Article(id=1263819604963483715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247674455, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247674455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247674455, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247674455, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=226, endPage=239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263819605311610949, articleId=1263819604963483715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Research on docking and collision dynamics between autonomous underwater vehicles and towed recovery docks, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To improve the overall operational capability of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and address the critical issue of collision risks during the dynamic docking process with towed recovery docks (TRDs), this study conducts a systematic investigation into the collision mechanisms and control strategies of the docking system. Reliable docking and recovery technology is essential for extending AUV operational endurance, enhancing data transmission efficiency, and enabling long-term underwater deployment. However, in real marine environments, limitations in sensor accuracy, external disturbances, and the dynamic response of the docking system often lead to unavoidable contact or collision between AUVs and TRDs, which may result in mission failure or structural damage to the equipment. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the influence of key initial operating conditions on docking-induced collisions and to propose an effective control strategy for optimizing the dynamic docking process, thereby providing theoretical and technical support for the engineering application of AUV towed recovery systems.

Methods

Based on dynamic analysis, a simulation model incorporating contact and collision dynamics was developed using the ADAMS-MATLAB co-simulation platform. First, rigid body dynamic models of AUV and TRD were constructed. The AUV model accounts for gravity, buoyancy, viscous hydrodynamic drag, inertial hydrodynamic drag, thrust, and environmental disturbances. The TRD model adopts a frame-cage structure with a bell-mouth guiding cover, and a discrete flexible body method is used to model the towing cable. Subsequently, a nonlinear contact model based on Hertz theory was employed to calculate the collision forces between AUV and TRD, which more accurately captures the transient impact characteristics of the collision process compared with the linear contact model. On this basis, the effects of initial operating conditions including eccentric angle, eccentric distance, relative initial velocity, and mother vessel acceleration on docking collisions were systematically analyzed using the control variable method. To mitigate attitude disturbances induced by collisions, a multi-stage coordinated control strategy based on PID control was proposed, which realizes active attitude adjustment of AUV by switching control modes across different docking phases.

Results

The simulation results indicate that increases in eccentric angle and eccentric distance primarily prolong the docking time while exerting only a limited influence on the peak collision force, which remains within the range of 1 000–2 000 N under most working conditions. In contrast, increasing the relative initial velocity can shorten the docking time but significantly amplifies the peak collision force, showing a positive correlation between them. Further analysis of mother vessel acceleration reveals the complex, non-monotonic relationship between collision force and docking efficiency. As the mother vessel's acceleration increases, the amplitude of the TRD attitude variations intensifies, leading to greater uncertainty in the collision position, and the peak collision force reaches its maximum value when the acceleration is 0.2 m/s². Moreover, the proposed multi-stage coordinated control strategy enables effective post-collision attitude adjustment of the AUV. In the case of uniform motion of the mother vessel, the strategy reduces the peak collision force by up to 74.5% and shortens the docking time from 7.56 s to 5.93 s. Even under the complex working condition of uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, the peak collision force is reduced by 19.6%, and the docking time is shortened by 16.7%, effectively optimizing the dynamic docking process and ensuring both docking safety and efficiency.

Conclusion

This study systematically clarifies the effects of key initial operating conditions on the docking collision between AUV and TRD. The research findings indicate that controlling the initial eccentric angle and eccentric distance can improve docking efficiency, whereas adjustments to the relative initial velocity and mother vessel acceleration require a careful balance between collision risk and docking speed. The proposed multi-stage coordinated control strategy can significantly reduce the peak collision force while maintaining docking efficiency, achieving reductions of 14%–74.5% under different working conditions. This strategy exhibits superior robustness and stability compared with the traditional position tracking control strategy, effectively addressing the limitations of passive control methods that rely solely on the dock structure. Overall, this study provides a reliable simulation basis and design reference for the design and stability control of AUV towed recovery systems. In addition, the research framework and methods provide guidance for the collision analysis and control in similar underwater docking systems.

, correspAuthors=Yonglin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruyi CHEN, Yonglin ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819702762070200, articleId=1263819604963483715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接碰撞分析, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

为了提升自主水下航行器(AUV)的综合作业能力,针对其与拖曳式回收坞站(TRD)对接过程中的碰撞问题展开系统研究。

方法

基于动力学分析,在ADAMS-MATLAB联合仿真平台建立含接触碰撞的仿真模型,系统分析初始工况对对接碰撞的影响。针对由碰撞引起的姿态扰动,提出多阶段协调控制策略。

结果

仿真结果表明,偏心角和偏心距的增大会延长对接时间,对碰撞力峰值影响有限,而提高相对初始速度则可缩短对接时间,但会增大碰撞力峰值;对母船加速度的研究进一步揭示了碰撞力与效率之间的复杂关系;所提控制策略通过主动姿态调整,可在保证对接效率的同时使碰撞力峰值降低14%~72.2%,有效优化了动态对接过程。

结论

所做研究可为AUV拖曳回收系统的设计与稳定性控制提供可靠的仿真基础与设计依据。

, correspAuthors=张永林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张永林
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FVGEkSD9g5d+zcaZEqoA9Q==, magXml=XAArMnoWnILXRWVJE6nZag==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=adN+Y4yoIXnO4DzpPL4nsg==, pdfFileSize=9053323, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qbuEXPDbDmrzZBt4uIqydA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yWM+iKU2oK+SpyG9HQD25g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈如意,女,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:先进控制理论与应用。E-mail:

张永林,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下机器人控制。E-mail:

, authorsList=陈如意, 张永林)}, authors=[Author(id=1263819704024555720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=231110302101@stu.just.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1263819704351711438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, authorId=1263819704024555720, language=EN, stringName=Ruyi CHEN, firstName=Ruyi, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1263819704607563986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, authorId=1263819704024555720, language=CN, stringName=陈如意, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100, bio={"content":"

陈如意,女,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:先进控制理论与应用。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈如意,女,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:先进控制理论与应用。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263819703768703170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703798063299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703827423428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100)])]), Author(id=1263819704712421589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangyonglin@just.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1263819705056354522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, authorId=1263819704712421589, language=EN, stringName=Yonglin ZHANG, firstName=Yonglin, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1263819705580642525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, authorId=1263819704712421589, language=CN, stringName=张永林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100, bio={"content":"

张永林,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下机器人控制。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张永林,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下机器人控制。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263819703768703170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703798063299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703827423428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1263819707371610338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=autonomous underwater vehicles), Keyword(id=1263819707610685670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=towed recovery docks (TRD)), Keyword(id=1263819708130779369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=co-simulation), Keyword(id=1263819708596347117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=collision analysis), Keyword(id=1263819709129023729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=multi-stage coordinated control strategy), Keyword(id=1263819709405847796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=自主水下航行器), Keyword(id=1263819709707837688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=拖曳式回收坞站), Keyword(id=1263819711708520699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=联合仿真), Keyword(id=1263819711897264382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=碰撞分析), Keyword(id=1263819712232808706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=多阶段协调控制策略)], refs=[Reference(id=1263819731715351000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAHN N, GAUDIG C, LEHR T, et al. Autonomous docking between a mobile subsea docking station and an AUV while in motion[C]//OCEANS 2024-Halifax. Halifax: IEEE, 2024: 1−9. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS55160.2024.10754460., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819731824402906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUTNIK Y, GROPER M. Terminal phase navigation for AUV docking: an innovative electromagnetic approach[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2024, 12(1): 192., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819731929260507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卢有旺, 夏英凯, 徐国华, 等. 面向UUV对接的视觉引导三维轨迹跟踪控制研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2024, 19(1): 290–304., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819731992175068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Y W, XIA Y K, XU G H, et al. Study on vision-guided 3D tracking control for UUV docking[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2024, 19(1): 290–304 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819732076061149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Y, LI X H, MEI J W, et al. Hydrodynamic numerical analysis of AUV underwater docking with conical docking bay[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2025, 13(9): 1645., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819732151558622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LV F T, XU H X, SHI K, et al. Estimation of positions and poses of autonomous underwater vehicle relative to docking station based on adaptive extraction of visual guidance features[J]. Machines, 2022, 10(7): 571., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819732331913695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAGE B R, MAHMOUDIAN N. Simulation-driven optimization of underwater docking station design[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2020, 45(2): 404–413., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819733971886560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG L S, LIN Y, GU H T, et al. Study on dynamic docking process and collision problems of captured-rod docking method[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 193: 106624., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734118687201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DIAO J Y, GAO Z L, YUAN X Q. Collision dynamics in AUV docking with conical hood type dock: influencing factors and performance analysis[J]. Ships and Offshore Structures, 2024, 19(12): 2130–2136., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734202573282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN W, ZHANG Y L. Research on dynamic docking process and collision problems of AUV based on joint control simulation[C]//2021 7th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). Chengdu: IEEE, 2021: 1057−1061., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734307430883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VU M T, CHOI H S, NHAT T Q M, et al. Docking assessment algorithm for autonomous underwater vehicles[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 100: 102180., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734454231524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑荣, 宋涛, 孙庆刚, 等. 自主式水下机器人水下对接技术综述[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2018, 13(6): 43–49, 65., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734542311909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG R, SONG T, SUN Q G, et al. Review on underwater docking technology of AUV[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2018, 13(6): 43–49, 65 (in both Chinese and English)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734638780902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杜俊, 谷海涛, 孟令帅, 等. 面向USV的AUV自主回收装置设计及其水动力分析[J]. 工程设计学报, 2018, 25(1): 35–42., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819734940770791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DU J, GU H T, MENG L S, et al. Design and hydrodynamic analysis of AUV self-recovery device for USV[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2018, 25(1): 35–42 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735079182824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田聪. 海洋拖曳系统运动仿真及控制方法研究[D]. 杭州: 杭州电子科技大学, 2025. DOI: 10.27075/d.cnki.ghzdc.2025.000216., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735200817641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN C. Research on motion simulation and control methods of ocean towing systems[D]. Hangzhou: Hangzhou Dianzi University, 2025. DOI: 10.27075/d.cnki.ghzdc.2025.000216 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735389561322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高东勇. 基于无人艇的AUV布放回收装置设计及拖曳动力学研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工业大学, 2022. DOI: 10.27322/d.cnki.gsgyu.2022.000647., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735448281579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO D Y. Design and towing dynamics research of AUV deployment and recovery device based on unmanned vehicle[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2022. DOI: 10.27322/d.cnki.gsgyu.2022.000647 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735607665132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘薇, 张永林, 刘妮. 水下机器人动态对接中的碰撞与稳定控制[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2023, 45(2): 86–90., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735729299949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN W, ZHANG Y L, LIU N. Collision and stability control in dynamic docking of autonomous underwater vehicle[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2023, 45(2): 86–90 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735846740462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=史剑光. 基于海底观测网络的AUV非接触接驳技术研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819735955792367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI J G. Research on non-contact docking system for autonomous underwater vehicles on cabled ocean observatory networks[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819736035484144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=辛传龙, 郑荣, 杨博. AUV水下对接系统设计与接驳控制方案研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2021, 28(5): 633–645., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819736161313265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIN C L, ZHENG R, YANG B. Research on the design and connection control scheme of AUV underwater docking system[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2021, 28(5): 633–645 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263819703768703170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703798063299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263819703827423428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, companyId=1263819703768703170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1263819712878731526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Force model diagram between connecting rods, figureFileSmall=59OAEljTvDVWA3ueW5YBtA==, figureFileBig=qbuEXPDbDmrzZBt4uIqydA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819713134584073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图1, caption=连杆之间的受力模型图, figureFileSmall=59OAEljTvDVWA3ueW5YBtA==, figureFileBig=qbuEXPDbDmrzZBt4uIqydA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819713558208783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Docking model of AUV and TRD, figureFileSmall=ocyT9eANFh9MZxhr8NqYmw==, figureFileBig=kuSTG8+yEjSrUXXRsNMpNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819713780506899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AUV与拖曳式回收坞站对接模型, figureFileSmall=ocyT9eANFh9MZxhr8NqYmw==, figureFileBig=kuSTG8+yEjSrUXXRsNMpNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819713931501846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison between ADAMS and theoretical trajectories, figureFileSmall=hxnGj3ojWU5xhrnCJCsKtA==, figureFileBig=FF0poS7ZwtzL6FPlE0ZZ/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819714095079704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ADAMS轨迹与理论轨迹对比, figureFileSmall=hxnGj3ojWU5xhrnCJCsKtA==, figureFileBig=FF0poS7ZwtzL6FPlE0ZZ/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819714355126555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Validation of the towing cable profile, figureFileSmall=lKHNoS2FHv4EG+Ps75Wfow==, figureFileBig=mX0L6DGGNXmk7OHxVI9kEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819716078985502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图4, caption=缆索轮廓验证, figureFileSmall=lKHNoS2FHv4EG+Ps75Wfow==, figureFileBig=mX0L6DGGNXmk7OHxVI9kEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819716288700706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation curve of collision force, figureFileSmall=s3XcYDfIbcDPsTz7uKGe5Q==, figureFileBig=OHTQMyYnNTLBODH2Scz5aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819716636827942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图5, caption=碰撞力变化图, figureFileSmall=s3XcYDfIbcDPsTz7uKGe5Q==, figureFileBig=OHTQMyYnNTLBODH2Scz5aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819716997538090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Docking results under different eccentric distances, figureFileSmall=VpwcmoCudpKEtBXmlNAoPQ==, figureFileBig=1l2Bq1LiTu0Yt0ptK85ZpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717165310254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同偏心距时的对接结果, figureFileSmall=VpwcmoCudpKEtBXmlNAoPQ==, figureFileBig=1l2Bq1LiTu0Yt0ptK85ZpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717270167857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Docking results under different eccentric angles, figureFileSmall=OcFvvPQqxA8+2yBCoWH/Eg==, figureFileBig=Kc7eBzsyi5Flqr93NnvlFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717446328628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同偏心角下的对接结果, figureFileSmall=OcFvvPQqxA8+2yBCoWH/Eg==, figureFileBig=Kc7eBzsyi5Flqr93NnvlFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717588934967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Docking results under different relative initial velocities, figureFileSmall=2GFpdzyeeXfQLMog//Jk5w==, figureFileBig=+e5tcPPPYmj8wxmVmptBAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717807038779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同相对初速度时的对接结果, figureFileSmall=2GFpdzyeeXfQLMog//Jk5w==, figureFileBig=+e5tcPPPYmj8wxmVmptBAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819717995782462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation curve of collision force under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=kzItZRctcIStemtDijVHeQ==, figureFileBig=oQm9rgaF98DiHcbRietQMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819718188720449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图9, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时的碰撞力变化, figureFileSmall=kzItZRctcIStemtDijVHeQ==, figureFileBig=oQm9rgaF98DiHcbRietQMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819718440378692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Docking results under different mother vessel accelerations, figureFileSmall=YNj+4C/rhIJL3MaY4AILvg==, figureFileBig=qoi8sPgCUqx77U6OkdM4fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819718637510983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图10, caption=母船不同加速度时的对接结果, figureFileSmall=YNj+4C/rhIJL3MaY4AILvg==, figureFileBig=qoi8sPgCUqx77U6OkdM4fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819718784311627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Flow chart of docking and recovery process, figureFileSmall=9m6sWC6xV5S32uxWbJI6sA==, figureFileBig=zfdkg7NaosKxky3nk7b98Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819720554307919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图11, caption=回收流程图, figureFileSmall=9m6sWC6xV5S32uxWbJI6sA==, figureFileBig=zfdkg7NaosKxky3nk7b98Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819720671748435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Flow chart of the multi-stage coordinated control strategy, figureFileSmall=nxp4P0Jzf7mOU/XTnoLh0g==, figureFileBig=Ex5EotqyV1SQdsYj42Gs7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819720835326293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图12, caption=多阶段协调控制流程图, figureFileSmall=nxp4P0Jzf7mOU/XTnoLh0g==, figureFileBig=Ex5EotqyV1SQdsYj42Gs7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819721053430104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Relative distance between the bow of AUV and the bow of TRD under uniform motion of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=7MmxlyfuOkhn7BHTjPoTNA==, figureFileBig=MoL3da0fMWcd0Gbyk6UheQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819721250562395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图13, caption=母船匀速行驶时AUV艏部与回收坞站首部间距离, figureFileSmall=7MmxlyfuOkhn7BHTjPoTNA==, figureFileBig=MoL3da0fMWcd0Gbyk6UheQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819721518997856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Variation curve of collision force after attitude control under uniform motion of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=ClqPd3b1PpQmAozrI6JIfA==, figureFileBig=0L3tOynkFp/sb7VE+P0HZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819721665798500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图14, caption=母船匀速行驶时位姿控制后的碰撞力变化, figureFileSmall=ClqPd3b1PpQmAozrI6JIfA==, figureFileBig=0L3tOynkFp/sb7VE+P0HZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819721804210536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Velocity control effect under uniform motion of mother vessel, figureFileSmall=NlpCQBM5KA2BNvPr+NrJMg==, figureFileBig=tAgbhf70BIJoEs7Uufs9uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722110394731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图15, caption=母船匀速行驶时的速度控制效果, figureFileSmall=NlpCQBM5KA2BNvPr+NrJMg==, figureFileBig=tAgbhf70BIJoEs7Uufs9uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722282361198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Attitude control effect under uniform motion of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=NhMJz+IBqL65WfR2Numa7g==, figureFileBig=l0h3YOMm9YtgSXWWD5arCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722445939056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图16, caption=母船匀速行驶时的姿态控制效果, figureFileSmall=NhMJz+IBqL65WfR2Numa7g==, figureFileBig=l0h3YOMm9YtgSXWWD5arCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722538213747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Angular velocity control effect under uniform motion of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=qFESOyTSCpS/bjS7jZ/JWw==, figureFileBig=2nREIVL8rgg2lG8xrB/LZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722647265653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图17, caption=母船匀速行驶时的角速度控制效果, figureFileSmall=qFESOyTSCpS/bjS7jZ/JWw==, figureFileBig=2nREIVL8rgg2lG8xrB/LZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722735346040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Output curves of control force and torque under uniform motion of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=xITtZzIw9W+MyrXRvO+8WA==, figureFileBig=1zr/El9cD235QeWvMOR4ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722827620731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图18, caption=母船匀速行驶时的控制力/力矩输入曲线, figureFileSmall=xITtZzIw9W+MyrXRvO+8WA==, figureFileBig=1zr/El9cD235QeWvMOR4ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819722949255550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Variation curve of collision force after attitude control under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=nO8fmKGbBpe9fs2JkMjo7A==, figureFileBig=e00pGddL1jM9HEW3JcPvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819723045724545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图19, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时位姿控制后的碰撞力变化, figureFileSmall=nO8fmKGbBpe9fs2JkMjo7A==, figureFileBig=e00pGddL1jM9HEW3JcPvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819723226079621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Relative distance between the bow of AUV and the bow of TRD under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=AeqWqwbkAt/myRosYWaTGw==, figureFileBig=NpbChR6uZ3U0eRZUPJ8eOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819725226762633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图20, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时AUV艏部与回收坞站首部间距离, figureFileSmall=AeqWqwbkAt/myRosYWaTGw==, figureFileBig=NpbChR6uZ3U0eRZUPJ8eOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819725444866444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Velocity control effect under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=02aPMrwxGtr9j5EzDaSzaA==, figureFileBig=0u+LdD6uorY3aFSI0YPhbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819725755244945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图21, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时的速度控制效果, figureFileSmall=02aPMrwxGtr9j5EzDaSzaA==, figureFileBig=0u+LdD6uorY3aFSI0YPhbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819726061429140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Attitude control effect under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=Gr7y4R0sPixW0K+71oDWcA==, figureFileBig=oQ8uv/UUEFrbEo/B4l1GCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819726212424087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图22, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时的姿态控制效果, figureFileSmall=Gr7y4R0sPixW0K+71oDWcA==, figureFileBig=oQ8uv/UUEFrbEo/B4l1GCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819726296310170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Angular velocity control effect under uniform acceleration of host vessel, figureFileSmall=Gs5mHKgsc355q42aBR23Vg==, figureFileBig=pa31kigG0kYlKy0B6Q/31Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819726690574752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图23, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时的角速度控制效果, figureFileSmall=Gs5mHKgsc355q42aBR23Vg==, figureFileBig=pa31kigG0kYlKy0B6Q/31Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727097422243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Output curves of control force and torque under uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, figureFileSmall=ZSiGz/dE/oI6EA6Wu+tbPA==, figureFileBig=dAfjp1jhEM8ZRdqakyrAXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727281971623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图24, caption=母船匀加速度行驶时的控制力/力矩矩输出, figureFileSmall=ZSiGz/dE/oI6EA6Wu+tbPA==, figureFileBig=dAfjp1jhEM8ZRdqakyrAXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727378440617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Experimental results of collision force, figureFileSmall=8JeINglZYmdSz/Wrj61hKw==, figureFileBig=I0rZmFmF4/SxCU3aoZnfBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727466521004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图25, caption=碰撞力实验结果, figureFileSmall=8JeINglZYmdSz/Wrj61hKw==, figureFileBig=I0rZmFmF4/SxCU3aoZnfBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727621710256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=Experimental results of docking completion time, figureFileSmall=ysL83YrgXEMyZTSduwzIqA==, figureFileBig=3MySUP4IQo0vYj6hL9UyGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727739150770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图26, caption=对接完成时间实验结果, figureFileSmall=ysL83YrgXEMyZTSduwzIqA==, figureFileBig=3MySUP4IQo0vYj6hL9UyGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819727818842549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.27, caption=Comparison of maximum collision force, figureFileSmall=sHSLJfLCWZWxQ9AMHYHGyA==, figureFileBig=P7bVXiw1QGLry+Y5sseKIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819729542701497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图27, caption=最大碰撞力对比, figureFileSmall=sHSLJfLCWZWxQ9AMHYHGyA==, figureFileBig=P7bVXiw1QGLry+Y5sseKIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819729718862268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.28, caption=Comparison of velocity curves, figureFileSmall=txVoGm0hxNHe/P/uIgdhIA==, figureFileBig=0gBb5IC7XnTu6L6yOVfIlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819729848885694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图28, caption=速度对比, figureFileSmall=txVoGm0hxNHe/P/uIgdhIA==, figureFileBig=0gBb5IC7XnTu6L6yOVfIlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819730050212288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.29, caption=Comparison of angular velocity curves, figureFileSmall=C9pKQc7o4A0io42+A0DsfA==, figureFileBig=hDzxm5BUHlG5JjeAmfIDOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819730180235714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图29, caption=角速度对比, figureFileSmall=C9pKQc7o4A0io42+A0DsfA==, figureFileBig=hDzxm5BUHlG5JjeAmfIDOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819730251538884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Fig.30, caption=Comparison of control force and torque curves, figureFileSmall=sFmKdjwc5DBSWS/RU10myg==, figureFileBig=QsN5N/KyJqvOam0x+phxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819730461254087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=图30, caption=控制力/力矩对比, figureFileSmall=sFmKdjwc5DBSWS/RU10myg==, figureFileBig=QsN5N/KyJqvOam0x+phxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819730595471818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the AUV and TRD models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
AUV的质量m/kg42.5
AUV的长度l/m2.03
AUV的直径D/m0.26
AUV在x方向的转动惯量Ixx/(kg∙m−2)19.3
AUV在y方向的转动惯量Iyy/(kg∙m−2)19.3
AUV在z方向的转动惯量Izz/(kg∙m−2)0.3
TRD的质量M/kg34.6
TRD的长度ld/m1.41
TRD导向罩的直径Dd/m0.72
TRD收纳舱的直径Ds/m0.32
TRD的开口角度/(°)50
), ArticleFig(id=1263819730809381324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
AUV的质量m/kg42.5
AUV的长度l/m2.03
AUV的直径D/m0.26
AUV在x方向的转动惯量Ixx/(kg∙m−2)19.3
AUV在y方向的转动惯量Iyy/(kg∙m−2)19.3
AUV在z方向的转动惯量Izz/(kg∙m−2)0.3
TRD的质量M/kg34.6
TRD的长度ld/m1.41
TRD导向罩的直径Dd/m0.72
TRD收纳舱的直径Ds/m0.32
TRD的开口角度/(°)50
), ArticleFig(id=1263819731052650959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial values of parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
推进器初始推力T/N30接触刚度K/(N∙m−1)3.6×108
AUV的初速度u/(m∙s−1)1力指数e1.5
拖曳母船的初速度u'/(m∙s−1)1阻尼系数C/(N∙s∙m−1)3.6×104
水流速度vC/(m∙s−1)0.3穿透深度d/m1×10−5
偏心角β/(°)−10静摩擦系数0.3
偏心距h/m0动摩擦系数0.1
坞站阻力系数CD/(N∙m−2)0.5对接距离dD/m1
), ArticleFig(id=1263819731228811729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参数初始值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
推进器初始推力T/N30接触刚度K/(N∙m−1)3.6×108
AUV的初速度u/(m∙s−1)1力指数e1.5
拖曳母船的初速度u'/(m∙s−1)1阻尼系数C/(N∙s∙m−1)3.6×104
水流速度vC/(m∙s−1)0.3穿透深度d/m1×10−5
偏心角β/(°)−10静摩擦系数0.3
偏心距h/m0动摩擦系数0.1
坞站阻力系数CD/(N∙m−2)0.5对接距离dD/m1
), ArticleFig(id=1263819731392389587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of initial operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别偏心角/(°)偏心距/m初速度/(m∙s−1)母船加速度/(m∙s−2)推力/N
1−1001.0030
20−0.101.0030
3001.5030
4−100.101.0030
55−0.101.5030
6001.00.0450
70−0.051.00.0850
8−8−0.101.00.150
), ArticleFig(id=1263819731509830101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263819604963483715, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

初始工况参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别偏心角/(°)偏心距/m初速度/(m∙s−1)母船加速度/(m∙s−2)推力/N
1−1001.0030
20−0.101.0030
3001.5030
4−100.101.0030
55−0.101.5030
6001.00.0450
70−0.051.00.0850
8−8−0.101.00.150
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1263530641632018469, delFlag=0, nameCn=中国舰船研究, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1673-3185, eissn=null, cn=42-1755/TJ, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=uuiC2KHI0RbgmeHEYieSVQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1779178780231, updatedTime=1779179141739, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=C, firstLetterEn=C, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=uuiC2KHI0RbgmeHEYieSVQ==, picEn=742/gRTuoSZweF2ujSJArQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1263532158132564178, language=CN, name=中国舰船研究, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1779179141791, updatedTime=1779179141791, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgjcyjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgjcyjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgjcyjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1263532158254198995, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1779179141820, updatedTime=1779179141820, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgjcyjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgjcyjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgjcyjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1263530845441638439, websiteList=[Website(id=1263532309169451247, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1263530845441638439, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN, language=CN, createTime=1779179177801, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1779180752761, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国舰船研究-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=中国舰船研究, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1263552162215375681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1779183911136, updateTime=1779183911136, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162181821246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1779183911128, updateTime=1779183911128, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162253124420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183911145, updateTime=1779183911145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162173432637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN/file/pic?fileId=nJodoAVDNU0dVNGTgYrzsA==, createTime=1779183911126, updateTime=1779183911126, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162299261766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183911156, updateTime=1779183911156, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162198598464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN/file/pic, createTime=1779183911132, updateTime=1779183911132, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162286678853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183911153, updateTime=1779183911153, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162190209855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1779183911130, updateTime=1779183911130, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162232152898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1779183911140, updateTime=1779183911140, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552162240541507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309169451247, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1779183911142, updateTime=1779183911142, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1263532309249143025, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1263530845441638439, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/EN, language=EN, createTime=1779179177820, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1779180748021, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国舰船研究-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1263552187725132620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1779183917218, updateTime=1779183917218, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187704161097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1779183917213, updateTime=1779183917213, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187754492751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183917225, updateTime=1779183917225, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187695772488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/EN/file/pic?fileId=nJodoAVDNU0dVNGTgYrzsA==, createTime=1779183917211, updateTime=1779183917211, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187779658577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183917231, updateTime=1779183917231, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187720938315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/EN/file/pic, createTime=1779183917217, updateTime=1779183917217, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187762881360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1779183917228, updateTime=1779183917228, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187712549706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1779183917215, updateTime=1779183917215, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187733521229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1779183917220, updateTime=1779183917220, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1263552187737715534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1263532309249143025, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1779183917222, updateTime=1779183917222, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=中国舰船研究, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.ship-research.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, journalPhotoCn=uuiC2KHI0RbgmeHEYieSVQ==, journalPhotoEn=742/gRTuoSZweF2ujSJArQ==, journalFirstLetter=C, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/EN/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN/PDF/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/EN/PDF/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接碰撞分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
陈如意 , 张永林 *
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 226-239
收起
收藏切换
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 226-239
AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接碰撞分析
全屏
陈如意 , 张永林*
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 陈如意,女,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:先进控制理论与应用。E-mail:

    张永林,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下机器人控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张永林
Research on docking and collision dynamics between autonomous underwater vehicles and towed recovery docks
Ruyi CHEN , Yonglin ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790
文章导航
收藏切换
目的

为了提升自主水下航行器(AUV)的综合作业能力,针对其与拖曳式回收坞站(TRD)对接过程中的碰撞问题展开系统研究。

方法

基于动力学分析,在ADAMS-MATLAB联合仿真平台建立含接触碰撞的仿真模型,系统分析初始工况对对接碰撞的影响。针对由碰撞引起的姿态扰动,提出多阶段协调控制策略。

结果

仿真结果表明,偏心角和偏心距的增大会延长对接时间,对碰撞力峰值影响有限,而提高相对初始速度则可缩短对接时间,但会增大碰撞力峰值;对母船加速度的研究进一步揭示了碰撞力与效率之间的复杂关系;所提控制策略通过主动姿态调整,可在保证对接效率的同时使碰撞力峰值降低14%~72.2%,有效优化了动态对接过程。

结论

所做研究可为AUV拖曳回收系统的设计与稳定性控制提供可靠的仿真基础与设计依据。

自主水下航行器  /  拖曳式回收坞站  /  联合仿真  /  碰撞分析  /  多阶段协调控制策略
Objective

To improve the overall operational capability of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and address the critical issue of collision risks during the dynamic docking process with towed recovery docks (TRDs), this study conducts a systematic investigation into the collision mechanisms and control strategies of the docking system. Reliable docking and recovery technology is essential for extending AUV operational endurance, enhancing data transmission efficiency, and enabling long-term underwater deployment. However, in real marine environments, limitations in sensor accuracy, external disturbances, and the dynamic response of the docking system often lead to unavoidable contact or collision between AUVs and TRDs, which may result in mission failure or structural damage to the equipment. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the influence of key initial operating conditions on docking-induced collisions and to propose an effective control strategy for optimizing the dynamic docking process, thereby providing theoretical and technical support for the engineering application of AUV towed recovery systems.

Methods

Based on dynamic analysis, a simulation model incorporating contact and collision dynamics was developed using the ADAMS-MATLAB co-simulation platform. First, rigid body dynamic models of AUV and TRD were constructed. The AUV model accounts for gravity, buoyancy, viscous hydrodynamic drag, inertial hydrodynamic drag, thrust, and environmental disturbances. The TRD model adopts a frame-cage structure with a bell-mouth guiding cover, and a discrete flexible body method is used to model the towing cable. Subsequently, a nonlinear contact model based on Hertz theory was employed to calculate the collision forces between AUV and TRD, which more accurately captures the transient impact characteristics of the collision process compared with the linear contact model. On this basis, the effects of initial operating conditions including eccentric angle, eccentric distance, relative initial velocity, and mother vessel acceleration on docking collisions were systematically analyzed using the control variable method. To mitigate attitude disturbances induced by collisions, a multi-stage coordinated control strategy based on PID control was proposed, which realizes active attitude adjustment of AUV by switching control modes across different docking phases.

Results

The simulation results indicate that increases in eccentric angle and eccentric distance primarily prolong the docking time while exerting only a limited influence on the peak collision force, which remains within the range of 1 000–2 000 N under most working conditions. In contrast, increasing the relative initial velocity can shorten the docking time but significantly amplifies the peak collision force, showing a positive correlation between them. Further analysis of mother vessel acceleration reveals the complex, non-monotonic relationship between collision force and docking efficiency. As the mother vessel's acceleration increases, the amplitude of the TRD attitude variations intensifies, leading to greater uncertainty in the collision position, and the peak collision force reaches its maximum value when the acceleration is 0.2 m/s². Moreover, the proposed multi-stage coordinated control strategy enables effective post-collision attitude adjustment of the AUV. In the case of uniform motion of the mother vessel, the strategy reduces the peak collision force by up to 74.5% and shortens the docking time from 7.56 s to 5.93 s. Even under the complex working condition of uniform acceleration of the mother vessel, the peak collision force is reduced by 19.6%, and the docking time is shortened by 16.7%, effectively optimizing the dynamic docking process and ensuring both docking safety and efficiency.

Conclusion

This study systematically clarifies the effects of key initial operating conditions on the docking collision between AUV and TRD. The research findings indicate that controlling the initial eccentric angle and eccentric distance can improve docking efficiency, whereas adjustments to the relative initial velocity and mother vessel acceleration require a careful balance between collision risk and docking speed. The proposed multi-stage coordinated control strategy can significantly reduce the peak collision force while maintaining docking efficiency, achieving reductions of 14%–74.5% under different working conditions. This strategy exhibits superior robustness and stability compared with the traditional position tracking control strategy, effectively addressing the limitations of passive control methods that rely solely on the dock structure. Overall, this study provides a reliable simulation basis and design reference for the design and stability control of AUV towed recovery systems. In addition, the research framework and methods provide guidance for the collision analysis and control in similar underwater docking systems.

autonomous underwater vehicles  /  towed recovery docks (TRD)  /  co-simulation  /  collision analysis  /  multi-stage coordinated control strategy
陈如意, 张永林. AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接碰撞分析. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 226 -239 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790
Ruyi CHEN, Yonglin ZHANG. Research on docking and collision dynamics between autonomous underwater vehicles and towed recovery docks[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 226 -239 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790
随着海洋资源勘探与开发活动的日益深入,自主水下航行器(AUV)已成为执行水下作业的理想工具。为延长作业航时、提升数据回传效率并实现水下长期驻留,AUV与水面母船或水下坞站间的可靠回收对接技术至关重要。其中,拖曳式回收坞站凭借其良好的机动适应性、较低的综合部署成本以及对复杂海况的鲁棒性,在支撑AUV作业、构建异构无人系统网络等方面展现出显著优势[1]。实现AUV与拖曳式坞站间自主、精准、安全的动态对接,是推动该类系统走向工程应用的关键环节。
当前,针对AUV对接回收的研究主要聚焦于高精度导引与接触避免。Gutnik等[2]提出了一种基于电磁方法的精确三维定位技术,用于提升接近阶段的相对定位精度,以在很大程度上避免物理接触;卢有旺等[3]设计了一种高效的三维鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制器,可实现精准对接;Gao等[4]通过优化坞站的设计,增强了对AUV姿态的矫正能力,从而降低了其在复杂流场中的碰撞风险。
然而,在实际海洋环境中,受传感器精度的限制[5]以及外界环境干扰等因素的影响,AUV难以始终沿理想的轨迹运动,无法完全避免与坞站的接触甚至是碰撞。然而,此类碰撞有可能导致对接任务失败,甚至造成设备结构受损[6],可见研究对接碰撞对提高系统可靠性与安全性具有重要意义[7]
已有的研究在分析对接碰撞时,通常是对回收坞站进行运动学或动力学简化,难以充分反映实际对接中的动态交互特性。例如,Diao等[8]分析了AUV与锥形罩式坞站对接时的碰撞动力学,其将坞站简化为固定模型,考察了坞站结构、运动条件和相关参数对碰撞力的影响;Pan等[9]利用ADAMS/MATLAB联合仿真技术,研究了AUV与喇叭口导向坞站动态对接过程中的碰撞力,旨在揭示碰撞机理从而指导设计,但该研究将坞站动力学模型简化为了与AUV模型完全等同的样式,未充分考虑两者在动态响应上的本质差异。上述简化模型无法充分反映坞站在实际海洋环境中的动态响应特性,限制了对AUV与动态坞站之间复杂耦合动力学行为的深入理解,且上述研究多依赖于坞站自身结构提供的被动控制,对碰撞发生后基于AUV的主动姿态调整与轨迹校正策略研究不足。
针对已有研究在建模与控制策略方面的不足,本文拟以自主水下航行器(AUV)和拖曳式回收坞站(towed recovery dock,TRD)为研究对象,在暂不考虑实际海洋环境中存在的由波浪导致的母船六自由度摇荡、不规则流场扰动、传感器噪声与通信延迟,以及推进器动力学饱和及执行延迟等复杂因素的条件下,基于ADAMS-MATLAB仿真平台,通过建立动态对接模型,综合考虑AUV和TRD在对接过程中的运动特性,并在此基础上系统分析不同初始对接工况下动态对接碰撞的影响;然后,设计一种多阶段协调控制策略,完成碰撞后AUV的自主位姿调整,提升动态对接的可靠性。
在动态对接阶段,AUV主要受重力、浮力、黏性类水阻力、惯性类水阻力[10]、推力以及外界扰动的作用,其中外界扰动主要源于环境干扰与碰撞。在建立动力学模型之前,做如下假设:在对接过程中,重力和浮力相互平衡;AUV与回收坞站的主体结构为刚体,但在碰撞接触点,采用基于Hertz理论的非线性接触模型来模拟局部的弹性变形和接触力。
黏性类水阻力的大小通常与水下航行器的运动速度相关,通过对水阻力进行泰勒展开,经合理简化并舍去耦合项与高阶小量,可获得如下公式:
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{D}}={({{X}_{\mathrm{D}}}\;{{Y}_{\mathrm{D}}}\; {{Z}_{\mathrm{D}}}\;{{K}_{\mathrm{D}}}\;{{M}_{\mathrm{D}}}\;{{N}_{\mathrm{D}}})}^{\mathrm{T}} $
$ \begin{cases} {X}_{\mathrm{D}}={X}_{u|u|}u|u|+{X}_{wq}wq+{X}_{qq}{q}^{2}+{X}_{vr}vr+{X}_{rr}{r}^{2}\\{Y}_{\mathrm{D}}={Y}_{v|v|}v|v|+{Y}_{r|r|}r|r|+{Y}_{ur}ur+{Y}_{wp}wp+{Y}_{pq}pq+{Y}_{uv}uv\\{Z}_{\mathrm{D}}={Z}_{w|w|}w|w|+{Z}_{q|q|}q|q|+{Z}_{uq}uq+{Z}_{vp}vp+\\ \qquad{Z}_{rq}rq+{Z}_{uw}uw\\{K}_{\mathrm{D}}={K}_{p|p|}p|p|\\{M}_{\mathrm{D}}={M}_{w|w|}w|w|+{M}_{q|q|}q|q|+{M}_{uq}uq+{M}_{vp}vp+\\\qquad{M}_{rp}rp+{M}_{uw}uw\\{N}_{\mathrm{D}}={N}_{v|v|}v|v|+{N}_{r|r|}r|r|+{N}_{ur}ur+{N}_{wp}wp+\\ \qquad{N}_{pq}pq+{N}_{uv}uv\end{cases} $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{D}} $为黏性类水阻力矢量;$ {X}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {Y}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {Z}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {K}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {M}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {N}_{\mathrm{D}} $为6个自由度上的分量;uvwxyz方向上的速度;pqrxyz方向上的角速度;$ {X}_{u|u|} $$ {X}_{wq} $$ {X}_{qq} $$ {X}_{vr} $$ {X}_{rr} $$ {Y}_{v|v|} $$ {Y}_{r|r|} $$ {Y}_{ur} $$ {Y}_{wp} $$ {Y}_{pq} $$ {Y}_{uv} $$ {Z}_{w|w|} $$ {Z}_{q|q|} $$ {Z}_{uq} $$ {Z}_{vp} $$ {Z}_{rq} $$ {Z}_{uw} $$ {K}_{p|p|} $$ {M}_{w|w|} $$ {M}_{q|q|} $$ {M}_{uq} $$ {M}_{vp} $$ {M}_{rp} $$ {M}_{uw} $$ {N}_{v|v|} $$ {N}_{r|r|} $$ {N}_{ur} $$ {N}_{wp} $$ {N}_{pq} $$ {N}_{uv} $为相关阻尼力系数。
考虑水下航行器在六自由度空间运动时,流体类的惯性力共有36项,而根据AUV模型的对称性以及模型表面的光滑度,可将表达式简化为
$ \left[\begin{matrix}{F}_{\mathrm{m}x}\\{F}_{\mathrm{m}y}\\{F}_{\mathrm{m}{\textit{z}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{m}x}\\{M}_{\mathrm{m}y}\\{M}_{\mathrm{m}{\textit{z}}}\end{matrix}\right]=\left[\begin{matrix}{X}_{\dot{u}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & {Y}_{\dot{v}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {N}_{\dot{v}}\\0 & 0 & {Z}_{\dot{w}} & 0 & {M}_{\dot{w}} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & {K}_{\dot{p}} & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & {Z}_{\dot{q}} & 0 & {M}_{\dot{q}} & 0\\0 & {Y}_{\dot{r}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {N}_{\dot{r}}\end{matrix}\right]\left[\begin{matrix}\dot{u}\\\dot{v}\\\dot{w}\\\dot{p}\\\dot{q}\\\dot{r}\end{matrix}\right] $
式中:$ {F}_{\mathrm{m}x} $$ {F}_{\mathrm{m}y} $$ {F}_{\mathrm{m}{\textit{z}}} $分别为$ x $$ y $$ {\textit{z}} $方向上由附加质量导致的惯性水阻力;$ {M}_{mx} $$ {M}_{my} $$ {M}_{m{\textit{z}}} $分别为3个方向上由附加转动惯量导致的惯性水阻力力矩;$ \dot{u} $$ \dot{v} $$ \dot{w} $$ \dot{p} $$ \dot{q} $$ \dot{r} $分别为xyz方向上的加速度与角加速度,可由ADAMS实时测得;$ {X}_{\dot{u}} $$ {Y}_{\dot{v}} $$ {Y}_{\dot{r}} $$ {Z}_{\dot{w}} $$ {Z}_{\dot{q}} $$ {K}_{\dot{p}} $$ {M}_{\dot{w}} $$ {M}_{\dot{q}} $$ {N}_{\dot{r}} $$ {N}_{\dot{v}} $为相关惯性力系数。
AUV在水下运行时,会受到风浪、水流等环境因素的扰动,鉴于深度的增加能有效衰减由风浪引起的扰动,因此在AUV回收对接过程中,可通过设置合适的对接深度来降低风浪扰动的影响;虽然水流速度具有随机性,但在非湍急流域,其主要取决于水域环境,且AUV在对接阶段运行范围有限。因此,模型中的环境干扰可简化为恒定水流场,该水流场对AUV的作用力在力学上可等效为二者间的相对运动。基于上述分析,提出以下假设:水流方向与AUV前进方向间的夹角及流速大小均保持恒定,夹角为180°,二者的相对速度为
$ {u}_{\mathrm{r}}=u-{v}_{\mathrm{c}} $
式中:u为航行器在x方向上的速度;vc为水流速度。
在ADAMS仿真环境中,对接过程中AUV与拖曳式回收坞站之间的碰撞力通过IMPACT函数进行计算,其中力指数e的取值可实现对不同接触模型的选择,而接触模型的选取直接影响仿真结果的可靠性。线性接触弹簧阻尼模型虽然能避免无接触模型下出现的刚体穿透现象,但在微小穿透下,接触力趋近于0,难以准确刻画碰撞初期的瞬态冲击特性,易引起峰值碰撞力的计算偏差。而相比之下,基于Hertz理论的非线性接触模型是基于几何变形理论,即将AUV与坞站视为刚体,其接触面积随穿透深度呈非线性变化,能够更真实地反映碰撞过程的物理机制;此外,Hertz模型的参数具有明确的物理意义,可以直接通过材料属性和几何尺寸确定,而线性模型的刚度系数则依赖经验调整。因此,本文选择将力指数e设置为1.5,采用Hertz接触模型进行计算分析。
碰撞力可以分解为2个正交分量:垂直于接触面的碰撞力Fn和沿着接触面方向的摩擦力Fs。其中,Fn采用Hertz接触模型进行求解。
$ {F}_{\mathrm{n}}=K{\delta }^{e}+\lambda {\delta }^{e}\dot{\delta } $
式中:K为接触刚度系数;$ \delta $为碰撞压缩量;$ \lambda $为阻尼系数;$ \dot{\delta } $为碰撞相对速度。
摩擦力Fs的计算如下:
$ {F}_{\mathrm{s}}=\mu {F}_{\mathrm{n}} $
式中,$ \mu $为摩擦系数。
碰撞力大小的计算公式为
$ F=\sqrt{F_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}+F_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}} $
接触刚度系数K取决于碰撞主体的材料属性和几何形状,其数值大小计算如下:
$ K=\frac{4}{3{\text{π}} ({h}_{1}+{h}_{2})}{\left(\frac{{R}_{1}{R}_{2}}{{R}_{1}+{R}_{2}}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $
$ {h}_{i}=\frac{1-v_{i}^{2}}{{\text{π}} {E}_{i}};\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,i=1,2 $
式中:Ri为AUV与坞站接触处的曲率半径;hi为材料参数;vi为AUV与坞站之间的泊松比;Ei为弹性模量。
在当前对接装置中,应用较为广泛的是喇叭口式引导对接装置[11],本文将参考文献[12],将拖曳式回收坞站设计为带喇叭口导向罩的框笼型结构。为提高回收对接成功率,需确保坞站在水流拖曳过程中保持良好的动态稳定性。为此,在设计过程中除了采用框笼型结构来减小水流阻力外,还将通过控制母船保持相对稳定的航速,并采用双缆索对称悬挂的方式拖曳坞站,从而在一定程度上限制坞站的旋转。
根据上述设计,AUV在与坞站发生碰撞时,由于瞬态碰撞的角速度积累有限,并且在2根拖曳缆索产生的恢复力矩与水阻力的作用下,坞站可以保持动态稳定。因此,在对接过程中,可将坞站简化为仅受重力、水阻力、碰撞力和拖曳力的作用,受力情况可简化为
$ \boldsymbol{W}\text+\boldsymbol{B}\text+{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{d}}+{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{p}}={\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{c}} $
式中:W为坞站重力;B为坞站所受浮力;Fp为坞站所受拖曳力;Fc为对接产生的碰撞力;Fd为拖曳式回收坞站所受水阻力,根据牛顿阻力定律,拖曳式回收坞站各方向所受的水阻力Fd可采用下式计算:
$ {\boldsymbol{F}}_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{1}{2}\rho {v} _{\mathrm{r}}^{\prime 2}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}A $
式中:$ \rho $为流体密度;$ {v}^{\prime}_{\mathrm{r}} $为坞站与水流的相对速度,其计算方式和AUV与水流相对速度的计算方式(式(4))相同;Cd为阻力系数;A为横截面积。
拖曳式回收坞站的拉力是时变矢量,若要精确建模,需综合考虑缆索形态动力学、流体阻力及系统运动耦合。为平衡模型精度与复杂性,本文未采用显式的拉力数学模型,而是通过ADAMS中的缆索建模来直接模拟缆索的物理行为,从而生成与系统运动状态实时匹配的拖曳力。
为保证拖曳式回收坞站的动态特性,需建立拖曳缆索模型。目前,主流的缆索建模方法主要包括4类:离散柔性体模型、连续柔性体模型、细分化链条模型和点质量模型[13],本文采用离散柔性体建模方法[14]。离散柔性体建模采取将缆索离散为有限相互连接的柔性连杆单元,每个连杆单元之间的受力情况如图1(其中FxTx分别为相邻连杆间的轴向力与扭转力矩,FyFz为横向剪力,TyTz为弯曲力矩)所示。然后,通过弹簧−阻尼元件进行力学表征,从而精确描述其轴向刚度、扭转刚度及阻尼特性。离散柔性体建模方法因其在计算效率与实体准确性之间良好的平衡性,已在包括ADAMS在内的多体动力学软件中得到广泛应用。本文中的缆索模型基于ADAMS多体动力学环境构建,通过利用离散柔性体求解器来确保对拖曳系统动态行为的模拟。
在拖曳式回收坞站仿真模型中,将2条拖曳缆索设置为长10 m,直径0.01 m;在ADAMS仿真环境中,将每根缆索离散为50段柔性连杆。该离散化方案能实现数值准确性与计算效率之间的最佳权衡,可避免因网格过度细化而导致的计算成本增加。
利用SolidWorks软件建立AUV与拖曳式坞站的物理模型。AUV模型参考文献[15],选用全驱AUV,该AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的具体参数如表1所示。将物理模型导入动力学仿真软件ADAMS,并添加拖曳缆绳模型,设计出的AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接模型如图2所示。
在联合仿真中,MATLAB负责依据当前的运动状态,通过数学模型实时计算水动力、推进力等载荷,并将其作为输入传递给ADAMS模型;ADAMS作为高保真多体动力学求解器,除了进行缆索建模与接触碰撞力计算外,还将根据输入对接模型进行动力学仿真。在整个仿真过程中,MATLAB作为主控端设定仿真初始条件,接收ADAMS输出的系统状态量,计算力/力矩(包括控制力/力矩)并将其发送回ADAMS,然后ADAMS据此力完成单步动力学解算,并更新状态量,如此循环,形成闭环。本文将只做对接过程的碰撞研究,故不考虑艏部锁紧装置及其产生的影响。
一般定义AUV的运动方向与导向罩中轴线的夹角β为偏角,撞击点与导向罩中心轴线的距离h为偏心距,根据拖曳式回收坞站的动态特性,稳定运行的坞站自身存在一定的俯仰角和潜浮方向位置的偏移,数值相对固定,为便于分析,本文中的偏心角与偏心距为相对于坞站模型的初始状态。
基于所构建的仿真模型,设定AUV的初速度u为0.5 m/s,俯仰角为−5°,并在前进方向施加10 N的恒定推力,在确保无碰撞发生的工况下进行运动仿真。将ADAMS输出的轨迹与基于运动学方程计算的理论轨迹进行对比,结果如图3所示。
图3可见,ADAMS仿真轨迹与理论轨迹在三维空间内高度吻合。根据定量计算,其平均位置偏差为1.88 mm,最大偏差不超过2.46 mm,误差平均水平远低于AUV本体尺寸的千分之一。该结果充分证明了仿真模型的准确性与可靠性,可为后续研究提供模型基准。
为进一步验证模型的准确性,将匀速拖曳工况下的缆索静态形态与经典悬链线理论解进行对比。考虑到运动方向及模型对称性的影响,y方向的位移可以忽略,因此,将验证简化为二维垂向平面,对比曲线如图4所示。
选用决定系数R2和平均绝对误差eMA作为验证指标,计算公式如下:
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum({{\textit{z}}}_{\text{a}}-{{\textit{z}}}_{\text{t}}{)}^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum({{\textit{z}}}_{\text{a}}-{\overline{{\textit{z}}}}_{\text{t}}{)}^{2}} $
$ {e}_{\text{MA}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum|{{\textit{z}}}_{\text{a}}-{{\textit{z}}}_{\text{t}}| $
式中:za为匀速拖曳工况下ADAMS缆索连杆质心的垂向坐标;zt为相同水平位置处悬链线理论计算坐标。
根据上述2项指标的结果可知,由ADAMS仿真获得的缆索静态形态与悬链线理论解吻合良好(R2 = 0.964),模型可信度较好;平均形态误差约为缆索长度的5%,处于工程允许范围内,该误差主要源于两方面:一是悬链线理论忽略了水流分布阻力及缆索弯曲刚度的影响,属于理想化假设;二是仿真模拟为双缆对称拖曳系统,而理论计算是基于单缆简化模型,两者的边界条件存在差异。综上所述,该模型可为后续碰撞仿真分析提供可靠的输入依据。
AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的对接是一个动态过程,研究对接碰撞行为需兼顾对接效率与安全可靠性,即AUV能否顺利进入导向罩并完成对接,同时,还需评估碰撞力是否超出结构承载极限以及其对对接过程稳定性的影响程度。
基于建立的物理模型,利用ADAMS-MATLAB联合仿真平台进行碰撞仿真。除上述建模的相关参数外,初始状态等其他参数初始值的设置如表2所示。表中参数主要源于文献[15]所建立的参数体系,并基于ADAMS手册以及文献[16]中的敏感性分析结论进行了校准,以确保参数取值的合理性。
基于上述模型,由仿真实验得到的碰撞力变化曲线如图5所示。由图可见,在运行4.78 s时,达到回收对接过程中的最大碰撞力2 651 N;在姿态调整过程中,观察到有多次碰撞,最终于7.56 s时完成对接。
由上述初始情况所得仿真结果,通过调整不同偏心距、偏心角以及不同对接初始速度等相对初始状态,即可获取动态对接过程中的最大碰撞力Fc和对接完成时间,从而揭示不同工况的影响机制,为后续控制策略设计提供理论基础。
考虑到传感器的精度误差和环境干扰等因素,在进行动态对接时AUV可能与拖曳式回收坞站的纵轴线存在一定程度的距离,但与导向罩发生碰撞后会以惯性滑入收纳舱。基于拖曳缆索的限制以及拖曳式回收坞站的结构特性,本文将重点研究垂向偏心距,也即潜浮方向偏心距的影响。虽然导向罩的半径为0.36 m,但由于坞站开口角度和碰撞所产生运动状态的改变,能够完成对接的偏心距将小于该半径。本节设置初始偏心角β = 0°,其余初始值的设定参照表2,通过系统性地改变偏心距来完成系列仿真,然后通过仿真实验收集结果,如图6所示。
仿真结果表明,当偏心距h = −0.04 m时,AUV未与导向罩发生碰撞而是直接撞击坞站首部,产生了较大的瞬时碰撞力;在其余偏心距情况下,AUV均是先与导向罩发生碰撞,然后再进入回收舱,在发生多次碰撞后完成对接,其最大碰撞力基本维持在1 000~2 000 N范围内;偏心距越大,AUV需要完成姿态调整的时间越长,对接完成时间也越长。
实验结果显示,偏心距对碰撞力的影响较小,其与坞站自身位置偏移相对误差与回收效率呈负相关,也即相对误差越大,对接效率越低,且通过限制偏心距的初始值,即可保证对接回收的成功率。在实际回收对接过程中,若要提高对接效率,可以提高AUV的导航精度,使其艏部在对接时更接近纵轴线从而顺利入坞,但需考虑由于缺乏多次碰撞过程中的能量耗损机制,AUV与坞站首部直接碰撞引发的高载荷风险。
根据上述实验,拖曳式回收坞站在缆索和水流等的影响下,在偏心角β ≈ −4°时保持相对稳定状态。通过控制变量法,进一步研究不同偏心角在对接过程中产生的影响。除初始偏心角以外,其余参数同表2所示。对AUV施加推力,完成对接仿真。由实验可知,随着偏心角增大到一定程度,会导致对接失败,仿真结果如图7所示。从中可明显看到,偏心角与坞站自身姿态角间的相对误差越小,姿态调整时间越短,反之,相对误差越大,姿态调整时间越长。
仿真结果表明,当偏心角β = −6°时,AUV与坞站导向罩−回收舱连接处会发生轻微碰撞,该碰撞会促使AUV的姿态调整,使其俯仰角与坞站间的差异较小从而顺利进入回收舱,因此该工况下的最大碰撞力较小;在其余偏心角情况下,最大碰撞力均在1 000~2 000 N左右,可见,偏心角对最大碰撞力的影响有限。
由实验结果可知,在动态对接阶段偏心角越小,入坞的效率就越高,且通过限制偏心角的初始值,同样可以保证对接成功率。
与上述实验方法一致,将偏心角和偏心距均设置为0,母船速度保持1 m/s,改变AUV的初始速度。考虑到AUV的初始速度较快,为确保坞站在对接前达到动态平衡,设定先以二者当前的速度匀速航行4.5 s,随后对AUV施加30 N的推力使其进入对接状态,然后同步调整初始相对位置,使AUV与坞站间的对接距离保持为1 m。研究不同相对初始速度即为研究不同的AUV初始速度,观察不同初始速度与碰撞性能和对接效率之间的关系,实验结果如图8所示。
仿真结果表明,AUV的初始速度与最大碰撞力呈正相关,虽然碰撞位置不同,但随着速度的增大,最大碰撞力相应增加。特别地,当初始速度为2.5 m/s时,最大碰撞力出现在AUV艏部截面突变区与坞站导向罩−回收舱连接处的特殊接触位置,该异常值经分析确认为局部现象,不影响对整体变化趋势的判定。同时还发现,虽然设置较低的AUV初始速度有助于减小碰撞力,但会显著延长入坞时间,从而降低整体对接效率。
目前,大多对接研究仅针对母船处于悬停和匀速运动状态,且以上实验也是在母船匀速行驶状态下进行的。为全面评估拖曳式回收系统中母船运动状态对末端对接碰撞过程的影响,有必要进一步考虑母船速度处于变化状态时产生的影响。为保证拖曳缆索的安全性和对接过程的稳定性,将拖曳母船设置为匀加速度状态。
假设初始偏心角和偏心距均为0,设置AUV的初速度为1 m/s,并提供50 N的推力。当给定母船1 m/s的初始速度并以0.04 m/s2的加速度直线行驶时,得出碰撞力曲线如图9所示。由图可见,由于加速度$ \alpha $较小,在对接过程中观察到AUV与拖曳式回收坞站之间有多次碰撞,最大碰撞力可达1 760 N。
根据仿真实验发现,在30 N的推力下,随着母船加速度的增加,虽然AUV艏部已进入收纳舱,但由于在未完成对接前就动力不足,最终滑出回收坞站,导致对接失败。为了收集更多的数据,将AUV的推力加大至100 N进行实验,结果如图10所示。
仿真结果表明,随着母船加速度的增加,坞站的姿态变化加剧,导致碰撞位置的不确定性增大,最大碰撞力在0.2 m/s2时达到峰值,而对接时间则在0.08 m/s2和0.2 m/s2时出现最小值。根据以上对最大碰撞力的影响分析,不确定的碰撞位置同样体现了二者相对速度的不确定性,因此呈现显著的非单调变化规律。母船加速度对最大碰撞力及对接完成时间的直接影响虽不显著,但仿真结果表明,增强的碰撞力能够激发AUV更快的姿态响应,从而缩短姿态调整阶段的持续时间,有利于提升整体对接效率,因此在实际对接过程中,需综合权衡碰撞力与对接效率之间的关系,在保障结构安全的前提下优化动态对接过程。除此外,当母船加速度达到0.2 m/s2时,通过仿真发现,AUV艏部的截面突变区与导向罩发生了碰撞,这一区域的几何不连续所导致的应力集中可能是造成碰撞力发生突变的原因,在工程中,可以采取结构强化设计或增加缓冲材料等方法解决这一问题。
根据上述实验,在母船速度发生变化这种复杂的工况下,通过回收坞站自身结构完成被动控制的局限性就表现出来了,它无法满足控制对接碰撞力和对接回收效率的双重需求,此时,主动调节AUV推力对确保回收任务的成功展现出必要的作用。因此,考虑实际回收过程中出现的这种情况,设计AUV根据母船运动情况动态调整推力的能力,对于优化对接和在可变动态环境下实现可靠性能具有重要意义。
为确保AUV在与拖曳式回收坞站发生碰撞后能对接成功,同时满足安全性和对接效率的双重需求,对AUV进行了主动控制,并实时进行位姿调整,直至完成对接,对接回收流程如图11所示。
在以往的研究中,控制方案常采用基于PID控制的速度和相对位置闭环控制方案[17]。根据上述不同工况下的研究和实验条件,在既保证对接效率,同时又能降低碰撞力影响的情况下,本文设计了一种基于PID控制的多阶段协调控制策略,通过在不同任务阶段切换控制模式来优化对接过程,具体如图12所示。
在对接初始阶段,AUV在恒定推力的作用下接近回收坞站,并由碰撞检测信号触发主动控制机制。在碰撞初期,控制系统结合导向罩的被动导引,仅对AUV的姿态进行微调,以避免因碰撞引发姿态变化而导致对接失败,提高对接成功率。当AUV进入回收舱后,为减少与舱体的持续碰撞,控制器切换至快速姿态校正与前进协同模式;在对接末端,为避免因相对速度过大而与坞站首部发生剧烈碰撞,控制模式进一步切换为速度跟踪控制,完成对接,同时使AUV与坞站保持速度同步。控制参数均采用Ziegler-Nichols方法进行整定。使用多阶段协调控制策略,可在保证对接效率的同时抑制对接过程中的碰撞力峰值,提升系统鲁棒性与安全性。
本文取实际物理模型中AUV的艏部与回收坞站首部计算两者间的距离d,如图13所示,对接成功时两者间的距离稳定在0 m处。在初次发生碰撞后,对AUV进行位姿控制,调整其姿态以继续对接。经对比可知,未进行控制时,完成对接回收约需7.56 s,而采用基于PID控制的多阶段协调切换控制策略后,完成对接回收约需6.53 s,保证了对接回收效率。
图14所示为加入控制后AUV与拖曳式回收坞站的碰撞力变化曲线。通过控制AUV的位姿变化,发现最大碰撞力为1 333 N,通过对比图5可以明显看出,对接碰撞力的降幅达72.2%以上,能尽量避免因过大碰撞力带来的机械损耗。结果显示,采用该控制策略在有效减小碰撞力影响的同时还能保证对接效率。
图15所示为各方向上速度的控制效果。从中可以看出,控制器开始作用后,AUV的速度变化更加稳定,同时,速度控制还有效避免了AUV在进入回收坞站后由于前进速度过快直接撞击回收舱而产生的较大碰撞力。
图16所示为各方向的姿态控制效果,其中$ \phi $$ \theta $$ \psi $分别为AUV的横滚角、俯仰角和偏航角。图17所示为各方向角速度的控制效果。从图中可以发现,俯仰角和偏航角的变化可能会使AUV偏离对接位置,而横滚角的过度变化则会影响AUV的安全和任务执行。可以看出,控制器的加入使得碰撞后的AUV能及时调整姿态角,保证安全且顺利地完成对接,同时,角速度的变化并不剧烈。
图18所示为多阶段协调切换控制策略下各方向的控制输入。图中:XYZxyz方向的力;KMN为3个方向的力矩。控制器输出不为0,以确保每个自由度都表现出强大的稳定性能和动态响应特性。
这些结果证明了控制器在不同工况下保持稳定和动态响应时力/力矩输出的能力,验证了控制策略在实现理想性能指标方面的有效性。
采用与上述相同的控制方法对母船处于匀加速情况下的模型进行控制,设置AUV的初速度为1 m/s,施加50 N的推力;母船初始速度为1 m/s,加速度为0.04 m/s2,对比碰撞结果如图9图19所示。加入控制流程后,最大碰撞力从1 760 N降至1 414 N,如图20所示,完成对接回收的时间从4.60 s减少到3.83 s。与母船匀速情况下的相同,采用多阶段协调控制策略后不仅减小了碰撞力,避免了因碰撞力过大而导致的机械损伤,同时还提高了回收效率。
图21图22显示,控制器能够有效调节AUV的运动状态,确保其平稳运行从而完成对接;且图23表明,控制后的角速度波动幅度减小了。图24完整展示了控制器的输出特性,其最大控制力/力矩始终维持在推进器饱和上限内,可为动态对接提供可靠保障。这些结果共同验证了控制系统在复杂动态对接任务中保持AUV稳定性和完整性的性能。
为进一步验证控制方案的有效性,在无主动控制、基于PID控制的传统位置跟踪控制以及多阶段协调控制这3种策略下,分别针对表3所示工况进行对接仿真实验,具体工况参数如表所示,相应的实验结果如图25图26所示。
综合上述实验结果,显示所提多阶段协调控制策略在碰撞安全与对接效率这2个维度均展现出稳定的性能效益。首先,在碰撞安全性方面,母船匀速运行时碰撞力峰值的降幅均超过20%,最高达58.8%,即使在母船存在变速运动的复杂工况下也能使降幅达14.1%~72.2%;尤其值得注意的是,相比位置跟踪控制在部分工况下碰撞力增大的不稳定表现,多阶段协调控制策略实现了稳定、一致的碰撞力降低,说明本策略通过主动调整AUV的位姿及速度,适配各阶段的差异化控制需求,可有效缓冲碰撞能量,减轻对机械结构的瞬时冲击。其次,在对接效率方面,对接完成时间实现了一致性的缩短,降幅介于4.7%与28.6%之间,且与位置跟踪策略相比,二者的平均降幅差距在3%以内。需要说明的是,由于无位姿控制下的对接过程本身历时较短,时间缩短的绝对秒数有限,故时间缩短的百分比意义更大。
图27图30所示为1号实验工况下3种控制策略的仿真结果。结合前述研究关于相对速度对碰撞力的影响更为显著的分析可知,相较于传统位置跟踪控制,多阶段协调控制策略在适当的时机切换为速度主导控制模式,可有效抑制碰撞力峰值,同时,该策略的能源消耗还低于传统位置跟踪控制。
上述仿真结果表明,采用多阶段协调控制策略可实现多种工况下“碰撞抑制”与“效率维持”的协同优化,克服传统位置跟踪控制在二者兼顾上的不足,且鲁棒性强,能有效提升动态对接过程的综合性能与可靠性。
本文针对AUV和拖曳回收坞站在动态对接过程中的碰撞问题,基于ADAMS-MATLAB联合仿真平台完成了对接碰撞仿真与分析,揭示了偏心角、偏心距、相对速度及母船运动状态对碰撞力峰值与对接完成时间的影响规律。研究发现,对接完成时间随偏心角与偏心距的增大而延长,但二者对最大碰撞力的影响不大;最大碰撞力随相对速度的增大而升高,对接完成时间则随之缩短;母船运动状态的影响较为间接。在此基础上,设计了一种多阶段协调控制策略,该策略在维持对接效率的同时能将最大碰撞力降低14%以上,可显著增强系统动态稳定性,并且与传统位置跟踪控制策略相比鲁棒性更强。
未来的研究可以从以下3个方面深入展开:一是在模型中引入复杂的海洋环境因素,如不规则波等,进一步提高模型的真实性;二是深入探究由碰撞力矢量形成的机理、状态演变规律以及对成功率的量化影响分析;三是通过水池试验或实艇数据对仿真模型进行校验与修正,增强预测的可靠性,推动AUV与拖曳式回收坞站对接回收技术的快速进步,从而在一定程度上降低开发与测试成本,为AUV的海洋应用提供更全面的支持。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
DAHN N, GAUDIG C, LEHR T, et al. Autonomous docking between a mobile subsea docking station and an AUV while in motion[C]//OCEANS 2024-Halifax. Halifax: IEEE, 2024: 1−9. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS55160.2024.10754460.
2
GUTNIK Y, GROPER M. Terminal phase navigation for AUV docking: an innovative electromagnetic approach[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2024, 12(1): 192.
3
卢有旺, 夏英凯, 徐国华, 等. 面向UUV对接的视觉引导三维轨迹跟踪控制研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2024, 19(1): 290–304.
LU Y W, XIA Y K, XU G H, et al. Study on vision-guided 3D tracking control for UUV docking[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2024, 19(1): 290–304 (in Chinese).
4
GAO Y, LI X H, MEI J W, et al. Hydrodynamic numerical analysis of AUV underwater docking with conical docking bay[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2025, 13(9): 1645.
5
LV F T, XU H X, SHI K, et al. Estimation of positions and poses of autonomous underwater vehicle relative to docking station based on adaptive extraction of visual guidance features[J]. Machines, 2022, 10(7): 571.
6
PAGE B R, MAHMOUDIAN N. Simulation-driven optimization of underwater docking station design[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2020, 45(2): 404–413.
7
MENG L S, LIN Y, GU H T, et al. Study on dynamic docking process and collision problems of captured-rod docking method[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 193: 106624.
8
DIAO J Y, GAO Z L, YUAN X Q. Collision dynamics in AUV docking with conical hood type dock: influencing factors and performance analysis[J]. Ships and Offshore Structures, 2024, 19(12): 2130–2136.
9
PAN W, ZHANG Y L. Research on dynamic docking process and collision problems of AUV based on joint control simulation[C]//2021 7th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). Chengdu: IEEE, 2021: 1057−1061.
10
VU M T, CHOI H S, NHAT T Q M, et al. Docking assessment algorithm for autonomous underwater vehicles[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 100: 102180.
11
郑荣, 宋涛, 孙庆刚, 等. 自主式水下机器人水下对接技术综述[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2018, 13(6): 43–49, 65.
ZHENG R, SONG T, SUN Q G, et al. Review on underwater docking technology of AUV[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2018, 13(6): 43–49, 65 (in both Chinese and English).
12
杜俊, 谷海涛, 孟令帅, 等. 面向USV的AUV自主回收装置设计及其水动力分析[J]. 工程设计学报, 2018, 25(1): 35–42.
DU J, GU H T, MENG L S, et al. Design and hydrodynamic analysis of AUV self-recovery device for USV[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2018, 25(1): 35–42 (in Chinese).
13
田聪. 海洋拖曳系统运动仿真及控制方法研究[D]. 杭州: 杭州电子科技大学, 2025. DOI: 10.27075/d.cnki.ghzdc.2025.000216.
TIAN C. Research on motion simulation and control methods of ocean towing systems[D]. Hangzhou: Hangzhou Dianzi University, 2025. DOI: 10.27075/d.cnki.ghzdc.2025.000216 (in Chinese).
14
高东勇. 基于无人艇的AUV布放回收装置设计及拖曳动力学研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工业大学, 2022. DOI: 10.27322/d.cnki.gsgyu.2022.000647.
GAO D Y. Design and towing dynamics research of AUV deployment and recovery device based on unmanned vehicle[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2022. DOI: 10.27322/d.cnki.gsgyu.2022.000647 (in Chinese).
15
潘薇, 张永林, 刘妮. 水下机器人动态对接中的碰撞与稳定控制[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2023, 45(2): 86–90.
PAN W, ZHANG Y L, LIU N. Collision and stability control in dynamic docking of autonomous underwater vehicle[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2023, 45(2): 86–90 (in Chinese).
16
史剑光. 基于海底观测网络的AUV非接触接驳技术研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014.
SHI J G. Research on non-contact docking system for autonomous underwater vehicles on cabled ocean observatory networks[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014 (in Chinese).
17
辛传龙, 郑荣, 杨博. AUV水下对接系统设计与接驳控制方案研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2021, 28(5): 633–645.
XIN C L, ZHENG R, YANG B. Research on the design and connection control scheme of AUV underwater docking system[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2021, 28(5): 633–645 (in Chinese).
2026年第21卷第2期
PDF下载
17
5
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
基金
作者信息
    江苏科技大学 自动化学院,江苏 镇江 212100

通讯作者:

* 张永林
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgjcyj/CN/10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04790
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏