Article(id=1263818966930174489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04837, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765468800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-12, revisedDate=1771862400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247522337, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247522337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247522337, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247522337, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818969509671461, articleId=1263818966930174489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Review of multidisciplinary design optimization and development for large-scale UUVs, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To meet the strategic demands of deep-sea exploration and security assurance, large-scale unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) featuring long endurance, extended range, high speed, and low noise have become a central focus in global marine technology competition. The advancement of these technologies directly reflects a nation's maritime capabilities, making it imperative to address the challenges of multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) in achieving comprehensive high performance. This paper aims to systematically map the technical genealogy of large-scale UUVs, analyze key MDO bottlenecks, propose scientific evaluation criteria, explore practical solution pathways, and clarify future development trends, thereby providing structured support for technological innovation and engineering practice in this domain. The research adopts a combination of systematic review and comparative analysis methods. First, the technical spectrum of large-scale UUVs is examined, covering five primary propulsion modes (propeller, bionic, gliding, crawling, and hybrid) and their respective technical characteristics. Next, the study analyzes the coupling relationships and constraints among disciplines such as energy and power systems, acoustic stealth, hydrodynamic structure, and intelligent control. To overcome the limitations of traditional single-index evaluation approaches, a "multi-dimensional measurement system for overall performance" is constructed, integrating normalized indicators such as equivalent endurance, equivalent payload, vacancy ratio, and equivalent cost. Additionally, the paper summarizes the core parameters and technical characteristics of internationally mainstream models, and analyzes solution pathways for key challenges based on the current status of domestic and foreign research. The study reveals that the performance indicators of related disciplines are highly interdependent and mutually constraining, rendering traditional sequential design methods insufficient for achieving global optimization. The proposed multi-dimensional measurement system effectively shifts design goals from merely meeting individual performance indicators to pursuing optimal combinations of multi-dimensional performance, providing a scientific basis for evaluation. Comparative analysis of leading foreign UUVs (e.g., U.S. "Orca", Russian "Poseidon") highlights significant differences in equivalent performance indicators, reflecting their respective national strategic objectives and design philosophies. Key challenges are identified, including limited observation and communication environments, energy bottlenecks, and inadequate long-endurance reliability. Feasible solutions are explored through the application of intelligent technologies, advanced energy systems, novel materials, and digital twin frameworks. The research concludes that multidisciplinary design optimization is critical to surpassing the performance limits of large-scale UUVs. Future development is expected to follow four core trends: comprehensive evolution of intelligence, diversified breakthroughs in high-density energy systems, systematic integration of cross-domain collaboration, and deeper incorporation of bio-inspired design principles. Cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, advanced materials, and digital twins are anticipated to serve as key drivers for leapfrog development. This paper provides a systematic framework for balancing technical pathways and evaluating design schemes, offering valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of large-scale UUVs and supporting humanity's ability to explore, utilize, and protect the ocean.

, correspAuthors=Zejiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheping YAN, Zejiang ZHANG, Xiujun XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263818973787861557, articleId=1263818966930174489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=大型无人潜航器多学科总体优化与发展综述, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足深远海开发与安全保障的战略需求,具备长航时、远程、高速及低噪声等优势的大型无人潜航器成为海洋技术竞争的制高点。基于此,系统梳理大型无人潜航器的技术谱系,重点剖析其在实现综合高性能目标过程中面临的多学科总体优化核心挑战。研究表明,能源动力、声隐身、流体结构及智能控制等学科的性能指标存在深度耦合与相互制约,传统的串行设计难以实现系统全局最优。为此,构建包含当量航程、当量负载和置空率等指标的“总体性能多维度衡量体系”,将设计目标由满足性能指标转向寻求最优多维性能组合,为总体设计评估提供科学依据。在此基础上,系统归纳国际主流大型无人潜航器的总体参数与技术特点,深入分析长航时可靠性、能源瓶颈以及海洋弱观测−通信环境下自主控制等关键问题的解决路径。最后,展望大型无人潜航器向智能化、体系化、跨域协同方向发展的趋势,指出实现其性能跨越式发展的关键所在,可为大型无人潜航器的技术创新与工程实践提供系统性参考。

, correspAuthors=张泽江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张泽江
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严浙平,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:无人潜航器。E-mail:

张泽江,男,1997年生,博士生。研究方向:无人潜航器控制。E-mail:

许秀军,男,1988年生,博士,讲师。研究方向:水下无人系统总体设计。E-mail:

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Comparison of main driving modes of UUVs

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驱动方式技术特点优势局限应用
螺旋桨驱动通过电驱动螺旋桨产生推力(含外形仿生但用螺旋桨驱动)技术成熟,机构相对简单,成本可控,速度范围广推进效率低,噪声相对较大,机动性有限大范围的海洋测绘和资源勘探
仿生柔性驱动模仿生物外形或摆动,如尾鳍、扑翼摆动机动性较好,噪声较低,效率较高机构相对复杂,机动与控制难度大生态观测、军事侦察
仿生软体驱动采用柔性材料模拟生物肌肉,像鱼类一样游动仿生游动效率高,机动性好,噪声极低,环境适应性强机构相对复杂,输出力有限,控制难度大生物群落研究、低扰动观测
滑翔式驱动通过浮力调节实现滑翔运动,随洋流而动推进效率高,机构相对简单,能耗极低,航程极远,噪声很小,成本较低航速缓慢,机动性较差长期海洋环境观测或调查
爬行式驱动与海底接触,实现爬行移动海底爬行稳定性好,适合近底精细作业,噪声低,具有成本优势机构相对复杂,推进效率较低,移动速度较慢,地形要求高海底管线检测、平台维护
组合式驱动集成 2 种及以上驱动方式或平台,如螺旋桨驱动和滑翔式驱动一体、螺旋桨驱动和爬行式驱动一体兼具多种驱动优势,推进效率高,噪声低,任务适应性增强系统复杂,控制策略复杂,成本较高多任务场景、复杂环境作业
), ArticleFig(id=1263818994247676574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966930174489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

无人潜航器主要驱动方式对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动方式技术特点优势局限应用
螺旋桨驱动通过电驱动螺旋桨产生推力(含外形仿生但用螺旋桨驱动)技术成熟,机构相对简单,成本可控,速度范围广推进效率低,噪声相对较大,机动性有限大范围的海洋测绘和资源勘探
仿生柔性驱动模仿生物外形或摆动,如尾鳍、扑翼摆动机动性较好,噪声较低,效率较高机构相对复杂,机动与控制难度大生态观测、军事侦察
仿生软体驱动采用柔性材料模拟生物肌肉,像鱼类一样游动仿生游动效率高,机动性好,噪声极低,环境适应性强机构相对复杂,输出力有限,控制难度大生物群落研究、低扰动观测
滑翔式驱动通过浮力调节实现滑翔运动,随洋流而动推进效率高,机构相对简单,能耗极低,航程极远,噪声很小,成本较低航速缓慢,机动性较差长期海洋环境观测或调查
爬行式驱动与海底接触,实现爬行移动海底爬行稳定性好,适合近底精细作业,噪声低,具有成本优势机构相对复杂,推进效率较低,移动速度较慢,地形要求高海底管线检测、平台维护
组合式驱动集成 2 种及以上驱动方式或平台,如螺旋桨驱动和滑翔式驱动一体、螺旋桨驱动和爬行式驱动一体兼具多种驱动优势,推进效率高,噪声低,任务适应性增强系统复杂,控制策略复杂,成本较高多任务场景、复杂环境作业
), ArticleFig(id=1263818994641941154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966930174489, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of core parameters of major foreign large-scale UUVs

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潜航器尺度/m重量/t巡航速度/kn最高速度/kn潜深/m航程/n mile任务载荷重量/t全排水量/t能量方式
美国“虎鲸”长约26,宽、高约2.6约81.62.5~383 0006 5008160柴油和锂离子电池混合动力
俄罗斯“波塞冬”长约24,直径约1.6约40>601 000>104>1.5核动力
俄罗斯“替代者-V”长约17约405>24600约600锂离子电池
英国“鲸鱼座”长约12,高、宽约2.2约171 000
澳大利亚“幽灵鲨”长约6,高、宽约2.530~4066 000柴油和锂离子电池混合动力
), ArticleFig(id=1263818996495823526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966930174489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国外主要大型无人潜航器核心参数对比

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潜航器尺度/m重量/t巡航速度/kn最高速度/kn潜深/m航程/n mile任务载荷重量/t全排水量/t能量方式
美国“虎鲸”长约26,宽、高约2.6约81.62.5~383 0006 5008160柴油和锂离子电池混合动力
俄罗斯“波塞冬”长约24,直径约1.6约40>601 000>104>1.5核动力
俄罗斯“替代者-V”长约17约405>24600约600锂离子电池
英国“鲸鱼座”长约12,高、宽约2.2约171 000
澳大利亚“幽灵鲨”长约6,高、宽约2.530~4066 000柴油和锂离子电池混合动力
), ArticleFig(id=1263818998433591980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966930174489, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of characteristics and applications of major foreign large-scale UUVs

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潜航器技术特点主要应用场景
美国“虎鲸”核心长度约15.5 m,可加装长约10.4 m的载荷模块舱,总长约26 m;柴电动力系统,最大水下航速8 kn,以3 kn的速率航行时续航力达6 500 n mile;可 搭载8 t重的模块化载荷;具备自主航行与控制系统水雷布设;情报、监视与侦察
俄罗斯“波塞冬”采用核动力装置,航程达到洲际水平;航速超过潜艇、鱼雷和所有最快的水上舰艇数倍,能在水下1 000 m处作业;可搭载爆炸当量为2×106 t的核战斗部战略威慑,用于摧毁军事海洋基地和整个航母编队等战略目标
俄罗斯“替代者-V”能够模仿载人核潜艇和柴电潜艇的噪声特征反水雷、侦察、地形测绘和伪装
英国“鲸鱼座”可在水下连续潜航1 000 n mile载荷投送;战场环境数据搜集;反水雷等
澳大利亚“幽灵鲨”研发速度快,从计划开始到推出原型机仅用时约2年;经过优化,可搭载不同的有效载荷,能支持不同的任务;严重依赖人工智能技术,以此确保能够自主执行任务情报、监视、侦察和打击;反潜、反水面战
), ArticleFig(id=1263818998655890096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966930174489, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国外主要大型无人潜航器特点及应用对比

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潜航器技术特点主要应用场景
美国“虎鲸”核心长度约15.5 m,可加装长约10.4 m的载荷模块舱,总长约26 m;柴电动力系统,最大水下航速8 kn,以3 kn的速率航行时续航力达6 500 n mile;可 搭载8 t重的模块化载荷;具备自主航行与控制系统水雷布设;情报、监视与侦察
俄罗斯“波塞冬”采用核动力装置,航程达到洲际水平;航速超过潜艇、鱼雷和所有最快的水上舰艇数倍,能在水下1 000 m处作业;可搭载爆炸当量为2×106 t的核战斗部战略威慑,用于摧毁军事海洋基地和整个航母编队等战略目标
俄罗斯“替代者-V”能够模仿载人核潜艇和柴电潜艇的噪声特征反水雷、侦察、地形测绘和伪装
英国“鲸鱼座”可在水下连续潜航1 000 n mile载荷投送;战场环境数据搜集;反水雷等
澳大利亚“幽灵鲨”研发速度快,从计划开始到推出原型机仅用时约2年;经过优化,可搭载不同的有效载荷,能支持不同的任务;严重依赖人工智能技术,以此确保能够自主执行任务情报、监视、侦察和打击;反潜、反水面战
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大型无人潜航器多学科总体优化与发展综述
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严浙平 , 张泽江 * , 许秀军
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 3-20
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 3-20
大型无人潜航器多学科总体优化与发展综述
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严浙平 , 张泽江* , 许秀军
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学 智能科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 严浙平,男,1972年生,博士,教授。研究方向:无人潜航器。E-mail:

    张泽江,男,1997年生,博士生。研究方向:无人潜航器控制。E-mail:

    许秀军,男,1988年生,博士,讲师。研究方向:水下无人系统总体设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张泽江
Review of multidisciplinary design optimization and development for large-scale UUVs
Zheping YAN , Zejiang ZHANG* , Xiujun XU
Affiliations
  • College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04837
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为满足深远海开发与安全保障的战略需求,具备长航时、远程、高速及低噪声等优势的大型无人潜航器成为海洋技术竞争的制高点。基于此,系统梳理大型无人潜航器的技术谱系,重点剖析其在实现综合高性能目标过程中面临的多学科总体优化核心挑战。研究表明,能源动力、声隐身、流体结构及智能控制等学科的性能指标存在深度耦合与相互制约,传统的串行设计难以实现系统全局最优。为此,构建包含当量航程、当量负载和置空率等指标的“总体性能多维度衡量体系”,将设计目标由满足性能指标转向寻求最优多维性能组合,为总体设计评估提供科学依据。在此基础上,系统归纳国际主流大型无人潜航器的总体参数与技术特点,深入分析长航时可靠性、能源瓶颈以及海洋弱观测−通信环境下自主控制等关键问题的解决路径。最后,展望大型无人潜航器向智能化、体系化、跨域协同方向发展的趋势,指出实现其性能跨越式发展的关键所在,可为大型无人潜航器的技术创新与工程实践提供系统性参考。

大型无人潜航器  /  自主潜航器  /  总体性能  /  多维度衡量体系  /  多学科优化  /  技术发展趋势

To meet the strategic demands of deep-sea exploration and security assurance, large-scale unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) featuring long endurance, extended range, high speed, and low noise have become a central focus in global marine technology competition. The advancement of these technologies directly reflects a nation's maritime capabilities, making it imperative to address the challenges of multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) in achieving comprehensive high performance. This paper aims to systematically map the technical genealogy of large-scale UUVs, analyze key MDO bottlenecks, propose scientific evaluation criteria, explore practical solution pathways, and clarify future development trends, thereby providing structured support for technological innovation and engineering practice in this domain. The research adopts a combination of systematic review and comparative analysis methods. First, the technical spectrum of large-scale UUVs is examined, covering five primary propulsion modes (propeller, bionic, gliding, crawling, and hybrid) and their respective technical characteristics. Next, the study analyzes the coupling relationships and constraints among disciplines such as energy and power systems, acoustic stealth, hydrodynamic structure, and intelligent control. To overcome the limitations of traditional single-index evaluation approaches, a "multi-dimensional measurement system for overall performance" is constructed, integrating normalized indicators such as equivalent endurance, equivalent payload, vacancy ratio, and equivalent cost. Additionally, the paper summarizes the core parameters and technical characteristics of internationally mainstream models, and analyzes solution pathways for key challenges based on the current status of domestic and foreign research. The study reveals that the performance indicators of related disciplines are highly interdependent and mutually constraining, rendering traditional sequential design methods insufficient for achieving global optimization. The proposed multi-dimensional measurement system effectively shifts design goals from merely meeting individual performance indicators to pursuing optimal combinations of multi-dimensional performance, providing a scientific basis for evaluation. Comparative analysis of leading foreign UUVs (e.g., U.S. "Orca", Russian "Poseidon") highlights significant differences in equivalent performance indicators, reflecting their respective national strategic objectives and design philosophies. Key challenges are identified, including limited observation and communication environments, energy bottlenecks, and inadequate long-endurance reliability. Feasible solutions are explored through the application of intelligent technologies, advanced energy systems, novel materials, and digital twin frameworks. The research concludes that multidisciplinary design optimization is critical to surpassing the performance limits of large-scale UUVs. Future development is expected to follow four core trends: comprehensive evolution of intelligence, diversified breakthroughs in high-density energy systems, systematic integration of cross-domain collaboration, and deeper incorporation of bio-inspired design principles. Cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, advanced materials, and digital twins are anticipated to serve as key drivers for leapfrog development. This paper provides a systematic framework for balancing technical pathways and evaluating design schemes, offering valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of large-scale UUVs and supporting humanity's ability to explore, utilize, and protect the ocean.

large-scale unmanned underwater vehicles  /  autonomous underwater vehicles  /  overall performance  /  multi-dimensional measurement system  /  multidisciplinary design optimization  /  technology development trend
严浙平, 张泽江, 许秀军. 大型无人潜航器多学科总体优化与发展综述. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 3 -20 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04837
Zheping YAN, Zejiang ZHANG, Xiujun XU. Review of multidisciplinary design optimization and development for large-scale UUVs[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 3 -20 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04837
无人潜航器(UUV)作为现代海洋开发与安全保障的核心装备之一,其技术水平已成为衡量一个国家海洋实力的关键标志[1- 2]。大型无人潜航器凭借卓越的有效载荷能力、超长续航力和强大的任务适应性,在深远海科学考察、资源勘探及军事防务等领域展现出不可替代的战略价值[3]。我国《“十四五”海洋经济发展规划》将海洋装备列为战略性新兴产业,大型无人潜航器作为高端海洋装备,是落实该规划的关键着力点。美国国会发布的《海军大型无人水面与水下航行器:背景和国会议题》和北约发布的《海上无人系统倡议》,均以部署大型无人潜航器为重要内容,旨在提升海上作战能力[4]
当前,无人潜航器正经历从面向近浅海侦察勘测向深远海大型化特种作业、从单一功能向多功能集成、从预编程控制向高度自主化的深刻转型。其发展遵循“适者生存”的逻辑,就像海洋中有着形态各异的鱼一样,对无人潜航器而言,没有最好的设计,只有最适应其特定战略环境、任务需求、实践科学和工业基础的设计,当前百花齐放的状态体现了各国在自身独特的生存压力下做出的不同选择,也体现了各国为掌控深远海优势的激烈竞争[5]。美国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚和日本等国均制定了大型无人潜航器发展计划,推动了大型无人潜航器多学科总体优化(MDO)技术的快速发展[6]
大型无人潜航器技术发展呈现两条清晰主线:一是传统刚性平台的持续精进,通过多学科总体优化方法不断突破性能边界;二是新兴仿生软体平台的颠覆性创新,通过借鉴鲸鲨、海豚等海洋生物的优异特性,在机动性、隐蔽性与环境适应性上实现突破[1, 7- 8]。本文拟通过梳理大型无人潜航器的技术谱系,分析其多学科优化过程中的核心难点,探讨未来发展趋势,提出“总体性能多维度衡量体系”,为大型无人潜航器系统优化设计提供评价标准,进而为总体设计人员和项目决策者提供权衡技术路径、评估方案优劣的系统性框架,为该领域的技术创新提供参考。
无人潜航器是一种能够在水下自主或半自主航行的无人装备,广泛应用于深远海科学考察、军事侦察、海底勘探、水下救援以及环境监测等领域[9]。驱动方式作为无人潜航器设计的核心要素,直接决定了其运动特性、作业能力和适用场景,主要包括螺旋桨驱动、仿生式驱动、滑翔式驱动、爬行式驱动和组合式驱动等[10-12]
螺旋桨驱动是目前无人潜航器应用比较广泛的驱动方式,采用该驱动方式的潜航器通常由耐压壳体、推进、导航控制、能源及任务载荷等系统构成,其推进系统以螺旋桨为核心,由电机或液压系统提供动力,具有推进性能稳定、技术成熟等优势,适用于高速巡航与远程航行任务。然而,传统螺旋桨驱动存在推进效率低、噪声较大、机动性有限等不足[8, 13-14]。为此,研究人员开发出了泵喷推进与导管螺旋桨等多种改进形式,在一定程度上改善了推进效率和噪声性能[1, 15]
仿生式驱动借鉴海洋生物的游动方式,主要可分为仿生柔性驱动与仿生软体驱动两类。
仿生柔性驱动无人潜航器通过模仿鱼类或其他水生生物的游动方式,采用柔性尾鳍或扑翼摆动产生推进力,通常由刚性关节摆动或柔性材料波动驱动。此类装置具备优异的水动力性能和低辐射噪声,适用于隐蔽侦察和生态监测等任务[8, 16-17]。仿生柔性驱动无人潜航器主要由柔性驱动机构、仿生尾鳍、智能控制单元及能源供应系统组成,其优势在于卓越的环境适应能力。例如,多关节蛇形柔性驱动机构可在狭窄及非结构化水下环境中灵活变形,从而能够自由穿行, 规避了螺旋桨与刚性结构的约束[18]
仿生软体驱动无人潜航器是近年来新兴的研究方向,其采用软体或可变形材料与结构(如介电高弹聚合物人工肌肉和气、液压流体驱动等),通过模仿鲸鲨、海豚、蝠鲼、水母等软体生物的运动方式,可在复杂水下环境中灵活运动。该类潜航器具有噪声极低、环境适应能力强的特点,适用于特殊狭窄空间探测及非结构化环境作业;其柔软外表可降低对海洋生物的干扰,适宜于开展生态监测和敏感区域探测工作[8, 19-20]
现有的仿生驱动技术大多应用于小型无人潜航器,若将其应用到大型无人潜航器上,在材料、结构和能源方面存在一定的困难[8]
滑翔式驱动无人潜航器依靠浮力调节系统实现垂直运动,结合固定翼或滑翔翼完成水平推进,以上浮下潜的“锯齿形”轨迹为典型特征。该类潜航器通常配备高精度姿态控制系统,用于维持稳定的滑翔轨迹,且集成了温、盐、深传感器和溶解氧探测仪等海洋观测设备,广泛应用于大范围海洋环境监测。由于具有能耗极低、可连续运行数月、航程可达数千公里的优势,滑翔式驱动无人潜航器已成为海洋科学研究的重要工具。但其运动速度较慢(通常仅能维持1 kn的巡航速度),难以执行快速响应类任务。另外,采用滑翔式驱动的大型无人潜航器易受海流影响而偏离预定轨迹,因此,导航定位精度控制成为其发展面临的重大技术挑战[11, 21]
爬行式驱动无人潜航器主要用于海底表面作业,由浮力调节装置、移动机构、抓取装置、视觉传感系统和能源模块等组成,通过浮力调节与机械腿、履带或吸附装置实现海底移动。浮力调节装置增重后可使潜航器的稳定性变好,但会导致其移动速度较慢,且对作业地形有一定要求,同时面临能耗极大、工作范围有限的技术挑战。该类潜航器适用于海底管道检测、沉船勘探和海底采样等任务。其中,采用多足机械腿的爬行式驱动无人潜航器,可模仿螃蟹、海星等生物的运动方式,在崎岖海底实现精准定位和灵活转向;履带式设计适用于不平坦海底环境,具备一定的越障能力,但在松软沉积物环境中易出现沉陷、打滑等问题;部分爬行式驱动无人潜航器配备有真空吸附或磁吸装置,能够稳定附着于垂直或倒置的石油平台、沉船船体等金属结构表面,便于执行近场检测或维修任务[10, 22-25]
组合式驱动通过集成上述两种及以上驱动方式,可取长补短,获得更全面的性能表现。某些组合式驱动无人潜航器融合了螺旋桨推进与滑翔模式,既可在需要时高速航行,又可在巡航阶段切换至低功耗的滑翔模式,进而显著提升了续航能力[26-27]。另一些组合式驱动无人潜航器设计则通过集成仿生柔性驱动与仿生软体驱动方式,使其既能利用仿生尾鳍高效推进,又具备柔软的外壳以适应狭窄空间,还可结合水下航行与海底爬行能力,在自由游动与底部移动之间切换[8, 28]。组合式驱动无人潜航器通过结合多种推进方式和运动模式,不仅能够适应复杂水下作业环境,提高任务适应性以及能效,更在功能、性能和应用场景上各具特点,有力推动了水下无人系统的多样化发展。
大型无人潜航器如何在多种运动模式间实现平滑切换并优化整体能效,是当前研究热点。
表1示出了无人潜航器采用不同驱动方式的技术特点、优劣及应用场景。未来,针对不同驱动方式的无人潜航器设计与分析,可构建一种总体性能多维度衡量体系框架,用来评价不同驱动方式无人潜航器之间的性能。
无人潜航器技术在军民用领域均取得了显著进展,世界各国研究机构和企业持续开展技术创新,以应对日趋复杂的水下任务需求。近年来,美国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚、挪威等国在大型无人潜航器领域投入巨大,已部署多型装备,主要用于反潜作战、水雷对抗和情报侦察等任务。相关技术以自主性、长续航力和多任务集成为核心特征,相继推出以螺旋桨推进为代表的系列化项目与平台,其主要性能特点如表2表3所示[4, 29-35]
美国作为无人潜航器技术发展的引领者,推出了多型大型无人潜航器,其中“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器为其代表性型号。该型潜航器采用开放式系统架构和模块化设计,可灵活搭载多种任务模块,与传统核潜艇相比,其效费比优势显著,且具备超长航程。但受限于航速较低、战术机动性差以及水下通信能力不足等问题,更适用于在海域提前隐蔽部署[4, 36]
俄罗斯“波塞冬”核动力大型无人潜航器是一种颠覆性装备,采用泵喷推进,可搭载常规弹药或核弹药,适用于攻击敌方基础设施、航母编队等高价值目标,具备超远航程与战略威慑能力。该潜航器采用的核动力推进方案从根本上解决了长航时高速航行的能源问题,但也带来了核泄漏、核废料处理的潜在风险,可能对环境造成不可逆影响,因此亟需建立并完善核动力在无人潜航器领域应用的安全标准和监管体系。同时,自动攻击能力也是当前全球安全与伦理层面的关注焦点,应强化技术可控性并明确责任归属[6, 31]。“替代者-V”同样采用泵喷推进,与“波塞冬”不同的是,其动力源为锂离子电池,主要用于模拟潜艇,充当替身目标,以辅助开展反潜对抗训练[6]
在大型无人潜航器技术方面,欧洲国家同样具备较强的实力。英国的“鲸鱼座”超大型无人潜航器主要聚焦于载荷投送、水雷探测和侦察;德国和法国则专注于深海探测与生态监测,推动了滑翔机和柔性驱动技术的应用[8, 36-37]
日本在微型和仿生无人潜航器方面具有独特优势,开发了多种仿生鱼和软体机器人,用于狭窄空间探测和生物交互研究;在大型无人潜航器方面,则主要专注于自主性和续航力两方面[6, 8]
澳大利亚与美国合作开发的“幽灵鲨”超大型无人潜航器采用模块化设计,其最大亮点是集成了人工智能技术。该潜航器在对抗环境中能够展现优秀的自主能力,代表了无人潜航器与前沿信息技术融合的发展方向;但其航速不高,适用于水下监视和情报搜集任务[6]
挪威的HUGIN Endurance大型无人潜航器面向深海勘探设计,在海洋测绘和勘探领域广受认可。该潜航器搭载有Kongsberg Sunstone惯性导航系统,包括HISAS微导航、地形匹配导航以及单应答器导航,定位误差不大于0.01%的航程(RMS);但其无法灵活更换模块,航速相对有限[38-39]
以美国波音公司的“虎鲸”为代表的超大型无人潜航器,其核心优势是系统集成度与任务适配性高,并采用柴油与锂离子电池混合动力模块化舱段设计,具备长航程与深潜性能。然而,该装备更多的是一种以仿生概念命名的军用无人平台,而非真正意义上的仿生设计,其推进方式仍采用常规泵喷推进,外形仅参考“虎鲸”体型,运动方式完全不同于真实鲸类的柔性尾鳍波动,因此仿生程度极低[4]。澳大利亚“幽灵鲨”亦属此类,其外形与命名虽源自鲨鱼,但仍采用刚性壳体和螺旋推进系统,在流体耦合和姿态控制方面与仿生鲨鱼存在根本区别[6]
在仿生驱动无人潜航器领域,国外相关研究正从结构仿生向机能仿生深度演进。美国麻省理工学院受鱼类游动机理启发研制的软体机器鱼,不仅采用软体躯体结构,更通过调控流体回路实现模拟肌肉运动的高效波动推进,在能效与静谧性上接近真实生物。哈佛大学的仿生鳐鱼则采用更为前沿的人工肌肉与智能材料,高度复现生物运动机制,其轻柔的驱动方式对海洋生物的扰动几乎为零,为生态监测树立了新范式。瑞士研究团队在介电高弹聚合物驱动器应用方面取得突破,为软体机器人提供了全新的动力解决方案[40-45]
美国在滑翔式驱动无人潜航器领域的主流型号有Slocum,Spray和Seaglider。其中Slocum系列分为两类,分别通过电力驱动浮力系统和温差来改变浮力[46-47]
美国海军资助研究的多种海底爬行器,能够以轮式或履带式底盘在海底长期潜伏,执行监听和中继通信任务,或构成分布式传感器网络。欧盟开发的自主无人潜航器集成多旋翼推进与机械臂作业功能,可用于水下洞穴和矿井自主勘探,展现出异构功能集成的强大潜力[10]
欧美国家采取在水下滑翔机上加装螺旋桨推进器的方式,使其能够根据任务需要选择合适的推进方式。例如,美国在Slocum水下滑翔机艉部加装了螺旋桨推进器,法国的ACSA机构研制了组合式驱动水下滑翔机SeaExplorer,英国研制了大型混合驱动水下滑翔机AutosubLR[48]
总体而言,国外无人潜航器研究呈现出驱动方式软体化、平台功能集群化、作业模式混合化的鲜明发展趋势,其目标是通过仿生与智能技术的深度融合,最终实现复杂水下环境中的长期自适应作业[9, 49]
我国无人潜航器技术研究虽起步较晚,但螺旋桨驱动类产品发展迅速,已初步构建起技术体系和产品系列。例如,2019年国庆70周年阅兵庆典上首次亮相的HSU001中型无人潜航器,以及2025年阅兵中展示的两款全新超大型无人潜航器HSU100和AJX002。结合我国现有水下无人系统的发展轨迹,在尺寸设计上,我国倾向于建造更大型的平台以获取更强的载荷能力和续航优势;目前已形成以国家级科研院所为主导、优势高校深度融合的协同研发格局。
中国船舶集团有限公司下属各研究院所发挥核心作用,已构建出谱系化的产品体系,在多学科总体优化、大深度结构与密封设计、深海探测技术等关键领域取得了一系列突破。图1所示为大型无人潜航器的关键技术发展路线。相关产品已实现从数百米到数千米潜深、从巡航到高速的多型号覆盖,并已成功应用于深海勘探、水文测绘与安全保障等实战化任务。中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所在智能自主控制、长航程导航与路径规划、深海环境感知等领域独树一帜,其研制的大型无人潜航器在复杂海底地形下,展现出卓越的自主作业与可靠性[4, 8, 38-39, 47, 50-52]
西北工业大学聚焦新型布局与高速水动力学研究,在复杂构型无人潜航器的流体动力设计及优化领域贡献突出。哈尔滨工程大学依托其深厚的船舶与海洋工程学科积淀,在推进器与艇体耦合设计、振动噪声控制及海域试验验证等方面具备雄厚实力。上海交通大学在深海耐压结构与材料、组合式驱动技术领域已形成特色优势,相关研究有力支撑了万米级深潜技术突破,显著提升了我国无人潜航器进军深远海的装备支撑能力[1, 15, 52-53]
另外,国内在仿生多关节柔性机器鱼与软体仿生机器鱼领域已形成特色鲜明、优势互补的研发生态。中国科学院自动化研究所致力于智能控制与群体协作,其研制的仿生机器海豚,在轨迹跟踪精度和动态跃水等复杂动作方面表现突出,为集群协同作业奠定了基础[16];北京大学和北京航空航天大学聚焦前沿驱动技术与智能算法,在复杂流体环境下的感知方面取得突破,依托在智能材料与结构设计方面的技术积累,探索出新型软体驱动方案[54-55];上海交通大学侧重实用化与作业能力提升,开发的水下仿生平台兼具高机动游动与精细操作功能,推动了相关技术向工程应用转化[14];浙江大学依托其在软体机器人领域的领先优势,在介电高弹聚合物等新型人工肌肉驱动领域取得系列原创成果,持续推动驱动方式的革新[49];上海海洋大学凭借其水产学科特色,研制的仿生鱼在生态兼容性与生物亲和性方面独具优势,为海洋生态监测提供了创新工具[56]
中国电子科技集团公司和博雅工道(北京)机器人科技有限公司研制的仿生无人潜航器,其结构以刚性多关节电机驱动为主,在仿生性与动作平滑度方面存在明显局限性。由于尾鳍与鱼体耦合度不足,该类潜航器的推进轨迹仍呈“断续式”摆动,目前尚未在仿生行为机制上取得突破[57]。因此,现阶段国内各相关项目虽在仿生外形上实现高度拟真,但在行为运动控制领域仍未达到真正的仿生水平,难以展现出动物式的自适应与姿态协调性能。
国内在滑翔式驱动、爬行式驱动及组合式驱动等无人潜航器技术方向已取得系列创新成果。在滑翔式驱动方面,中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所研发的“海翼”系列与天津大学的“海燕”系列,持续刷新下潜深度与续航纪录[21];在爬行式驱动方面,哈尔滨工程大学等单位研发的航行和爬行双态机器人,实现了游动与爬行模态的智能切换,在海底管线巡检、矿区勘查等场景中表现出色,解决了复杂底质环境下的稳定移动与精细作业难题[58];在组合式驱动方面,中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所研发的“潜龙”系列,成功整合浮力驱动与螺旋桨推进技术,兼具高效巡航与机动灵活的特点[59]。这些创新成果标志着我国已建立起覆盖全海深、适应多任务需求的无人探测装备体系,可为海洋科学研究、资源勘查及安全保障提供关键技术支撑,共同推动我国无人潜航器技术向体系化方向发展。
由上述国内外无人潜航器研究现状可知,在动力形式方面,美国研发的无人潜航器是以柴油和锂离子电池混合动力为主,结合螺旋桨驱动,主要追求长航时和经济性[34];俄罗斯采用核动力结合泵喷推进,主要追求无限航程与超高航速[34];国内则开展多元化探索,涵盖锂离子电池、燃料电池及混合动力等多种形式[8, 51-52]。在智能水平方面,美国侧重于高等级自主,强调集群协同与分布式作战能力[60];俄罗斯侧重于远程奔袭、突防等任务级自主[34];国内则侧重于具体任务自主,如避障、侦察和集群协同等[61-62]。在研发组织模式方面,美国以大型防务承包商为主导[34];俄罗斯采用国家主导的专项工程模式,集中资源突破关键技术瓶颈[34];国内则是以国家级研院所为主导,优势高校深度融合。在具体应用场景方面,美国侧重于覆盖情报监视侦察、反水雷、反潜、电子战等全谱任务[34];俄罗斯以战略威慑为主,主要执行战略核打击和关键海域的反舰、反潜任务[34];国内则侧重于区域控制和多场景应用,聚焦近海防御与侦察任务,同时拓展至科考和环境监测等民用领域[5]。上述发展差异的形成并非偶然,是由各国国家战略、工业基础能力等综合因素决定的。美国拥有成熟且庞大的防务产业链,在复杂系统集成、标准化生产方面具备优势,其全球海军战略要求无人潜航器能够独立部署数月、执行水下复杂任务,因此其技术发展以可靠、长续航、多功能为导向[34, 60];俄罗斯在常规海军力量上不占优势,故而发展核动力战略武器,以极端性能形成非对称威慑,弥补常规力量的不足[34, 60];国内则主要以需求为牵引,结合水下弱观测−通信的特点,考虑新技术发展在水下应用的再创新。
上述螺旋桨驱动、仿生式驱动、滑翔式驱动、爬行式驱动和组合式驱动等技术路线,均面临其独特的难点与挑战。同时,大型无人潜航器在观察、判断、决策、行动(observe,orient,decide,act,OODA)环实现方面也存在共性和特殊问题。
在水下环境中,受物理尺度、材料、重量、深度、速度、航程、静谧性、负载能力与制造成本等限界的强约束,大型无人潜航器的总体优化设计实际是一个典型的复杂系统工程寻优问题,涉及多学科多目标的权衡、取舍与寻优。该设计除不需要生命医学支撑外,需面临与潜艇、载人潜水器一样的技术挑战,且无人装备对可靠性的要求更为苛刻。下面,将主要从弱观测−通信、优化衡准、多学科耦合以及高可靠性等几个方面进行阐述。
大型无人潜航器在水下环境中要实现OODA环,将面临不同于海面、陆地和空中的系列严峻挑战,体现在感知、通信、校准和决策等方面。
1) 感知受限。水下光学的观测距离短,声学探测精度和实时性存在局限性。大型无人潜航器需通过声呐、惯性导航和智能算法,实时构建海底地形图并精确定位,同步分析环境数据,这对其感知系统提出了极高要求[38, 63]
2) 通信困难。水声通信带宽窄、延迟大、可靠性低,水下通信会受到强时变、空变与频变等物理场影响,通信受水体影响极其复杂[64]
3) 导航校准与静谧性。全球导航卫星系统的GNSS信号(如GPS、北斗等)在水下无法使用,惯性导航误差会随时间累积变大,水下组合导航系统在精度下降时校准会对其静谧性产生影响[65]
4) 自主决策。复杂水下环境要求无人潜航器具备高度自主的决策能力。无人潜航器能否利用智能技术对侦察目标实施自主分析并认知实时环境变化,动态调整任务优先等级,以获得作业与作战任务的最优解,需解决算法可靠性、环境适应性与计算资源约束之间的矛盾[50]
大型无人潜航器总体性能的多学科优化是业界的难题,需首先对其开展科学、系统的总体优化评价。为此,本文构建了超越单一性能指标的总体性能多维度衡量体系,其核心在于揭示平台综合效能与资源投入之间的内在关系,关键是依托一系列归一化的“当量”指标。
以巡航速度4 kn为基准,将大型无人潜航器每吨重量对应的航程定义为“当量航程”,该指标是衡量平台能量利用效率和续航能力的核心尺度,可直接反映动力与能源系统的综合水平;将每吨重量对应的任务负载重量定义为“当量负载”,用于评估平台的空间利用效率和任务搭载能力,高负载率意味着在同等排水量下可搭载更多任务模块;将空气重量占全排水量的比例定义为“置空率”,将每吨重量对应的储备浮力或可弃压载定义为“当量储备浮力或可弃压载”,结构设计优劣可通过这2个指标综合评判。其中,低置空率与合理的当量储备浮力或可弃压载,是实现平台在极限潜深下具备较高结构安全裕度与应急上浮能力的基础。
将每吨重量对应的造价定义为“当量造价”。该经济性指标将技术性能与项目可行性紧密关联,是衡量设计经济可承受性与工艺先进性的重要维度。在此基础上,还需结合关键性能绝对值开展综合评议:最高航速决定平台快速部署与突击能力;最大潜深界定平台活动范围与隐蔽性;总噪声水平则是影响平台生存能力和隐蔽性的决定性因素。上述这些维度相互耦合、彼此制约。
针对大型无人潜航器总体优化评价体系,本文提出构建“效能−经济−价值”三维综合评价模型,在原有衡量能量利用效率的当量航程和反映全生命周期成本的当量造价基础上,创新性引入“任务价值密度”作为第三维度,形成可全面评估大型无人潜航器综合作战能力与可持续发展能力的完整框架。
该体系揭示了不同级别无人潜航器的发展规律:从小型到超大型平台,当量航程随能源技术进步和规模效应显著提升;全生命周期当量造价通过模块化设计和标准化生产实现持续优化;而最具代表性的任务价值密度指标在中型平台上展现出独特优势,凸显其在效能、成本与多任务适应性之间的最优平衡。三维模型不仅可为现有装备评估提供科学依据,更重要的是在为未来无人潜航器追求“保持高效能”的同时,实现更低的全生命周期当量造价和更高的任务价值密度,从而真正达成“研得起、造得廉、用得好”的战略目标,推动我国水下无人装备体系向高质量、高效益方向发展。
因此,一个卓越的总体设计并非追求单一指标的极致,而是在明确的任务需求牵引下,通过先进的多学科设计优化,在上述总体性能多维度衡量体系中寻求最佳平衡点,最终实现平台综合作战效能最大化。
在海洋空间的物理限界下,大型无人潜航器的优化设计涉及多种学科的耦合,如图2所示。各学科所涉及的性能指标之间存在矛盾,具体说明如下:
1) 航程与重量的矛盾。大型无人潜航器的续航能力与其储备的能源直接相关,在不改变能源能量密度的前提下,提升续航能力需增大能源在大型无人潜航器中的占比,进而增加平台总重量,可能导致当量负载和当量储备浮力或可弃压载下降[30]
2) 航程与外形尺寸的矛盾。随着尺寸的增大,计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真分析表明,流体阻力呈非线性增长态势。这导致推进功率需求大幅增加,因此,在不改变能源储备的前提下,大型无人潜航器的当量航程将出现大幅下降[7]
3) 航程与经济性的矛盾。提高续航能力不仅能提高大型无人潜航器的重量,同时也可增加其当量造价。
4) 航程与安全性的矛盾。传统的一次或二次锂离子电池能量密度有限,受当量负载、当量储备浮力或可弃压载与当量航程之间矛盾的影响,难以满足上万公里高航速的航程需求;而燃料电池、核电池等新型能源技术又面临安全风险和技术成熟度的问题[30]
5) 航速与噪声的矛盾。高速大型无人潜航器的推进功率更大,噪声源数量更多、强度更大、噪声抑制或主动控制难度更大;此外,机械振动、流激噪声和推进噪声,均会随平台尺度的放大而变得更加复杂[7, 66]
6) 航速与外形的矛盾。随着平台尺寸的增大,流体阻力呈非线性增长趋势,导致推进功率需求大幅增加。为此,通常需通过CFD仿真分析大型无人潜航器的水动力特性与总体性能,为优化或寻优迭代设计提供依据[7]
7) 潜深与重量的矛盾。下潜深度要求与结构强度直接相关,而大型无人潜航器的结构重量占比较大,当量航程、当量负载和当量储备浮力或可弃压载都有可能下降,因此,深海结构与材料通常被列为关键技术,在结构与材料方面存在特殊的挑战[15]
8) 潜深与经济性的矛盾。增大平台下潜深度,在提升结构重量的同时,会增加材料的用量和制造成本,直接导致平台当量造价上升[15]
9) 系统复杂度与经济性的矛盾。采用钛合金、碳纤维、聚亚酰胺等抗压、耐腐的高性能材料,运用精密的制造工艺,使用先进的元器件或首批国产化器件,受高压、高盐、高腐蚀的“三高”水下环境等约束,尤其是小批量制造,这些严苛性会显著增加当量造价。而如何在应用需求、装备可靠性与当量造价之间找到平衡点,是大型无人潜航器走向实用化的关键。若无法实现平衡,则易出现“研得起、用不起或用不好”的问题。技术先进性与装备可靠性属于不同维度的衡准,大型无人潜航器要达到批量装备应用水下,仍需经历工程化、国产化和低成本化等阶段的持续努力[67]
10) 系统复杂度与可靠性的矛盾。在不同任务阶段,不同设备对能源的需求存在差异,需实施动态能源管理;根据水下环境变化,还需调节推进系统功率和传感器采样频率,这对能源系统的自动化与自适应能力提出了更高要求。此外,长航时任务对致密能源平均无故障间隔时间(MTBF)的要求,也会导致系统复杂度或冗余性要求急剧上升[6]
实现长达数月乃至更长时间的水下自主航行与作业,是大型无人潜航器技术领域的核心追求,也是对一国高端装备制造与系统集成能力的极限考验。相较于已成功应用的低速水下滑翔机,具备较高航速的大型无人潜航器要实现此目标,仍面临从系统设计到工程实践的全方位、跨学科的严峻挑战。
系统复杂性与可靠性链条的脆弱性,是实现水下长航时的首要障碍。高速大型无人潜航器的系统复杂度远非水下滑翔机可比,其集成了高功率密度能源、精密推进、复杂导航、高速通信及多种任务载荷[33]。系统中任何一个单点故障、传感器漂移、阀门泄漏以及一段软件异常,都有可能导致整个任务彻底失败。为确保在数月内无故障运行,其系统级平均无故障间隔时间需达到数万甚至十万小时量级。这就要求对成百上千个关键元器件和设备进行近乎苛刻的可靠性指标分解与管控,从设计、选型、制造到测试的每一个环节都必须做到万无一失,由此形成了一条极其脆弱的超长可靠性链条。
极端海洋环境的长期适应性与能源瓶颈,是另一座难以逾越的大山。在长达数月的自主航行过程中,无人潜航器需持续承受高压、低温、盐雾腐蚀及海洋生物附着的综合作用,任何材料老化、涂层失效或密封结构疲劳,都有可能瞬间引发灾难性后果[67]。同时,维持较高航速所需的能耗呈指数级增长,与总体性能多维度衡量体系中的当量指标形成根本性矛盾。尽管燃料电池、核动力等新型能源在理论上提供了可行方案,但其长期运行的稳定性、安全性及整个动力系统的匹配控制仍是未经充分验证的世界性难题。传统“保证不坏”的思路已然失效,当前亟需转向“故障容忍与系统重构”的智能设计范式,通过多层次冗余和自主决策保障系统生存能力,而这无疑将进一步加剧系统复杂性与成本。
最后,制造经济性与测试验证的可行性,构成了现实的商业与技术壁垒。为实现前述的超高可靠性,必须采用宇航级或军规级元器件、特种耐腐蚀材料,并构建复杂的冗余系统架构,这将导致单体制造成本高达千万甚至是亿级[68]。更为棘手的是,如何验证装备长达数月运行的可靠性;传统的全周期实物测试在经济和时间上均不具备可行性。虽然可通过加速寿命试验、高精度数字孪生仿真等方法进行替代验证,但面对海洋环境这种高度复杂的不确定系统,任何数值模拟都无法完全替代真实环境下的终极考核。这使得装备在列装实用前,始终伴随巨大的技术风险。
综上所述,研制能够在水下自主运行数月的高速大型无人潜航器,是一项集极限可靠性工程、尖端能源技术、智能自主控制于一体,并伴随巨额成本风险的综合性系统工程。其不仅代表一个国家在高端装备技术上的突破,更体现了该装备备研发领域的坚定战略意志和雄厚工业基础。
本节将以国外主要大型无人潜航器的性能参数为例,采用总体性能多维度衡量体系进行分析。针对上述总体优化难点和大型无人潜航器的技术短板,工业界、商业界和学术界正探索多种创新解决方案,以推动大型无人潜航器实现总体性能的多学科优化发展。
根据表2所示国外主要大型无人潜航器的性能参数,经计算可知,“虎鲸”的当量航程为45 n mile/t,当量负载为9.8%,置空率为49%,最高航速为8 kn,最大潜深为3 000 m;“波塞冬”的当量负载> 3.75%,最高航速> 60 kn,最大潜深为1 000 m;“替代者-V”的当量航程为24 n mile/t,最高航速> 24 kn,最大潜深为600 m。从上述数据中可看出,“虎鲸”的当量负载和最大潜深优于“波塞冬”,而“波塞冬”的最高航速更具优势;“虎鲸”的当量航程和最大潜深优于“替代者-V”,而“替代者-V”的最高航速更具优势;“波塞冬”的最高航速和最大潜深优于“替代者-V”;这些差异与这些大型无人潜航器所侧重的任务能力是吻合的。“虎鲸”的重量远大于“波塞冬”和“替代者-V”,使其拥有更多空间容纳任务载荷和能源储备。“虎鲸”采用的是柴油和锂离子电池混合动力,“替代者-V”采用的是锂离子电池,能源占比不同和能源种类不同是导致两者续航能力差距的技术根源。同时,这些不同也与设计哲学和国情有关。美国凭借其强大的综合国力和技术优势,为谋求水下技术领先、体系完备和任务灵活度,构建了低成本、可损耗、功能全面的水下无人舰队。大型无人潜航器作为美国“分布式海上作战”概念的关键一环,通过持续技术创新,推动大型无人潜航器的高性能化和多功能化,以加快水下无人舰队的协同作战能力。俄罗斯为应对美国地缘战略上的步步紧逼和包围,高度重视包括大型无人潜航器在内的无人装备发展,采取不对称的发展思路突破现有格局,其凭借雄厚的工业基础和颠覆性核技术,在大型无人潜航器的动力、机动能力和生存能力方面实现了快速发展,使大型无人潜航器成为水下作战的重要力量[34, 60]
不过,总体性能多维度衡量体系也存在一定的局限性。当量航程以巡航速度4 kn下的续航力为计算基准,但不同无人潜航器的巡航速度并不完全相同,若实际巡航速度与4 kn偏差过大,将会影响能量利用效率和续航能力的评价精度;此外,仿生驱动的无人潜航器所具备的机动性优势,也无法很好地在该体系下展示,导致其综合性能相较于其他驱动方式的无人潜航器存在劣势。未来,可通过引入当量航程计算修正系数以提高评价精度,增加机动性指标的量化评价,用以修正各种驱动方式无人潜航器的综合性能。
当前兴起的人工智能技术,正深刻改变大型无人潜航器OODA环的实现方式。尽管海洋弱观测−通信环境下相关技术落地面临困难,但仍建议从以下几方面着手解决:
1) 智能感知与信息融合。通过多传感器融合技术和深度学习算法,无需搭载外部流场传感器,即可实现对流场的实时感知与自主决策,有效提升大型无人潜航器在复杂环境下的感知能力。例如,挪威的HUGIN无人潜航器可通过合成孔径声呐或侧扫声呐对作业区域开展探测,其借助自动目标识别算法完成水雷的检测和分类,展现了智能技术在感知领域的应用潜力。但该技术需依托极高的算力完成复杂运算,其实际工程化应用在低功耗、高算力嵌入式平台的基础上,还需大量试验予以保障[69-71]
2) 自主决策与任务规划。强化学习等智能算法,使大型无人潜航器能够在不确定的环境下自主决策;智能协同导航与控制技术,则可助力其更好地完成任务。但在复杂水下博弈中,此类算法产生的决策行为,可能存在难以解释的问题[72]
3) 集群智能与协同控制。多无人潜航器集群通过分布式智能实现协同作业。例如,美国的分布式传感器网络项目通过部署数十艘小型无人潜航器组成阵列,将智能集群算法与多域协同等技术相结合,各平台之间协同感知、数据共享,实时分析节点状态并动态调整网络结构,代表了集群智能化的发展方向,具有队形精确保持、低成本拓展等优势(但也存在依赖高成本、高性能中心节点等缺点),适用于广域侦察和搜索任务[60]
在大量高质量数据集支撑下,人工智能技术得到了充分发展,目前已应用在多型无人潜航器中,可实现路径规划、避障避碰、编队航行等基础智能行为,技术成熟度可达TRL5~TRL6[61, 73];但受人工智能技术和智能控制系统发展水平的限制,其智能化程度仍有待提升,瓶颈主要体现在现有算法的固有缺陷、数据与计算资源的约束,以及工程集成和验证的复杂性[61]
提高大型无人潜航器当量航程和总噪声水平的新技术不断涌现,大型无人潜航器可采用以下几种技术:
1) 高能量密度能源。燃料电池、锂硫电池等新型能源技术逐步走向成熟,这对提高大型无人潜航器的当量航程具有显著成效。燃料电池具备能量密度高、运行噪声低等优势(但存在系统结构复杂、制造成本高的问题),适用于长航时、高隐蔽性的任务需求。目前,燃料电池虽已在多型大潜深无人潜航器中实现工程化应用,但仍需采用更厚、强度更高的膜材料,以减缓其降解速度[30, 74-76]
2) 组合式驱动,即结合不同推进方式的优势,实现多模式作业。组合式驱动水下滑翔机集成了浮力驱动与螺旋桨推进两种方式,兼具长航时与高机动性的优点,可广泛应用于海洋科学观测与长时水文调查任务[11]
3) 仿生高效推进,即借鉴海洋生物的推进机制,可提高推进效率,降低水下辐射噪声。其通过螺旋桨与仿生胸鳍的组合,既能保持螺旋桨的快速性,又能获得胸鳍推进的高机动性,综合性能得到显著提高。但是,其在大型无人潜航器中的应用并非简单放大物理尺寸,还需提高材料的力学性能以实现大推力输出,同时动力学建模困难也给控制的稳定性带来困扰。该技术适用于复杂、狭小的水下环境作业[8, 77]
燃料电池是满足超长续航和隐蔽性特定需求的专用解决方案,已在加拿大研制的Solus-XR超大型无人潜航器中得到应用,技术成熟度达到了TRL7~TRL8,但燃料电池尾气与生成水的处理、成本控制是目前的技术瓶颈[6, 30, 73, 76]。锂硫电池的适用边界非常清晰,适用于以航程为关键指标、可承受较高成本和复杂维护的大型无人潜航器,目前已取得一定实验成果,技术成熟度可达到TRL1~TRL4,但其存在易自放电、循环特性差等瓶颈问题[6, 30, 73]。集成浮力驱动和螺旋桨驱动的组合式驱动,兼具两种驱动方式的优缺点,适用于兼顾长航程、高精度、高隐蔽性和高机动性的任务。组合式驱动在无人潜航器中已应用多年,技术成熟度达到了TRL7~TRL8,但仍受两种驱动方式自身瓶颈的制约[21, 26, 47, 73]。仿生式驱动适用边界鲜明,在极端隐蔽和机动性需求场景下具有不可替代性,多种形式的仿生式驱动在无人潜航器中得到应用,技术成熟度达到了TRL7~TRL8。仿生式驱动的瓶颈体现在技术难度大、维护成本高、载重能力有限、电池寿命短等方面[8, 13, 73]
高能量密度能源需要规则、安全且稳定的舱段来容纳其整个系统,而采用仿生外形或新质材料的无人潜航器内部空间通常不规则、结构扭曲,这会增大系统集成难度并带来安全隐患,需根据任务优先级进行综合权衡。
平台新构型和先进材料的创新,为解决螺旋桨驱动大型无人潜航器的总体优化问题提供了新路径,建议从以下几方面着手:
1) 模块化与标准化设计。通过模块化设计降低制造和维护成本,提高系统可靠性与可扩展性(同时也可能导致其他性能的损失),以适用于任务需求多样性和装备多功能化发展场景。针对水下环境高压、高盐、高腐蚀及海生物附着污染等特性,需在重视大型无人潜航器领域标准化与通用化的同时,形成有别于陆地或空中无人装备的模块化设计需求。浮重自均衡的负载舱更换是不影响水动力与总体航行性能的基本模块化思路,即实现“一型平台多种负载”的模块化能力[9]
2) 先进刚性材料的应用。纤维增强树脂基复合材料、钛合金等轻质高强、耐腐材料在大型无人潜航器结构中的应用,可有效解决潜深与重量之间的矛盾,但存在加工难度大、当量造价高等问题。深海结构与材料是大型无人潜航器研发的关键技术,凸显了结构创新与新质材料应用的重要性。因此,需针对无人装备长航时的特点加强工艺研究,在提升装备可靠性的同时尽量降低当量造价[15]
3) 仿生外形。鲸鲨、海豚类流线型躯体外形可大幅降低航行阻力,减少能耗,提高当量航程,这对长航时任务至关重要。但如何维持其游动的仿生行为,并在深海水压下保持仿生外形,仍需进一步研究。例如,鲸鲨、海豚跃出水面数个体长的行为需较大推力,而如何将高能量密度能源、高功率推进系统与仿生外形结构优化集成,是长航时仿生软体无人潜航器研发的关键。相比刚性机构,仿生软体无人潜航器连续体的精确建模、规划与控制更为复杂,需创新控制方法,将当前的漫游转变为巡游。这类无人潜航器可满足远程和高速巡航需求,同时具备天然伪装优势,不易被识别为人工平台,适用于军事侦察与生态观测[13, 16, 49, 78]
4) 智能软材料应用。介电弹性体驱动、形状记忆合金驱动、水凝胶驱动等采用智能软材料的驱动方式,能够提高软体机器人的柔韧性、环境适应性、灵活性和生物相似性[20]
5) 4D打印材料。4D打印是在3D打印基础上增加时间维度的技术,赋予3D结构动态响应能力。其采用智能材料,在受到外界特定刺激时可按照预设程序自动改变形状、性能或功能。例如,采用碳纤维增强复合材料进行4D打印,可获得高承载力、高抗疲劳性、具备可编程形变能力的轻质防护装置,为大型无人潜航器结构设计提供了思路[79]
6) 变刚度材料。在大型无人潜航器的仿生结构中应用变刚度材料具有独特的优势。例如,在仿生机器鱼中使用该材料,可动态调节躯体结构刚度,提高机器鱼游动速度和效率[80]
模块化和标准化设计技术在多任务、可调整、快速响应的需求条件下能够充分发挥其优势,该技术已应用于“蝠鲼”和“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器,技术成熟度可达TRL7~TRL8。但是,该技术存在通用机械和电气接口技术难度大、成本高的瓶颈,且模块化所需外部接口、密封面也会破坏仿生外形的完整性;未来,可采用新质材料,确保仿生外形的光滑性和连续性[4, 60, 73]。在适应恶劣环境、满足超常物理性能和复杂水下作业任务的需求下,需采用先进刚性材料:其中纤维增强树脂基复合材料和钛合金材料的技术成熟度可达TRL7~TRL8,存在长期使用易老化的问题;智能软材料已在部分深海软体机器人上应用,技术成熟度可达TRL5~TRL6,存在从微观到宏观的性能鸿沟及复杂系统集成难题;4D打印材料仍处于实验室原理验证阶段,技术成熟度为TRL1~TRL4;变刚度材料已完成原理样机水池试验验证,技术成熟度可达TRL5~TRL6,存在响应性能在极端环境下的适应性和系统集成复杂度的问题[8, 15, 73, 80];仿生外形适用于对隐蔽性和机动性要求极高的特定流体环境及任务场景,该技术自上世纪以来已广泛应用于无人潜航器,技术成熟度可达TRL7~TRL8,但存在控制复杂的瓶颈[8, 73]
数字孪生技术作为一种新兴数字化技术,正深刻优化大型无人潜航器的设计、测试、控制和运维方式。
1) 离线强化学习。结合强化学习算法和数字孪生技术,可构建低成本、高效率的训练和验证环境,获得精确的大型无人潜航器模型,进而提高水下对接适应性和连续控制能力。但其对数据质量要求较高,部署至平台后,对新环境难以实时调整,适用于拥有高质量历史数据的应用场景[81-82]
2) 全生命周期管理。将数字孪生技术应用于大型无人潜航器的设计、制造、测试和运维,结合基于模型的系统工程(MBSE),支持大型无人潜航器全生命周期各环节的建模和集成,模拟其在整个生命周期内的性能表现和状态退化过程,优化大型无人潜航器的实际适用性和预测性维护水平[83-86]
3) 任务仿真。利用数字孪生技术搭建大型无人潜航器实时仿真环境,在部署任务前,通过实时仿真环境开展快速任务模拟,测试其在不同工况下的运行行为[87]
4) 跨域协同作业。在基于数字孪生技术的虚拟端,构建海上无人系统端对端框架,实现无人机、无人船(艇)与大型无人潜航器的协同控制,推动海上无人系统向智能化和自主化方向发展[88]
数字孪生技术在通信保障、数据质量和模型精度满足要求的条件下能够充分发挥优势。目前,该技术已完成原理样机水池试验验证,技术成熟度可达TRL5~TRL6,但高保真模型构建及通信能力是其主要瓶颈[73]
大模型驱动设计正推动大型无人潜航器从自主装备向水下智能体转变。
1) 智能系统架构设计。利用基于大模型的生成方法,可实现大型无人潜航器系统架构的智能设计,但存在大模型幻觉问题,即模型输出内容看似合理,实则与事实不符[89]
2) 算法训练。创建基于强化学习的高保真训练环境,可提高智能控制算法的开发效率,其中算法可靠性是智能技术在大型无人潜航器中应用能够从实验室走向实战的关键[90]
3) 智能优化设计。采用深度学习算法、多目标优化算法和能源管理智能优化技术,可降低大型无人潜航器的能耗,提高其当量航程[91-92]
4) 智能感知与决策。利用水下智能对传感器和环境数据进行辨识、融合与预测,可提高大型无人潜航器的自主决策能力,而如何平衡算力、功耗及体积,是将水下智能部署于大型无人潜航器的前提条件[93-94]
利用大模型驱动设计技术时,其适用性与任务类型密切相关:越接近认知密集型任务,该技术的适用性越强;越接近确定性、极端任务,其适用性越弱。目前,大模型驱动设计技术仍处于实验室原理验证阶段,技术成熟度为TRL1~TRL4,其主要技术瓶颈体现在高质量数据稀缺、算力与能耗矛盾以及技术可靠性和安全性的验证[73, 89-90]
近年来,无人潜航器呈明显的大型化趋势,其设计目标从单一功能向多任务集成演进,以满足远洋作战、深海探测和长期环境监测等复杂需求。大型无人潜航器通常具备更强的能源储备、更大的任务载荷空间和更先进的传感器系统,使其能够在远离母舰或岸基保障条件下执行长航时、远程任务。
然而,这种大型化趋势也带来了严峻的多学科优化挑战,主要涉及水动力学、结构力学、能源管理、自主控制、系统可靠性、制造成本和维护保养等诸多方面。作为海洋技术与装备的重要发展方向,大型无人潜航器正经历从运载平台构型设计到仿生驱动方式、从弱感知单域自动化或智能控制到水下弱联通的跨域集群协同控制的全面技术进步。随着多学科设计优化方法的深入应用,以及人工智能、新材料、新能源等前沿技术的引入,大型无人潜航器的性能边界正在不断拓展,未来将进一步提升智能技术和装备可靠性,并呈现如下发展趋势:
1) 智能水平的全面演进。人工智能将从辅助工具转变为核心驱动力量,使大型无人潜航器具备任务级自主决策能力。随着观测、探测、通信等技术的不断推进,人工智能将推动大型无人潜航器从遥控工具向自主智能平台转变,从根本上改变其运行模式。当前,无人潜航器的智能技术大多仍处于实验室演示或原理样机阶段,要实现工程实用化,还面临“可靠性验证、适航标准缺失”等巨大鸿沟[70]
2) 致密能源动力的多元突破。耐压锂离子电池、氢氧燃料电池、微小型核动力装置等“人不在回路”的长航时供电技术、可靠自动化技术,以及故障管理与处理技术的成熟,将从根本上解决大型无人潜航器在远海持久部署面临的动力瓶颈。新质能源技术创新需注重与水下环境及无人化应用场景的紧密结合[95]
3) 跨域协同的体系集成。未来深远海科学考察、海洋作业及作战任务,将不再由单域平台独立承担,而是依靠单域同构或异构、跨域协同的海陆空无人与有人装备组成的集群体系完成。其中,各域无人装备发挥各自技术优势,遂行危险处置或威胁应对;而有人装备承担指挥控制职能,形成“体系有人、装备无人”的作业及作战态势[60]
4) 生物启发的深度融入。仿生学原理,特别是鲸豚类大型生物的优异特性,将为大型无人潜航器的长航时、高效能、低噪声、耐腐蚀及伪装性等多目标优化问题提供持续灵感。目前,相关技术大多仍处于实验室演示或原理样机阶段,要实现工程实用化,同样面临着“可靠性验证、成本控制、适航标准缺失”等巨大鸿沟[55]
综上所述,大型无人潜航器在工程应用阶段面临的问题属于高可靠自动化问题,文中提到的各类大型无人潜航器技术,如先进刚性材料、跨域协同作业等技术水下应用仍有很长的路要走,需付出更多努力。通过持续深化多学科设计优化,积极融合仿生软体等颠覆性技术,大型无人潜航器必将为人类认知海洋、利用海洋、守护海洋提供前所未有的强大能力。随着各国对海洋权益与安全的日益重视,大型无人潜航器作为水下新型装备平台,其战略价值将更加凸显,技术发展也将步入快车道。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04837
  • 接收时间:2025-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-12
  • 修回日期:2026-02-24
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    哈尔滨工程大学 智能科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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* 张泽江
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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