Article(id=1263818967529939655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04940, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768060800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-11, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247522480, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247522480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247522480, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247522480, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818969065054923, articleId=1263818967529939655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=A review on the hydrodynamic mechanisms of multimodal motion in manta ray-inspired underwater vehicles, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, China's maritime security is facing two major challenges: the deterioration of the environment has led to a significant reduction in the area of islands and reefs, threatening territorial security; and the strict monitoring of strait passages has hindered the deployment of underwater forces. Unmanned underwater vehicles are the core equipment for marine ecological protection and national security maintenance. However, existing unmanned underwater vehicles are unable to meet multiple requirements simultaneously: Propeller-driven underwater vehicles have high speed and maneuverability, but they cause significant disturbance to organisms, lack sufficient concealment, and are unable to accurately obtain ecological information or effectively respond to hostile control on sensitive passages; Underwater gliders have good range and concealment, but their maneuverability is weak, and they cannot meet the requirements of complex tasks. It is urgent to develop biomimetic underwater vehicles that are biocompatible, quiet and concealed, have long-term self-sustainability, and can perform coordinated operations. Among them, the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle adopts the mode of using its wide pectoral fins to achieve bowed gliding and alternating flapping movements, which performs outstandingly in terms of gliding efficiency, flapping maneuverability and motion stability, and is an ideal biomimetic prototype. This work breaks through the limitations of previous studies, which mostly focused on a single motion mode. For the first time, it systematically reviewed the multi-modal motion hydrodynamic mechanisms of the the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle from the individual to the cluster level, integrating various motion forms such as bowed gliding, continuous flapping, alternating gliding and flapping, and isomorphic/heteromorphic clusters into the same review framework. The study focused on analyzing the research progress in three key aspects: morphology and motion modeling methods, the efficient propulsion mechanism of the individual, and the coupling mechanism of the cluster flow field. In terms of modeling, key data such as the skeletal structure, shape parameters, and kinematic characteristics of the manta ray were selected, and the flapping mode, skeletal distribution, and kinematic laws of the pectoral fins were systematically revealed. In terms of single-body propulsion, the core mechanism of improving the lateral variation of the flow line of the pectoral fins to achieve drag reduction through arched gliding and the key role of the chordal deformation of the pectoral fins in generating thrust were clarified. In terms of the cluster, research was conducted around factors such as the number of clusters, formation, spacing, and propulsion mode, and it was determined that the fusion and collision of the wake was the fundamental reason for the differences in hydrodynamic performance among individual organisms. Based on this, a "modeling - mechanism - performance" research framework was initially formed, providing a theoretical basis for bionic design and optimization. However, breakthroughs are still needed in aspects such as model fidelity, non-stationary and complex environment mechanisms, and the transformation from theory to design. High-fidelity simulation models including real attachment structures should be developed. The research scope should be expanded to complex environments such as cross-media entry and exit from water, expanding the operational boundaries and task capabilities of the the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle. The hydrodynamic mechanism in dynamic clusters should be explored, and research methods integrating artificial intelligence and autonomous swimming simulation should be developed to achieve overall hydrodynamic performance optimization during formation transformation and multimodal conversion processes. All of the above will promote the collaborative optimization of the configuration and motion strategies of the vehicle, enabling it to achieve a dynamic balance among high efficiency, high maneuverability and strong stability in complex and realistic marine environments and diverse mission scenarios. This will lay an irreplaceable hydrodynamic foundation for the application of the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle in deep and remote seas.

, correspAuthors=Qiaogao HUANG, Guang PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pengcheng GAO, Qiaogao HUANG, Guang PAN, Yang LUO, Mingdong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819045976007005, articleId=1263818967529939655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究综述, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

仿生水下航行器主要参考身体/尾鳍(BCF)推进与中央鳍/对鳍(MPF)推进这2类鱼类推进模式,其中仿蝠鲼航行器采取模仿蝠鲼利用宽大胸鳍实现弓形滑翔与交替滑扑的运动模式,在滑翔效率、扑动机动性与运动稳定性方面表现突出,已成为当前的研究热点。为此,在系统梳理仿蝠鲼航行器在蝠鲼生物学研究、单体游动水动力机理以及集群游动水动力机理等方面研究进展的基础上,总结并归纳该领域的关键研究成果与发展脉络,然后基于现有研究基础,指出仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究中存在的主要问题,并展望未来的发展方向。

, correspAuthors=黄桥高, 潘光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄桥高
** 潘光
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zVcHPJjueaG8Xo2ncEs2gA==, magXml=VUcEiPpszEOzWR6g33XReA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sJhheJwFsg+Szluu8cMXaA==, pdfFileSize=64299216, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eLxtDp8Qb8LSDkwNPGA7mw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4Tbsnt+BTcwbQlBmvgxdjA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高鹏骋,男,1998年生,博士。研究方向:仿生水下航行器多模态水动力特性。E-mail:

黄桥高,男,1983年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下航行器总体设计。E-mail:

潘光,男,1969年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下航行器总体设计。E-mail:

罗扬,男,1992年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水下仿生推进。E-mail:

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罗扬,男,1992年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水下仿生推进。E-mail:

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罗扬,男,1992年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水下仿生推进。E-mail:

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Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(6): 061909., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819098933289879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818967529939655, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高鹏骋. 鱼类异构集群水动力特性研究[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263819099021370265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818967529939655, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO P C. Research on group hydrodynamic characteristics of fish indifferent species[D]. 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仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究综述
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高鹏骋 1 , 黄桥高 *, 1, 2 , 潘光 *, 1, 2 , 罗扬 1 , 王明东 1
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 21-45
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 21-45
仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究综述
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高鹏骋1 , 黄桥高*, 1, 2 , 潘光*, 1, 2 , 罗扬1 , 王明东1
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学 航海学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 2西北工业大学 宁波研究院 浙江“全省自主仿生水下机器人”重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315103
  • 高鹏骋,男,1998年生,博士。研究方向:仿生水下航行器多模态水动力特性。E-mail:

    黄桥高,男,1983年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下航行器总体设计。E-mail:

    潘光,男,1969年生,博士,教授。研究方向:水下航行器总体设计。E-mail:

    罗扬,男,1992年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水下仿生推进。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 黄桥高
** 潘光
A review on the hydrodynamic mechanisms of multimodal motion in manta ray-inspired underwater vehicles
Pengcheng GAO1 , Qiaogao HUANG*, 1, 2 , Guang PAN*, 1, 2 , Yang LUO1 , Mingdong WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
  • 2Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomous Bionic Underwater Robots, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04940
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仿生水下航行器主要参考身体/尾鳍(BCF)推进与中央鳍/对鳍(MPF)推进这2类鱼类推进模式,其中仿蝠鲼航行器采取模仿蝠鲼利用宽大胸鳍实现弓形滑翔与交替滑扑的运动模式,在滑翔效率、扑动机动性与运动稳定性方面表现突出,已成为当前的研究热点。为此,在系统梳理仿蝠鲼航行器在蝠鲼生物学研究、单体游动水动力机理以及集群游动水动力机理等方面研究进展的基础上,总结并归纳该领域的关键研究成果与发展脉络,然后基于现有研究基础,指出仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究中存在的主要问题,并展望未来的发展方向。

仿生航行器  /  多模态运动  /  形态学及运动学建模  /  水动力机理

At present, China's maritime security is facing two major challenges: the deterioration of the environment has led to a significant reduction in the area of islands and reefs, threatening territorial security; and the strict monitoring of strait passages has hindered the deployment of underwater forces. Unmanned underwater vehicles are the core equipment for marine ecological protection and national security maintenance. However, existing unmanned underwater vehicles are unable to meet multiple requirements simultaneously: Propeller-driven underwater vehicles have high speed and maneuverability, but they cause significant disturbance to organisms, lack sufficient concealment, and are unable to accurately obtain ecological information or effectively respond to hostile control on sensitive passages; Underwater gliders have good range and concealment, but their maneuverability is weak, and they cannot meet the requirements of complex tasks. It is urgent to develop biomimetic underwater vehicles that are biocompatible, quiet and concealed, have long-term self-sustainability, and can perform coordinated operations. Among them, the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle adopts the mode of using its wide pectoral fins to achieve bowed gliding and alternating flapping movements, which performs outstandingly in terms of gliding efficiency, flapping maneuverability and motion stability, and is an ideal biomimetic prototype. This work breaks through the limitations of previous studies, which mostly focused on a single motion mode. For the first time, it systematically reviewed the multi-modal motion hydrodynamic mechanisms of the the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle from the individual to the cluster level, integrating various motion forms such as bowed gliding, continuous flapping, alternating gliding and flapping, and isomorphic/heteromorphic clusters into the same review framework. The study focused on analyzing the research progress in three key aspects: morphology and motion modeling methods, the efficient propulsion mechanism of the individual, and the coupling mechanism of the cluster flow field. In terms of modeling, key data such as the skeletal structure, shape parameters, and kinematic characteristics of the manta ray were selected, and the flapping mode, skeletal distribution, and kinematic laws of the pectoral fins were systematically revealed. In terms of single-body propulsion, the core mechanism of improving the lateral variation of the flow line of the pectoral fins to achieve drag reduction through arched gliding and the key role of the chordal deformation of the pectoral fins in generating thrust were clarified. In terms of the cluster, research was conducted around factors such as the number of clusters, formation, spacing, and propulsion mode, and it was determined that the fusion and collision of the wake was the fundamental reason for the differences in hydrodynamic performance among individual organisms. Based on this, a "modeling - mechanism - performance" research framework was initially formed, providing a theoretical basis for bionic design and optimization. However, breakthroughs are still needed in aspects such as model fidelity, non-stationary and complex environment mechanisms, and the transformation from theory to design. High-fidelity simulation models including real attachment structures should be developed. The research scope should be expanded to complex environments such as cross-media entry and exit from water, expanding the operational boundaries and task capabilities of the the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle. The hydrodynamic mechanism in dynamic clusters should be explored, and research methods integrating artificial intelligence and autonomous swimming simulation should be developed to achieve overall hydrodynamic performance optimization during formation transformation and multimodal conversion processes. All of the above will promote the collaborative optimization of the configuration and motion strategies of the vehicle, enabling it to achieve a dynamic balance among high efficiency, high maneuverability and strong stability in complex and realistic marine environments and diverse mission scenarios. This will lay an irreplaceable hydrodynamic foundation for the application of the manta ray-inspired underwater vehicle in deep and remote seas.

bionic vehicle  /  multimodal motion  /  morphological and kinematic modeling  /  hydrodynamic mechanism
高鹏骋, 黄桥高, 潘光, 罗扬, 王明东. 仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理研究综述. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 21 -45 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04940
Pengcheng GAO, Qiaogao HUANG, Guang PAN, Yang LUO, Mingdong WANG. A review on the hydrodynamic mechanisms of multimodal motion in manta ray-inspired underwater vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 21 -45 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04940
历经亿万年的自然选择与进化,鱼类展现出卓越的水下运动能力,其利用身体与附鳍的协同配合,可以实现高效巡航、快速机动及爆发加速等多种运动模态。受此启发,研发具备类似高性能的仿生水下航行器成为新概念航行器领域的重要研究方向。目前,该类航行器的推进方式主要依据推进部位进行分类,可以分为身体/尾鳍(BCF)推进与中央鳍/对鳍(MPF)推进两大类[1]
仿蝠鲼航行器属于MPF推进模式中的典型代表,其仿生原型为鳐鲼类生物。从仿生学与工程设计的角度来看,该类航行器不仅借鉴了生物原型宽大的胸鳍形态,具备优异的升阻特性与负载潜力[2],更是通过模仿蝠鲼的弓形滑翔、连续扑动、滑扑交替以及集群游动等多种运动模态,在推进效率、运动机动性与稳定性方面展现出独特的优势[3-6]。因此,仿蝠鲼航行器在保障海洋安全、保护生态环境以及开发海洋资源等领域具有重要的研究价值与应用前景。
本文拟从3个方面对仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动的水动力机理研究现状进行综述与分析:一是相关生物学基础与建模方法,用于为仿生设计提供依据;二是单体运动的水动力机理,将重点剖析弓形滑翔、连续扑动及滑扑交替这3种核心模态;三是集群运动的水动力机理,涵盖同构集群的滑翔与扑动以及异构集群的协同游动。通过对上述国内外研究进展进行梳理与总结,指出现有研究存在的问题并对未来发展予以展望。文章将以“多模态运动”为主线,系统整合仿蝠鲼航行器在弓形滑翔、连续扑动、交替滑扑以及同构/异构集群中的水动力研究成果,旨在阐明不同模态下的推进机制及其协同增效原理,为新一代仿生航行器的创新研制提供参考。
对蝠鲼的生物学观测是仿生研究的重要基础,通过精细的生物学观测,可以获取蝠鲼的外形参数,如体长、鳍的形状等,这些外形特征对于建立精确的鱼类三维物理模型至关重要,模型的准确性将直接影响后续的数值仿真计算结果。同时,通过观测还能够捕捉鱼类在游动过程中的动态运动学参数,为运动学建模提供重要参考[7-9]
鳐科的鳍条从身体延伸到鳍尖,宽大的胸鳍与头部融合在一起,称为翼身融合。根据胸鳍上的波数,可以分为如图1所示的3种模式:在同一时刻下,胸鳍上波形的波数大于1的,称为鳐科模式[10]或是波动模式;在同一时刻下,波数小于0.5的称为蝠鲼模式或是拍动模式;介于两者之间的称为中间模式[11]。在整个鳐科生物中,波数的跨度很大,运动特性也大不相同。
在依靠胸鳍推进的鱼类中,根据胸鳍运动方向与身体前进方向的不同,可以分为阻力模式(drag-based)和升力模式(lift-based),其中阻力模式中胸鳍的运动方向与鱼的前进方向基本一致,而升力模式中胸鳍的运动方向则垂直于前进方向。Vogel等[12]认为阻力模式在低速下效率更高,而升力模式在高速下效率更高。根据以上对鱼类推进模式的划分,本文的生物原型蝠鲼属于鳐科中的胸鳍拍动模式,采用升力推进模式。
1992年,美国杜克大学的Heine[13]通过实验观测自然界中蝠鲼的真实游动状态,研究了其游动速度与胸鳍拍动幅度、频率以及胸鳍传递波长之间的关系。研究发现,其前游速度与上冲程的最大鳍尖速度高度相关,且是采用升力模式运动。
1996年,Arreola等[14]通过对尾鳍和窄长型胸鳍混合推进模式的条纹毛刺鱼游动进行逐帧的视频拍摄,发现在胸鳍拍动过程中会产生升力,并且胸鳍总是以不对称拍动的方式运动,在这种运动模式下,左、右胸鳍之间会形成力偶,加之相位差的不同,使得鱼类的游动具有高机动性。
2001年,Rosenberger[15]对几种形态与鳐鱼相似的鱼类进行了研究,重点分析了其推进模式,发现大多数鱼类的运动是基于胸鳍运动,少数(如锯鳐)是沿着身体轴线摆动。同时还发现,一些鱼类能够兼容摆动和波动两种运动方式,不同行波数的鱼类可参考图2。此外,还细化了Breder[1]提出的胸鳍拍动或波动的分类,并给出了运动参数随游动速度的变化,其中蝠鲼的拍动频率最低、幅值最大,在向下拍动时胸鳍不会低于身体,显示出幅值非对称的特点。
2005年,Schaefer等[16]对MPF推进模式的鱼类进行了研究,发现它们的胸鳍骨架连接方式具有相似性,鳍骨在展向呈放射状分布,在弦向则是依次排列。该类鱼的头部和翼根部分由于钙化较严重,刚性更强,而其他部分则比较灵活。如图3所示,红色表示骨架钙化的程度,由蓝到红其柔性逐渐递减。这种结构通过骨架之间的交叉支撑(cross-bracing),既能提供支撑,又允许胸鳍在游动时可以进行灵活的变形和波动传递。
2009年,杨少波等[17]观测了蝠鲼的运动,认为其游动的特点是自主游动、展向柔性以及胸鳍的非对称摆动,并建立了胸鳍扇动的二维简化运动方程。
2012年,Blevins等[18]使用3台高速摄像机对黄貂鱼在慢游和快游时胸鳍上31个点的运动进行了拍摄,并首次记录分析了鳐科类生物的胸鳍表面波动参数,认为运动频率和波速是黄貂鱼提高游速的主要原因。
2015年,Russo等[19]利用电脑断层扫描技术,通过研究4只蝠鲼,揭示了其骨骼形态特征以及运动学形态特征,并建立了一个生物力学模型,可用于模拟蝠鲼胸鳍的运动特性,如图4所示。经研究发现,胸鳍骨骼结构的变化会显著影响胸鳍的形变特性,这一研究给仿生航行器的设计提供了一定的启示。
2018年,Salazar等[20]对黄貂鱼和蝠鲼的骨骼结构(图5)进行了对比分析,发现黄貂鱼胸鳍骨骼网状交叉支撑部分更靠近身体内侧,这使其胸鳍末端能够更加自由地摆动;而蝠鲼的胸鳍骨骼则几乎覆盖整个胸鳍,结构刚度更大,导致其运动主要以扑动或滑翔为主,这种骨骼结构的差异影响了两者的运动方式。
基于生物观测获取的外形尺寸、运动形态和骨骼结构,国内外学者对蝠鲼展开了多种类型的形态学建模来数值仿真计算。
Huang等[21]采用逆向工程构建了蝠鲼模型。其在新加坡S.E.A海洋馆对蝠鲼自由游动时不同行为状态下的生物特征进行了观测,观测设备为Nikon 7100相机,分辨率为1 920×1 080,并根据蝠鲼生物胸鳍的拍动频率,将采样频率设置为60 Hz。随后,根据拍摄得到的二维图像提取蝠鲼的轮廓线,并在CATIA软件中使用3个不同展向位置处的侧视剖面图作为草图,以俯视图和正视图中蝠鲼的轮廓线为引导线进行放样,得到单侧胸鳍曲面。最后,以中纵剖面为对称面对单侧胸鳍曲面进行镜像,得到完整的蝠鲼三维模型。该研究重点保留了胸鳍的形态特征,简化了背鳍、尾鞭等对流体动力影响较小的附体结构,模型如图6所示。
与Huang等[21]的研究类似,Menzer等[22]基于真实蝠鲼的游动视频,通过三维建模软件Autodesk Maya,重建了一个具有生物真实性的蝠鲼身体模型,如图7所示。此建模过程采取关节骨骼结构驱动多边形网格表皮的方法来确保模型能在几何形态上准确复现蝠鲼的体形特征,特别是蝠鲼宽大、扁平的胸鳍结构。该模型定义了关键几何参数,包括体长、胸鳍跨度、弦长、尖端拍动幅度、俯仰角和弯曲角,可为后续的运动调整提供基础。另外,对骨骼关节的局部坐标系也明确予以了设定,分别对应展长、垂向以及弦长方向,以支持对胸鳍运动的精确控制和运动学缩放。
马云龙[23]基于蝠鲼的生物外形进行参数化建模,提取了真实蝠鲼的核心形态特征,简化了非关键细节。因蝠鲼模型左右对称,故只需对半幅模型进行参数化表达即可。该研究采用由12个特征点(P0~P11)构成的四段二阶或三阶贝塞尔曲线构建头部、前缘和尾缘的外形轮廓(图8(a)),图中w表示P0和P6z方向上间距;特征点通过坐标关联关键参数,如体长BL、展长SL、后掠角γ及后缘饱满度等实现对投影形状的参数化表达,并通过半幅模型左右镜像获得完整、封闭的投影曲线;截面形状则通过30个特征截面归一化获取;最后,通过MATLAB编程计算特征点坐标与曲线方程,并结合COMSOL软件完成翼型放样和镜像布尔运算,自动输出完整的三维模型,实现模型的灵活变换,提升外形设计效率。所构建的不同外形参数模型如图8(b)图8(c)所示。
为了描述蝠鲼形态随时间变化的运动形态,Huang等[24]基于视频捕捉的蝠鲼胸鳍运动学数据进行运动学建模,重点描述了胸鳍的上下非对称拍动现象,实现了胸鳍整个周期运动的参数化表达。其运动学建模定义式如下:
$ \begin{gathered}[b]{\theta }_{\mathrm{B}}(t)=206.7\times \sin \left(0.037\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }+2.40\right)+\\176.3\times \sin \left(0.033\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }-0.50\right)+\\10.07\times \sin \left(0.098\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }-0.29\right)\end{gathered} $
$ \begin{gathered}[b]{\theta }_{\mathrm{P}}(t)=34.67\times \sin \left(0.048\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }+1.073\right)+\\9.08\times \sin \left(0.107\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }-1.783\right)+\\7.14\times \sin \left(0.148\times \frac{60\times (t+\varphi )}{\text{π} }-2.41\right)\end{gathered} $
式中:t为时间;θBθP分别为胸鳍运动的弯曲角与俯仰角,均为多个正弦函数的叠加形式。通过θBθP这2个角度随时间变化的函数表征整个运动过程,用以精确拟合鳍的复杂三维运动轨迹以及拍动周期中复杂的波形变化,而$ \varphi $则表示不同个体间的下相位差,以使该方程能够应用于集群。
张栋[25]借助开源代码DLT cal5,采取将二维三视图下物体的运动变换为三维空间运动来提取物体的运动参数,并通过克服传统鱼类变形方程中基于“投影长度不变”的原则带来的模型拉长问题,建立了蝠鲼连续扑动状态下的运动学模型。其前游状态下的运动方程定义如下:
$ {y}_{\rm{f}}\geq 0 $时,
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+{y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\sin [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin (\omega t-2{\text{π}} W{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL)\end{gathered} $
$ {y}_{\rm{f}} \lt 0 $时,
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=-(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-k)\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max }(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-k)\\\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\sin [{\theta }_{\max }(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin (\omega t-2{\text{π}} W{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL)\end{gathered} $
式中:(xf, yf, zf)为蝠鲼的初始位置坐标;(x, y, z)为t时刻的位置坐标;SL为展长;BL为体长;W = BL/λ,为无量纲前游波数,其中λ为弦向波波长;ω为胸鳍拍动的角频率;θ(xf, t)为弦向波方程;kθmax分别用于调节展向和弦向变形。
基于文献[25]中对前游运动方程的定义,陈晓[26]通过对蝠鲼生物开展进一步的观察和分析,发现蝠鲼在巡游过程中通常采用滑扑交替的运动方式:当蝠鲼扑动产生一定的速度后,蝠鲼会保持胸鳍上挑状态进行滑翔,待速度有减慢的趋势后或前方有障碍物时,立马切换为扑动状态,而在胸鳍保持上挑进行滑翔的过程中,蝠鲼可通过调整两侧胸鳍非对称上挑的弯曲角度来实现滑翔转弯姿态。
基于此,陈晓[26]采取时间分段的方式建立了蝠鲼交替滑扑状态下的运动方程,其在整个周期的运动方程如下:
当0 ≤ tTp时,为扑动阶段,即
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+{y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\\\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\sin [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin (\omega t-2{\text{π}} W{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL)\end{gathered} $
TptTc时,为滑翔阶段,即
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=-(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-k)\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max }(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-k)\\\left| \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\sin [{\theta }_{\max }(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot \theta (t,{x}_{\mathrm{f}})]\\\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin (\omega t-2{\text{π}} W{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL)\end{gathered} $
式中:Tp为蝠鲼扑动运动周期;Tc为总的运动周期,有Tc = Tp+Tg,其中Tg为蝠鲼滑翔运动周期。占空比DC = Tp/Tc,为扑动周期占整个扑动−滑翔周期的比值,当DC = 0时,为纯滑翔状态;当DC = 1时,为无滑翔仅连续扑动状态,此时Tc = Tp;当0 < DC < 1时,为扑动−滑翔状态,DC越大,扑动时间越长。
张栋[25]在前游运动方程式(3)和式(4)的基础上,通过胸鳍的左右非对称运动,编写了转弯机动运动方程。转弯状态下蝠鲼胸鳍的运动方程如下:
$ {y}_{\mathrm{f}}\geq 0 $时,
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-{k}_{1})\left| {\theta }_{1}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max 1}{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot {\theta }_{1}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+{y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-{k}_{1})\\\left| {\theta }_{1}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\sin [{\theta }_{\max 1}{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot {\theta }_{1}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)]\\{\theta }_{1}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin ({\omega }_{1}t-2{\text{π}} {W}_{1}{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL+\varphi )\end{gathered} $
$ {y}_{\mathrm{f}} \lt 0 $时,
$ \begin{gathered}[b]x({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}\\y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=-(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-{k}_{2})\\\left| {\theta }_{2}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\cos [{\theta }_{\max 2}(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot {\theta }_{2}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})(1-(1-{k}_{2})\\\left| {\theta }_{2}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)\right| (-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L)\sin [{\theta }_{{{\max }_{2}}}(-{y}_{\mathrm{f}})/S L\cdot {\theta }_{2}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)]\\{\theta }_{2}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)=\sin ({\omega }_{2}t-2{\text{π}} {W}_{2}{{x}}_{\mathrm{f}}/BL)\end{gathered} $
式中:$ {k}_{1} $$ {\theta }_{\max 1} $$ {\omega }_{1} $W1$ {k}_{2} $$ {\theta }_{\max 2} $$ {\omega }_{2} $W2分别为右、左侧胸鳍的控制系数、最大转动角、角频率以及两侧胸鳍前游波数;$ \varphi $为左、右胸鳍运动的相位差。
为了实现蝠鲼胸鳍的上下非对称拍动这一现象,张栋[25]基于式(3)和式(4),通过引入偏置系数ab,使运动对称轴沿z轴方向上下平移:
$ \begin{gathered}[b]y({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\left| (\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)+a)/b\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\cos [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot ((\theta ({{x}}_{\mathrm{f}},t)+a)/b)]\\{\textit{z}}({x}_{\mathrm{f}},{y}_{\mathrm{f}},t)={{\textit{z}}}_{\mathrm{f}}+{y}_{\mathrm{f}}(1-(1-k)\left| (\theta ({x}_{\mathrm{f}},t)+a)/b\right| {y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L)\\\sin [{\theta }_{\max }{y}_{\mathrm{f}}/S L\cdot ((\theta ({{x}}_{\mathrm{f}},t)+a)/b)]\end{gathered} $
文献[7-25]聚焦于蝠鲼的生物学研究,基于对生物原型的形态及运动的观测,建立了较为全面、相似度较高的一系列模型。国内外研究团队通过活体观测记录与数学归纳相结合的方法,获取了蝠鲼的骨骼结构、外形参数及运动学特征等关键数据,系统揭示了胸鳍的拍动模式、柔性分布以及运动学规律。这些研究从形态学和运动学两个维度,为仿蝠鲼航行器的结构设计与性能优化提供了重要的基础数据和理论依据,推动了该领域的迭代发展。
然而,当前的研究仍存在若干亟待解决的问题。首先,受限于观测环境与设备,现有的研究多采用二维或单一视角记录,难以完整捕捉蝠鲼在三维空间中的复杂运动形态,且因生物个体差异较大,所建模型在运动学表达上存在一定的简化。其次,目前的形态学及运动学建模仍是将胸鳍作为核心关注对象,而忽视了头鳍、尾鳍等附体结构在多模态运动中可能产生的耦合作用,这与蝠鲼依靠多鳍进行高效、灵活运动的生物现象相矛盾。因此,发展高精度多视角联合观测技术,构建包含多鳍耦合机制的高保真数学模型,揭示多鳍协同运动对水动力性能的影响机理,是未来研究的重要突破方向。
根据之前的蝠鲼生物观测,发现蝠鲼在单体游动状态下主要存在弓形滑翔、连续扑动(包含扑动直游和机动转弯)和交替滑扑三种运动模态,本节将按照运动模态进行小节划分,总结仿蝠鲼航行器单体游动水动力机理的研究现状。为方便理解,在此将单体游动出现的水动力参数进行了总结。
雷诺数:
$ Re=\frac{U\cdot (BL)}{\upsilon } $
斯特劳哈尔数:
$ S t=\frac{fA}{U} $
阻力系数:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{D}{0.5\rho {U}^{2}{(BL)}^{2}} $
升力系数:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{l}}=\frac{L}{0.5\rho {U}^{2}{(BL)}^{2}} $
推力系数:
$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}=\frac{T}{0.5\rho {U}^{2}{(BL)}^{2}} $
输入功率:
$ P={\int}_{\mathit{\Omega }}F_{\mathrm{La}g\mathrm{rangian}}^{}\cdot {U}_{\mathrm{body}}\mathrm{d}s $
功率系数:
$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{P}}}=\frac{P}{0.5\rho {U}^{3}(BL)^{2}} $
输入功率:
$ \eta =\frac{{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}+{C}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{P}}}} $
Froude效率:
$ {\eta }_{\mathrm{F}}=\frac{{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}}{{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}+{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{P}}}} $
耗散功:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{L}}(t)=\sum\limits_{i=2}^{3}{\int}_{A}(-p{n}_{j}+{\boldsymbol{{\boldsymbol{\tau}} }}_{ij}{n}_{j})\cdot {\dot{h}}_{i}\mathrm{d}A $
MPG效率:
$ {\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}=\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{L}}} $
以上式中:U为特征速度;$ \upsilon $为运动黏度;A为总振幅;$ \rho $为流体密度;D为阻力;L为升力;T为推力;Ω为模型曲面;FLagrangian为拉格朗日力;Ubody为模型在各边界单元ds处的变形速度;p为压力;$ {n}_{j} $为dA上单位法向量的第j个分量;$ {\boldsymbol{\tau }}_{ij} $为黏性应力张量;$ {\dot{h}}_{i} $为横向波动速度;Us为前游速度。
普通飞机和水下滑翔机在滑翔状态时其机翼是保持水平状态的,但蝠鲼在滑翔时其胸鳍处于上挑弯曲状态,且弯曲度是随滑翔速度以及角度的变化而变化,翼尖的指向存在一定的区别,主要包括朝向身体外侧、垂直身体向上、朝向身体内侧3种。在保持胸鳍整体外形向上弯曲的同时,胸鳍的局部由于柔性作用,会在流体以及身体内力的作用下在小范围内摆动。
基于对仿蝠鲼航行器滑翔过程中运动学特征的分析,Wang等[27]首先给出了仿蝠鲼航行器弓形角和滑翔攻角的定义,如图9所示,随后又建立了0°~5°共8种弓形滑翔模型,进一步开展了仿蝠鲼航行器在不同攻角α和不同弓形角β下滑翔时的水动力特性数值研究。图9中,TL为蝠鲼高度。
研究表明:弓形滑翔时,弯曲的胸鳍会改善其表面横向流(图10),从而有效降低滑翔阻力,进一步提高升阻比;且减阻效果随变形量的增大而提升,最大减阻为24.71%。
在左右胸鳍对称滑翔研究的基础上,Xu等[28]通过数值模拟,探究了滑翔过程中左右胸鳍对称和非对称弯曲姿态时的流体动力学特性,结果显示,在大迎角下,对称弯曲可降低滑行阻力并增强升力,从而提高升阻比,这与Wang等[27]的研究结论吻合;而非对称弯曲则能产生转向所需指向转弯方向内侧的横向力和力矩,如图11所示。该横向力和力矩使得仿蝠鲼航行器同时产生横滚、偏航角度以及指向转弯内侧的加速度,从而完成一个多自由度的而非单平面的转弯机动动作。此外,胸鳍弯曲还能在大迎角时缓解沿展向的流动不稳定现象。
Xu等[29]继续针对仿蝠鲼航行器在滑翔过程中胸鳍被动变形的流固耦合(FSI)问题展开研究,构建了流体求解器Star-CCM+与结构求解器Abaqus之间的双向数据交换,研究显示,柔性胸鳍在流体作用下主要产生沿展向的弯曲变形,鳍尖位移最大,扭转变形可忽略。与刚性模型相比,胸鳍被动变形会同时提高滑翔过程中的阻力与升力,但会降低俯仰力矩,从而增强纵向运动的稳定性,小幅提升升阻比(从11.66增至11.73)。这种性能提升源于由变形引起的压力分布变化:鳍的向下弯曲会扩大鳍尖下表面的低压区,增强上、下表面间的压力差,进而提高升力;同时,变形还会使鳍尖涡结构更加复杂,导致阻力增加。不同刚度模型表面的压力分布如图12所示。
在上述胸鳍变形参数研究的基础上,马云龙[23]针对外形参数,包括体长、体厚、截面形状、后掠角和后缘饱满度,对滑翔水动力性能影响展开了研究,结果显示,体长、后掠角和后缘饱满度对性能的影响具有双面性,增大体长和后缘饱满度可提高最大升阻比与平均推力系数,但会降低推进效率;增大后掠角能提升最大升阻比,却会削弱平均推力系数和推进效率,因此需结合实际需求平衡选取;而降低体厚可显著提升升阻比、平均推力系数和推进效率,当相对体厚从1.3降至0.7时,这3项指标分别提升49%,111%和36%;在截面形状方面,原始生物截面的滑翔性能优异,而NACA00系列的对称翼型则可使推力系数翻倍,使推进效率提升35%,更适配工程应用。图13所示为不同后掠角及后缘饱满度下的涡结构,其通过U/U对涡结构进行着色,其中U/U为空间中每一点的速度与速度入口的比值。
文献[23, 27-29]聚焦于优化仿蝠鲼航行器的滑翔性能,首先建立滑翔姿态模型,开展数值仿真计算,探究胸鳍姿态及整体外形对流场结构的影响机理。通过研究,明确了胸鳍向上变形可以增加翼展涡能量,改善胸鳍流线的横向变化,从而实现减阻的核心机理。然后,从不同的维度深化对仿蝠鲼航行器高效滑翔机理的理解,为仿蝠鲼航行器的外形与运动控制设计提供了直接的理论依据与数据支撑。
然而,当前研究仍存在一定的局限性与发展空间。现有模型忽视了头鳍、尾鳍等其他附体结构在滑翔过程中可能产生的耦合干扰或协同作用;针对水空跨介质航行新型应用场景[30-31],蝠鲼如何利用胸鳍变形获得更好的跨介质航行性能尚属空白。因此,未来的研究可从多鳍耦合滑翔机理以及仿蝠鲼航行器跨介质航行中存在的问题等方面着手展开研究,以期更全面地揭示蝠鲼高机动、多场景滑翔的深层水动力机理。
连续扑动作为一种主动推进模式,是仿蝠鲼航行器产生推力、实现快速巡游与机动的主要方式。现阶段,针对连续扑动过程的数值模拟主要采取2种方法:一种是系留模式,即模型固定原地,以均匀来流模拟速度进行仿真,这类似于“风洞水洞”研究方法,采用该方法不仅可以捕获尾流结构的关键特征,同时还可显著降低计算成本;另一种方法是采用自主游动模式,即释放模型自由度,兼顾运动与流体耦合,从而实现更加贴近真实生物运动过程的数值模拟。
Fish等[32]采用浸没边界法(IBM)计算了当Re = 1 200,St = 0.27时仿蝠鲼航行器的水动力性能与尾涡结构。在尾流场中,可观察到2组相互连接的涡环,这些涡环诱导出射流,这是胸鳍运动产生推力的主要原因,其推力主要来源于胸鳍远端(图14),且推力大小与胸鳍的弯曲角度相关,而身体及鳍的根部则主要承受阻力。研究还进一步揭示,胸鳍的柔性变形与运动中的展向曲率有助于将涡量产生与动量射流集中在鳍尖区域,从而减少由尾流诱导的上下洗流对机身产生的诱导阻力,这是实现高效推进的关键机制之一。此外,通过对比蝠鲼与仿生机器人MantaBot的流场,发现蝠鲼凭借更大的拍动幅度、更高的俯仰角度以及更复杂的鳍面变形,能产生更集中、更倾斜的涡环尾流,从而获得更优异的推进性能与效率。图14中:CT为瞬时推力系数;CX为前向方向合力系数,CX = CTCD$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{X}}} $为一个周期内的平均前向方向合力系数。
Thekkethil等[33]采用IBM法,对圆盘模型的鳐科鱼类开展了仿真研究。通过数值模拟,系统分析了波长λ*λ* = 0.8,1.2,4.0,∞)、展弦比ARAR = 0.50,0.75,1.00)以及无量纲频率StSt = 0.2,0.5,0.7)对流动结构与推进性能的影响。研究发现,当波长较小时会产生对称双排涡环结构,涡环较为光滑;在中等波长下会出现马蹄涡与多涡环共存的复杂涡结构;在大波长下则是以强马蹄涡为主导。不同振幅及波长下的涡结构如图15所示。在推进性能方面,最大推力出现在中等波长下,推进效率最高值亦位于中等波长下,这表明适中的弦向柔性有利于推进优化;展弦比增加会提升推力与效率,尤其是在大波长下,会因马蹄涡的增强而效果显著。频率升高使得涡结构由单排向双排转变,并增强射流,进而提高推力。该研究通过三维涡动力学分析,揭示了尾缘展向涡、侧向流向涡和中面流向涡的耦合机制,阐明了涡环与马蹄涡诱导的射流对推力产生的影响。
在此基础上,Zhang等[34]基于IBM法和球函数的气体动理学格式(SGKS),构建了一套适用于仿蝠鲼航行器大变形运动的流体计算方法,引入涡量矩(DMT)方法展开了细化分析,并模拟了扑动过程中波数、频率及上下半振幅比(HAR)等参数对水动力性能的影响。研究发现,适度的弦向变形,也即当前游波数W = 0.4时能显著提升推力、降低功耗并提高推进效率,其中推力最大可提升约384%。不同波数下的涡结构如图16(图中,SL表示剪切层,LEV表示前缘涡,TV表示鳍尖涡,Shed TEV表示尾缘涡脱)所示。弦向变形将鳍片的截面运动从纯升沉转变为升沉与俯仰的复合运动,有效降低了有效攻角,避免了动态失速,从而优化了推力产生。DMT涡结构分析表明,在高St条件下,翼尖涡是推力的主要来源,而前缘涡和后缘涡会对推力产生不利影响;而在低St条件下,前缘涡对推力有促进作用。另研究还发现,上下振幅不对称(HAR > 1)能进一步增加推力,当HAR = 3时推力可提升约14.3%。上下振幅不对称主要是通过增大有效攻角、增强前缘涡强度来实现,但功率消耗也会随之增加,效率变化不显著,这说明该机制可用于调节游动速度与机动性。
基于左右对称运动研究,张栋[25]通过设置左右胸鳍非对称扑动对仿蝠鲼航行器的转弯状态进行数值模拟,探究了左右非对称振幅、左右非对称波数、左右非对称频率以及相位差φ对转弯性能的影响,研究表明,仿蝠鲼航行器的转弯行为主要由左右非对称振幅与非对称频率这2种变形模式驱动转矩产生,因振幅较大或频率较高的一侧在力和力矩上占主导地位。其中,单侧振幅为0的模式能在低能耗下产生较大转矩,是经济、高效的慢速转弯策略;而非对称频率虽能提供转矩,但会破坏受力周期性且能耗较高。非对称前游波数与相位差起辅助作用:当一侧前游波数接近于最优值0.4、而另一侧远离时,可增强偏航力矩;左右扑动相位差涡结构如图17所示,该相位差主要带来受力与流场的时序偏移,用于细微的流动调控。
基于扑动运动参数研究,马云龙[23]研究了体长、体厚、截面形状、后掠角和后缘饱满度这五大外形参数对仿蝠鲼航行器扑动性能的影响。结果显示,增大体长可提升平均推力系数,但会降低推进效率,当相对体长从0.7增至1.3时,平均推力系数从0.09提升至0.15,推进效率从14.4%降至10.3%;减小体厚能显著提升平均推力系数和推进效率,当相对体厚由1.3降至0.7时,平均推力系数从0.09提升至0.19,平均推进效率从11%提升至15%。由图18所示的不同截面翼型涡结构可见,NACA 00系列对称翼型表现最优,其推力系数是原始生物截面的2倍,推进效率可提升35%;增大后掠角可提高最大升阻比,但平均推力系数和推进效率均会下降,当后掠角从16°增至42°时,平均推力系数从0.17降至0.10;增大后缘饱满度可提高平均推力系数,但推进效率略有降低。
文献[25, 32-34]聚焦于系留模式连续扑动推进的水动力机理,围绕弦向变形、运动幅值、运动非对称性及外形参数等关键因素,采用IBM法进行计算分析,揭示出仿蝠鲼航行器胸鳍的弦向变形是产生推力的关键,而左右胸鳍的非对称运动能够产生蝠鲼转弯所需要的转矩。
现有研究揭示了连续扑动的推进机理,但针对胸鳍、头鳍、尾鳍等多鳍耦合协同的推进机理还有待进一步探究;针对局部涡结构以及其对推进性能和稳定性的细化量化影响机制,仍需借助更先进的涡识别与定量分析方法进行深入解析;此外,在仿生学层面,针对生物体表微结构和黏液分泌等特征是如何主动干预边界层与涡结构,进而提升运动性能的深层机理,仍有待深入探索。
基于系留模式,杨少波[35]开展了蝠鲼自主游动数值模拟,研究显示,蝠鲼是通过控制胸鳍的摆动形成反卡门涡街,从而诱导射流来获得推力和升力。Bianchideng [36]采用OpenFoam对蝠鲼的自主游动进行仿真,并配合重叠网格模拟蝠鲼从启动到稳态的一自由度游动,研究了鳍运动频率和波长对推力、功率及速度的影响。Su等[37]对自主游动下的黄貂鱼进行三维不可压缩黏性CFD模拟,并将仿真所得水动力参数与实验结果进行了对比,结果显示,在低速和快速游动情况下,仿真与实验测量所得游动速度差分别为1.5%和11.9%;在准稳定状态下,平均游动速度保持不变,整个周期的平均推力为0,证明了自主游动仿真策略的可靠性。Bottom等[38]以淡水黄貂鱼为自主游动仿真对象,基于大涡模拟(LES)对黄貂鱼的游动效率进行了计算,得出快速游动黄貂鱼(Re = 23 000,St = 0.27)的效率比慢速游动黄貂鱼(Re = 13 500,St = 0.34)的效率约高12%,并结合涡结构进行了分析。
针对上述研究中存在的空白,Chu等[39]通过Fluent软件中的UDF构建了两自由度自推进耦合数值模拟方法,并针对仿蝠鲼航行器游动的启动、加速至稳态的完整过程进行了三维数值模拟分析。结果显示,在启动阶段,胸鳍前缘剪切层的旋转生成负压区是推力的主要来源,启动阶段的涡结构演化如图19所示;随着游动速度的增加,在加速与稳态阶段,前缘涡快速向后演化形成的负压区对推力的贡献增强,其中从第3至第4周期其平均前进速度提升了17.54%,平均推力相应增加了9.5%。研究同时还揭示了尾缘涡环的形成机制以及其与推力变化的关联:涡环射流方向随着速度的增加逐渐趋近于水平,有助于推力分量的提升,但其形成是以前缘涡负压区的衰减为代价,导致推力约降至峰值的38.3%。此外,研究还发现因胸鳍上下表面不对称,在稳态阶段,模型在z方向会产生非零速度及位移,这为MPF模式仿生航行器的深度控制提供了新的思路。
陈晓[26]针对自推进下的稳定巡游阶段开展了系统的数值模拟与机理分析,研究表明,在稳定巡游阶段,前进速度会围绕某一平均值周期性波动,此时,推力与阻力达到动态平衡,纵向合力均值为0,实现稳态自推进;随着频率的增大,稳态巡游速度增大,但加速时间不变,在同样的运动周期下游动同样的距离时,Froude效率和MPG效率降低;随着振幅的增大,稳态巡游速度增大,加速时间减小,在运动周期相同时游动距离更远,Froude效率增大,MPG效率降低;在同一巡游速度下,低频高幅值组合的推进效率最高,Froude效率可达68.7%,且输入功率较常规组合降低约31.6%;当前游波数W < 0.40时,巡游速度显著提升,而当W = 0.20时,Froude效率最低,MPG效率则随W的增大单调递增。不同前游波数W时的涡结构如图20所示。流场结构定量显示,尾涡为单排拉伸涡环,涡环间距随St的增大而减小,能量耗散减弱。
褚勇[40]针对仿蝠鲼航行器自主游动模式下的连续扑动倒游模态开展了仿真研究,其通过改变胸鳍弦向行波方向,实现了反向推进,重点揭示了反向波数WR对倒游水动力性能的影响规律以及其流动机理。研究表明:
1) 由于胸鳍截面呈翼型结构,故实现倒游需要较高的反向波数,当WR低于0.24时,航行器保持前游状态,当WR增加至0.24以上时,才会发生前游向倒游的模态转变,该过程由剪切层与尾缘涡的空间分布主导。
2) 倒游性能随反向波数呈现非单调变化:稳态巡游速度在WR = 0.4时达到峰值,而游动效率则在WR = 0.7时最优,两者对应的反向波数均高于前游模式。
对比前游,倒游的最高速度和效率分别降低了53.6%和32.6%,其根本原因在于倒游时由尾缘翼型曲率诱发的尾缘涡负压区削弱了推力,且尾部流场中破碎涡结构较多,能量利用不充分,导致推进效能下降。倒游高反向波数稳态阶段的涡结构如图21所示。此外,倒游的St偏离生物0.2~0.4的游动高效区间进一步印证了其推进效率较低。该研究还从工程的角度提出了控制建议:短距离的机动倒游宜采用较高的反向波数(WR = 0.9)以减少能耗;长距离的倒游则推荐WR = 0.7以兼顾速度与效率;而快速倒游机动则可以选中反向波数(WR = 0.3~0.5)。图21中:LEVR表示倒游前缘涡;TEVR表示倒游尾缘涡;PBV表示后体涡;Vr为射流角度。
文献[26, 35-40]聚焦于自主游动方式下的推进性能,围绕弦向变形、运动幅值、运动非对称性以及外形参数等关键因素开展了前游、倒游水动力特性分析,系统揭示了连续扑动模式下不同游动阶段的推进机理与性能优化规律,为航行器的结构设计与运动控制提供了重要依据。
然而,相关研究仍存在若干局限性,还有待进一步深化研究。首先,现有研究多聚焦于孤立主胸鳍的推进机理,未能系统揭示胸鳍、头鳍、尾鳍等多鳍耦合机制,尤其缺乏这种耦合作用对整体自主游动机动性与稳定性影响的理论阐释。其次,研究对于快速启动、紧急制动、小半径回转等复杂瞬态机动中所涉及的非定常涡动力学机理认知尚浅。
间歇性运动联合自主游动的研究更具意义。现有研究多使用二维翼型来分析其运动机理[41-45],对于三维鱼类间歇性运动的数值仿真研究则属于初步探索阶段。陈晓[26]通过生物观测,建立了仿蝠鲼航行器扑动−滑翔运动方程,定义了占空比DC = Tp/Tc(扑动周期占整个扑动−滑翔周期的比值),探究了不同占空比下仿蝠鲼航行器自主游动的运动特性及水动力特性,并给出了占空比与自主游动性能的关联。研究发现,保证扑动周期不变而增大滑翔周期时间,虽可使巡游速度下降38.5%,但也会减少功率消耗(减少50%),使速度功率比增加27%,也即增大滑翔周期时间在游动相同的距离时需要更长的时间,且只减少了能耗。不同占空比下的三维流场结构如图22所示。
褚勇[40]采用2种占空比模式进行了交替滑扑水动力特性分析,结果显示:
1) 当固定总周期、改变滑翔周期时,相较于DC = 1.0,DC = 0.5时的非稳态加速性能更强,稳态巡游速度增加了60.5%,而总周期耗散功率$ {\bar{C}}_{PL} $则增加了421.7%,胸鳍以更高的频率扑动时产生了额外的能量耗散,导致速度功率比ηM下降。固定总周期时的流场结构如图23所示,图中L2为滑翔阶段游动距离,R2为胸鳍及其尾流涡产生区域。
2) 当固定扑动周期、改变滑翔周期时,相较于DC = 1.0,DC = 0.4时速度下降了30.6%,周期耗散功率显著下降了48.3%,速度功率比ηM上升了20.8%;
3) 在高雷诺数下,小占空比的节能效果更加显著。流场分析显示,在滑翔阶段无明显的尾涡脱落,低占空比通过延长低耗散滑翔时间,再结合尾涡射流推力,可提升能量利用率,使相邻扑动周期涡环间距增大但射流效应叠加减弱,巡游速度下降。
Huang等[46]采用浸入边界−格子玻尔兹曼方法(IB-LBM)建立了仿蝠鲼航行器的自推进计算模型,系统分析了StWTgDC等参数对其水动力性能和运动状态的影响。研究发现,随着St的增加,尾流中会产生锥形反向卡门涡流,涡结构从2-S模式转变为2-P模式,且鳍表面推力分布向尾缘移动,从而提升了推进效率;当St处于0.4~0.6范围时,推进效率达到峰值,为0.233;前游波数W的增大会显著改善推力分布,提升推进效率(达83.3%)。在间歇推进方面,研究指出,当Tg = 0.5,也即鳍接近于中平面时,对称滑翔的性能最优,其累积航程相比非对称滑翔提高了15.3%;当DC = 0.5时,机器人能实现高效的间歇推进,峰值效率可达0.309。此外,还基于仿真数据拟合出了机器人的间歇推进运动学经验公式,可为实际控制提供理论依据。不同滑扑参数下的速度与加速度曲线如图24所示。图中,d0~d1.0表示不同Tg时的位移曲线,v0~v1.0表示不同Tg时的速度曲线,a0~a1.0表示不同Tg时的加速度曲线。
集群运动是海洋鱼类中一种常见的现象,除具有了规避天敌、提高捕食效率等社会学优势外,还被认为可以有效提高游动效率、降低能耗[47-48]。仿蝠鲼航行器通过集群协同可完成高难度的水下作业,目前,集群游动研究主要包含3个方面:集群滑翔推进、集群扑动推进和异构集群游动。为便于理解,此处将集群游动中出现的水动力参数进行了总结,单体游动过程中出现的参数在此不再赘述。
系统平均阻力系数:
$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{d}-\mathrm{group}}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{C}_{\mathrm{d}(i)} $
系统平均升力系数:
$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{l}-\mathrm{group}}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{C}_{\mathrm{l}(i)} $
系统平均推力系数:
$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}-\mathrm{group}}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}(i)}} $
系统平均效率:
$ {\bar{\eta }_{\mathrm{group}}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\eta }_{(i)} $
式中:n为集群系统中的个体总数;$ {C}_{\mathrm{d}(i)} $$ {C}_{\mathrm{l}(i)} $$ {\bar{C}_{\mathrm{T}(i)}} $$ {\eta }_{(i)} $分别为每个个体的阻力系数、升力系数、推力系数和效率,每个个体的参数计算与单体计算公式相同。
高鹏骋等[49]借助Fluent软件开展了多体仿蝠鲼航行器在串联、三角、钻石队形下的集群滑翔数值研究,获得了阻力、升力及流场压力分布情况。研究表明,领航仿蝠鲼航行器总能获得最大的减阻收益,而位于队尾的仿蝠鲼航行器则几乎总是承受最大的阻力;集群减阻主要受益于各单体间的高/低压区分布,尾部高压区有助于降低队伍前方仿蝠鲼航行器的阻力,低压区在特定队形下会产生向前的吸力,这有利于队伍后方个体减阻;在0°攻角下,仅当集群队形为前二后一(三角队形)、四体钻石、六体串联和六体钻石队形时系统平均推力才有所减小,如图25所示,其中最减阻的排布方式是六体串联,其系统平均减阻效果达2.73%。但该项研究在保持0°攻角且各单体间距不变的情况下,仅探究了队形和单体个数对仿蝠鲼航行器集群滑翔水动力的影响。
Ma等[50]聚焦于双体仿蝠鲼航行器的串联集群滑翔开展了数值研究,主要探究了串联间距和攻角对系统及集群各单体水动力性能的影响。研究中,间距的选取范围为0.25~1倍体长,攻角的选取范围为−8°~8°。结果显示,在小间距滑翔时,前体的阻力显著降低,升力变化不大;后体的阻力显著增大,升力大幅减少;随着间距的增加,阻力值迅速趋近于单体状态,而升力的恢复较慢。研究还发现,在特定工况下,如攻角为−2°、间距为0.25倍体长时,系统的平均阻力可降低约2.3%,表现出一定的集群减阻节能效应。表面压力分布及2个截面处的速度场分布如图26所示。
基于Ma等[50]的研究,Gao等[51]利用Fluent软件,对双体仿蝠鲼航行器在串联、平行和垂直这3种编队形式下进行变攻角、变间距时的集群滑翔水动力性能进行了数值模拟,系统探究了不同编队与相对位置对系统及个体升阻力特性的影响。研究结果表明,在升力方面,不论何种编队,系统平均升力受间距的影响较小,基本与单体滑翔升力一致,且随着间距的增大,个体间升力的差异逐渐减小;在阻力方面,串联编队可实现系统减阻,且前体阻力始终低于跟随者,小间距更有利于减阻效应;平行编队在0.25SL的较小间距时未见系统减阻,但随着间距增大至1倍展长时,在多个攻角下出现明显减阻;垂直编队虽未出现系统减阻,但个体可交替获得减阻效益,负攻角时下方个体减阻显著,正攻角时则上方个体减阻明显。图27所示为平行编队滑翔压力分布。
在双体滑翔的基础上,Gao等[52]系统探究了三体仿蝠鲼航行器在串联、正三角(一前两后)与倒三角(两前一后)这3种编队形式下进行变攻角集群滑翔时的水动力性能,其利用Fluent软件,在−8°~8°攻角条件下模拟滑翔过程,分析了系统平均与个体升力和阻力系数,并结合流场与表面压力分布揭示了其水动力机制。研究结果表明,在这3种编队形式下均可能出现系统减阻现象,且升力变化的临界攻角为−2°;在串联编队形式下,前体的阻力始终最小,个体间的升力差异显著,系统在−8°,−2°,6°和8°攻角下实现了减阻;在正三角编队形式下,仅在−4°和2°攻角下出现了系统减阻,在其余攻角下系统阻力增加,且个体间的升力性能相似;倒三角编队则因流场压力分布特性,在所有攻角下均能实现系统减阻,尤其在8°攻角下所有个体均获得了减阻效益,且减阻效果随攻角的增大而增强,因而被视为最优集群滑翔编队。图28所示为正三角编队滑翔流场压力分布。
文献[49-52]聚焦于集群滑翔,围绕集群数量、集群队形、集群相对位置等关键因素展开计算,获得了系统平均及个体升、阻力特性与流场压力分布,并进行了分析。研究成果定量揭示了集群滑翔的节能机制,为仿生航行器编队协同航行时的队形规划与节能控制提供了重要的理论依据和数据支撑。
不过,当前的研究仍具有继续深入分析的空间。首先,当前研究多集中于固定编队,对于动态变换队形以及个体间的主动反馈控制尚属空白;其次,集群水动力研究目前几乎完全聚焦于主体躯干与胸鳍,尚未考虑头鳍、尾鳍等附体结构在集群交互中可能产生的复杂涡流干扰与稳定作用。未来,可致力于发展包含主动控制的动态集群耦合数值模型,并探索队形动态变换下的集群滑翔水动力性能,从而为实现高效、智能、高自适应性的仿生集群航行奠定坚实的流体力学基础。
田徐顺[53]采用浸入边界−球函数气体动理学格式(IB-SGKS)数值方法,以扑动振幅、前游波数、扑动频率为固定运动参数,对同一水平面内的3种队形进行了探究,如图29(图中,Dx为流向间距,Dy为横向间距)所示,分析了串联排列Dy = 0、交错排列Dy = 1.0和交错排列Dy = 2.0下同相位与反相位扑动以及流向间距Dx在1.1BL~1.8BL区间时对双体仿蝠鲼航行器推进性能的影响。
在上述3种队形中,串联排列的推进性能变化最显著,提升效果最佳。同相位扑动时,集群的整体平均推力系数在Dx = 1.2BL处达到最大值,较单体提升了14.90%;反相位扑动时,整体平均推进效率在Dx = 1.4BL处最优,较单体提升了3.63%。交错排列Dy = 1的双体相互干扰较弱,同相位扑动时整体平均推力系数在Dx = 1.5BL处最大提升1.01%,反相位扑动在Dx = 1.7BL处最大提升2.50%,但节能效果不明显,最大推进效率提升仅0.67%,交错排列Dy = 1.0不同间距下的涡结构如图30所示。在交错排列Dy = 2.0下,流向间距为主要影响因素,同相位扑动$ \Delta \varphi $ = 0°时整体平均推力系数在Dx = 1.7BL处提升了2.18%,反相位扑动$ \Delta \varphi $ = 0°时在Dx = 1.7BL处提升了1.99%,推进效率最大提升分别为0.49%和0.71%。前体的推进性能受下游影响较小,推力变化主要源于后体导致的尾部压力区改变,在反相位扑动时,后体可改善上游尾涡结构,提升其推进效率;后体的推进性能受上游尾涡干扰显著,在尾涡“同步”时推力增强,“异步”时推力减弱,且推进效率还受流体运动与胸鳍运动的协调性及尾涡碎涡能耗的影响。双体反相位扑动的整体推进效率最佳值更大,可为仿蝠鲼航行器编队提供节能参考。
在双体串联集群的基础上,Gao等[54]基于IB-SGKS研究了串联、正三角形和倒三角形这3种队形对三体仿蝠鲼航行器推进性能的影响,研究表明:
1) 在串联队形中,队伍最前方(MANTA 1)与最后方个体(MANTA 3)的水动力获益有限,仅在小间距时有轻微的推力提升;中间个体(MANTA 2)受益最为显著,在间距为1.2BL时推力的提升高达29.31%,推进效率提升2.7%,群体的平均推力主要由其决定,最大可提升11.19%。
2) 在正三角形队形中,前方个体的推力几乎不随间距变化且始终低于单独游动时,后方个体的推力虽在部分间距,如1.2BL时略有提升,最高可达1.76%,但由于个体间尾流结构相互碰撞干扰,流场中破碎涡增多,导致群体的平均推进效率在所有情况下均下降。
3) 在倒三角形队形中,前方2个个体因后方个体的干扰导致单侧尾涡结构缩短、涡结构不对称,推力性能下降;而后方个体(MANTA 3)通过吸收前方个体的尾涡能量,在多数间距下推力与推进效率均优于单独游动时,其最大推力提升可达4.59%。倒三角排布涡的结构如图31所示。该研究通过系统的队形对比与尾流分析,阐明了群体中个体位置与间距对其水动力性能的复杂影响,为多仿生水下航行器集群任务的队形与间距规划提供了理论依据。
基于三体群游研究,Gao等[55]引入了相位差这一参数,探究了编队形式与相位差耦合对三体仿蝠鲼航行器群游时水动力性能与涡旋结构的影响。所采用的编队形式包括三体串联、正三角形和倒三角形,相位差包括同相位$ \Delta \varphi $ = 0和反相位$ \Delta \varphi $ = π。结果表明,在串联编队中,调整相位差可在全间距范围内实现系统推进性能的增益,推力平均可提升约8%,反相位运动通过避免前个体尾涡与后个体胸鳍碰撞,能显著提升效率;在正三角形编队中,反相位游动能有效改善领航个体远场涡旋结构的对称性,提升两侧涡旋的完整性,从而使整体推进性能得到优化;在倒三角形编队中,后排个体的推力最大可提升7.76%。图32所示为正三角形集群扑动涡结构。
田徐顺[53]在三体群游研究的基础上继续对大规模集群的四体、六体群游进行了研究,其中四体采用串联和钻石队形,四体钻石排布示意图如图33所示;六体采用串联、正三角形和倒三角形排布,并以扑动振幅、前游波数和扑动频率为固定参数,相位差包括同相位$ \Delta \varphi $ = 0和反相位$ \Delta \varphi $ = π,流向间距Dx = 1.1BL~1.5BL,对每个个体的推力系数、推进效率及集群整体性能展开研究。
研究表明,在四体钻石队形中,MANTA 1,MANTA 2和MANTA 3的推进性能与对应工况下三体正三角队形的数值相近,而MANTA 4的性能则受上游复杂尾流影响显著。同相位紧凑排布时,前三体的尾流相互叠加,MANTA 4完全处于干扰尾流中,推力系数较单体持续下降,在Dx = 1.3BL时降至最低,整体平均推力相对值为−4.01%;推进效率也同步降低,在Dx = 1.1BL时整体平均推进效率相对值为−6.03%,且主要因尾流中碎涡增多、涡间干扰加剧导致能耗增加。反相位稀疏排布时,横向间距增大会使个体的尾涡干扰减弱,MANTA 4的推力与推进效率显著提升,在Dx = 1.5BL时整体平均推力相对值达3.67%,整体平均推进效率相对值达1.75%,且MANTA 4在集群中推力表现最佳。四体钻石集群扑动涡结构如图34所示。
文献[53-55]聚焦于平面扑动集群,围绕集群数量、集群队形、集群相对位置和运动耦合等关键因素展开计算,将单体推进数值仿真模型扩展至多体集群,揭示出流向间距是影响集群推进性能的主导因素,可为仿生集群的构型设计与协同控制提供重要的理论依据。但在研究中,关于队形的探究并不完整,缺失了垂向间距这一重要的空间维度,使得现有结论难以全面解释三维空间中的集群水动力效应。
Gao等[56]采用IB‑SGKS方法对双体仿蝠鲼航行器在垂直方向固定间距为0.1倍体厚、流向间距变化范围为0~1.5BL的空间交错编队下的扑动推进性能进行了数值模拟,研究发现,当两体垂直对齐,也即流向间距为0时,尾涡剧烈碰撞,导致流场中破碎涡的数量显著增加,推进性能大幅下降,推力降低约74%,这也解释了自然界中蝠鲼极少采用纯垂直排列的原因。在交错编队中,前体的推进性能受间距影响较小,在多数流向间距下都能获得水动力收益;跟随个体的推进性能则随间距呈正弦波动,在间距为0.4BL时推力最大提升47.923%,效率最大提升14.017%,涡结构如图35所示。系统平均推力与效率分别在间距为0.4BL和0.5BL时达到峰值,推力增益29.454%,效率增益7.689%。该研究揭示了尾涡相互作用模式随间距变化的机制:小间距时,涡融合可提升涡能与传播距离,从而增强推进性能;间距进一步增大后,前导涡对跟随者的影响减弱,性能逐渐趋近于单体游动。
在“前下后上”双体集群扑动研究的基础上,高鹏骋等[57]采用IB-SGKS对仿蝠鲼航行器在“前上后下”交错排布集群游动时的水动力性能展开了数值研究,结果显示,当流向间距较小时,集群游动的推进性能显著低于单体;随着间距的增加,领航个体的性能趋近于单体;在间距为0.4BL时,系统性能最优,平均推力和效率分别提升29.69%和6.77%。此时,领航个体尾涡越过跟随个体前缘,直接增强其鳍尖涡的能量,显著提高推进性能,涡的结构如图36所示。此外,研究还发现,“前上后下”交错队形因涡结构相互作用更强,较“前下后上”排列形式更具推进优势,与自然界中蝠鲼集群实际的游动方式相符。
在同一时期,Huang等[24]同样针对空间集群排布的双体仿蝠鲼航行器集群的水动力特性展开了研究,结果显示,在基准的堆叠配置中,底部个体的鳍尖与顶部个体下表面之间的高压区会削弱其推力。通过将顶部个体在流向上错位,可使后体有效利用前体产生的上击涡(UV)或下击涡(DV),从而增强自身推力。最优配置出现在流向间距为0.5BL时。当顶部个体作为跟随者位于下游时,能通过捕获领航者的上击涡来显著增强自身鳍部前缘涡(LEV),从而在下击程产生强大的前向吸力,使其周期平均推力相比单独游动时提升72%,其流场涡结构ωx及压力分布Cp图37所示。当顶部个体位于上游使底部个体成为跟随者时,跟随者通过捕获领航者的下击涡在上击程获得推力提升,可达30.6%。相比较而言,利用上击涡的收益更为显著。研究还进一步发现,在最优间距的基础上引入π/3的相位领先可使跟随者的收益最大化,即跟随者不仅在下扑阶段受益于上击涡的捕获,还能在上击程通过捕获领航者的辅助涡(AV)而形成更强的鳍尖涡和第2个推力峰,使其周期平均推力相比无相位差时再提高33%。此研究结论与文献[49]的结论得到了相互印证。
基于交错排布中流向间距的研究结论,Gao等[58]采用IB-SGKS方法,继续开展了双体仿蝠鲼航行器在流向间距为0.4BL和0.5BL的优选工况时,垂向间距为0.1~1.0倍体厚时对水动力性能的影响研究,结果表明,流向间距是影响集群推进性能的主导因素,垂向间距仅起微调作用。在流向间距为0.4BL时,系统推力始终优于单体游动,但增强效应随垂向间距的增加而减小;前体推力随垂向间距的增加而降低,在垂向间距大于0.3倍体厚时低于单体;后体推力则呈波动变化,在垂向间距为0.4倍体厚时最大可提升48.18%,其流场涡结构如图38所示。流场结构分析显示,垂向间距的增大会导致前体涡能降低、碎涡增多、涡传播距离缩短,从而削弱其推进性能;而后体并入前体尾涡系统,涡能与完整性得到提高,推进性能得以增强。
马云龙[23]基于不同集群队形和集群数量的研究,针对运动参数的差异性以及外形差异性展开了研究,结果显示,相位差对集群性能影响显著,即便在不利队形下,调整仿蝠鲼航行器扑翼的相位差也可将流场碰撞消耗转为融合吸收;当串游间距为1.5BL时相位差设为5π/4,集群推力系数和推进效率分别提升11%和5%;叠游反相扑动相比同相推力系数提升了6%,叠游时的流场涡结构如图39所示;而有利的队形若相位差不当,则会大幅削弱推进性能。
在振幅差异方面,探究了振幅范围为0.20BL~0.50BL时对集群水动力性能的影响。在集群场景中,振幅差异的影响因队形而异:双体串游时,前体0.20BL~0.35BL的小振幅能为后体带来推进性能的增益,但若振幅增至0.50BL,会破坏后体的流场结构,使其平均推力系数近乎为0、推进效率降至单体的46%,不同前体振幅时的涡结构如图40(图中,TV和TV分别表示前面和后面个体的鳍尖涡)所示;后体变振幅对前体的影响较小,自身抗干扰能力随振幅的增大而增强。双体叠游时,一方的大振幅不会直接影响另一方的近场流场,仅通过下压尾流改变其发展方向,即可间接小幅提升另一个个体的推力与效率。
在频率差异方面,探究了0.5~1.5 Hz频率差异对集群水动力性能的影响。研究表明,在集群场景中,同频是核心增益条件,当双体串游共频时,后航行器的推力与效率显著跃升,异频时,推力系数最大的降幅超过30%,而在0.5 Hz的低频率时,后航行器的推进效率大幅降低;当双体叠游异频时,1.5 Hz的高频可使另一方的推力系数提升约7%,推进效率提升1.5%;当侧三角集群共频时,后航行器的推力系数较单体提升约6%,在1.5 Hz高频下,后下航行器的推力系数增幅超过10%,后上航行器的推力系数则下降约8%。综上,频率差对集群的影响多为负面的,仅在叠游场景时有小幅正向间接的作用。叠游频率差扑动涡结构如图41所示,其中V和V分别表示上、下部个体涡结构区域。
外形的差异不会改变集群规律的定性结论,仅影响参数幅值,会改变单体推力系数、推进效率随振幅和频率的特征曲线,但对运动差异相关集群规律无显著影响,验证了结论的普适性。
文献[23-24, 56-58]聚焦于空间扑动集群,围绕编队构型、个体间距、运动相位差及参数非一致等关键因素展开了计算分析。研究表明,个体间尾涡的相互作用与耦合是产生集群推进增益或干扰效应的核心流体力学机理,相关结论可为仿生集群的构型设计和协同控制提供重要理论依据。
然而,当前研究仍存在一定的不足。首先,模型大多基于预先设定的固定运动与队形,未能充分考虑不同个体基于人工智能的感知调控策略从而实现自主游动过程中的队形保持。其次,研究视角集中于胸鳍尾涡的相互干涉,普遍忽略了头鳍、尾鳍等多鳍在编队中可能引发的涡结构干涉、机动性与稳定性影响。另外,对于集群启动、机动转向以及滑扑交替等多模态运动转换过程中的非定常流动机理研究也尚不充分。
本节将在探讨同构集群水动力特性的基础上,进一步将研究拓展至异构集群,也即采用不同推进模式的协同游动。2023年,Gao等[59]首次开展了针对MPF模式(蝠鲼)与BCF模式(金枪鱼)在串联队形下游动的水动力机理研究,其基于IBM并结合球函数气体动理学格式开展数值模拟研究,发现在多数间距下,仿蝠鲼航行器的推力和效率均有所提升,且增益随间距的减小而增大;而金枪鱼的水动力性能则是随间距呈波动变化。在0.2BL,0.4BL和0.6BL等特定间距下,两者能同时获得水动力收益。另流场分析表明,仿蝠鲼航行器的推力增益主要源于后方金枪鱼尾流对其尾迹空白区的填补,而金枪鱼性能的波动与其在仿蝠鲼航行器两侧涡对间的相对位置密切相关,异构集群不同间距下流场涡的结构如图42所示。
随后,高鹏骋[60]进一步研究发现,蝠鲼与金枪鱼在自然状态下常以交错队形集群游动,如图43所示。基于此现象,高鹏骋[60]研究建立了适用于交错队形的异构集群数值模型,系统探究了运动参数与间距对集群性能的影响。结果表明,当两者从较远距离逐渐接近时,双方均能获得水动力增益,且增益随间距的减小而增强;但当间距进一步缩小至一定程度时,金枪鱼的性能持续提升,而仿蝠鲼航行器的性能则开始下降,最终,两者的间距动态稳定在0.5BL~1.0BL之间。这一发现从流体相互作用机理上解释了跨物种集群游动的非偶然性,揭示了其基于流场调控的节能机制,可为仿生异构集群航行器的协同设计与组网提供重要的理论依据。
本文系统综述了仿蝠鲼航行器在多模态运动水动力机理方面的研究进展。当前的研究已从生物学观测和形态/运动学建模,拓展至单体滑翔、扑动、滑扑交替以及同构/异构集群运动等复杂场景下的流动机理研究。其中,针对单体滑翔,揭示了弓型滑翔有利于减阻的核心机理;针对单体扑动游动,阐明胸鳍的弦向变形是产生推力的规律,并针对集群游动揭示个体间尾涡的相互作用是集群游动的核心流体力学机理,初步形成了“建模−机理−性能”的研究框架,可为仿生设计与优化提供理论基础。
展望未来,现有的研究仍面临模型保真度不足、非定常与复杂环境机理不清、理论向设计转化困难等核心的挑战,为了实现从“源于自然”到“高于自然”的跨越,未来的研究需从以下方向寻求突破:
1) 在形态学和运动学建模方面,发展包含真实附体结构的高保真仿真模型,构建能够描述多鳍间协调运动的耦合数学模型,量化不同鳍运动的关系以及鳍间运动耦合关系,探究多鳍耦合对水动力性能的影响机理。
2) 将研究场景拓展至跨介质出入水等复杂环境,深入揭示仿蝠鲼航行器在出水、滑翔、再入水等非定常、强瞬变过程中的独特流固耦合机理与运动稳定性规律,为拓展仿蝠鲼航行器的作业边界及任务能力提供理论支撑。
3) 重点探究动态集群中的水动力机理。探究集群中不同个体的追赶和相遇过程,发展融合人工智能与自主游动仿真的研究方法,引入强化学习策略以对集群队形进行动态优化,揭示个体自主调整运动参数与相对位姿的深层逻辑,实现编队变换与多模态转换过程中的整体水动力性能优化。
随着高精度仿真、涡解析方法以及基于深度学习的流场智能分析技术的不断发展,将继续深入细化、量化对仿蝠鲼航行器多模态运动水动力机理的认知,推动航行器在构型与运动策略上的协同优化,使其在复杂真实的海洋环境与多样化任务场景中能够实现高效率、高机动与强稳定之间的动态平衡,为仿蝠鲼航行器走向深远海的应用奠定不可替代的水动力学基础。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04940
  • 接收时间:2026-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-11
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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    1西北工业大学 航海学院,陕西 西安 710072
    2西北工业大学 宁波研究院 浙江“全省自主仿生水下机器人”重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315103

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* 黄桥高
** 潘光
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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