船水动力试验测试技术,精细流场测试与图像智能处理。E-mail:

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水下航行器尾迹研究进展
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郭春雨 1 , 于海静 2 , 吴延园 *, 1 , 韩阳 1
中国舰船研究 | 总体与性能 2026,21(2): 266-277
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中国舰船研究 | 总体与性能 2026, 21(2): 266-277
水下航行器尾迹研究进展
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郭春雨1 , 于海静2, 吴延园*, 1 , 韩阳1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 2哈尔滨工程大学 青岛创新发展基地,山东 青岛 266400
  • 郭春雨,男,1981年生,博士,教授。研究方向:船舶推进与节能技术。E-mail:

    吴延园,男,1997年生,博士生。研究方向:舰船水动力数值模拟与试验测试技术。E-mail:

    韩阳,女,1988 年生,博士,实验师。研究方向:舰船水动力试验测试技术,精细流场测试与图像智能处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴延园
Research progress on the wake of underwater vehicles
Chunyu GUO1 , Haijing YU2, Yanyuan WU*, 1 , Yang HAN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, 266400, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04558
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水下航行器在航行过程中其尾迹特性受海洋分层强度、自由表面效应以及非定常运动等因素的影响,易被探测,对其隐蔽性提出了较高要求。为此,在系统综述水下航行器尾迹研究前沿进展的基础上,从理论建模、实验研究和数值模拟三个方面展开分析,重点探讨分层流中尾迹生成机理、演化规律以及关键影响因素,指出现有模型在描述复杂分层结构、非线性效应及湍流耗散方面的不足,提出在未来需发展高精度耦合模型、构建多物理场实验数据库和尾迹控制智能算法。同时,还针对尾迹探测与抑制技术的研究现状与未来发展方向进行探讨,旨在为优化水下航行器设计、提升隐蔽性以及发展高效探测技术提供参考。

水下航行器  /  水动力尾迹  /  数值模拟  /  实验研究  /  理论模型

The wake characteristics of underwater vehicles during navigation are influenced by factors such as the intensity of ocean stratification, free surface effects, and unsteady motion, making them detectable and posing challenges to their stealth. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on underwater vehicle wakes, focusing on three key aspects: theoretical modeling, experimental research, and numerical simulation. It discusses the wake generation mechanisms, evolution patterns, and key influencing factors in stratified flows, highlighting the limitations of existing models in describing complex stratified structures, nonlinear effects, and turbulent dissipation. The paper proposes the future development of high-precision coupled models, multi-physics experimental databases, and intelligent wake control algorithms. Additionally, it explores the current state and future directions of wake detection and suppression technologies, aiming to provide insights for optimizing underwater vehicle design, enhancing stealth capabilities, and advancing efficient detection technologies.

underwater vehicles  /  hydrodynamic wake  /  numerical simulation  /  experiment research  /  theoretical model
郭春雨, 于海静, 吴延园, 韩阳. 水下航行器尾迹研究进展. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 266 -277 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04558
Chunyu GUO, Haijing YU, Yanyuan WU, Yang HAN. Research progress on the wake of underwater vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 266 -277 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04558
水下航行器尾迹是其在海洋环境中运动时产生的复杂物理现象,涵盖水动力尾迹、热尾迹、气泡尾迹等多种类型。此类尾迹通过改变局部流场结构、温度分布和声学特性形成可被探测的特征信号,从而直接影响水下航行器的隐蔽性。其中,水动力尾迹作为最基本的尾迹形式,由航行器运动引发的黏性效应、压力梯度和流动分离形成,具有持续时间长、影响范围广的特点[1-3],是制约水下航行器隐身性能的关键因素。
海洋环境的复杂性显著加剧了尾迹的多样性与探测难度。太阳辐射、盐度分布不均等因素会导致海水密度分层[4-5],这种分层结构虽为尾迹的生成与演化提供了特定的环境条件,但现有的研究多集中于均匀流体或简化分层假设下的尾迹特性分析,与实际海洋环境存在较大差异。因此,系统研究尾迹的生成机理、演化规律以及其与海洋环境的耦合作用,对提升水下航行器的隐蔽性、优化反潜探测技术具有重要意义。
本文拟在综述水下航行器尾迹研究进展的基础上,以水动力尾迹为核心,系统综述其生成机理、数值模拟与实验研究进展,并延伸探讨热尾迹及气泡尾迹的生成机制与耦合效应,最后,梳理尾迹探测与控制技术的研究现状及其面临的挑战,为水下航行器的隐身设计、尾迹控制技术及新型探测方法的创新提供理论支撑。
水下航行器在水中运动时,因黏性作用、压力梯度和流动分离等因素在其后方形成的复杂湍流区域称为水动力尾迹,主要表现为速度亏损、湍流强度提升以及复杂多样的涡结构。水动力尾迹根据其在自由表面的形态可以分为3种:伯努利水丘、开尔文尾迹和内波尾迹[6]。其中,内波尾迹是因流体密度分层而产生,近年来,许多学者针对分层流体做了诸多研究,因此,本节将重点讨论内波尾迹。
在海洋中,沿深度方向的温度和盐度变化使水体形成稳定的密度分层[7-8]。在密度分层海洋中,除了天体引力潮等扰动会激发内波外,水下航行体的扰动也会产生内波[9]。密度差异是内波产生的根本原因[10],而分层强度的变化则直接影响内波特性,进而影响水下航行器尾迹的结构与可探测性。在实际海洋环境中,海水密度随深度呈连续变化,不同海域的分层模式差异显著,直接作用于内波的波幅、波长、传播速度和能量耗散过程。
Brunt−Väisälä频率(浮力频率)作为描述分层强度的关键参数,用于量化海水在垂向上的稳定性,并控制内波的频率和传播特性[11]。较高的Brunt−Väisälä频率意味着更强的分层,更容易激发高频内波,反之,则以低频内波为主。在实际海洋环境中,Brunt−Väisälä频率的适用性主要体现在以下方面:
1) 在近岸浅海区域,受地形、径流及潮汐混合的影响,密度梯度垂直分布常出现非单调性,Brunt−Väisälä频率的局部极值可有效标识跃层位置,但需结合现场温盐深仪数据进行时空修正。
2) 在开阔的深海区域,密度分层相对稳定,Brunt−Väisälä频率可通过经验公式来估算,但其昼夜变化有可能导致尾迹演化预测出现偏差,需引入时间尺度修正系数。
3) 在高纬度结冰海域,由盐度主导的分层结构使Brunt−Väisälä频率对温度变化的敏感性降低,需耦合海冰−海水相互作用模型来提升适用性。
徐肇廷等[12]系统梳理了内波生成的理论、数值与实验方法,指出运动的物体主要通过密度塌陷和体效应来激发内波。Hudimac[13]通过理论分析,揭示了分层海洋中船舶波浪临界速度与内波生成的关系,提出了内波阻力公式。
早期的研究主要采用势流理论,是将流体简化为理想流体(即无黏性、不可压缩、无旋)[14],通过引入势函数来描述流场,进而计算水下航行器的兴波阻力以及表面压力分布,可为结构设计提供参考。然而,势流理论忽略了流体的黏性效应,难以准确捕捉水动力尾迹中的湍流现象。为弥补势流理论的不足,又引入了边界层理论。Prandtl[15]开创性地提出了边界层理论,该理论主要聚焦流体在壁面附近薄层内的流动特性,着重分析速度、温度梯度和黏性效应,可用于计算摩擦阻力,预测流动转捩,并分析水动力尾迹的早期发展,预测尾迹的厚度和速度分布[16]。但边界层理论在描述尾迹中复杂的湍流结构以及远场特性方面存在局限性。
为精确模拟尾迹湍流效应,研究者引入了湍流模型。这些模型以半经验公式的形式表征湍流的统计特性,典型的代表包括雷诺平均Navier−Stokes(Reynolds average Navier−Stokes,RANS)模型、大涡模拟(large eddy simulation,LES)模型以及直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)模型[17]。不同精度的模拟方法所针对的尾迹细节特征研究各有侧重:RANS模型通过对N−S方程进行时均化处理,在计算效率方面具有显著优势,能够初步预测水动力特性,适用于工程应用[18],但其对湍流的平均化处理使其在模拟内波等复杂流动现象时存在局限性,无法准确捕捉尾迹中复杂的三维湍流结构,故RANS模型主要用于航行器的阻力预报、潜深−航速优化等工程设计,以及大范围海域尾迹传播趋势的模拟;LES模型是直接模拟大尺度涡的运动,对小尺度涡则进行建模,这样能更精细地描述尾迹中的湍流现象,但计算成本较高[19],且亚格子模型在高应变率区域(如尾流收缩段)存在误差,时间步长受限于最小涡尺度,该模型主要用于尾迹涡结构可视化、湍流−内波相互作用机理研究;DNS模型能直接解析所有尺度的湍流运动,无需进行任何建模,因而可获得最准确的湍流信息,但计算资源消耗极大,目前仅适用于简单流动问题的研究,如简化几何体(如圆柱、椭球体)尾迹特性研究。
从当前已有的研究来看,Wu等[20]基于RANS方法研究了自由表面效应对水下航行器水动力和尾迹的影响,结果表明,自由表面对水下航行器阻力、尾流、流场和涡结构的影响显著,这可为航行器的设计和隐蔽性提供参考。图1所示为模拟的不同潜深H下航行器自由表面波高情况。
罗恒等[21]运用RANS方程和RNG kε湍流模型,针对水下运动球体产生的自由面尾迹特征进行了模拟分析,研究发现,在一定范围内,海面风速和主要波高会影响尾迹在随机海面上的表现特征。Zhang等[3]研究了SUBOFF水下航行体在不同航速和潜深下近自由表面航行时的水动力特性与尾迹特征,研究表明,潜深对总阻力影响显著,当航行体接近自由表面时,开尔文尾迹会产生兴波阻力,导致压差阻力的占比将随弗劳德数Fr的增加而显著增大。袁一芳等[22]使用RNG kε湍流模型和FW−H声学模型对SUBOFF全附体模型在20,30和40 kn高航速条件下的水动力特性进行了数值研究,发现壁面所受压力与航速的平方成正比,航行器周围流域的速度峰值均约为航速的1.36倍,为高航速航行器的水动力特性分析提供了数据支撑。图2所示为计算域模型,其中L为艇长,D为最大直径。陈巍天[23]采用RANS结合VOF的方法,发现自由液面会加剧螺旋桨前流场的不均匀性。
针对分层流情况,杨哲超[24]通过采用RANS模型,并结合SST kω湍流模型,模拟SUBOFF潜艇水下航行,结果表明分层流动对尾迹整体特征影响较小,而航行器航行参数的改变则对其影响则较大。图3所示为数值结果自由面波形与试验实拍波形的对比,从中可以看出两者吻合较好,说明采用CFD方法能够较为精确地捕捉自由面的兴波特征。黄凤来等[25]对分层海洋中自由表面兴波的特性进行了研究,指出密度分层会影响自由表面波的传播速度与能量分布。刘双等[26]基于RANS方法对SUBOFF在密度分层流中的水动力特性进行了数值研究,并进行了网格收敛性分析和方法验证,所做研究可为分层流中水下航行器水动力特性的数值模拟方法选择提供参考。马卫状[27]针对典型的海洋分层环境状态,基于CFD原理和方法,开展了两层流中实尺度SUBOFF的内界面波时空传播规律及自由表面几何形态变化特征的数值研究,指出水下航行器在分层流中航行时艇体扰动会引发显著的密度波动,垂向运动受浮力效应的抑制,尾流演化会经历 “稳定状态−艇首阻塞−艇尾塌陷−水平扩展”等阶段。于祥[28]研究了水下航行器机动模式对尾迹的影响,结果显示,航速和潜深对自由面兴波影响较大,分层类型的影响较小,减速和大纵倾角下潜则可降低自由面兴波幅值,此发现能为水下航行器的隐蔽提供参考。
近年来,LES和相关混合方法(DES等)被用于研究水下航行器尾迹的瞬态特征。其中,LES通过对N−S方程进行空间滤波,直接模拟较大的涡旋,小尺度湍流则采用亚格子模型表示[29-30]。相比RANS,LES可以解析出尾迹中的不稳定涡街和湍涡结构,但计算量巨大,尤其是尾迹的雷诺数很高,需要采用极细的网格。Posa[31-32]等采用高分辨率LES对带附体(尾舵和围壳)的轴对称水下航行器进行了尾流模拟。
Rajani等[33]的研究表明,LES方法对时间步长和边界条件的处理非常敏感,不恰当的设置可能会导致计算结果失真。柴锦等[34]采用LES方法并基于Boussinesq近似建立了用于研究密度分层条件下航行体运动激发内波尾迹特征的数值模拟方法,发现Fr升高和密跃层厚度增加会减小内波尾迹的夹角及波幅。王超等[35]结合SST kω和LES这2种湍流模型,对水下航行器的黏性流场进行了数值仿真,通过对比分析计算结果与试验值,发现当应用SST kω湍流模型进行定常计算时,Y+值处于2~50范围,可使计算结果达到最佳,而当应用LES模型进行计算时,Y+值处于10~250范围,可使计算结果达到最佳。周根水等[36-37]基于LES和Mixture多相流模型,对分层流体中水下自航体激发的内波开展了数值模拟,并分析了其横截面尾流场,为深入理解分层流中水下航行器的尾流场特性提供了数值依据。韦娜等[38]采用LES方法,在特定的工况下对分层流中方柱到圆柱的流动特性展开了研究,结果显示,流动结构对倒角半径比(r/R)和Fr比较敏感,不同条件下的流动尾迹与参数变化明显。Feng等[39]使用LES对全附体水下航行器进行模拟,分析了航行器周围的流动以及尾流的涡结构分布,并结合压力分布和涡结构分析了沿艇身方向涡结构的演化规律,如图4所示。
目前,DNS受限于计算资源,鲜少应用于水下航行器高雷诺数尾迹问题上。DNS要求在全流场上分辨最细小的湍流尺度,但这对于尺度达数米、雷诺数为107~108量级的水下航行器来说几乎不可行。因此,现有的DNS研究多局限于低雷诺数或是简化的几何,用于验证湍流模型,而针对真实水下航行器尾迹的直接模拟尚未有相关的文献报道。Zhu等[40]通过采用DNS研究圆柱附鳍后的尾流,发现附体可改变边界层的分离点,会影响阻力与升力的波动,能为航行器附体设计提供参考。
水洞(或风洞)试验和拖曳水池试验是研究水下航行器尾迹流场特性的两种主要实验手段。
水洞(或风洞)试验是指在水洞或风洞中将模型固定并连续提供来流,以长时间观测尾迹的演变。其优点是流场条件稳定、可重复性好,并能方便地采用粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)、激光多普勒测速(laser Doppler velocimetry,LDV)等先进的测量技术获取尾迹的瞬态流场信息[41];缺点是试验段尺寸有限,壁面存在可能引入干扰(如边壁效应和支撑对流场的影响)的问题,且模型尺度受限于设备尺寸。拖曳水池试验是指在拖曳水池中通过拖车牵引模型运动,从而在静水中生成尾迹流场。其优点是模型运动与实际航行情况一致,水体静止避免了循环水流对尾迹的影响,并且拖曳水池通常尺度较大,可容纳较大的模型并且可以考虑自由液面的影响,如贴近水下航行器浅航情况。
为保证试验数据与数值模拟结果的匹配性,通常需要从以下4个方面进行控制:
1) 几何相似性。试验模型与数值模型采用相同的缩尺比(通常为1∶10~1∶50),关键部件(如指挥台围壳、尾翼)的几何参数误差控制在±0.1 mm以内;对模型表面进行镜面处理以保证粗糙度一致(Ra < 0.8 μm)。
2) 流动相似性。通过调节来流速度或拖曳速度,使FrRe与数值模拟的工况匹配;在分层流试验中,采用盐溶液配比精确控制密度梯度(误差< ±0.5 kg/m3),并通过激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术验证分层的稳定性。
3) 测量同步性。PIV系统与数值模拟采样频率保持一致(通常为100~500 Hz);在相同的空间位置(如x/L = 1,2,3处)设置监测点,对比速度剖面、涡量幅值等特征参数。
4) 数据校正方法。试验数据需能修正设备干扰(如水洞壁面边界层影响采用镜像法扣除);数值模拟结果需通过网格收敛性验证(网格无关解偏差< 3%)和时间步长敏感性分析(时间步长减半时结果变化< 2%)。
随着PIV技术的发展,其在尾迹试验中得到了广泛应用。Jiménez等[42-44]通过将热线测量与PIV相结合,在高雷诺数风洞试验中详细测量了SUBOFF模型尾流沿轴线下游的变化情况。Saeidinezhad等[45]在风洞内利用烟流法可视化了不同俯仰角度下水下航行器模型周围流动结构的细节,并结合测量得到的宏观力分析了横流涡的形成以及流动分离的位置。Fureby等[46]针对风洞内艇模周围的流场展开了测量,其使用PIV拍摄并测量了水下航行器模型周围4个纵向剖面上的轴向速度。国内学者在该方面也进行了诸多研究。李宇航[47]以小球和SUBOFF模型为实验对象,采用拖曳和自航这2种方式,利用电导率测量系统对水下航行体的内波尾迹进行实验研究,为内波尾迹的实验分析提供了数据支撑。图5所示为实验测量设备布置侧视图,其中$ {{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{s}} $为拖曳线或模型中心距离水面的距离,$ {{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{p}} $为密度跃层距离水面的距离。姚志崇等[48]在分层流水池中,使用PIV技术对分层流体中小球后跃层位置处的水平尾流场进行测量,为实验研究提供了参考。Chen等[41]在中国船舶科学研究中心的风洞内使用SPIV(scanning particle image velocimetry)测量SUBOFF模型在偏航状态下的三维速度场,详细分析了帆的尾流和帆根与船体交界处的流场情况。Wang等[49]利用PIV,在意大利国家研究委员会海洋工程研究所的循环水槽内对近自由液面的艇桨一体模型尾流场进行测量,详细分析了进程比x/D = 0~2.5时中纵剖面上螺旋桨尾迹的叶尖涡演化规律以及其湍流速度波动。郭春雨等[50]利用哈尔滨工程大学拖曳水池的SPIV系统,测量了SUBOFF模型在不同潜深、Fr情况下对桨盘面位置处尾流场的影响。
水下航行器在温度均匀的海水中运动时,动力系统放热、螺旋桨打水以及运动摩擦等都会使周围海水温度升高,而温度较高的海水受到浮力的作用浮升至海面就会形成热尾迹[51]。热尾迹与周围环境的温度差异会导致热分层现象,进而影响内波的传播和耗散过程,并与水动力尾迹相互作用,形成复杂的多物理场耦合效应[52]。深入理解热尾迹的形成机理、演化规律以及其与内波尾迹的耦合机制,对水下航行器尾迹的精确预测以及其隐蔽性能的提升具有关键意义。
热尾迹的形成机理与水下航行器的热源特性、冷却方式以及周围海洋环境密切相关[53]。水下航行器的热源主要包括动力系统散热、压水堆泄漏、电子设备散热以及人员生活产生的热量[54],这些热量通过冷却系统排放至周围海水而形成热尾迹。热尾迹的温度、盐度与周围环境的差异会导致热分层,而热分层会改变海水的密度结构,影响内波的传播与耗散,进而影响尾迹的结构和可探测性。此外,热尾迹的温度差异还会影响海水的黏度和表面张力,进而影响湍流的产生与发展。邵武[55]通过数值模拟发现,由潜航体热排放形成的尾迹在分层流中呈现复杂的混合模式,当其在近水面低航速航行时热尾迹更易被红外探测。图6展示了采用Q准则提取的涡流结构。陈巍天[23]进一步指出,螺旋桨旋转会加剧热尾流与环境海水的混合,从而降低表面温度异常的持续性。
在热尾迹研究中,还需关注多物理场的耦合效应。水下航行器在海面形成的尾迹主要由航行器航行时水动力尾迹与热尾迹耦合作用产生[56]。陈雄[57]通过对水下航行器水动力尾迹与热尾迹耦合作用下的海面红外特征进行数值分析,探究了不同工况对水动力尾迹和热尾迹的影响机理。
热尾迹与内波尾迹之间的耦合主要体现在以下方面:
1) 热尾迹的温度梯度会改变海水的密度梯度,从而影响内波的传播速度和波幅;
2) 内波的波动会改变热尾迹的扩散与混合,将加速热量的耗散;
3) 内波破碎会促进热尾迹与周围海水的混合,从而改变尾迹的分布和湍流结构。不同物理场之间的相互作用有可能导致尾迹特征信号的增强与减弱,增加尾迹预测难度,使得尾迹探测更加复杂。
水下航行器在高速航行或螺旋桨旋转过程中,因空化效应及船体表面摩擦作用,会在周围海水中产生大量微小气泡,形成气泡尾迹[58]。气泡尾迹由不同尺寸的气泡云组成,其分布特性受航速、潜深、螺旋桨转速以及海水环境等因素的影响。气泡尾迹的存在会显著改变局部海水的声学特性与光学特性,例如增加声波散射强度、降低海水透明度等,从而增强尾迹的可探测性[59]。理解气泡尾迹的生成机制、时空演化规律以及其与水动力尾迹的耦合作用,对于优化水下航行器的隐蔽性设计具有重要意义。陈明荣等[60]通过理论模型和实验验证,发现表层流场因素可显著延长气泡存留时间,增强尾迹可探测性。Wang等[49]的实验揭示,近水面螺旋桨尾流中气泡的分布受自由表面波动的影响,导致涡旋稳定性降低。刘亦鹏等[61]通过实验,揭示了倾斜管路中气泡尾迹的流场结构,所做研究可为水下航行器气泡尾迹建模提供实验依据。气泡尾迹与水动力尾迹的耦合效应包含2个方面:一方面,水动力尾迹中的湍流结构会改变气泡的输运路径,促进气泡的扩散或聚集;另一方面,气泡的存在会改变局部流体的密度与黏度,进而影响涡旋结构的稳定性。此外,气泡尾迹与内波尾迹的耦合效应也不容忽视:一是由气泡引起的局部密度变化有可能扰动密度跃层,激发次生内波;二是内波的剪切作用有可能加速气泡的破碎与混合。这些耦合效应使得尾迹特征信号呈现高度非线性,增加了探测与预测的难度。
水下航行器的尾迹识别与探测是反潜作战的核心环节。
所谓尾迹识别,是指将探测到的信号进行特征分析,判断是否为目标航行器尾迹并反演其运动参数(如航速、潜深)的过程,其核心是建立尾迹特征与航行器属性的映射关系。主要方法包括:基于物理模型的识别和基于智能算法的识别。
传统的探测手段主要以声呐为主,但声呐探测易受海洋背景噪声和混响的干扰,难以在复杂的海洋环境下有效工作。随着遥感技术的发展,合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)技术在尾迹探测中得到广泛应用[62-64]
SAR探测依赖海面微尺度波(波长数厘米至数米)的调制作用,尾迹对海面粗糙度的改变机制包括以下几个方面:
1) 水动力尾迹。开尔文尾迹的波浪系统通过改变海面坡度来使迎波面与背波面的微尺度波能量重新分布,在SAR图像中呈明暗相间的条纹;内波尾迹则是通过垂直运动引起的辐聚/辐散效应来抑制或增强微尺度波的生成,从而形成条带状低/高散射区。
2) 气泡尾迹。气泡可改变海水表面的张力和黏性系数,抑制微尺度波的发展,导致在SAR 图像中出现低散射强度的连续尾迹带;而气泡上浮过程中的湍流扰动则有可能在局部激发新的微尺度波,从而形成断续的高散射斑点。
3) 热尾迹。海面温度异常通过改变空气−海水界面的热通量,可影响风应力传输的效率,从而使微尺度波的振幅降低(暖尾迹区)或是升高(冷尾迹区),在SAR图像中表现为温度梯度对应的散射强度梯度。
然而,SAR技术在尾迹探测方面仍面临诸多挑战,如何在复杂的海洋环境下提高尾迹识别的准确率和鲁棒性是当前研究的热点。
SAR技术在尾迹探测中具有全天时、全天候的优势[65],其可穿透云雾获取大范围的海面图像[66]。在SAR图像中,尾迹通常表现为一种线状或是带状特征,其强度与周围海面存在差异。然而,SAR图像也易受海面杂波、海面船只和内波等因素的干扰,导致尾迹识别的准确率降低。为了提高SAR图像中尾迹识别的准确率,需要采用有效的图像处理和特征提取方法[67]
近年来,深度学习方法在图像识别领域已取得显著进展,为尾迹探测与识别提供了新的思路。Del Prete等[62]和Wang等[63]在SAR图像尾迹检测方面进行了大量研究,分析了不同深度学习模型(如CNN,YOLOv5)在尾迹检测方面的优缺点。邬子同[68]在地物分类方面的研究和包艺等[69]在水下扰动源探测方面的研究表明,将深度学习方法应用于尾迹识别具有可行性。徐世昌[70]在SAR遥感仿真方面的研究成果也为深度学习算法研究提供了重要支撑。以上研究表明,深度学习模型可以自动学习尾迹的特征,并具有较强的抗干扰能力。
除SAR技术和深度学习以外,亦有学者尝试使用其他尾迹探测方法。Moored等[71]提出的尾流共振理论为设计高效的尾迹探测传感器提供了新的思路。Wang等[72]提出了基于特征提取和KNN(K-nearest neighbors)算法的尾迹分类协议,其通过构建频率域特征向量库,实现了对2S/2P尾迹的高精度识别,准确率超过95%。
然而,在复杂的海洋环境下,由于尾迹的形态和特征变化多样,现有尾迹探测技术仍然存在诸多技术瓶颈:一是尾迹信号微弱,易受海洋背景噪声的干扰;二是尾迹形态多变,难以建立通用的尾迹识别模型;三是现有研究对多源传感器数据融合不足,对海洋环境参数的考虑也不够全面;四是现有深度学习模型对小样本数据和非平衡数据的处理能力不足,难以满足实际应用需求。
控制尾迹的策略可以分为主动控制和被动控制两大类[73]。其中,主动控制通常需要额外的能量输入,其是通过改变流场结构来减弱尾迹,例如在水下航行器表面喷射聚合物溶液以减少湍流的产生,以及通过主动声学控制抵消水下航行器辐射的噪声;被动控制则不依赖于外部能量输入,其主要通过优化结构设计或是使用新型材料来实现减阻降噪的目的,例如优化线型设计以减小兴波阻力,以及在航行器表面涂覆吸声材料以降低反射声强等。
目前,常见的尾迹控制方法主要集中在被动控制层面[74]。通过优化船体线型和附体设计,可以减小水下航行器运动产生的压力梯度和能量损耗,从而抑制内波和湍流的生成。而在水下航行器表面涂覆减阻降噪涂层则可以降低水下航行器的摩擦阻力,减少湍流的产生。适当的附体对于尾迹的控制也有明显的效果。
Zhu等[40]通过直接数值模拟发现,圆柱附鳍可通过调整边界层的分离点来降低阻力,为附体设计提供了参考。Shariati等[75]模拟了附体对水下航行器水动力特性和自由面尾迹的影响,研究表明,附体对自由面波型无明显影响。吴桂彬等[76]研究指出,消涡整流片的安装位置和结构尺寸是影响尾部伴流场不均匀度的主要因素,整流片安装在马蹄涡的涡核处对马蹄涡的抑制效果最佳;整流片的长度会影响附加涡的强度;整流片的高度会影响附加涡与马蹄涡的实际相互作用面积。胡开业等[77]指出,尾舵对尾流场具有优化效果,而指挥台围壳是影响海表尾迹的主要因素。Dubbioso等[78]通过CFD求解器对配备了X舵和十字舵的水下航行器的操纵性进行了数值分析与实验验证,研究发现,配置X舵的航行器相对于配置十字舵的航行器其转弯能力更为卓越。此外,对于所研究的工况,尾部附体在稳定转动阶段主要充当固定部件,仅在瞬态转弯阶段提供不稳定力,这一研究表明,特定部件的附体配置不仅能从结构形式方面控制航行器尾迹,还能通过影响航行器的操纵性来控制航行器的尾迹。李梦婕等[79]采用CFD方法验证了在主附体结合处施加艉翼过渡和消涡整流片对螺旋桨尾流场的不均匀性有着很好的改善作用,其中,消涡整流片对马蹄涡具有更为明显的抑制作用。王曦晖等[80]采用SST-SBES湍流模型和FW−H方程研究了不同形状指挥台围壳对水下航行器流场的影响,结果显示,在指挥台围壳前缘添加填角可以减弱马蹄涡的强度。姜宜辰等[81]采用CFD方法研究发现,围壳和尾翼的位置对桨盘面伴流场不均匀度具有显著影响。Ling等[82]通过调整平行中体的长度,研究了不同长径比对水下航行器近自由面作用力的影响,研究发现,增加长径比会改变涌浪、垂荡和横倾系数峰值的大小以及出现的速度,具体来说,就是增加长径比会使第1个涌浪系数峰值增加,第2个涌浪系数峰值减小。此外,自由表面的影响随着深度的增加呈指数衰减形式,这一研究表明,通过改变航行器的艇型参数,能够改善尾迹的隐身性能。
目前,尾迹控制在军事领域和民用领域均有诸多应用。在军事领域,可用于水下航行器的隐身设计。例如,某型攻击核潜艇通过优化尾翼角度和加装消涡装置使尾迹涡量明显降低,被敌方声呐探测的距离显著缩短。而在民用领域,则可用于水下航行器的隐蔽作业。例如,用于海洋科考的遥控水下航行器(ROV)采用低噪螺旋桨设计,不仅减少了气泡尾迹的生成,还提高了深海生物观测的隐蔽性。同时,尾迹控制在航运节能方面也有突出的表现,例如大型商船通过安装尾部导流鳍优化伴流场,使尾迹阻力降低了15%,年燃油消耗减少约800 t。
然而,尾迹控制技术的发展仍面临诸多挑战:一是尾迹的形成机理复杂,受多种因素的影响,难以实现精确控制;二是现有尾迹控制技术的效能有限,难以在实际应用中取得显著效果;三是大多数尾迹控制技术难以应对复杂多变的海洋环境。因此,未来的研究需要从尾迹的形成机理入手,发展更高效、更智能的尾迹控制技术,并综合考虑隐蔽性、机动性和操纵性等性能指标。
在尾迹建模方面,需突破现有模型在复杂海洋环境适应性方面的局限性,重点发展高精度多物理场耦合模型,整合流体动力学、热力学与气泡动力学的相互作用机制,引入数据驱动方法修正湍流耗散与非线性效应的量化描述,同时构建跨尺度建模框架,实现从微观涡结构到宏观尾迹演化的全尺度覆盖,并结合动态海洋环境数据库开发自适应修正算法,提升在极地、近岸等特殊海域的预测精度。
在尾迹识别与探测领域,为了突破现有技术瓶颈,未来应着重从以下几个方面进行研究:
1) 多源传感器数据融合。融合SAR、红外、可见光、水声、磁异常、海洋环境参数等多源传感器数据,构建多模态尾迹数据库,为尾迹智能识别模型训练和验证提供数据支撑,提升复杂海洋环境下尾迹探测的可靠性和信息完备性。
2) 训练深度学习模型。探索面向小样本、非平衡样本和多任务学习的深度学习模型及算法,发展基于Transformer结构的尾迹时空特征自适应提取模型和基于多模态数据融合的尾迹智能识别模型。
3) 探索将深度学习方法与传统基于物理模型的尾迹识别方法相结合的方法,充分利用先验知识,提高模型的解释性和泛化能力。
尾迹控制技术需向主动−被动协同方向发展,融合仿生减阻材料与主动流场调控手段,构建兼顾隐蔽性、机动性与能效的多目标优化模型,依托强化学习开发环境自适应控制策略,实时调整附体姿态与喷射参数,同时探索多功能一体化设计,通过新型材料与结构创新同步抑制水动力、热与气泡尾迹的耦合效应。总体而言,未来的研究需强化“建模−探测−控制”的跨领域协同,通过理论创新、技术融合与工程验证的深度结合,推动水下航行器尾迹研究从基础认知迈向实战应用。
对水下航行器尾迹的研究是提升其隐蔽性、优化反潜探测技术的核心课题。本文系统综述了该领域的研究进展,分析了不同类型尾迹的研究现状,然而,现有理论模型在描述非线性效应与湍流耗散方面仍存在局限性,数值模拟面临高雷诺数与多场耦合的计算挑战,实验研究则需要突破真实海洋环境模拟与多参数同步测量的技术瓶颈。为了应对上述挑战,未来的研究需从以下几个维度来协同推进:
1) 加速发展高精度数值模型,通过耦合数据驱动方法(如机器学习)与多尺度建模技术,兼顾计算效率与物理保真度,尤其是强化内波破碎、热−水动力耦合等关键过程的模拟能力。
2) 构建多物理场实验数据库,同步获取速度场、温度场及密度场数据,为模型验证与机理分析提供支撑。
3) 突破现有被动与主动策略的效能瓶颈,探索仿生减阻、智能流场调控等创新方法,实现隐蔽性、机动性与能源效率的平衡。
在探测领域,多源传感器融合与深度学习算法的深度结合将推动尾迹识别从“特征提取”迈向“智能反演”,通过迁移学习与小样本优化,提升复杂环境下的鲁棒性。
综上所述,本研究的深化不仅可为水下航行器隐身设计与战术优化提供理论依据,更将推动海洋环境监测与非声探测技术的创新发展,通过跨学科整合实现尾迹精准预测、高效控制与智能识别,从而为海洋权益维护与国防安全提供重要的技术保障。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04558
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-08-26
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    1哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
    2哈尔滨工程大学 青岛创新发展基地,山东 青岛 266400

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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