Article(id=1263818969610371691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=1741708800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247522975, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247522975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247522975, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247522975, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818972076622460, articleId=1263818969610371691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Implosion characteristics of deep-sea ceramic pressure hull considering thermal effect, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to investigate the shock load characteristics during implosion and the thermodynamic response mechanisms of a ceramic pressure hull in the extreme deep-sea environment. A numerical simulation method for the implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull is proposed using a compressible multiphase flow model that ensures pressure-velocity-temperature equilibrium and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR).

Methods

The proposed method enables accurate prediction of shock waves and precise capture of the flow field. Then, underwater implosion experiments of the ceramic pressure hull are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the numerical method. Finally, a numerical study on the implosion of a ceramic pressure hull at a depth of 10 000 m reveals the characteristics of the shock load and thermal effects during implosion. The implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull at different water depths and temperatures is studied numerically, and the effects of these factors are analyzed.

Results

The implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull releases shock waves outward and produces a significant thermal effect when the gas is highly compressed. As the ambient pressure increases, the peak overpressure of the implosion shock wave decreases, and the shock wave attenuation rate increases. However, the ambient water temperature has little effect on the implosion characteristics of the ceramic pressure hull.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the implosion characteristics of deep-sea ceramic pressure hull, offering valuable theoretical insights and engineering implications for the assessment and mitigation of underwater implosion effects.

, correspAuthors=Min ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong LI, Shengxia SUN, Min ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819021435191424, articleId=1263818969610371691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性研究, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在探究陶瓷耐压结构在深海极端环境下的内爆冲击载荷特性及热力学机理,提出基于压力−速度−温度平衡的可压缩多相流模型及自适应网格细化(AMR)算法的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模拟方法。

方法

首先,运用所提方法实现冲击波的准确预报及流场的精细化捕捉,并开展陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验,以验证数值方法的有效性;然后,通过万米级陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值研究,揭示内爆冲击载荷及热效应特性;最后,开展不同水深及水温下陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值研究并分析其影响规律。

结果

研究结果表明,深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆会向外释放冲击波,并在气体被剧烈压缩中产生显著热效应;随着环境压力的增大,内爆冲击波超压峰值系数减小,衰减速率加快;环境温度不会显著影响陶瓷耐压结构的内爆特性。

结论

该研究揭示了深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性,对水下内爆的评估与防护研究具有积极的理论意义和工程价值。

, correspAuthors=赵敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵敏
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=17u1je6FA4NfESkyRn4hmQ==, magXml=a0rSSbK17Sw25ur4StscZA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6CD47IkjP4WTJR49webhlw==, pdfFileSize=20752741, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YE+trC+Yc5wSXRLfiTqnog==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/jm/dt+oQFUJH0I0EId+6g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李童,男,2000年生,硕士生。研究方向:水下内爆动力学。E-mail:

孙盛夏,女,1993年生,博士。研究方向:水下内爆动力学。E-mail:

赵敏,男,1981年生,博士,研究员。研究方向:潜水器总体技术。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pressure-sensor data at distances R and 2R from the spherical surface under the pressure of 15 MPa, figureFileSmall=dqKAkhcRgq/HD7OokTFXjw==, figureFileBig=nRR1zScBM/p3mPHobE6PCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819040141787481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图6, caption=15 MPa压力下距离球面R和2R处压力传感器的数据结果, figureFileSmall=dqKAkhcRgq/HD7OokTFXjw==, figureFileBig=nRR1zScBM/p3mPHobE6PCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819040481526107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fragments of the ceramic pressure hull after implosion, figureFileSmall=Pc8cMwU7PXnq1SK+2DSQ4A==, figureFileBig=s+HHz/0U150K4TJNTz9ABA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819040611549536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图7, caption=陶瓷球内爆后的碎片, figureFileSmall=Pc8cMwU7PXnq1SK+2DSQ4A==, figureFileBig=s+HHz/0U150K4TJNTz9ABA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819040951288165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Three-layer AMR, figureFileSmall=LEHmL+RspJZWf2Ykn0yM9w==, figureFileBig=RWCB4Rxuk6Nw6AB+zN/FMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819041408467304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3层自适应网格加密示意图, figureFileSmall=LEHmL+RspJZWf2Ykn0yM9w==, figureFileBig=RWCB4Rxuk6Nw6AB+zN/FMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819043212018031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic diagram of computational domain, figureFileSmall=R5dfa71rwtLBcvk1Lzod3w==, figureFileBig=BFB7H7uv/65HhedTiHP9nw==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=bdZ1S3xd8V95bxwrt1bQRA==, figureFileBig=NMH8JuDx2VMnw7VXSHZa1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819048794636721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Pressure histories at selected monitoring points, figureFileSmall=o1KZnPzlBZW0xWPT17OCfw==, figureFileBig=6MrXWaWeDHhS1kcb06BGsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819049507668403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同监测点位置处的压力曲线, figureFileSmall=o1KZnPzlBZW0xWPT17OCfw==, figureFileBig=6MrXWaWeDHhS1kcb06BGsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819049960653238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Peak pressure vs monitoring-point location, figureFileSmall=NQc3Mwf3goHvjJYS6Xw88w==, figureFileBig=iM6BX9ei5MYP2dIAy+qklw==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Peak pressure at the monitoring point versus axial position under various liquid pressures, figureFileSmall=qJ/gTgZ9K7pgRrfHIRTGGg==, figureFileBig=Xlvp6OYjBgFSOGCfBh9teQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819052389155264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同液体压力下监测点压力峰值与位置的关系, figureFileSmall=qJ/gTgZ9K7pgRrfHIRTGGg==, figureFileBig=Xlvp6OYjBgFSOGCfBh9teQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819052653396418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Pressure histories at the monitoring point for various initial ambient temperatures, figureFileSmall=jkmOJFouQ9Kvh10Eg+9jVw==, figureFileBig=qQPH5dSHnius5pYnpXk9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819052808585668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图20, caption=不同初始环境温度下监测点位置处的压力曲线, figureFileSmall=jkmOJFouQ9Kvh10Eg+9jVw==, figureFileBig=qQPH5dSHnius5pYnpXk9KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819053060243910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Peak pressure at the monitoring point versus axial position for various ambient temperatures, figureFileSmall=AufdGa2QuV8wLAiUDI+hBw==, figureFileBig=hxN4isT6eaMwhWcEEMfxWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819053181878729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同环境温度下监测点压力峰值与位置的关系, figureFileSmall=AufdGa2QuV8wLAiUDI+hBw==, figureFileBig=hxN4isT6eaMwhWcEEMfxWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819053488062924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Bubble-center temperature histories for various ambient temperatures, figureFileSmall=x+jhelGEJAXIuplr29FZdQ==, figureFileBig=MPrgIHnnORAWZRSDE51+5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819053689389521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=图22, caption=不同环境温度下的气泡中心温度曲线, figureFileSmall=x+jhelGEJAXIuplr29FZdQ==, figureFileBig=MPrgIHnnORAWZRSDE51+5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263819053852967379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fluid medium properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流体材料γCv,k/(J·kg−1·K−1)P∞,k/MPaqk/(J·kg−1
空气1.400800.000
2.9551231.27220
), ArticleFig(id=1263819054175928791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流体介质特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流体材料γCv,k/(J·kg−1·K−1)P∞,k/MPaqk/(J·kg−1
空气1.400800.000
2.9551231.27220
), ArticleFig(id=1263819054888960474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Slope limiters

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斜率限制器类型
全局限制器minmod
全局体积分数限制器THINC
界面体积分数限制器THINC
), ArticleFig(id=1263819056759620059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

斜率限制器的详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
斜率限制器类型
全局限制器minmod
全局体积分数限制器THINC
界面体积分数限制器THINC
), ArticleFig(id=1263819057279713759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Test devices/instruments and their functions

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设备名称功能
陶瓷耐压结构试验对象
万米级压力筒提供15 MPa 静水压力
试验台架固定试验对象
电控系统和数据采集系统数据采集
), ArticleFig(id=1263819057623646689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验设备及功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称功能
陶瓷耐压结构试验对象
万米级压力筒提供15 MPa 静水压力
试验台架固定试验对象
电控系统和数据采集系统数据采集
), ArticleFig(id=1263819057816584675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Technical specifications of spherical hollow-ceramic pressure-resistant structure[19]

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参数数值
成分99.9% Al2O3
重量/g140±1
平均壁厚/mm1.5
外径/mm91.4±1.3
直径误差/mm±0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1263819058164711910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

球形中空陶瓷耐压结构的技术参数[19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
成分99.9% Al2O3
重量/g140±1
平均壁厚/mm1.5
外径/mm91.4±1.3
直径误差/mm±0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1263819058558976488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Detailed experimental conditions

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试验环境压力/MPa模拟水深/m传感器与球面的距离/cm
115.01 5004.6
215.01 5009.2
), ArticleFig(id=1263819058777080299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验条件的详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验环境压力/MPa模拟水深/m传感器与球面的距离/cm
115.01 5004.6
215.01 5009.2
), ArticleFig(id=1263819059003572717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818969610371691, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Mesh convergence verification for peak pressure

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监测点压力峰值/MPa收敛比率Rc
100×100×100网格200×200×200网格300×300×300网格
1101.857108.629111.5590.43
267.37272.78874.3460.28
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压力峰值的网格收敛性验证

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1101.857108.629111.5590.43
267.37272.78874.3460.28
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Mesh convergence verification for peak time

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100×100×100网格200×200×200网格300×300×300网格
10.39190.39150.39120.75
20.42280.42170.42140.27
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峰值时间的网格收敛性验证

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Parameters of spherical bubble collapse model[35]

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球形气泡坍塌模型参数[35]

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Initial-pressure specifications

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2404 000
3606 000
4808 000
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2404 000
3606 000
4808 000
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Fitting parameters for various liquid pressures

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806.791 2−1.343 4
1145.720 0−1.359 9
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不同液体压力下的拟合参数

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806.791 2−1.343 4
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Initial ambient temperature specifications

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2290
3320
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Fitting parameters for various ambient temperatures

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29013.013 1−1.249 1
30012.954 3−1.246 4
32012.926 3−1.244 4
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不同环境温度下的拟合参数

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30012.954 3−1.246 4
32012.926 3−1.244 4
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考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性研究
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李童 1, 2 , 孙盛夏 1, 2 , 赵敏 *, 1, 2
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 46-62
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 46-62
考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性研究
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李童1, 2 , 孙盛夏1, 2 , 赵敏*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 李童,男,2000年生,硕士生。研究方向:水下内爆动力学。E-mail:

    孙盛夏,女,1993年生,博士。研究方向:水下内爆动力学。E-mail:

    赵敏,男,1981年生,博士,研究员。研究方向:潜水器总体技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵敏
Implosion characteristics of deep-sea ceramic pressure hull considering thermal effect
Tong LI1, 2 , Shengxia SUN1, 2 , Min ZHAO*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04342
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目的

旨在探究陶瓷耐压结构在深海极端环境下的内爆冲击载荷特性及热力学机理,提出基于压力−速度−温度平衡的可压缩多相流模型及自适应网格细化(AMR)算法的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模拟方法。

方法

首先,运用所提方法实现冲击波的准确预报及流场的精细化捕捉,并开展陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验,以验证数值方法的有效性;然后,通过万米级陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值研究,揭示内爆冲击载荷及热效应特性;最后,开展不同水深及水温下陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值研究并分析其影响规律。

结果

研究结果表明,深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆会向外释放冲击波,并在气体被剧烈压缩中产生显著热效应;随着环境压力的增大,内爆冲击波超压峰值系数减小,衰减速率加快;环境温度不会显著影响陶瓷耐压结构的内爆特性。

结论

该研究揭示了深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性,对水下内爆的评估与防护研究具有积极的理论意义和工程价值。

陶瓷耐压结构  /  深海  /  水下内爆  /  可压缩多相流  /  内爆冲击载荷  /  热效应  /  数值模拟
Objective

This study aims to investigate the shock load characteristics during implosion and the thermodynamic response mechanisms of a ceramic pressure hull in the extreme deep-sea environment. A numerical simulation method for the implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull is proposed using a compressible multiphase flow model that ensures pressure-velocity-temperature equilibrium and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR).

Methods

The proposed method enables accurate prediction of shock waves and precise capture of the flow field. Then, underwater implosion experiments of the ceramic pressure hull are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the numerical method. Finally, a numerical study on the implosion of a ceramic pressure hull at a depth of 10 000 m reveals the characteristics of the shock load and thermal effects during implosion. The implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull at different water depths and temperatures is studied numerically, and the effects of these factors are analyzed.

Results

The implosion of a deep-sea ceramic pressure hull releases shock waves outward and produces a significant thermal effect when the gas is highly compressed. As the ambient pressure increases, the peak overpressure of the implosion shock wave decreases, and the shock wave attenuation rate increases. However, the ambient water temperature has little effect on the implosion characteristics of the ceramic pressure hull.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the implosion characteristics of deep-sea ceramic pressure hull, offering valuable theoretical insights and engineering implications for the assessment and mitigation of underwater implosion effects.

ceramic pressure hulls  /  deep sea  /  underwater implosion  /  compressible multiphase flow model  /  implosion impact load  /  thermal effect  /  numerical simulation
李童, 孙盛夏, 赵敏. 考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性研究. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 46 -62 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04342
Tong LI, Shengxia SUN, Min ZHAO. Implosion characteristics of deep-sea ceramic pressure hull considering thermal effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 46 -62 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04342
海洋蕴涵着大量的自然和生物资源,对人类具有极大的科研价值和经济价值,然而,与陆地相比,人类对深海的开发相对有限。深海潜器作为探索深海的重要科研技术手段之一,能够在复杂的深海水动力和地理环境中搭载重型设备。耐压壳[1]作为深海潜器的核心部件,其在保证结构强度的同时,还可减轻深海潜器的重量。陶瓷材料因其强度高、重量轻和耐腐蚀等优点,已成为深海潜器中最具应用前景的材料之一。例如,2009年,美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(WHOI)成功研制了11 000 m全海深混合型潜器“海神”(Nereus)号[2],该潜器配备了1472个中空陶瓷耐压球体,显著减轻了潜器重量并提升了总体性能。2009年5月,“海神”号成功潜入马里亚纳海沟,最终潜深达到10 902 m。然而,因陶瓷材料的脆性特征,当存在初始制造缺陷及承受局部载荷时,深海环境下的中空陶瓷耐压结构极易发生内爆,导致潜器损毁。2014年,“海神”号在新西兰克马德克海沟下潜到9 990 m水深时,引发了链式内爆,最终导致整个潜器发生损毁[3]。因此,研究陶瓷耐压结构内爆冲击对于提升深海潜器综合性能具有重要意义。
深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆过程极其复杂,难以获得精确解。国内外学者通常基于理论分析,结合深海内爆试验和数值模拟来研究这一现象。由于内爆后陶瓷耐压结构内的空气运动与气泡脉动相似,因此气泡动力学被用于研究深海内爆。例如,Rayleigh[4] 推导了球对称气泡在无限流域中溃灭的速度和压力解,Plesset[5]考虑流体黏性和表面张力影响,提出了经典的气泡动力学方程(Rayleigh−Plesset,R−P);Gilmore[6]进一步考虑流体的压缩性和黏性,提出了描述气泡半径随时间演化的Gilmore方程;Keller和Miksis[7]则推导了考虑液体黏性、可压缩性和表面张力的K−M方程。在此基础上,Zhang等[8] 建立了气泡统一方程,考虑边界、重力、流体可压缩性、黏性、表面张力和气泡迁移等因素的影响,并引入相变源耦合效应,推导了综合考虑气泡脉动力、迁移力、环境耦合力和相变的气泡方程[9],在理论上实现了R−P方程、Gilmore方程和K−M方程的统一。
在水下耐压结构的内爆试验方面,Orr等[10]开展了多个不同尺寸薄壁中空玻璃球的水下内爆试验,发现内爆过程中首先出现了一段平缓的低压区域,随后产生陡峭的高压区域;Turner[11] 研究在6.996 MPa静水压力下单个中空薄壁玻璃球的内爆现象,指出结构破坏对内爆压力脉冲有显著影响;何成贵[12]开展氮化硅陶瓷空心浮力球的内爆压力试验,发现能量和物质在内爆时向中心聚集并瞬间向四周扩散;武大江等[13]设计混杂夹芯复合结构,研究了其在深水静压载荷下的耐压特性;Sun等[14]开展针对“海神”号球形陶瓷耐压结构的水下内爆试验,记录了整个内爆过程的图像和监测点压力数据;Zheng等[15]则研究了高强度钛合金球形耐压壳体在超高压环境下的内爆现象及其破坏机理。
在水下耐压结构的数值模拟方面,陈建国等[16] 基于气液两相流理论研究内爆现象,分析了影响内爆的因素和降低内爆危险性的方法;Zhang等[17]采用有限元法研究了中空陶瓷浮力球在水下内爆临界状态下的破坏行为;陈锋华等[18]基于可压缩多相流理论模拟了万米级深海环境下球形陶瓷耐压结构的内爆,发现内爆后会释放数倍于环境压力的冲击波;Sun等[14, 19-21]提出基于可压缩多相流理论的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆和殉爆数值模拟方法,揭示了大规模陶瓷耐压结构殉爆触发机理及内爆冲击载荷特性。
在深海超高压环境下,陶瓷耐压结构因脆性特征会被瞬间压碎成粉末,其对流场的影响较小,且破碎吸收的能量相对于流场动能可以忽略不计[19, 22]。因此,深海陶瓷耐压结构的内爆问题可以简化为低压气泡在高压流场中的溃灭问题。相关研究预测结果表明,球形气泡坍塌过程会产生极高的坍塌温度[23-24],导致气泡内部空气发生复杂的热力学反应。因此,准确计算内爆过程中的温度对于揭示真实环境下的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆机理至关重要。以往研究多集中于内爆的冲击载荷特性,对考虑热效应的内爆研究相对较少。事实上,热效应与冲击波载荷特性相互作用,共同决定了内爆行为的全过程,这一领域仍需深入研究。
本文旨在研究考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性。基于可压缩多相流理论,提出一种考虑热效应的内爆数值方法。首先,采用ECOGEN可压缩多相流求解器[25]进行求解,并结合自适应网格细化(AMR)算法[26]捕捉内爆过程中气液两相流的边界以及内爆冲击波的传递;然后,通过15 MPa静水压力下的水下内爆试验,并与文献中数值模拟结果进行对比,验证本文所提数值方法的有效性;最后,研究万米水深环境下陶瓷耐压结构的内爆特性,分析不同水深和水温对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响。
深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆问题涉及3种物质材料:外部环境水、陶瓷耐压结构及其内部所含空气。针对这一复杂过程的模拟,通常需要运用多相流模型来准确描述其动态特性。然而,与金属耐压结构内爆不同,陶瓷耐压结构在失效时吸收的能量相对较小,可以忽略不计[19]。因此,深海陶瓷耐压结构的内爆问题可以简化为两相流问题。此外,深海内爆过程属于亚声速流动,且在深海高压环境下,水被视作可压缩流体[14, 22]。基于以上分析,本文采用可压缩多相流理论来模拟深海陶瓷耐压结构的内爆过程。
温度平衡模型考虑了流体的可压缩性,符合热力学第二定律,且不受界面密度、压力比和流速的限制,因此被广泛应用于求解可压缩多相流问题。此外,该模型假设两相构成的混合物保持速度和压力平衡(力学平衡)、温度平衡(热平衡)[27-28]。因此,本文使用温度平衡模型来计算考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆问题。式(1)为温度平衡模型的具体形式。
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho {\boldsymbol{u}}} \right) = 0 \\ \frac{{\partial \rho {\boldsymbol{u}}}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho {\boldsymbol{u}} \otimes {\boldsymbol{u}} + P{\boldsymbol{I}}} \right) = 0 \\ \frac{{\partial \rho E}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\left( {\rho E + P} \right){\boldsymbol{u}}} \right) = 0 \\ \frac{{\partial \rho {Y_1}}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho {Y_1}{\boldsymbol{u}}} \right) = \rho {\nu _r}\left( {{g_2} - {g_1}} \right) \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
其中:
$ \rho {\text{ = }}{\alpha _{\text{1}}}{\rho _{\text{1}}} + {\alpha _{\text{2}}}{\rho _{\text{2}}} $
$ E = {Y_1}{e_1} + {Y_2}{e_2} + 0.5{\left\| {\boldsymbol{u}} \right\|^2} $
式中:u为两相的混合速度;P为混合物的压力;ρ为混合物的密度;αk为相k的体积分数;ρk为相k的密度;Yk为相k的质量分数;ek为相k的内能;E为混合物的总能量;I为二阶恒等张量。
与式(1)相关的熵方程为
$ \frac{{\partial \rho S}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\rho S{\boldsymbol{u}}} \right) = \frac{{\rho {\nu _{\mathrm{r}}}{{\left( {{g_2} - {g_1}} \right)}^2}}}{T} $
其中:
$ {g_k} = {h_k} - T{s_k} $
$ S = {Y_1}{s_1} + {Y_2}{s_2} $
式中:S为混合物的熵;sk为相k的比熵;T为混合物的温度;${\nu _{\mathrm{r}}}$为松弛参数;gk为相k的吉布斯自由能;hk为相k的比焓。
为了实现系统式(1)的热力学封闭,首先考虑混合物比容v的定义,其表达式为
$ v = {Y_1}{v_1} + {Y_2}{v_2} $
式中,vk为相k的比容,
$ {v_k} = \frac{1}{{{\rho _k}}} $
刚性气体状态方程(SG-EoS)为
$ P = \left( {{\gamma _k} - 1} \right){\rho _k}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},k}}T - {P_{\infty ,k}} $
式中:γk为相k的热容比;Cv,k为相k的热力学参数;P∞,k为相k的压力常数。
本文在进行深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆的数值模拟时,液相采用SG-EoS方程,气相采用理想气体状态方程(IG-EoS)。可以看出,当P∞,k = 0时,式(9)变为IG-EoS方程。为便于后续推导,气液两相的状态方程统一由式(9)表示。由式(9)可得相k的比容为
$ {v_k} = \frac{{\left( {{\gamma _k} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},k}}T}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,k}}}} $
由式(7)和式(10)可得混合物温度、压力和比容之间的关系式为
$ \frac{{\text{1}}}{T} = \frac{{{Y_1}\left( {{\gamma _1} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}}}}{{v\left( {P + {P_{\infty ,{\text{1}}}}} \right)}} + \frac{{{Y_{\text{2}}}\left( {{\gamma _{\text{2}}} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},{\text{2}}}}}}{{v\left( {P + {P_{\infty ,{\text{2}}}}} \right)}} $
混合物的内能e定义为
$ e = {Y_1}{e_1} + {Y_2}{e_2} $
其中,相k的内能${e_k}$表达式为
$ {e_k} = {C_{{\mathrm{v}},k}}T + \frac{{{P_{\infty ,k}}}}{{{\rho _k}}} + {q_k} $
式中,${q_k}$为相k的内能常数。
由式(10)和式(13)可以得到相k的内能表达式为
$ {e_k} = {C_{{\mathrm{v}},k}}T\frac{{P + {\gamma _k}{P_{\infty ,k}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,k}}}} + {q_k} $
因此,混合物的内能e的定义式(12)变为
$ \begin{split} &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \dfrac{1}{T} = \dfrac{1}{{T\left( {P,e,{Y_1}} \right)}} =\\& \dfrac{{{Y_1}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}} + \dfrac{{{Y_1}\left( {{\gamma _1} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}}{P_{\infty ,1}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,1}}}} + {Y_2}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},2}} + \dfrac{{{Y_2}\left( {{\gamma _2} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},2}}{P_{\infty ,2}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,2}}}}}}{{e - \left( {{Y_1}{q_1} + {Y_2}{q_2}} \right)}}\end{split} $
结合式(11)和式(15),即可得到混合物压力、混合物密度、混合物的内能与质量分数之间的关系式为
$ \begin{split} &\qquad\qquad \rho \left[ {\dfrac{{{Y_1}\left( {{\gamma _1} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,{\text{1}}}}}} + \dfrac{{{Y_{\text{2}}}\left( {{\gamma _{\text{2}}} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},{\text{2}}}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,{\text{2}}}}}}} \right] = \\&\dfrac{{{Y_1}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}} + \dfrac{{{Y_1}\left( {{\gamma _1} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}}{P_{\infty ,1}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,1}}}} + {Y_2}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},2}} + \dfrac{{{Y_2}\left( {{\gamma _2} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},2}}{P_{\infty ,2}}}}{{P + {P_{\infty ,2}}}}}}{{e - \left( {{Y_1}{q_1} + {Y_2}{q_2}} \right)}}\end{split} $
式(16)即为关于求解混合物压力的二次函数。该方程的正根为
$ \begin{split} &P = P\left( {\rho ,e,{Y_1}} \right) = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{A_1} + {A_2} - \left( {{P_{\infty ,1}} + {P_{\infty ,2}}} \right)} \right) +\\&\quad\sqrt {\frac{1}{4}{{\left( {{A_2} - {A_1} - \left( {{P_{\infty ,2}} - {P_{\infty ,1}}} \right)} \right)}^2} + {A_1}{A_2}}\end{split} $
其中:
$ {A_k} = \frac{{{Y_k}\left( {{\gamma _k} - 1} \right){C_{{\mathrm{v}},k}}}}{{{Y_1}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},1}} + {Y_2}{C_{{\mathrm{v}},2}}}}\left( {\rho \left( {e - q} \right) - {P_{\infty ,k}}} \right) $
$ q = {Y_1}{q_1} + {Y_2}{q_2} $
表1给出了本研究所采用的水和空气状态方程中具体参数的取值。
为求解考虑热效应的可压缩多相流模型,本文采用了开源C++求解器ECOGEN[25]。该求解器专为可压缩多相流问题开发,基于扩散界面理论求解可压缩多相流的偏微分方程组,适用于涉及声波、激波及气液两相界面的非定常流研究。ECOGEN采用基于Godunov类型有限体积格式进行数值离散,涵盖笛卡尔网格和非结构化网格上的黎曼问题。为抑制数值耗散,引入了二阶精度的MUSCL格式进行空间重构。并使用算子分裂策略求解可压缩多相流偏微分方程组中的守恒项和非守恒项,时间积分是显式进行的,时间步长满足CFL(Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy)条件。该求解器能够处理从单相气体动力学到多相、多物理场流动的大范围问题,其可行性和准确性已在气泡坍塌、激波管以及激波诱导气泡坍塌等问题得到验证。
本文的研究对象是装备在“海神”号上的陶瓷耐压结构。该结构为中空无缝薄壁氧化铝陶瓷球,直径为92 mm,壁厚为1. 5 mm。图1为在114 MPa环境压力下陶瓷耐压结构内爆前后的结构形式。由图可以看出,陶瓷耐压结构在极端压力条件下完全失效,陶瓷结构破碎成粉末状。
陶瓷耐压结构在发生内爆时,由于陶瓷材料本身的脆性特征以及内部气泡与外部环境流体之间存在显著的压力差异,耐压结构会被瞬间压溃成粉末。此时,耐压结构内部的球形气泡与外部高压流体充分接触,低压气泡在高压流场中发生溃灭,并向周围释放内爆冲击波。在内爆过程中,耐压结构破碎吸收的能量可以忽略不计,而内爆产生的能量主要是通过流场中形成的内爆冲击波向外传递。因此,在陶瓷耐压结构内爆的数值模拟中,采取如下假设对内爆问题进行简化[19, 22]
1) 陶瓷耐压结构失效过程占内爆整体时间的很小一部分,假设陶瓷耐压结构瞬间破碎;
2) 本文研究的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆问题不涉及复杂边界,因此假设耐压结构内爆后的气泡运动形态基本为球形。忽略陶瓷粉末对流场的影响,用同等大小的球形气泡来代替陶瓷耐压结构及其内部空气,将内爆问题简化为球形低压气泡在高压水中的溃灭问题。
3) 深海陶瓷耐压结构发生内爆时,在极短的时间内超高压流体内涌并向外释放冲击波。在如此高雷诺数的内爆过程中,惯性力占主导作用,因此可以忽略流体的黏性和表面张力。
为了精确捕捉水下内爆冲击波的复杂动态特性,本文采用AMR技术,通过动态调整网格密度,在保持计算资源高效率的同时,能够更准确地描述物理现象。Schmidmayer等[26]提出了一种新的AMR技术,并将其应用于ECOGEN[25]求解器。通过开源代码ECOGEN执行测试算例并与非AMR方法进行定量比较,结果表明,AMR方法在数值结果上与非AMR方法接近,但能加快仿真收敛到稳态的速度,在计算时间和内存方面取得了实际增益。
AMR方法的实现基于流场特征,该方法定义了计算单元树和计算单元面树的双重数据结构。在数值模拟过程中,首先生成一个基础笛卡尔网格,每个计算单元根据压力等物理变量计算并储存细化因子,用于检测是否需要细化或取消细化。在AMR技术框架下,计算单元的积分过程表现为多层级递归算法,并在树结构的不同层级交替执行和细化步骤,而不同层级的计算单元根据其细化程度采用不同的时间步长推进。
为了验证可压缩多相流理论的激波捕获能力及计算精度,本文首先计算了一维气−液激波管算例。该算例初始时刻物质界面两侧存在中等压力比以及高密度比。
一维气−液激波管算例的初始状态按照Saurel等[29]的研究设定。初始时刻计算域设为一个长度为1 m的激波管,左右腔室在x = 0.75 m处被一个无厚度的界面隔开,每个腔室都包含几乎纯净的流体。左腔室初始时刻是体积分数为$1 - \varepsilon $ε = 10−6)的水与体积分数为$\varepsilon $的空气混合物;右腔室则是体积分数为$1 - \varepsilon $的空气与体积分数为$\varepsilon $的水混合物。在初始时刻,水密度为1000 kg/m3,使用SG-EoS方程来描述,该方程的参数为γ water = 4.4,P∞,water = 6×108 Pa;空气密度为1 kg/m3,使用IG-EoS方程来描述,该方程的参数为γ air = 1.4,P∞,air = 0 Pa。左腔室混合物的初始压强为1 GPa,右腔室混合物的初始压强为0.1 MPa,两个腔室的初速度均设置为0。
本文将一维激波管划分为1000个均匀网格,采用3层自适应网格进行加密,该激波管两侧为非反射边界条件。使用二阶精度的MUSCL方法求解可压缩多相流模型。为减小数值耗散及提高数值解的稳定性及精度,本文采用了多种斜率限制器,包括全局限制器、全局体积分数限制器和界面体积分数限制器。ECOGEN中可用的斜率限制器类型包括minmod[30],van Leer[31],MC[32]和THINC[33]等。本文激波管算例中,使用如表2所示的斜率限制器,CFL数设置为0.5。
由于激波管两侧存在较大的压差,当左右腔室介质界面开始自由运动后,会形成带激波的非定常流,激波的传递导致管内的流体状态参数发生突变。图2给出了在t = 240 μs时刻激波管内的压力、速度、混合物密度以及水的体积分数的空间分布曲线,并与对应的精确解对比。
图2可以看出,密度曲线和水的体积分数曲线存在不连续点,表明激波管内形成了一个向右传播的激波,数值模拟结果与精确解吻合良好,验证了可压缩多相流数值模拟方法的准确性和激波捕获能力。
为了验证可压缩多相流数值模拟方法的有效性,本文依托上海交通大学海洋工程全国重点实验室的万米级压力筒科研平台,开展了单个陶瓷耐压结构在模拟的1 500 m海深环境下的内爆试验,该环境对应的静水压力为15 MPa。万米级压力筒科研平台由压力筒主体、试验台架、加卸载系统、液压驱动系统、电气控制系统以及安全保护系统组成。
在水下内爆试验中,陶瓷耐压结构和水压传感器被固定于铝合金试验台架上,试验台架置于压力筒中。通过加卸载系统中的水泵向压力筒中注入水来调节压力筒中的静水压力,将压力筒定速增压至15 MPa环境压力,保压一段时间后开展内爆试验。使用电机驱动试验台架中的油缸伸缩杆前进触发陶瓷球的内爆,并使用高速数据采集仪实时记录流场压力数据。
本次陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验使用的试验设备有陶瓷耐压结构、万米级压力筒、试验台架以及电控系统和数据采集系统,如表3所示。
试验对象为DeepSea Power & Light公司制造并曾装配于“海神”号上的球形中空陶瓷耐压结构,如图3所示。表4给出了球形中空陶瓷耐压结构的技术参数。Steve等[34]研究了中空陶瓷耐压壳体的设计、制造、结构性能和质量控制等方面的问题。该耐压壳首先是在球型模具中通过旋转成型技术制造成无缝半球体,然后再将无缝半球体组装成完整球体。耐压球壳的生产过程严格执行了质量控制标准,确保耐压球壳的重量、厚度、直径、表面状态以及承压能力符合技术规范。
万米级压力筒如图4所示。该压力筒采用圆柱形缸体设计,适用于装载试验用水和放置试验台架。通过加卸载系统向压力筒内加注水或排水,调节压力筒内部的环境压力,来模拟特定水深下的海洋环境。
试验台架如图5(a)所示。试验台架用于固定油缸、陶瓷耐压结构和水动压力传感器。试验台架配备有电控系统和油路系统来控制油缸的进出,实现陶瓷耐压结构的内爆触发。此外,还配备有数据采集系统用于记录水压传感器捕捉到的内爆冲击波。
本研究开展了两组陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验,预定环境压力均为15 MPa。为研究水下内爆冲击波水中衰减特性,将水压传感器(也称压力传感器)分别置于陶瓷球表面正上方距离球面R和2R处(即试验1与试验2)。试验条件的详细信息如表5所示,水压传感器的布置见图5(b)
试验1和试验2中水压传感器实时采集到的流场压力曲线如图6所示。
图6所示的压力测量结果可以看出,在触发内爆前,陶瓷耐压结构周围的环境压力稳定在15 MPa左右。内爆发生时,高压水迅速涌入陶瓷耐压结构坍塌后的球形耐压壳内,导致内部低压气泡被压缩,内部压力逐渐增大。当气泡内部压力超过环境压力时,气泡向外膨胀,产生从流场中心向外传播的冲击波,水压传感器捕捉到一个压力峰值。试验结果显示,距离球面R处的压力峰值为116.1 MPa,是初始环境压力的7.74倍;距离球面2R处的压力峰值为74.8 MPa,是初始环境压力的4.99倍。由此可见,水下内爆产生的冲击波在水中衰减非常显著。
图7所示为内爆试验后收集到的陶瓷耐压结构碎片。从图中可以看出,内爆发生后,陶瓷耐压结构完全失效,陶瓷耐压结构失效成大小均匀的陶瓷碎片,且碎片大小比较接近。这进一步验证了本文内爆数值模拟方法中忽略陶瓷破碎过程和碎片对流场影响的模型假设是合理的。
使用可压缩多相流理论数值模拟单个陶瓷耐压结构的内爆,并将其与陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验结果对比,以进一步验证可压缩多相流理论的有效性。
本研究建立了深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型,陶瓷耐压结构的半径为4.6 cm,球心位于计算域原点,计算域尺寸为10倍陶瓷球半径。为了节省计算资源,仅建立了1/8的计算域(尺寸为0.46 m×0.46 m×0.46 m)。对于水下内爆这种具有激波的强非定常流动问题,为了精确捕捉气液两相界面的流场特性,在后续数值模拟中均使用如图8所示的3层自适应网格加密网格,通过动态调整网格密度,提高对气液两相界面和激波面等流场特性的捕捉精度[26]图9所示为设置的初始计算域。由图可见,在靠近陶瓷耐压结构的3个壁面被设置为对称边界条件,而远离陶瓷耐压结构的3个壁面则设置为无反射边界条件。在计算域初始设置中,为保证系统的双曲性,每个计算域均包含体积分数为ε的对立相[29]。空气域内部为理想气体与水的混合物,其中,理想气体的初始体积分数为1 – εε = 10−6),水的初始体积分数为ε,空气域混合物的初始压强和温度分别为101 325.0 Pa和300 K。水域同样设置为理想气体与水的混合物,其中,理想气体的初始体积分数为ε,水的初始体积分数为1 – ε,水域混合物的初始压强和温度分别为15 MPa和300 K。用二阶精度的MUSCL方法求解可压缩多相流模型。本次模拟选用的斜率限制器见表2,CFL数设置为0.5。
针对图9中的计算域,分别采用100×100×100,200×200×200和300×300×300的网格模拟15 MPa环境压力下的陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆。监测点设置在陶瓷球表面正上方距离球面R(监测点1)和2R(监测点2)处,即放置水压传感器的位置。监测点位置处在不同网格尺寸下的流场压力计算结果如图10所示。表6表7分别为不同网格尺寸下监测点压力峰值和峰值时间的网格收敛性验证结果。
表6表7可以看出,不同网格尺寸下的压力峰值和峰值时间的收敛比率Rc小于1,均满足0<Rc<1的网格收敛性准则[35]。为了兼顾计算精度和效率,在后续的陶瓷耐压结构内爆的数值模拟中均采用200$ \times $200$ \times $200的网格。
在15 MPa环境压力下的内爆试验采集到的监测点1和监测点2位置处的压力峰值分别为116.1和74.8 MPa。网格200×200×200下数值模拟的监测点1和监测点2位置处的压力峰值分别为108.629和72.788 MPa,相对误差为6.43%和2.69%,这表明可压缩多相流数值模拟方法可较准确地计算陶瓷耐压结构内爆冲击波载荷。
由于气泡溃灭过程中温度急剧变化,特别是在气泡中心区域的高温和快速动态特性,使得通过试验手段精确测量其内部温度变得极为困难。为了进一步验证可压缩多相流数值模拟方法计算深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆热效应的有效性,本文将计算得到的气泡中心温度与文献中的数值结果进行对比。根据Bidi等[36]的研究,模拟一个气泡初始半径r0 = 1 mm的孤立气泡在静止无限水域中的对称坍塌过程。该模拟是在一维球坐标系下进行的,计算域的初始压强设置为:在气泡内部是均匀的,而水域压强从气泡边界处向远场方向逐渐增大,如式(18)所示。
$ {p_{\text{w}}}\left( r \right) = {p_{\text{f}}} + \frac{{{r_0}}}{r}\left( {{p_{\text{g}}} - {p_{\text{f}}}} \right) $
式中:pw为水域中的压强,是关于半径r的函数;pf为远场压力;pg为气泡内部初始压力。
本研究基于Bidi等[36]的工作,建立了球形气泡坍塌的数值模型,模型假设与该文献保持一致,具体包括忽略流体黏性、表面张力以及相变的影响。初始计算域设置如图11所示。空气和水的计算域同样设置为理想气体与水的混合物,每个计算域都包含几乎纯净的流体,气相和液相的体积分数与2.2节陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型设置相同。空气域混合物的初始压强和温度分别为101 325.0 Pa和300 K。水域混合物的初始温度为300 K。空气和水分别使用IG-EoS方程和SG-EoS方程描述,具体参数如见表1。水域混合物的初始压强则根据式(18)设置成非均匀压力场,具体的模型参数如表8所示。靠近气泡的3个壁面设置为对称边界条件,远离气泡的3个壁面设置为无反射边界条件。使用二阶精度的MUSCL方法求解可压缩多相流模型,斜率限制器则使用表2所示的类型。CFL数设置为0.5。
为了避免在建模过程中使用不同单位系统带来的误差,对时间参数作了无量纲处理。
$ {t^*} = \frac{t}{{0.915{r_0}\sqrt {\dfrac{{{\rho _{\text{w}}}}}{{{p_{\text{f}}}}}} }} $
式中:t为数值模拟的物理时间;$ {\rho _{\text{w}}} $为水的密度。
使用300×300×300的网格尺寸模拟球形气泡在非均匀初始流场下的坍塌,并将数值模拟得到的气泡中心温度结果与文献[36]中的计算结果进行对比,如图12所示。文献[36]的研究表明,在无量纲时间t* = 1.05附近,气泡内部空间的平均最高坍塌温度为2 900 K;而本文使用可压缩多相流理论得到的结果显示,在t* = 1.07附近,气泡中心温度达到的最高温度为3 289.3 K。计算结果出现差异的原因在于,文献[36]在流场中使用了非均匀网格,在气泡坍塌初始阶段,其网格密度相较本文可压缩多相流数值模拟方法的更高,而网格尺寸对气泡中心的温度计算结果影响较大。
综上所述,本节首先通过一维气−液激波管算例验证了可压缩多相流数值方法的准确性和激波捕获能力。接着,通过在15 MPa静水压力下开展陶瓷耐压结构内爆试验,建立了水下内爆数值模型,并通过网格收敛性验证,进一步证实了可压缩多相流数值方法能够准确计算内爆冲击波载荷。最后,通过构建气泡坍塌数值模型并与文献中的模拟结果进行对比,验证了本文方法能够相对准确地计算出陶瓷耐压结构在内爆过程中的热效应。
因在不同初始环境压力和水温条件下进行全面试验验证存在较大难度,本文仅开展了15 MPa环境压力下的陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆试验。通过试验,验证了考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模拟方法的可靠性。基于这一验证结果,本文进一步研究了万米水深环境下的陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆特性,分析不同压力和水温对该耐压结构内爆特性的影响,并总结了不同环境下耐压结构水下内爆现象的规律。尽管试验验证仅限于特定工况,但数值模拟为深入理解陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆行为提供了重要工具,并为进一步探索极端环境下的物理现象提供了关键的技术手段。
为了进一步揭示极端环境下的陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆机理,本文首先模拟万米水深环境下的陶瓷耐压结构内爆。计算模型采用了2.2节所建立的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型,并将水域混合物的初始压强设置为114 MPa,其余计算参数设置均不变。为了更全面地捕捉内爆流场的特征,在计算域中设置了一系列监测点,其具体位置如图13所示。
图14所示为在114 MPa环境压力下,陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆过程中的流场压力云图。如图14(a)图14(i)所示:当t = 0 ms时,内爆开始,低压球形气泡直接处于超高压力的流场环境中。当t = 0.08 ms时,气泡因内外压力差被超高压流体压缩,流体向气泡区域快速膨胀,形成稀疏区。此过程表现为气泡向外释放膨胀波,导致外部区域压降。当t = 0.10 ms时,外部超高压流场使气泡进一步坍塌,内部压强逐渐升高,并伴随着低压膨胀波扩散至周围介质。随着气泡不断坍塌,当气泡内部压强与环境压强相等时,因惯性,气泡仍继续坍塌而不会立即停止。当t = 0.12 ms时,气泡被压缩至最小体积,内部压强远高于环境压强,因内外压差,气泡开始向外回弹。当t = 0.13 ms时,气泡向外回弹并释放破坏力极强的内爆冲击波,在流场中形成显著的高压区域。当t = 0.15 ms时,内爆冲击波向外快速传播并显著衰减,同时形成了多层级的分层结构,每层表现出不同的强度特性,反映了深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆过程中的复杂非线性动力学行为。当t = 0.20 ms时,内爆冲击波扩散并持续衰减,各层级结构中的冲击波强度也相应减弱。
综上,在内爆过程中,深海超高压环境下陶瓷耐压结构内外的巨大压差使低压气泡迅速被压缩,内部能量高度集中,并以压力波形式辐射到周围流场。
图15给出了在114 MPa环境压力下,陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆过程中的流场温度云图。如图15(a)图15(i)所示:当t = 0 ms时,内爆开始,低压气泡处于超高压流场中,气泡和周围流场的初始温度均为300 K。当t = 0.07 ms时,低压气泡在外部超高压流场的作用下逐渐压缩并加热,气泡外缘与高压流场接触导致局部温度升高,而气泡中心仍然保持相对低温,形成由外而内温度逐渐降低的分层结构。当t = 0.09 ms时,随着气泡持续被压缩,内部温度进一步升高,高温区域面积增大,只有气泡中心小部分区域保持相对低温。当t = 0.10 ms时,随着气泡的坍塌,气泡中心气体被压缩,中心温度明显高于外缘,在气泡内部形成由外而内逐渐升高的温度分层结构。当t = 0.12 ms时,气泡被压缩到最小体积,中心温度急剧升高至接近10 000K,表明在超高压环境下,陶瓷耐压结构内爆会产生显著的能量汇聚效应,导致极端高温,并可能已达到发光所需的温度。当t = 0.13 ms时,气泡逐渐向外回弹,并形成3个轴向的射流,高温气体沿着射流方向流动。当t = 0.20 ms时,气泡进一步回弹,内部温度随射流发展迅速下降。
图16给出了不同监测点位置处的压力曲线。可以看出,在在初始阶段,所有监测点依次经过一个压力骤降的过程,且距离球形耐压结构越近,压降出现得越早,这是内爆初期球形气泡向外部流场释放膨胀波所致。当气泡被外部高压流场压缩至最小体积时,气泡内部压强远大于环境压强并向外部流场释放压缩波,各监测点根据距球心距离d 的远近依次出现冲击波压力峰值。
图16可看出,在陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处(d = 0.046 m)内爆冲击波压力峰值为766.993 MPa,约为环境压力的6.72倍;而距离球心0.092 m处的内爆冲击波压力峰值为365.584 MPa,约为环境压力的3.21倍。并且,冲击波压力峰值随着监测点距离的增加而逐渐衰减。因此,当监测点距离球心很远时,冲击波压力峰值趋近于114 MPa的环境压力。
在万米水深环境下,静水压力与冲击波压力峰值相比不可忽略。为了更精确地表征内爆冲击波载荷的衰减特性,提取出图16中各监测点位置处的超压峰值,并使用如下近似公式拟合得到内爆超压峰值与球心相对距离之间的关系。
$ {P_{{\text{peak}}}} = {P_{{R_{\text{0}}}}}{\left( {\frac{r}{{{R_0}}}} \right)^\alpha } $
式中:Ppeak = P − Pw_ini,为监测点位置处的超压峰值,其中Pw_ini为初始流场压力;r为监测点距离球心的绝对距离;R0为球形耐压结构初始半径;PR0$\alpha $均为拟合参数。
图17可以看出,红色曲线与监测点位置超压峰值非常吻合,内爆冲击波超压峰值的拟合曲线中的参数PR0 = 652.0821 MPa,$\alpha $ = −1.3599。参数PR0代表陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值,这与陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处(d = 0.046 m)的内爆冲击波压力峰值(766.993 MPa)相对应,$\alpha $为内爆能量径向的衰减指数。内爆冲击波峰值压力在近场范围内迅速衰减,随着内爆距离(r/R0)的增加,逐渐趋近于初始环境静水压力。
深海潜器的作业范围通常涉及全海深度。为了深入研究陶瓷耐压结构在海洋复杂环境下的内爆特性,本节模拟了陶瓷耐压结构在不同环境压力下的水下内爆过程,并分析了初始环境压力对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响,进而总结了不同水深下的陶瓷耐压结构内爆规律。
基于2.2节所构建的陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型,对不同压力环境下陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆过程进行模拟分析。除水域混合物的初始压强按照表9进行了调整之外,其余所有计算参数均与2.1节中描述的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型保持一致。
图18展示了不同静水压力下的各监测点位置处的压力曲线。可以看出,不同液体压力下内爆产生的压力变化趋势是一致的:在陶瓷耐压结构内爆初期,因气泡内部的压强小于环境压强,气泡会被周围流场压缩,同时向外传递膨胀波,导致流场中监测点由内而外依次出现压降现象。随着气泡逐渐被压缩,其内部的压强逐渐超过外部流场压强,随后气泡向外膨胀,并向外传递内爆冲击波,从而在流场中的监测点由内而外依次出现压力峰值。随着外部流场压力的增大,监测点位置处的压力峰值会增大,且陶瓷耐压结构内爆持续的时间会缩短。
在研究深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性时,为了表征内爆冲击波的衰减特性,本文使用式(20)描述不同监测点位置处的超压峰值的变化规律。为更直观地对比不同初始环境压力下的陶瓷耐压结构内爆冲击波压力峰值,并体现结论的一般性,对式(20)中监测点位置处的超压峰值Ppeak进行无量纲处理,如式(21)所示。
$ P_{{\text{peak}}}^* = P_{{R_0}}^*{\left( {\frac{r}{{{R_0}}}} \right)^\alpha } $
式中:$P_{{\text{peak}}}^* $ = (PPw_ini)/Pw_ini表示监测点位置处无量纲处理得到的超压峰值;$P_{{R_0}}^* $表示拟合参数,其物理意义为陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数。
图19表10可以看出,随着外部流场压强的增大,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数$P_{{R_0}}^* $逐渐减小,内爆能量在径向的衰减指数$\alpha $逐渐减小。这表明随着外部流场压强的增加,气泡在脉动过程中需要消耗更多的能量,同时冲击波能量的衰减速率也会相应加快。
鉴于深海环境的复杂性,流场温度并非恒定。为了研究流场水温对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响,本节模拟了陶瓷耐压结构在不同水温环境下的内爆过程,并分析环境温度对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响,进而总结出不同水温下的陶瓷耐压结构内爆规律。
同样地,基于2.2节所构建的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型,对不同水温环境下耐压结构内爆过程进行模拟分析。在本节的模拟中,水域混合物的初始压强为20 MPa,水域混合物的初始温度如表11所示,其余所有计算参数均与2.1节中描述的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模型保持一致。
图20为不同初始环境温度下监测点位置处的压力曲线。当初始环境温度为270 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处在0.3314 ms时刻压力峰值达到280.353 MPa;当该环境温度增至290 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处在0.3199 ms时刻压力峰值达到280.237 MPa。当环境温度进一步升至320 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处在0.3048 ms时刻压力峰值达到278.546 MPa。可见,不同环境温度下陶瓷耐压结构内爆产生的压力变化趋势是一致的。然而,较冷的水中陶瓷耐压结构内爆强度会略微增强,从而延迟达到压力峰值的时间。
图21为使用式(21)拟合得到的在不同环境温度下各监测点压力峰值与位置的关系,表12为对应的不同环境温度下的拟合参数。从图21中可以看出:当初始环境温度为270 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数$P_{{R_0}}^* $ = 13.0154,内爆能量在径向衰减指数$\alpha $ = −1.2508。当初始环境温度为290 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数$P_{{R_0}}^* $降至13.0131,内爆能量径向衰减指数$\alpha $变为−1.2491。当初始环境温度为300 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数$P_{{R_0}}^* $降至12.9543,内爆能量径向衰减指数$\alpha $ 变为−1.2464。当初始环境温度升高到320 K时,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数$P_{{R_0}}^* $降至12.9263,内爆能量径向衰减指数$\alpha $变为−1.2444。这表明,当初始环境压强为20 MPa时,环境温度对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性影响不大。此外,随着初始环境温度的升高,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的压力峰值出现了一定程度的减弱,并在此处更快地达到压力峰值,冲击波能量衰减也相应有所减缓。
为了进一步探究环境温度对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响机制,图22给出了在不同环境温度下气泡中心温度曲线。可以看出,在陶瓷耐压结构内爆初期,低压气泡的坍塌速率较慢,坍塌过程几乎是等温的。当气泡被周围流场压缩到最小体积时,气泡中心温度急剧上升,并达到温度峰值。此后,当气泡向外膨胀时,气泡中心处又逐渐冷却下来。另外,从图22中还可以看出,随着环境温度的升高,陶瓷耐压结构内爆过程略微加快,且气泡坍塌强度略微有所减弱,进而气泡中温度也稍有降低。
本文基于可压缩多相流理论,提出了一种考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆数值模拟方法。通过使用AMR技术捕捉气液两相流界面和内爆冲击波界面,然后开展15 MPa静水压力下单个陶瓷耐压结构的内爆试验,并对不同环境下的陶瓷耐压结构内爆现象进行数值模拟,尤其关注了环境压力和水温对陶瓷耐压结构内爆特性的影响。主要得到以下结论:
1) 本文所提深海陶瓷耐压结构数值模拟方法能够实现深海极端环境下陶瓷耐压结构内爆冲击波的准确预报以及流场的精细化捕捉,并揭示内爆过程中的热力学特性。在万米极端的环境下,陶瓷耐压结构内爆会向外传递数倍于静水压力的内爆冲击波,并在气泡坍塌极限时刻,气泡中心会形成极端热力学条件,达到约为10 000 K的超高温环境。
2) 初始环境压力对陶瓷耐压结构的内爆特性有着重要影响。随着外部静水压力的增大,陶瓷耐压结构内爆的持续时间会缩短,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处的超压峰值系数逐渐减小,内爆冲击波能量在流场中的衰减速率加快。较高的初始环境压力增强了气泡坍塌的强度,从而在短时间内释放出更多的能量,导致局部温度急剧升高。
3) 环境温度不会显著影响陶瓷耐压结构的内爆特性。随着环境温度的升高,陶瓷耐压结构表面位置处出现的压力峰值减弱程度很小,陶瓷耐压结构内爆过程略微加快,内爆冲击波能量衰减速率略微减缓。较高的环境温度减弱了气泡坍塌的强度,导致气泡中心局部温度降低。
4) 研究考虑热效应的深海陶瓷耐压结构内爆不仅对拓展耐压结构技术领域和提升其安全性具有重要意义,还为形成高能量密度区域提供了新的技术手段,陶瓷耐压结构内爆使得能量在极短的时间内集中在一个极小的区域中,达到高能量密度状态,然后再以声光或射流的形式释放,其复杂的物理机制仍需进一步探索。未来的研究将致力于通过实验手段和数值模拟深入分析陶瓷耐压结构内爆的热力学机制,从而更全面地理解其复杂的物理现象。
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04342
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
  • 修回日期:2025-03-12
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    1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    2上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240

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* 赵敏
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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