Article(id=1263818970805691092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=1745942400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247523261, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247523261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247523261, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247523261, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818971682300632, articleId=1263818970805691092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Investigation on the effects of ducted propeller and tail fin deflection parameters on the underwater hydrodynamic characteristics of trans-medium submersibles, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to investigate the dynamic behavior and flow field characteristics of trans-medium submersibles during underwater straight-line navigation and turning maneuvers.

Method

To this end, computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed, using the VOF multiphase flow model and the SST kω turbulence model to establish a numerical model of the underwater navigation of the trans-medium submersibles. The accuracy of the numerical method was validated by comparing the experimental total drag data for the DARPA Suboff submarine model at various speeds with the numerical calculation results. On this basis, numerical simulations and analyses of underwater straight-line navigation and turning maneuvers of the trans-medium submersible were conducted, focusing on the effects of ducted propeller rotation speed and tail fin deflection angle on the underwater straight-line navigation and turning performance of the submersible.

Results

The research results indicate that during straight-line underwater navigation, the forward speed of the trans-medium submersible exhibits an approximately linear relationship with the propeller's rotational speed. For instance, as the propeller speed increases from 600 r/min to 4800 r/min, the forward speed rises from 1.1 m/s to 8.1 m/s. At the same time, the pitch moment becomes less negative with increasing propeller speed (from −0.35 N·m to −0.17 N·m), indicating that the submersible remains stable in pitch during high-speed navigation. The propeller speed has little effect on the surface pressure distribution and the structure of the surrounding flow field. During underwater turning, the turning radius is mainly determined by the tail fin deflection angle and is largely unaffected by the propeller speed. The turning radius decreases with increasing tail fin deflection angle (from 3.35 times the submersible's body length to 0.75 times), though the rate of decrease diminishes. In contrast, the turning speed is affected by both the propeller speed and the tail fin deflection angle. The thrust generated by both propellers increases with higher propeller speeds and larger tail fin deflection angles. During turning, the thrust of the outer propeller consistently exceeds that of the inner propeller, and the thrust difference increases with greater tail fin deflection. Furthermore, tail fin deflection during turning leads to a significantly asymmetric surface pressure distribution on the submersible. This asymmetry becomes more pronounced with increasing tail fin deflection and is closely associated with the asymmetric flow characteristics of the surrounding flow field.

Conclusion

This study provides a reference for the design and performance analysis of trans-medium submersible configurations.

, correspAuthors=Tiezhi SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Deshun LU, Wei ZHAO, Cisong GAO, Tiezhi SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819031862173871, articleId=1263818970805691092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=导管螺旋桨与尾鳍运动参数对飞潜器水下流体动力特性影响研究, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在研究跨介质飞潜器水下直航和回转运动过程中的运动特性和流场特性。

方法

基于计算流体力学数值模拟技术,并利用VOF多相流模型和SST k−ω湍流模型建立飞潜器水下航行数值计算模型。通过对比潜艇模型(DARPA Suboff)在不同航行速度下的总阻力试验结果和数值计算结果对数值方法的有效性进行验证。在此基础上,分别对飞潜器水下直航和回转运动过程进行数值模拟和分析,重点研究导管螺旋桨推进器旋转速度和尾鳍偏转角度对飞潜器水下直航和回转运动的影响。

结果

结果表明:飞潜器水下直航时,航速与螺旋桨转速近似呈线性关系,如螺旋桨转速从600 r/min增加到4 800 r/min时,航速相应从1.1 m/s提升至8.1 m/s,同时负值俯仰力矩随螺旋桨转速增加而增大,但绝对值逐渐减小(俯仰力矩从−0.35 N·m提升至−0.17 N·m),表明高速航行时能够保持稳定姿态,螺旋桨转速对表面压力系数分布以及流场结构几乎不产生影响;飞潜器水下回转时,其回转半径的大小主要受尾鳍偏转角度的影响,几乎不受螺旋桨转速的影响,回转半径随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而减小(回转半径从3.35倍飞潜器长度减小到0.75倍),但减小趋势逐渐变缓,而飞潜器回转航速会受到螺旋桨转速及尾鳍偏转角的综合影响,两侧螺旋桨推力均随着螺旋桨转速和尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大,回转轨迹外侧螺旋桨推力始终大于内侧,两者差额也随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大;飞潜器回转过程中,尾鳍偏转引起的飞潜器回转运动导致其表面压力分布呈现明显的非对称性特征,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增加,飞潜器表面压力分布的非对称性特征逐渐明显,这种非对称性特征与其周围流场的非对称性流动密切相关。

结论

该研究可为飞潜器构型设计及水下航行性能分析提供参考。

, correspAuthors=孙铁志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙铁志
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陆德顺,男,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:跨介质水动力学。E-mail:

孙铁志,男,1986年生,博士,教授。研究方向:跨介质无人智能飞潜器,高速出入水载荷与降载,机器学习水动力学应用。E-mail:

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孙铁志,男,1986年生,博士,教授。研究方向:跨介质无人智能飞潜器,高速出入水载荷与降载,机器学习水动力学应用。E-mail:

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孙铁志,男,1986年生,博士,教授。研究方向:跨介质无人智能飞潜器,高速出入水载荷与降载,机器学习水动力学应用。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=Velocity coefficient distribution in the bow-region horizontal section of the fore fin and hub with tail fin deflection angle at n = 2 400 r/min, figureFileSmall=rSzDga88CK4aDNQ2toaPyw==, figureFileBig=i/v9uBkFuf2pXRdJxdyiXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819072525951543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=图26, caption=n = 2 400 r/min时前鳍及桨毂水平截面艏部附近速度系数分布随尾鳍偏转角度变化情况, figureFileSmall=rSzDga88CK4aDNQ2toaPyw==, figureFileBig=i/v9uBkFuf2pXRdJxdyiXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819072702112315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of E1619 propeller

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参数数值参数数值
直径D/mm262Dh/D0.226
螺距比1.15盘面比0.608
桨叶数7旋转方向右旋
), ArticleFig(id=1263819072844718655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

E1619螺旋桨参数

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参数数值参数数值
直径D/mm262Dh/D0.226
螺距比1.15盘面比0.608
桨叶数7旋转方向右旋
), ArticleFig(id=1263819074564383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the ducted propeller

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
直径D/mm71Dh/D0.451 6
倾斜角/(°)18.837桨叶数7
盘面比1.090 5
), ArticleFig(id=1263819074673435207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

导管螺旋桨的各项参数

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参数数值参数数值
直径D/mm71Dh/D0.451 6
倾斜角/(°)18.837桨叶数7
盘面比1.090 5
), ArticleFig(id=1263819074765709898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of speed calculation results for different grid sizes

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网格分辨率基础网格尺寸/mm网格数航速/(m·s−1)相对偏差/%
粗糙801.09×1068.859.67
中等642.16×1068.07
精细504.69×1067.94−1.61
), ArticleFig(id=1263819074958647888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同网格数量时航速计算对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格分辨率基础网格尺寸/mm网格数航速/(m·s−1)相对偏差/%
粗糙801.09×1068.859.67
中等642.16×1068.07
精细504.69×1067.94−1.61
), ArticleFig(id=1263819075063505491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Setup of computational conditions for underwater straight motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况转速n/(r·min−1)工况转速n/(r·min−1)
160053 000
21 20063 600
31 80074 200
42 40084 800
), ArticleFig(id=1263819075172557399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水下直航计算工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况转速n/(r·min−1)工况转速n/(r·min−1)
160053 000
21 20063 600
31 80074 200
42 40084 800
), ArticleFig(id=1263819075310969435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Setup of computational conditions for underwater turning maneuvers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转工况 $ \theta $/(°)n/(r·min−1)
No.9~ No.139600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.14~ No.1818600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.19~ No.2327600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.24~ No.2836600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3 000
No.29~ No.3345600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3 000
), ArticleFig(id=1263819075415827038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818970805691092, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水下回转运动计算工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回转工况 $ \theta $/(°)n/(r·min−1)
No.9~ No.139600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.14~ No.1818600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.19~ No.2327600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3000
No.24~ No.2836600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3 000
No.29~ No.3345600,1 200,1 800,2 400,3 000
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导管螺旋桨与尾鳍运动参数对飞潜器水下流体动力特性影响研究
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陆德顺 1, 2 , 赵巍 3 , 高词松 1, 2 , 孙铁志 *, 1, 2
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 63-76
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 63-76
导管螺旋桨与尾鳍运动参数对飞潜器水下流体动力特性影响研究
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陆德顺1, 2 , 赵巍3, 高词松1, 2, 孙铁志*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连,116024
  • 3中国人民解放军 93160部队,北京 100076
  • 陆德顺,男,1998年生,硕士生。研究方向:跨介质水动力学。E-mail:

    孙铁志,男,1986年生,博士,教授。研究方向:跨介质无人智能飞潜器,高速出入水载荷与降载,机器学习水动力学应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 孙铁志
Investigation on the effects of ducted propeller and tail fin deflection parameters on the underwater hydrodynamic characteristics of trans-medium submersibles
Deshun LU1, 2 , Wei ZHAO3, Cisong GAO1, 2, Tiezhi SUN*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 3Unit 93160 of PLA, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04274
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目的

旨在研究跨介质飞潜器水下直航和回转运动过程中的运动特性和流场特性。

方法

基于计算流体力学数值模拟技术,并利用VOF多相流模型和SST k−ω湍流模型建立飞潜器水下航行数值计算模型。通过对比潜艇模型(DARPA Suboff)在不同航行速度下的总阻力试验结果和数值计算结果对数值方法的有效性进行验证。在此基础上,分别对飞潜器水下直航和回转运动过程进行数值模拟和分析,重点研究导管螺旋桨推进器旋转速度和尾鳍偏转角度对飞潜器水下直航和回转运动的影响。

结果

结果表明:飞潜器水下直航时,航速与螺旋桨转速近似呈线性关系,如螺旋桨转速从600 r/min增加到4 800 r/min时,航速相应从1.1 m/s提升至8.1 m/s,同时负值俯仰力矩随螺旋桨转速增加而增大,但绝对值逐渐减小(俯仰力矩从−0.35 N·m提升至−0.17 N·m),表明高速航行时能够保持稳定姿态,螺旋桨转速对表面压力系数分布以及流场结构几乎不产生影响;飞潜器水下回转时,其回转半径的大小主要受尾鳍偏转角度的影响,几乎不受螺旋桨转速的影响,回转半径随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而减小(回转半径从3.35倍飞潜器长度减小到0.75倍),但减小趋势逐渐变缓,而飞潜器回转航速会受到螺旋桨转速及尾鳍偏转角的综合影响,两侧螺旋桨推力均随着螺旋桨转速和尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大,回转轨迹外侧螺旋桨推力始终大于内侧,两者差额也随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大;飞潜器回转过程中,尾鳍偏转引起的飞潜器回转运动导致其表面压力分布呈现明显的非对称性特征,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增加,飞潜器表面压力分布的非对称性特征逐渐明显,这种非对称性特征与其周围流场的非对称性流动密切相关。

结论

该研究可为飞潜器构型设计及水下航行性能分析提供参考。

跨介质飞潜器  /  水下航行  /  数值模拟  /  回转运动  /  计算流体力学  /  湍流模型  /  螺旋桨  /  潜航器
Objective

This study aims to investigate the dynamic behavior and flow field characteristics of trans-medium submersibles during underwater straight-line navigation and turning maneuvers.

Method

To this end, computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed, using the VOF multiphase flow model and the SST kω turbulence model to establish a numerical model of the underwater navigation of the trans-medium submersibles. The accuracy of the numerical method was validated by comparing the experimental total drag data for the DARPA Suboff submarine model at various speeds with the numerical calculation results. On this basis, numerical simulations and analyses of underwater straight-line navigation and turning maneuvers of the trans-medium submersible were conducted, focusing on the effects of ducted propeller rotation speed and tail fin deflection angle on the underwater straight-line navigation and turning performance of the submersible.

Results

The research results indicate that during straight-line underwater navigation, the forward speed of the trans-medium submersible exhibits an approximately linear relationship with the propeller's rotational speed. For instance, as the propeller speed increases from 600 r/min to 4800 r/min, the forward speed rises from 1.1 m/s to 8.1 m/s. At the same time, the pitch moment becomes less negative with increasing propeller speed (from −0.35 N·m to −0.17 N·m), indicating that the submersible remains stable in pitch during high-speed navigation. The propeller speed has little effect on the surface pressure distribution and the structure of the surrounding flow field. During underwater turning, the turning radius is mainly determined by the tail fin deflection angle and is largely unaffected by the propeller speed. The turning radius decreases with increasing tail fin deflection angle (from 3.35 times the submersible's body length to 0.75 times), though the rate of decrease diminishes. In contrast, the turning speed is affected by both the propeller speed and the tail fin deflection angle. The thrust generated by both propellers increases with higher propeller speeds and larger tail fin deflection angles. During turning, the thrust of the outer propeller consistently exceeds that of the inner propeller, and the thrust difference increases with greater tail fin deflection. Furthermore, tail fin deflection during turning leads to a significantly asymmetric surface pressure distribution on the submersible. This asymmetry becomes more pronounced with increasing tail fin deflection and is closely associated with the asymmetric flow characteristics of the surrounding flow field.

Conclusion

This study provides a reference for the design and performance analysis of trans-medium submersible configurations.

trans-medium submersible  /  underwater navigation  /  numerical simulation  /  turning maneuvers  /  computational fluid dynamics  /  turbulence models  /  ship propellers  /  submersibles
陆德顺, 赵巍, 高词松, 孙铁志. 导管螺旋桨与尾鳍运动参数对飞潜器水下流体动力特性影响研究. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 63 -76 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04274
Deshun LU, Wei ZHAO, Cisong GAO, Tiezhi SUN. Investigation on the effects of ducted propeller and tail fin deflection parameters on the underwater hydrodynamic characteristics of trans-medium submersibles[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 63 -76 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04274
随着无人装备的快速发展和人类海洋活动的不断深入,传统单介质无人航行器已无法满足当前的多元任务使用需求,具备多介质环境作业能力的跨介质飞潜器得到越来越多国内外研究人员的关注。跨介质飞潜器兼具传统空中无人机、水面无人艇和无人潜航器的作业特性,不仅继承了无人机空中高速机动和潜航器水下隐蔽潜航的能力,还可重复多次跨越气−水两相介质环境。相较于传统单介质航行器,跨介质飞潜器单一平台即可实现在水−空介质环境中的自由交替航行和高效作业,使用成本更低且单机工作效率更高,技术优势明显,在军事和民用领域应用前景广泛。
国内外学者和科研机构针对跨介质飞潜器已开展大量研究,并取得了丰富的研究成果。按照不同结构设计形式,当前国内外研究的飞潜器主要可分为4类:生物启发式(仿生式)、固定翼、多旋翼和组合式(固定翼+多旋翼)[1]。国外方面,Izraelevitz和Triantafyllou[2]受海雀利用翅膀扑动实现游动和飞行的启发提出一种基于线性运动的扑翼式仿生飞潜器,并通过拖曳水池开展了性能测试,发现所设计的扑翼结构及运动模式在2种介质中均能够产生足够的推力/升力。Chen等[3]参考蜜蜂飞行的行为模式设计了一种名为“RoboBee”的欠驱动扑翼式仿生飞潜器,并完成了所设计微型样机空中飞行、水面降落、水下航行、冲出水面到再次空中飞行的全过程运动试验。Stewart等[4]基于海鸟冲击入水捕猎过程设计了一种固定翼式垂直起降仿生飞潜器,并利用制作的原理样机完成了出水、空中飞行、入水、水下运动及再次出水的完整循环跨介质运动试验。Zufferey等[5]利用电解石粉与水化学反应所产生的气体作为飞潜器跨介质出水的动力源研发了一种固定翼飞潜器,并通过数值模拟和试验相结合的方式对飞潜器的全过程运动特性进行了分析。Zha等[6]提出一种机械设计简单、类似于常规四旋翼无人机的微型飞潜器,先后开展了动态建模、状态估计以及控制策略设计,并对其旋翼叶片的气−水动特性进行详细分析,通过样机试验证明了该系统能够实现水−空介质跨越过程。Tan和Chen[7]提出一种基于常规四旋翼飞行器改装的水−空多介质飞潜器方案,通过对原理样机的试验测试证明了其能够进行空中飞行、水面/水下航行运动以及从水面起飞,并对样机主体的防水性能和动力学性能进行了验证。国内在飞潜器方面的研究开始相对较晚,但进展迅速,其中Hou等[8]基于飞乌贼喷水推进及无动力滑行原理设计了一种柔性仿生飞潜器构型,通过风洞和水洞试验对其变形结构分别进行气−水动性能研究,验证了所设计柔性变结构仿生飞潜器的可行性。吕达等[9]提出一种基于鲣鸟头部仿生和后掠可折叠变形翼的仿生水−空跨介质无人机,并对该无人机的气动及水动特性进行了数值计算。王宝财[10]设计了一种可折叠固定翼飞潜器,先后开展动力学建模、运动控制研究、气动特性及水动特性分析工作,并搭建样机平台验证了其水下航行、空中飞行状态的稳定性。Wei等[11]基于升力原理和蝠鲼形状启发研制了一种名为“龙虱-△”的新型固定翼飞潜器,通过采用轻质耐压填充材料将飞潜器耐压性能提升至50 m水深,并在湖试过程中连续多次完成出入水动作。Lu等[12-14]提出一种多模式混合飞潜器“哪吒- I”,并通过数值仿真验证了其多介质航行及介质跨越能力,随后又相继研制出“哪吒-Ⅱ”和“哪吒-Ⅲ”试验样机,其中“哪吒-Ⅲ”飞潜器(垂直起降固定翼式)通过融合固定翼、多旋翼、滑翔机的设计理念,使得飞潜器兼具固定翼飞行速度快和多旋翼无人机介质跨越平稳的优势[15]。Liu等[16]提出一种名为“TJ-FlyingFish”的可倾转可变速四旋翼式飞潜器,通过旋翼机臂末端的变速箱结构及旋翼机臂与主体连接处的矢量控制机构,大幅提高了所设计飞潜器的水下推进特性和水下运动敏捷性,并通过水池试验对所设计样机进行了验证。
由于气体和水介质在物理特性上存在巨大差异,飞潜器在水−空介质环境中的流体动力学特性显著不同,其在气−水环境中的航行性能也难以均衡。因此,众多学者针对跨介质飞潜器的航行性能及其介质跨越过程中的运动特性也开展了大量研究。邢文中和蒋蓁[17]运用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟技术对所设计的一种变后掠翼跨介质飞潜器构型进行气、水动特性分析,仿真结果表明该飞潜器气、水动系数分别符合空中飞行、水下航行要求,初步验证了其外形布局的可行性。Ramamurti等[18]针对一种跨介质飞潜器的空中滑翔、水下航行等阶段分别进行CFD数值模拟研究,绘制出所设计飞潜器在不同攻角下的气动特性图,并根据鸭翼尺寸、位置、弯曲度等对飞潜器飞行稳定的影响进行了针对性分析。廖保全等[19]针对其提出的一种变构型跨介质飞潜器单介质航行性能开展CFD数值模拟研究,分析机翼展开时不同航行速度和不同迎角下的气动及水动特性,结果表明该变构型飞潜器兼具鱼雷和巡航导弹的航行性能,相较于定构型航行器在水−空航行性能上有较大改善。邓见等[20]以自然界飞鱼为对象设计一种仿飞鱼跨介质飞潜器,通过CFD方法模拟该飞潜器在水下游动及水面滑行阶段运动,并对2个阶段的水动力特性进行了对比分析。Mathaiyan等[21]针对所设计的收缩翼跨介质飞潜器气−水动特性进行数值模拟研究,首先针对不同空中飞行、水下航行工况表面载荷特性流场流动特性进行初步分析,发现SST k−ω湍流模型比其他湍流模型能更好地捕捉流场物理特性,随后利用流固耦合(FSI)技术对飞潜器空中飞行、水下航行的安全范围进行了评估。张磊等[22]基于蝠鲼外形设计一种新型潜空跨介质无人航行器,通过拟合蝠鲼游动步态和涵道旋翼作为水−空推进装置,并基于制定的软性跨介质方案、CFD流体仿真技术和有限元分析方法,开展航行器水下航行性能、空飞性能和反复跨介质结构安全性研究,研究发现,软性跨介质方案能有效减轻介质转换时的冲击,提高航行器多次重复跨介质能力。
综上所述,国内外研究人员针对跨介质飞潜器构型、动力形式及气−水动力学等方面开展了大量研究工作,但从现有资料来看,无论国内或是国外,飞潜器的研究成熟度总体较低,大多仍处于原理样机和机理研究阶段,只有少数能够完成水下航行、跨介质出水、空中飞行、跨介质入水这一完整循环,而能够有效搭载任务载荷并完成实际任务的更是极少数,飞潜器研究仍面临诸多关键技术难题亟待突破。同时,部分针对飞潜器航行性能和运动特性的研究也存在影响因素考虑不够全面或缺乏深入的参数关联性分析等问题,迫切需要加强相关方向的研究与技术创新。因此,本文拟针对一种跨介质飞潜器的水下模态构型,基于CFD数值计算构建飞潜器水下航行三维数值计算模型,并针对导管螺旋桨推进器旋转速度和尾鳍偏转角度对飞潜器水下直航和回转运动的影响展开研究,重点关注飞潜器水下航行过程中的运动特性和流场特性。研究结果可为飞潜器构型设计及水下航行性能分析提供一定参考。
跨介质飞潜器水下航行过程中不考虑流体可压缩性和能量守恒,因此采用的N−S控制方程仅包含质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。质量守恒方程又称为连续性方程,其微分形式为
$ \frac{{\partial {\rho _{\text{m}}}}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\partial \left( {{\rho _{\text{m}}}{u_i}} \right)}}{{\partial {x_i}}} = 0 $
流体运动的动量守恒方程主要描述流体的动量传递过程,其微分形式为
$ \frac{{\partial \left( {{\rho _{\text{m}}}{u_i}} \right)}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\partial \left( {{\rho _{\text{m}}}{u_i}{u_j}} \right)}}{{\partial {x_j}}} = - \frac{{\partial p}}{{\partial {x_i}}} + \frac{{\partial {\tau _{ij}}}}{{\partial {x_i}}} + \rho g $
$ {\tau _{ij}} = {\mu _m}\left( {\frac{{\partial {u_i}}}{{\partial {x_j}}} + \frac{{\partial {u_j}}}{{\partial {x_i}}}} \right) $
式中:$ {\rho _{\text{m}}} $为混合相密度项;t为时间项;$ {u}_{i} $$ {u}_{j} $分别为流体速度在ij方向上的速度分量项;$ {x}_{i} $$ {x}_{j} $分别为流体速度在ij方向上的位置坐标;p为压力项;$ {\tau }_{ij} $为黏性剪应力项;$ {\mu _{\text{m}}} $为混合相流体动力黏度项;g为重力加速度项。
本文采用流体体积法(volume of fluid,VOF)多相流模型来捕捉飞潜器水下航行过程中的多相流动特征,该模型通过追踪不同相的体积分数来处理流体界面,其中水相、空气相和蒸气相的体积分数分别用$ {\alpha _{\text{l}}} $$ {\alpha _{\text{g}}} $$ {\alpha _{\text{v}}} $表示,三相的体积分数之和始终满足$ {\alpha _{\text{l}}} + {\alpha _{\text{g}}} + {\alpha _{\text{v}}} = 1 $。计算过程中的各流体单元的混合相密度$ {\rho _{\text{m}}} $和混合相流体动力黏度$ {\mu _{\text{m}}} $满足
$ {\rho _{\text{m}}} = {\alpha _{\text{l}}}{\rho _{\text{l}}} + {\alpha _{\text{g}}}{\rho _{\text{g}}} + {\alpha _{\text{v}}}{\rho _{\text{v}}} $
$ {\mu _{\text{m}}} = {\alpha _{\text{l}}}{\mu _{\text{l}}} + {\alpha _{\text{g}}}{\mu _{\text{g}}} + {\alpha _{\text{v}}}{\mu _{\text{v}}} $
式中:$ {\rho _{\text{l}}} $$ {\rho _{\text{g}}} $$ {\rho _{\text{v}}} $分别为液相、气相和蒸气相的密度;$ {\mu _{\text{l}}} $$ {\mu _{\text{g}}} $$ {\mu _{\text{v}}} $分别为液相、气相和蒸气相的动力黏度。
为描述飞潜器在水下复杂流场中的湍流行为,本文采用了SST k$ \omega $湍流模型,结合k−ε模型和k−$ \omega $模型的优势,能够更好地适应复杂流动条件并提高计算精度,湍流模型中的湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε的输运方程为[23]
$ \begin{split} &\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}(\rho k) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_j}}}(\rho k{u_j}) = \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_j}}}\left[ {\left(\mu + \frac{{{\mu _{\text{t}}}}}{{{\sigma _{\text{k}}}}}\right)\frac{{\partial k}}{{\partial {x_j}}}} \right] + \\&\quad{G_{\text{k}}} + {G_{{\text{nl}}}} + {G_{\text{b}}} - \rho {\beta ^ * }{f_{{\beta ^*}}}(\omega k - {\omega _0}{k_0}) + {S_k} \end{split}$
$ \begin{split} & \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}(\rho \varepsilon ) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_i}}}(\rho \varepsilon {u_i}) = \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x_j}}}\left[ {(\mu + \frac{{{\mu _t}}}{{{\sigma _w}}})\frac{{\partial \omega }}{{\partial {x_j}}}} \right] + \\&\qquad\qquad {D_\omega } - \rho \beta {f_\beta }({\omega ^2} - \omega _0^2) + {S_\omega } \end{split} $
式中:μt为湍流动能的有效黏度;$ {\sigma }_{k} $$ {\sigma }_{\omega } $为模型系数;$ {G}_{\mathrm{k}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{l}} $$ {G}_{\mathrm{b}} $$ {G}_{\omega } $分别为湍流、非线性、浮力和单位耗散结果项;$ {D}_{\omega } $为交叉扩散项;$ {f}_{\beta } $$ {f}_{{\beta }^{\mathrm{*}}} $分别为自由剪切修正因子和涡流延伸修正因子;$ {S}_{k} $$ {S}_{\omega } $为用户指定源项。
由于本文所采用的跨介质飞潜器水下模态采用鱼类仿生流线构型,其外形结构和流体特性与潜艇相近,同时采用导管螺旋桨进行水下推进,因此在验证数值方法的有效性时,分别采用DARPA Suboff潜艇模型和E1619螺旋桨模型开展数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比。
潜艇模型包括裸壳型(AFF-1)和附体壳型(AFF-8)2种构型,潜艇几何模型及主要参数结构如图1(a)所示。计算时通过指定重叠区域平动速度实现与试验工况速度条件保持一致,并分别计算AFF-1和AFF-8的半体模型,计算域尺寸为3.5LOA×1.5LOA×1.6LOA。将不同航行速度下的总阻力数值计算结果与Liu和Huang[24]的试验数据进行对比,结果如图2所示。可以看出,数值计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者最大误差为10.97%,证明所采用的数值计算方法在模拟水下航行阻力方面具有有效性。
E1619螺旋桨模型如图3所示,其结构参数列在表1中。数值计算时采用滑移网格实现螺旋桨的旋转,设定螺旋桨转速为恒定1 500 r/min,对螺旋桨在敞水环境中的运动特性(扭矩系数Kq、推力系数Kt及螺旋桨效率η0)进行了数值计算。图4为不同进速系数下螺旋桨运动特性与试验[25]结果的对比,可以发现二者数据结果及变化趋势基本一致,且最大误差分别为:扭矩系数Kq为5.26%、推力系数Kt为10.79%、螺旋桨效率η0为3.75%,说明所采用的数值计算方法在模型螺旋桨水下运动特性分析方面具有准确性。
跨介质飞潜器的数值计算模型如图5所示,该跨介质飞潜器水下模态外形为鱼类仿生对称结构,长宽高尺寸分别为1.107 m×0.273 m×0.159 m,尾鳍部分可左右偏转,水下前进动力由两侧对称布置的导管螺旋桨推进器提供。导管螺旋桨推进器中螺旋桨以VP1304螺旋桨为原型,经过等比例缩放后通过三维软件提取叶片近根部模型,再经过圆周阵列操作后重新设计桨毂,最终形成七叶螺旋桨模型,螺旋桨叶梢与导管结构间隙为0.5 mm,导管螺旋桨推进器如图6所示,桨叶具体结构参数列于表2
图7为数值计算域及边界条件设置。计算域大小为长度3.5L、宽度1.5L、高度1.6L的长方体(L为飞潜器总长),高度方向为坐标轴Z方向,包含1个重叠网格区域,以及2个滑移网格区域。计算域左侧边界距飞潜器质心1.5L,上侧边界距飞潜器质心0.8L。飞潜器、前鳍、尾鳍、螺旋桨表面均设置为壁面;计算域左、右、前侧边界均设置为速度入口;上、下侧设置为压力出口;为提高计算效率,降低计算成本,水下直航工况采用半体模型计算,故计算域后侧边界及重叠区域后侧边界均设置为对称平面;重叠区域剩余边界设置为重叠网格边界;滑移区域边界设置为交界面。
网格划分及局部网格细化如图8所示。计算域采用切割体网格进行网格划分,在飞潜器主体、前鳍、尾鳍、螺旋桨表面边界层生成棱柱层网格;但在计算域边界及动网格交界面处禁用棱柱层网格,其他区域均采用切割体网格,并采用表面重构的方法进行网格生成。网格划分及局部细化均基于流域最大网格尺寸进行,该尺寸即基础网格尺寸。对于重叠区域网格限制其最大网格尺寸为基础网格尺寸的1/8,对于滑移区网格限制最大网格尺寸为基础网格尺寸的1/64,并确保交界面两侧网格尺寸保持一致。在此基础上,为准确捕捉飞潜器水下航行关键区域的压力分布、流场结构及力学特性,对其主体、前鳍、尾鳍及螺旋桨表面进一步开展面网格细化,其最小网格尺寸为基础网格尺寸的1/128,同时对流动特性更加复杂的前鳍及螺旋桨尾流区域进行进一步的体网格细化,其网格尺寸为基础网格尺寸的1/32。
为验证网格划分方法的有效性及降低网格尺寸对数值计算结果的影响,通过修改基础网格尺寸,得到3种不同分辨率的计算网格,然后利用3种不同网格对飞潜器螺旋桨转速为4 800 r/min>时的水下直航运动进行数值模拟。基础网格尺寸、网格单元总数、飞潜器航速计算结果及相对偏差如表3所示。可以发现,相较于中等网格,粗糙网格下的计算结果相对偏差接近10%,远大于精细网格的相对偏差。为平衡计算结果的精确性与计算效率,最终确定计算域网格基础尺寸为64 mm。
图9所示,在仅释放飞潜器前进方向运动自由度的情况下,保持飞潜器尾鳍偏转角始终为0°,通过改变导管推进器螺旋桨旋转速度,设置了如表4中No.1~No.8所示的8个飞潜器水下直航工况。通过比较各工况整体水动力参数和推进器动能参数,研究螺旋桨转速对飞潜器直航运动特性的影响,并分析飞潜器直航时的表面载荷分布及流场结构特征。
图10给出了飞潜器水下航速、螺旋桨推力及功率随螺旋桨转速变化的曲线。结果表明,飞潜器水下直航时航速与螺旋桨转速近似呈线性关系;螺旋桨推力及功率则随转速的增大而增大,且增大趋势也逐渐增加。图11为飞潜器升(阻)力、俯仰力矩随螺旋桨转速变化的曲线,观察可发现,其升(阻)力随转速变化趋势基本一致,均随着螺旋桨转速的增大而增大,且呈加速增大的趋势。飞潜器阻力与螺旋桨推力基本保持一致,这是由于自推进工况下飞潜器已处于匀速航行阶段。飞潜器俯仰力矩始终为负值,说明其在限制俯仰自由度的情况下具有艏倾趋势;而随着螺旋桨转速的增大,俯仰力矩逐渐增大而绝对值逐渐减小,说明飞潜器在水下高速航行时的运动姿态更为稳定。
图12为不同螺旋桨转速条件下飞潜器表面压力系数的分布情况,图13为在螺旋桨转速为3 600 r/min时飞潜器表面局部压力系数分布情况,压力系数$ {C}_{\mathrm{P}} $的定义为
$ {C_{\text{P}}} = \frac{{P - \rho gh}}{{0.5\rho {{(nD)}^2}}} $
式中:P为测点相对压力;h为测点水深。
对比图12中不同螺旋桨转速条件下飞潜器表面压力系数的分布情况可看出,在螺旋桨转速影响下,飞潜器航速变化对其表面压力系数的分布几乎不产生影响。结合图13给出的螺旋桨转速为3 600 r/min时各视角飞潜器表面压力系数分布结果可以看出,飞潜器表面高压区主要分布在其艏部、前鳍前缘、导管前缘、电机结构前端等迎流面区域;而表面低压区主要分布在前鳍上下表面、电机结构前端高压区之后、导管内侧及前缘高压区之后,在主体表面导管附近、尾鳍两侧区域也出现了局部低压区。上述高低压区分布特征还需结合附近流场结构做进一步分析。
基于上述对各工况飞潜器表面压力系数分布情况的分析,图14给出了不同螺旋桨转速条件下前鳍及桨毂截面流场速度系数分布情况,图15为在螺旋桨转速3 600 r/min时局部结构特征截面速度系数及速度矢量分布情况,其中速度系数${C_{{V}}}$的定义为
$ {C_{{V}}} = \frac{{V}_{\rm{flow}}}{{nD}} $
式中,Vflow为测点流速。
对比图14中不同螺旋桨转速条件下截面速度系数分布情况可以看出,经过归一化处理后,各工况下水平截面速度系数分布基本一致。结合图15导管桨尾流的三维流线图可知,螺旋桨后部尾流发展稳定,并沿着飞潜器表面逐渐向后延伸,流场高速区域集中在桨叶旋转区及桨毂尖端附近,随着发展距离的增加,在导管区域外迅速耗散,其中毂涡尖端附近高速区域耗散更为明显。桨叶旋转区高速流场的形成是由于螺旋桨旋转对桨叶背流区流体推动加速作用,该区域流体能够通过桨叶推动持续获取加速所需能量。而桨毂尖端高速流场的形成是由于边界层流体受壁面黏滞力的作用具有随体运动的趋势,桨毂附近流体质点的运动趋势来源于随螺旋桨旋转运动及飞潜器航行运动,桨毂壁面黏滞力仅能够对边界层内流体起到有效的加速作用,随着距离的增加,流体质点受壁面黏滞力的影响迅速衰减,其在螺旋桨尾流的影响下,发展一定距离后快速耗散并分离至尾流区。此外,在飞潜器艏部、前鳍前缘、导管前缘、电机结构前端等迎流面区域附近均出现了高速区域。根据图16给出的螺旋桨转速为3 600 r/min时局部结构三维及特征截面速度系数及矢量分布结果可以看出,导管前缘高速区流体流出高速区后会在该区域后侧形成明显的循环流动现象,该现象在前鳍上下表面也会出现。结合飞潜器表面压力系数分布结果可以发现,高速流域所对应的飞潜器表面往往存在高压特征,而高速流域之后的循环流动区域则往往对应飞潜器表面低压区域。说明高速区流体在受到飞潜器运动影响下会对相应表面形成反作用力,并以表面高压区的形式作用于飞潜器表面,而高速区之后的流体循环流动则会使飞潜器表面形成低压区分布,飞潜器表面高低压区的特殊分布与近表面流体流动特征息息相关。
图17所示,释放飞潜器的前后、左右移动及水平回转自由度,通过指定不同尾鳍偏转角$ \theta $、螺旋桨转速n,设置了如表5中No.9~No.33所示的飞潜器水下回转工况。定义位于上侧的螺旋桨为回转内侧螺旋桨,另一侧螺旋桨为回转外侧螺旋桨。通过比较各工况下整体运动参数和推进器动能参数,分别研究尾鳍摆角、螺旋桨转速对飞潜器运动特性的影响,并分析飞潜器进行水下回转运动时表面载荷分布及流场结构特征。
回转半径大小是表征飞潜器水下航行回转性能的重要参数,图18给出了各回转工况下飞潜器回转半径随螺旋桨转速及尾鳍偏转角度的变化情况。本研究将飞潜器水下回转运动简化为近似圆周运动,据此所采用的回转半径计算公式为
$ {R_{\text{g}}} = \frac{V}{{\omega L}} $
式中:V为飞潜器前进方向线速度;$ \omega $为飞潜器回转角速度;L为飞潜器总长。
可以明显看出,在飞潜器尾鳍偏转角度$ \theta $固定的条件下,螺旋桨转速对于飞潜器的回转半径几乎不产生影响;而当尾鳍偏转角度变化时,回转半径则随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而减小,且减小趋势变缓。这说明飞潜器在水下进行回转运动时,由螺旋桨转速带来的航速变化对其运动轨迹几乎不产生影响;而由尾鳍偏转引起其整体所受外载在质心处沿回转轴向合力矩作用效果的变化是飞潜器回转运动轨迹变化的根本原因。
图19给出了固定飞潜器尾鳍偏转角度条件下其水下回转航速随螺旋桨转速变化情况,以及固定螺旋桨转速条件下航速衰减系数随尾鳍偏转角变化情况。其中航速衰减系数定义为
$ {C_{\Delta V}} = \frac{{{V_0} - V}}{{{V_0}}} $
式中:$ {V}_{0} $为尾鳍偏转角度为0时,即对应螺旋桨转速条件下直航工况飞潜器航速;V为当前回转工况下飞潜器前进方向的航速。
结果表明,飞潜器以固定尾鳍偏转角进行水下回转运动时,其航速随螺旋桨转速增大呈现明显的线性增大趋势,这一规律与飞潜器水下航行时保持一致;而当飞潜器以固定螺旋桨转速进行水下回转运动时,其航速衰减量会随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大近似呈线性趋势增长。
图20分别给出了内侧螺旋桨推力及两侧螺旋桨推力差额系数随尾鳍偏角变化情况,在此基础上,图21给出了内侧螺旋桨推力及两侧螺旋桨推力差额系数随螺旋桨转速变化情况。其中推力差额系数的定义为
$ {C_{\Delta T}} = \frac{{{T_{\text{W}}} - {T_{\text{N}}}}}{{{T_0}}} $
式中:$ {T}_{\mathrm{W}} $为外侧螺旋桨推力;$ {T}_{\mathrm{N}} $为内侧螺旋桨推力;$ {T}_{0} $为对应螺旋桨转速水下直航工况下的螺旋桨推力值。
图20(a)可以看出,飞潜器以不同的固定螺旋桨转速进行水下回转运动时,其两侧螺旋桨推力均随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大;回转轨迹外侧螺旋桨推力始终大于内侧螺旋桨推力,两者推力差额也随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大。由图21可以看出,当飞潜器以不同的固定尾鳍偏转角进行水下回转运动时,其两侧螺旋桨推力均随着转速的增大而增大,且增大趋势逐渐增加,这一规律与飞潜器水下航行时保持一致;回转轨迹外侧螺旋桨推力始终大于内侧螺旋桨推力,但两者推力差额随螺旋桨转速变化较为平缓,相较于尾鳍偏转对两侧推力差额带来的影响,螺旋桨转速的影响明显更小。
基于上一节的研究可知,飞潜器进行水下回转时,螺旋桨转速对其产生的影响规律与水下航行时基本一致,而由尾鳍偏转角度所带来的影响则需进行进一步研究。图22给出了螺旋桨转速为2 400 r/min时回转外侧视角下的飞潜器表面压力系数分布随尾鳍偏转角度的变化情况。可以明显看出,艏部高压区分布区域随着尾鳍偏转角的增大逐渐缩小,在尾鳍偏转角度为27°时基本消失;而后随着尾鳍偏转角度的进一步增大,飞潜器艏部压力分布表现为明显的低压。在导管外表面前缘附近的低压区随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大而逐渐缩小直至最终消失,而导管附近主体表面也逐渐从低压区分布向均压转变。在飞潜器主体后半段,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,其侧边出现了越来越明显的带状高压分布区域,而其上下表面则表现为越来越明显的低压分布区域。此外,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,尾鳍表面逐渐出现了明显的低压分布区域,且覆盖面积也逐渐增大。
图23给出了图22对应工况下回转内侧视角下的飞潜器表面压力系数分布随尾鳍偏转角度的变化情况。可以看出,飞潜器回转内侧表面压力分布特征变化规律与外侧明显不同。艏部高压分布区域随着尾鳍偏转角的增大逐渐扩大,并对前鳍根部连接处附近低压区造成影响,使该区域低压区分布逐渐缩小。在导管外表面前缘附近的低压区随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大而逐渐缩小但却并未完全消失,而导管附近主体表面低压区分布则逐渐变得明显。在飞潜器主体后半段,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,其上下表面同样表现为越来越明显的低压分布区域,且覆盖区域逐渐增大;而侧边出现了明显的低压区分布,且随着尾鳍偏转角的增大逐渐向艏部方向扩张。此外,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,主体艉端与尾鳍表面逐渐出现了明显的高压分布区域,且尾鳍表面高压区覆盖面积逐渐增大,使低压分布区域逐渐向上半部分及下侧尖端区域集中。为更清晰地体现飞潜器前半段表面压力分布随尾鳍偏转角度的变化情况,图24给出了对应工况下艏部视角飞潜器表面压力系数分布随尾鳍偏转角度的变化情况。结果表明,艏端高压区非对称分布特征随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大愈加明显,且在艏端外侧出现了明显的低压分布区域,这与图22图23的结果相一致。此外,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,两侧导管前缘高压区逐渐缩小并最终消失。
综上所述,由尾鳍偏转角度增大所导致的飞潜器整体航向变化,使飞潜器表面压力分布呈现出明显的非对称特征,该特征极大地影响了飞潜器整体所受外部载荷,进而对作用在质心位置的回转力矩产生影响,最终导致飞潜器水下回转运动过程运动轨迹发生变化。
为探究飞潜器表面非对称压力分布特征形成的根本原因,图25给出了螺旋桨转速为2 400 r/min时桨毂水平截面速度系数及速度矢量分布随尾鳍偏转角度变化情况。结果,随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,飞潜器周围流场结构也具有愈加明显的非对称性特征,尤其是导管后螺旋桨尾流场具有向回转轨迹内侧偏转的发展趋势。随着尾鳍偏转角的增大,外侧导管后螺旋桨尾流场因整体回转而向回转轨迹内侧偏转,而后由于受到主体表面的阻碍,外侧尾流区紧贴主体表面继续发展,而内侧尾流区则表现为向内侧压缩的趋势,结合图22给出的外侧视角飞潜器表面压力分布结果分析可知,外侧螺旋桨尾流偏转后会对飞潜器后半段内侧表面进行持续冲击而在主体表面形成高压区分布现象;而内侧导管后螺旋桨尾流场向回转轨迹内侧偏转后并未受到任何阻碍,其偏转程度较左侧更加明显,其对于主体后半段表面附近流体均产生影响,在整体回转运动的影响下,主体后半段近表面流体分离后受到内侧螺旋桨尾流的作用形成大面积高速区,偏转后的尾鳍阻碍了此高速区向下游的发展。结合图23给出的回转内侧视角飞潜器表面压力分布结果分析可知,偏转后的尾鳍阻碍高速区的发展而受到高速区域流体的反作用,在其表面形成高压分布区域,使尾鳍整体表面所受流体载荷表现为驱动飞潜器转向的回转力矩。
图26进一步给出了前鳍及桨毂水平截面艏部附近流场速度系数及速度矢量分布随尾鳍偏转角的变化情况。可以看出在桨毂水平截面高速区分布相较于前鳍水平截面更加集中。随着尾鳍偏转角度的增大,飞潜器艏部附近流场逐渐呈现非对称性分布特征。结合图24给出的艏部视角飞潜器表面压力系数分布结果分析可知,随着尾鳍偏转角的增大,飞潜器整体回转运动半径减小而运动幅度增大,这使其艏部对内侧流体压缩作用增强,流体反作用于艏部表面的载荷也随之增大并形成高压区分布;而外侧流体则逐渐分离,其作用于艏部表面的载荷逐渐减小并形成明显的低压区分布。综上所述,飞潜器表面压力系数分布的非对称性特征与其周围流场的非对称性流动密切相关。
本文通过CFD数值仿真方法对飞潜器的水动力特性进行了研究,包含飞潜器水下直航和回转运动过程,分析了螺旋桨旋转速度和尾鳍偏转角度对飞潜器水下航行时整体受力和流场特性的影响规律。主要结论如下:
1) 飞潜器水下直航时,航速与螺旋桨转速近似呈线性关系,当螺旋桨转速从600 r/min增加到4 800 r/min时,航速相应从1.1 m/s提升至8.1 m/s。俯仰力矩始终为负值,随着螺旋桨转速的增大,俯仰力矩逐渐增大而绝对值逐渐减小(俯仰力矩从−0.35 N·m提升至−0.17 N·m),说明飞潜器在水下高速航行时能够保持更为稳定的姿态。螺旋桨转速对表面压力系数分布以及流场结构几乎不产生影响,飞潜器表面高低压区的特殊分布与近表面流体流动特征息息相关。
2) 飞潜器水下回转时,其回转半径的大小主要受尾鳍偏转角度的影响,而几乎不受螺旋桨转速的影响,回转半径仅随着尾鳍偏转角的增大而减小。当尾鳍偏转角度从9°增到至45°时,飞潜器回转半径从3.35倍飞潜器长度减小到0.75倍,且减小趋势逐渐变缓。而飞潜器回转航速则会受到螺旋桨转速n及尾鳍偏转角$ \theta $的综合影响,两侧螺旋桨推力均随螺旋桨转速和尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大,且回转轨迹外侧螺旋桨始终大于内侧螺旋桨,两者差额也随尾鳍偏转角的增大而增大。
3) 飞潜器水下回转时,由于尾鳍偏转引起的潜器回转运动导致飞潜器的表面压力分布呈现明显的非对称性特征。随着尾鳍偏转角度的增加,飞潜器表面压力分布的非对称性特征逐渐明显,其中回转外侧艏部的高压区逐渐缩小,最终消失,同时形成显著的低压区域;回转内侧艏部的高压区则不断扩大,低压区域分布逐渐缩小。飞潜器表面压力分布的非对称性特征与其周围流场的非对称性流动密切相关。
基于上述研究结论,未来工作将着重于持续优化飞潜器水下模态的外观及构型设计,包括螺旋桨叶型、尾鳍形状以及壳体材料等,以提升其在高速水下航行中的姿态稳定性和机动灵活性。同时,将开展实物试验样机的研发,以进一步提高飞潜器模型的实用性和预测准确性。此外,还将深入研究前鳍的运动特性及其与螺旋桨和尾鳍的协同作用,进一步增强对飞潜器水动力性能的理解与认知。未来研究也将结合试验测试数据,探索飞潜器在复杂环境下的多自由度运动特性及气−水介质交互效应,为跨介质飞潜器的设计与发展提供更全面的理论支持。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04274
  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-30
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    1大连理工大学 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    2大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连,116024
    3中国人民解放军 93160部队,北京 100076

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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