Article(id=1263818966271668760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04599, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749225600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-07, revisedDate=1755705600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247522180, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247522180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247522180, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247522180, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818967471239711, articleId=1263818966271668760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Research on target strength characteristics of the Orca extra-large unmanned underwater vehicle, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the acoustic target strength (TS) characteristics of extra-large unmanned underwater vehicles (XLUUVs), this study conducts a systematic analysis of the TS characteristics of the Orca XLUUV in the 1–10 kHz frequency band.

Method

Based on the Orca model, the finite element method is applied to calculate its TS in the 1–3 kHz frequency band, while the planar element method is employed for the 3–10 kHz band. The results are compared with those obtained from the Benchmark model. To provide a more comprehensive evaluation of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) stealth performance, the concept of angular detection probability is introduced. Additionally, a scaled model experiment is conducted in a water tank, and a correction method is proposed for the experimental TS measurements.

Results

The TS characteristics of the Orca model are first analyzed. Compared with the Benchmark model, the Orca model exhibits superior stealth performance in the azimuthal direction, along with additional advantages in the circumferential direction at higher frequencies effects that become more pronounced as frequency increases. For experimental cases in which the distance between the hydrophone and transducer does not meet the far-field conditions, the measured TS values are corrected, yielding improved consistency with the simulation results. This validates the accuracy of the numerical simulation results.

Conclusion

The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing underwater detection systems and enhancing the stealth design of UUVs.

, correspAuthors=Zhixiong GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya HAO, Xuan CHENG, Yukun LI, Fanchen ZHANG, Jun FAN, Zhixiong GONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819020864729958, articleId=1263818966271668760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器的目标强度特性研究, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

为了解超大型无人潜航器的声目标强度特性,以“虎鲸”(Orca)超大型无人潜航器为研究对象,系统分析1~10 kHz频段内的目标强度特性。

方法

基于Orca模型,分别采用有限元法计算1~3 kHz频段内、采用板块元法计算3~10 kHz频段内的目标强度,并与Benchmark模型进行对比,提出角检测率是可以更全面评价无人潜航器隐身性能的指标。同时,在水箱环境开展缩比模型实验,提出实验测量目标强度的修正方法。

结果

初步掌握了Orca模型的目标强度特性,通过对比Benchmark模型发现,Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,在高频段的环向方向上也具有一定优势,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显。针对水听器与换能器之间的距离不满足远场条件的情况,通过对实验测量目标强度进行修正,即可与仿真值更加吻合,验证了数值仿真结果的正确性。

结论

研究成果可为水下探测系统优化及无人潜航器隐身设计提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=龚志雄, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 龚志雄
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国舰船研究》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fNghnA9uAEo7nngE9DXZuw==, magXml=xYFpOXDU7C9xyW+h9wMZyA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NuvN32sRADoXYcNfcWpiNw==, pdfFileSize=29927778, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SE2cFdy1HCwgLbZc0ERdvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TzEyCsX/l55P+IShpN9fZA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郝雅,女,2001年生,硕士生。研究方向:复杂目标TS快速预报方法研究。E-mail:

龚志雄,男,1990年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水中目标声特性,声场空间相位。E-mail:

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龚志雄,男,1990年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水中目标声特性,声场空间相位。E-mail:

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Comparison of TS detection thresholds between the original model and the simplified model

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频率/kHzTS检测阈平均差值/dB
Orca周向Orca环向Benchmark周向Benchmark环向
14.360.744.99–1.82
53.340.0110.45–1.74
105.920.0113.09–1.77
), ArticleFig(id=1263916421625557369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818966271668760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原模型与简化模型的目标强度检测阈对比

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频率/kHzTS检测阈平均差值/dB
Orca周向Orca环向Benchmark周向Benchmark环向
14.360.744.99–1.82
53.340.0110.45–1.74
105.920.0113.09–1.77
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“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器的目标强度特性研究
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郝雅 1 , 程玄 1 , 李宇坤 2 , 张帆晨 2 , 范军 1 , 龚志雄 *, 1
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 77-88
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 77-88
“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器的目标强度特性研究
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郝雅1 , 程玄1, 李宇坤2, 张帆晨2, 范军1, 龚志雄*, 1
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2武汉第二船舶设计研究所,湖北 武汉 430205
  • 郝雅,女,2001年生,硕士生。研究方向:复杂目标TS快速预报方法研究。E-mail:

    龚志雄,男,1990年生,博士,副教授。研究方向:水中目标声特性,声场空间相位。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 龚志雄
Research on target strength characteristics of the Orca extra-large unmanned underwater vehicle
Ya HAO1 , Xuan CHENG1, Yukun LI2, Fanchen ZHANG2, Jun FAN1, Zhixiong GONG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04599
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目的

为了解超大型无人潜航器的声目标强度特性,以“虎鲸”(Orca)超大型无人潜航器为研究对象,系统分析1~10 kHz频段内的目标强度特性。

方法

基于Orca模型,分别采用有限元法计算1~3 kHz频段内、采用板块元法计算3~10 kHz频段内的目标强度,并与Benchmark模型进行对比,提出角检测率是可以更全面评价无人潜航器隐身性能的指标。同时,在水箱环境开展缩比模型实验,提出实验测量目标强度的修正方法。

结果

初步掌握了Orca模型的目标强度特性,通过对比Benchmark模型发现,Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,在高频段的环向方向上也具有一定优势,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显。针对水听器与换能器之间的距离不满足远场条件的情况,通过对实验测量目标强度进行修正,即可与仿真值更加吻合,验证了数值仿真结果的正确性。

结论

研究成果可为水下探测系统优化及无人潜航器隐身设计提供理论参考。

无人潜航器  /  目标强度  /  有限元法  /  板块元法  /  隐身性能  /  水箱测量修正  /  角检测率
Objective

To investigate the acoustic target strength (TS) characteristics of extra-large unmanned underwater vehicles (XLUUVs), this study conducts a systematic analysis of the TS characteristics of the Orca XLUUV in the 1–10 kHz frequency band.

Method

Based on the Orca model, the finite element method is applied to calculate its TS in the 1–3 kHz frequency band, while the planar element method is employed for the 3–10 kHz band. The results are compared with those obtained from the Benchmark model. To provide a more comprehensive evaluation of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) stealth performance, the concept of angular detection probability is introduced. Additionally, a scaled model experiment is conducted in a water tank, and a correction method is proposed for the experimental TS measurements.

Results

The TS characteristics of the Orca model are first analyzed. Compared with the Benchmark model, the Orca model exhibits superior stealth performance in the azimuthal direction, along with additional advantages in the circumferential direction at higher frequencies effects that become more pronounced as frequency increases. For experimental cases in which the distance between the hydrophone and transducer does not meet the far-field conditions, the measured TS values are corrected, yielding improved consistency with the simulation results. This validates the accuracy of the numerical simulation results.

Conclusion

The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing underwater detection systems and enhancing the stealth design of UUVs.

unmanned underwater vehicle  /  target strength  /  finite element method  /  planar element method  /  stealth performance  /  water tank measurement correction  /  angular detection probability
郝雅, 程玄, 李宇坤, 张帆晨, 范军, 龚志雄. “虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器的目标强度特性研究. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 77 -88 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04599
Ya HAO, Xuan CHENG, Yukun LI, Fanchen ZHANG, Jun FAN, Zhixiong GONG. Research on target strength characteristics of the Orca extra-large unmanned underwater vehicle[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 77 -88 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04599
作为现代海洋装备体系的重要组成部分,无人潜航器(unmanned underwater vehicle,UUV)是一种具备自主航行能力、可长期潜伏水下并搭载多种任务载荷的智能化平台[1]。UUV按照尺寸大小可分为小型(直径0.07~0.25 m)、中型(直径0.25~0.53 m)、大型(直径0.53~2.3 m)和超大型(直径大于2. 3m)[2],其中超大型无人潜航器(extra-large unmanned underwater vehicle,XLUUV)因其高载荷能力(大于5 t)、长续航时间(60天以上)以及模块化的任务系统等优势,在军事领域展现了接近传统潜艇的作战潜力,已成为各海洋强国竞相发展的战略装备[3]。美国在XLUUV技术领域长期保持着领先地位,其发展历程可追溯至20世纪80年代,经过数十年的积累,目前已形成了包括“曼塔”(Manta)、“回声航行者”(Echo Voyager)、“虎鲸”(Orca)等在内的完整装备体系[4]
“虎鲸”超大型无人潜航器(Orca XLUUV,图1)基于美国波音公司“回声航行者”改良而来, 于2022年4月命名并进行了首次水下测试,代表了XLUUV的技术前沿。该平台宽2.6 m,长15.5 m,加装模块化载荷舱后的长度可拓展至25.9 m,其正常排水量为45.36 t,最大航速8 kn,最大工作深度3 000 m,最大航程可达12 000 km;系统架构包含控制、载荷、平台、动力、推进等5个模块,其性能指标明显优于同类装备[1,4]。布雷是Orca XLUUV的首要任务,并逐步扩展至反潜作战、水雷对抗、对陆打击等任务领域[5]
目前,国内对于UUV的水下声目标强度(target strength,TS)特性研究大多集中于小型和中型,鲜有大型和超大型的相关研究成果。刘博[6]分析了微小型UUV的声散射特性,并通过数值仿真与外场实验相结合的方法,研究了入射频率、入射方向对其目标强度的影响规律。为了解超大型无人潜航器的声目标强度特性,本文拟以Orca XLUUV作为研究对象,建立其包含外壳和附体的1∶1还原模型,系统分析1~10 kHz频段内的目标强度特性,以填补XLUUV目标强度数据库的空白,从而为水下探测系统优化及UUV隐身设计提供理论依据。
不同于典型UUV的圆柱体外壳,Orca XLUUV的外壳是带有圆角的长方体,所以本文将与具有典型圆柱体外壳的Benchmark进行对比。Benchmark于2002年在目标强度数值仿真研讨会上提出,是基准目标强度仿真(benchmark target strength simulation,BeTSSi)标准潜艇模型的简称[8],也是用于验证水下声学、流体动力学和控制系统仿真性能的标准化模型。本文采用的是双基地声学简易集成结构(bistatic acoustic simple integrated structure,BASIS)方法中的simple模型,其具有典型的圆柱体外壳。Benchmark艇体全长62 m,直径7.5 m,本文将其按一定比例缩小,即可得到与Orca模型横截面积相同的Benchmark模型,进而对比分析二者在目标强度特性方面的差异。
综上所述,本文的研究内容为:1)应用有限元法和板块元法,在1~10 kHz频段内对比Orca模型和Benchmark模型的刚性目标强度特性(主要关注正横、艏、艉方向以及周向、环向),以掌握Orca XLUUV的目标强度特性,并分析去除附体之后的简化模型,从而进一步探究长方体外壳与典型圆柱体外壳的目标强度差异。2)基于角检测率的概念,绘制Orca模型和Benchmark模型的角检测率曲线,并对比分析二者在角检测率为75%和50%时的目标强度检测阈,从而更全面地评价UUV的隐身性能。3)在水箱中开展Orca简化模型处于5 kHz环向工况下的缩比模型实验,并与目标强度仿真结果进行对比,以验证数值仿真结果的正确性;同时,针对水听器与换能器之间的距离不满足远场条件的情况,提出实验测量目标强度的修正方法。
在水声领域,目标强度是反映目标声反射能力的物理量,与目标体积、入射方向、入射频率等因素有关,是评估UUV水下隐身性能的一个重要指标[9]。目前,有多种方法可以计算水下目标的目标强度,包括简正级数法[10-11]、有限元/边界元法[12-18]、板块元法[19-21]T矩阵法[22-25]等。
本节将以刚性球为例,推导其目标强度的简正级数解(理论解)[26]。首先,在球坐标系(r, θ, $\varphi $)(rθ$\varphi $分别为球坐标系中的半径、极角、方位角)中,将入射平面波$ {\phi _{\text{i}}} $按照球面波进行分解:
$ {\phi _{\text{i}}}(r,\theta ) = {{\text{e}}^{{\text{i}}kr\cos \theta }} = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {{{\text{i}}^n}(2n + 1){j_n}(kr){P_n}(\cos \theta )} $
式中:i为虚数单位;k为波数;$ {j_n}( \cdot ) $n阶球Bessel函数,其中n = 0,1,…,∞;$ {P_n}( \cdot ) $n阶Legendre函数。
在球坐标系(r, θ,$\varphi $)中,散射波$ {\phi _{\text{s}}} $可以表示为
$ {\phi _{\text{s}}}(r,\theta ) = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {{\text{i}^n}(2n + 1){b_n}h_n^{(1)}(kr){P_n}(\cos \theta )} $
式中:$ {b_n} $为刚性球的散射系数;$ h_n^{(1)}( \cdot ) $n阶第一类球Hankel函数。其中
$ {b_n}(x) = - \frac{{{{j'}_n}(x)}}{{h{{_n^{(1)}}^\prime }(x)}} $
式中:x = ka,为无量纲频率,其中a为特征尺度(即球的半径);$ {j'_n}(x) $n阶球Bessel函数的导数;$ h{_n^{(1) \prime} }(x) $n阶第一类球Hankel函数的导数。
将式(3)代入式(2),则刚性球的散射场为
$ {\phi _{\text{s}}}(r,\theta ) = - \sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {{\text{i}^n}(2n + 1)\frac{{{{j'}_n}(x)}}{{h{{_n^{(1)}}^\prime }(x)}}h_n^{(1)}(kr){P_n}(\cos \theta )} $
定义形态函数$ f(x,\theta ) $
$ f(x,\theta ) = \frac{{2r}}{a}\frac{{{\phi _{\text{s}}}(x,\theta )}}{{{\phi _{\text{i}}}(x)}}{{\text{e}}^{ - {\text{i}}kr}} $
则平面波从刚性球散射的形态函数为
$ \left| {f(x,\theta )} \right| = \frac{2}{x}\left| {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {(2n + 1)\frac{{{{j'}_n}(x)}}{{h{{_n^{(1)}}^\prime }(x)}}{P_n}(\cos \theta )} } \right| $
目标强度TS的计算公式为
$ TS = 10{\text{lg}}{\left| {\frac{a}{{\text{2}}}f(x,{\text{π}})} \right|^{\text{2}}} = 10{\text{lg}}{\left| {\frac{a}{x}\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {(2n + 1)\frac{{{j'_n}(x)}}{{h{{_n^{{\text{(1)}}}}^\prime }(x)}}} {{( - 1)}^n}} \right|^{\text{2}}} $
在测定目标强度的水声实验中,目标强度的定义为距离目标等效声中心1 m处,由目标反射回来的声压与远处声源入射至目标上的声压比值的分贝(dB)数[26]
$ TS = 20\lg \frac{{{P_{\text{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right.}}{{{P_{\text{i}}}}} $
式中:$ {P_{\text{i}}} $为入射至目标上的声压,即设想目标不存在时该处的声压;$ {P_{\text{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right. $为距离目标1 m处的回波声压。实验中平面波换能器发射的是球面波,在远场中其传播服从球面扩展规律,且局部可近似为平面波。由于实验无法直接测量$ {P_{\text{i}}} $$ {P_{\text{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right. $,所以需要将水听器处测得的声压按照球面扩展规律进行折算,将水听器处测得的入射声压折算至目标处以得到$ {P_{\text{i}}} $,将水听器处测得的回波声压折算到距离目标1 m处以得到$ {P_{\text{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right. $。需要注意的是,1 m只是一个参考距离,并非实际测量距离,在缩比模型实验中,如果模型缩小为原型的1/N,则其距离单位应取(1/N) m,这样测得的目标强度值才等于原型按1 m距离定义的目标强度。
在水下目标强度的数值计算中,有限元法[12-18](finite element method,FEM)因其在模拟复杂声学问题方面的优势而备受青睐。有限元法可以有效模拟声波与目标的相互作用,包括声波的反射、散射和透射,通过构建UUV的几何模型并划分网格,即可精确计算UUV模型的散射声场和目标强度。有限元法具有广泛的适用性,可以不受目标几何形状的限制而处理任意复杂外形的UUV模型,并且适用于多种材料属性的声学计算,理论上可在全频段范围内进行目标强度的计算。然而,为保证计算结果的精度,在划分网格时一般应满足最大单元不超过入射波长的1/5;随着频率的升高,模型的网格数量将呈指数级增长,导致其对计算资源的需求急剧增加,受限于当前计算机硬件的性能,有限元法在高频段的应用面临着严峻挑战,故需结合高频近似方法进行研究。
在工程实践中,常用的有限元分析软件包括COMSOL Multiphysics,ANSYS和Virtual.Lab等,本文选用COMSOL Multiphysics作为计算平台,其完整的声学模块和灵活的多物理场耦合能力适用于水下目标强度的模拟。在COMSOL中计算模型目标强度的基本步骤如下:1)预置设置并选择声学物理场;2)设置全局参数和材料属性;3)构建几何模型;4)定义声学区域、边界条件和背景压力场;5)设置完美匹配层(perfectly matched layer, PML)以消除边界反射;6)划分模型、水域和完美匹配层的网格;7)执行频域声学求解;8)提取目标强度数据并进行可视化展示。需要特别说明的是,本文的所有计算均在刚性边界条件假设下开展,所以无需在物理场中定义目标的材料属性。这一简化处理既保证了计算效率,又与水下目标强度的常规测试条件保持一致,从而确保了计算结果的工程适用性。
板块元法[1921](planar element method,PEM)主要基于Kirchhoff近似原理[26],是计算高频段目标强度的常用方法。Kirchhoff近似将散射表面划分为亮区和影区,并假设仅有亮区对散射声场产生贡献,且亮区的声反射遵循局部平面波的反射规律。该方法通过将目标表面离散化为若干面元,将散射声场的计算转化为亮区表面的面积分,从而避免直接求解复杂的Kirchhoff–Helmholtz积分方程,显著降低了计算复杂度。作为一种高频近似方法,Kirchhoff近似在理论上适用于任意复杂几何构型的目标强度计算,但其精度主要依赖于目标表面的离散化程度。虽然增加面元数量可以提高计算精度,但同时也大幅增加了数值积分的工作量。为兼顾计算精度和效率,范军等[27]在Kirchhoff近似的基础上提出了板块元法,该方法采用一组平面板块元逼近目标曲面,并通过坐标变换将三维积分问题转化为局部坐标系下的二维代数运算,从而大幅提升了计算效率。虽然板块元法不受限于UUV模型的外形,但仅适用于高频段刚性边界条件下的目标强度计算,其原则上要求ka > 2π。
鉴于本文主要关注UUV的刚性目标强度,且在高频段满足ka > 2π,因此可以采用板块元法进行计算,具体流程如下:1)利用COMSOL建模,并生成边界单元网格;2)导出.mphtxt格式的网格文件,从中获取各节点的三维坐标及面元拓扑关系;3)将网格数据导入Matlab,基于板块元法计算程序进行后处理,并叠加所有板块元的散射声场,最终得到目标强度的板块元结果。
虽然有限元法可以较精准地计算模型的目标强度,但随着频率的升高,模型划分所得的网格数量将大幅增加,计算时间、计算成本也将随之大幅增长,因此,宜采用板块元法来快速计算模型在高频段的目标强度。基于Kirchhoff近似,板块元法在原则上要求 ka > 2π,但低频声波易激发模型的弹性振动,而板块元法通常假设目标为刚性体,忽略声固耦合效应,所以将导致散射场计算产生偏差。为进一步明确有限元法和板块元法的适用范围,本节建立了半径为1 m的刚性球壳,分别应用简正级数法(理论解)、有限元法和板块元法计算0~10 kHz频段内(对应ka为0~40,其中a为球壳的特征尺度1 m)的目标强度,得到的结果如图2所示。
经观察发现:1)有限元法的计算结果与理论解在全频段内基本重合,这说明有限元法具有较高的计算精度;2)板块元法的计算结果在低频段内与理论解的偏差较大,但随着频率的升高,其与理论解的差值逐渐减小,在ka > 15的高频段内,板块元结果与理论解具有较好的一致性。
本节根据公开资料[7],在COMSOL中建立Orca模型,其艏艉线型、舵翼、推进器的尺寸为等比例估算值,虽然模型尺寸与Orca的实际尺寸存在一定偏差,但不会影响目标强度的主要分布规律,整体建模过程较为简单且较大程度上还原了实物,如图3(数值单位:m)所示。Orca模型的艏部为半椭球体,外壳为带有圆角的长方体,艉部为圆锥台,艉舵舵翼为X型,并搭配了更安静高效的泵喷推进器。为保证Benchmark模型与Orca模型的横截面积基本相同,本节将原Benchmark按照1/2.8的比例因子进行缩小,所以Orca模型和Benchmark模型的横截面积均约为5.65 m2
为进一步验证板块元法在高频段的准确性,将针对去除附体的Orca简化模型展开计算。在3 kHz时,Orca简化模型的ka值就达到了15.7(此时Orca简化模型的特征尺度a =1.25 m)。根据2.1节刚性球壳计算方法的对比结论,ka >15时的板块元结果即可很好地近似理论解。为此,本节将分别应用有限元法和板块元法计算Orca简化模型在3 kHz时的目标强度值,计算方向为周向和环向。
计算坐标如图4(a)所示,三维空间Oxyz中存在入射点(ri, θi, $\varphi $i)和接收点(rs, θs, $ \varphi$s),本文的目标强度计算都是收发合置的情况,此时入射点和接收点重合,即ri = rs = rθi = θs = θ$\varphi $i = $\varphi $s = $ \varphi $。当计算方向为周向时,∠θ固定为90°,三维空间退化为xOy平面,∠$\varphi $的变化范围为0°~180°;当计算方向为环向时,∠$\varphi $固定为90°,三维空间退化为yOz平面,∠θ的变化范围为0°~180°。计算结果如图4(b)图4 (c)所示,可见有限元结果与板块元结果的吻合较好,周向和环向的平均误差不超过0.4 dB,这说明在3 kHz及以上频率应用板块元法进行计算时,可以保证计算结果的精度。
同时,板块元法还能大幅提高计算效率,在COMSOL中进行有限元计算时的计算机处理器为Intel Core i9-14900K,3.20 GHz,机带RAM为128 GB,Orca简化模型在3 kHz环向工况下的计算时长为28 min 53 s,而应用板块元法计算仅需0.4 ms。因此,本文将选取有限元法计算Orca模型在1~3 kHz频段内的目标强度,选取板块元法计算Orca模型在3~10 kHz频段内的目标强度,从而既可以保证计算结果的精度,又能有效节约时间和算力。
选取1,5,10 kHz的工况进行分析,分别绘制Orca模型和Benchmark模型在周向、环向上的目标强度对比图和角检测率图。角检测率P(E)的定义为对于目标强度的某个阈值E,所有可检测到模型(即TSE)的角度之和与总探测角度的比值[26]。角检测率曲线从空间统计意义上反映了目标强度及其方位特性对模型隐身性能的影响,对于相同的角检测率,目标强度检测阈大的模型容易暴露,因此可以将其作为评价UUV隐身性能的依据。设定75%和50%作为评价UUV的2个典型角检测率,通过对比角检测率为75%和50%时的目标强度检测阈,即可判断UUV隐身性能的优劣。
观察周向可以发现(xOy平面内,图5):Orca模型在艏部方向的目标强度与Benchmark模型相差较小;艉部方向的目标强度在1 kHz时大于Benchmark模型,在5和10 kHz时均小于Benchmark模型。当P(E)固定为75%和50%时(黑色虚线),Orca模型的目标强度检测阈在1 kHz时大于或略小于Benchmark模型,在5和10 kHz时均小于Benchmark模型。由此可见,Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显。由图5可知,在当P(E)固定为50%时,随着频率的升高,二者目标强度检测阈的差值分别为0.92,4.71,8.12 dB。
观察环向可以发现(yOz平面内,图6):相较于Benchmark模型,Orca模型的目标强度随角度的起伏更大,且Orca模型在正横方向的目标强度大于Benchmark模型,随着频率的升高,二者的差值更为明显。当P(E)固定为75%和50%时,Orca模型的目标强度检测阈在1 kHz时大于Benchmark模型,而在5和10 kHz时均小于Benchmark模型。由此可见,虽然Orca模型在正横方向的目标强度更大,但整体而言,高频段在环向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显。由图6可知,在当P(E)固定为75%时,随着频率的升高,二者目标强度检测阈的差值分别为−0.73,3.63,5.17 dB。
综上所述,相较于Benchmark模型,Orca模型在正横方向的目标强度更大;根据角检测率的分析结果,Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,且高频段在环向方向上也具有更好的隐身性能,并且随着频率升高,其优势更加明显,当频率为10 kHz时,Orca模型在周向和环向方向典型角检测率下的目标强度检测阈分别降低了8.12 dB(周向50%)和5.17 dB(环向75%)。
为进一步探究Orca长方体外壳与Benchmark典型圆柱体外壳的目标强度差异,现将围壳、舵翼、推进器等附体结构去除,从而提取模型的主体部分作为Orca简化模型和Benchmark简化模型,进一步开展计算分析。
观察周向可知(xOy平面内,图7):Orca简化模型在艏、艉方向的目标强度与Benchmark简化模型相差较小;同时二者的角检测率曲线也大致重合,当P(E)固定为75%时,二者的目标强度检测阈基本相同;当P(E)固定为50%时,Orca简化模型的目标强度检测阈大于Benchmark简化模型,但随着频率的升高,二者的差值逐渐减小。由此可见,Orca长方体外壳与Benchmark圆柱体外壳在周向方向上的隐身性能区别较小。
观察环向可知(yOz平面内,图8):相较于Benchmark简化模型,Orca简化模型的目标强度随角度的起伏更大,且Orca简化模型在正横方向的目标强度大于Benchmark简化模型,随着频率的升高,二者的差值更加明显。当P(E)固定为75%时,Orca简化模型的目标强度检测阈小于Benchmark简化模型;当P(E)固定为50%时,Orca简化模型的目标强度检测阈在1 kHz时大于Benchmark简化模型,而在5和10 kHz时均小于Benchmark简化模型。由此可见,虽然Orca长方体外壳比Benchmark圆柱体外壳在正横方向的目标强度更大,但整体而言,环向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显。由图8可知,随着频率升高,当P(E)固定为75%时,二者的差值分别为2.66,5.32,7.27 dB;当P(E)固定为50%时,二者的差值分别为−0.79,2.45,3.37 dB。
通过对比3.1节原模型与本节简化模型的计算结果,可以进一步探究模型附体对其目标强度的影响。分别计算各工况下P(E)为75%和50%时目标强度检测阈的平均差值,其中差值即原模型减去简化模型,结果如表1所示,可以发现,Orca模型和Benchmark模型的附体对周向方向上的目标强度贡献较大,并随着频率的升高而贡献增加;其中Benchmark模型附体的贡献更大,在10 kHz时附体可使其目标强度检测阈增大13.09 dB,而Orca模型此时仅为5.92 dB,这与前文中得到的结论一致(“去除附体的Orca长方体外壳与Benchmark圆柱体外壳在周向方向上的隐身性能区别较小,但增加附体后的Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显”)。Orca模型的附体对环向方向上的目标强度几乎没有贡献,因为本文计算环向工况时,入射方向在xOy平面内(图4),该方向上Orca模型不存在附体;而Benchmark模型的附体略微减小了环向的目标强度,减小值在2 dB以内。
经综合对比,Orca长方体外壳在正横方向的目标强度更大,通过分析角检测率可知,Orca长方体外壳与Benchmark圆柱体外壳在周向方向上的隐身性能区别较小,但在环向方向上长方体外壳具有更好的隐身性能,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显;当频率为10 kHz时,Orca简化模型在环向方向典型角检测率下的目标强度检测阈降低了7.27 dB(环向75%)。除此之外,Orca模型和Benchmark模型的附体对周向方向上的目标强度贡献较大,并且随着频率的升高而贡献增加,其中Benchmark模型附体的影响更大,在10 kHz时附体对其目标强度的贡献达到了13.09 dB,而附体对环向方向上目标强度的贡献则微乎其微。
本节将针对Orca简化模型5 kHz的环向工况进行缩比模型实验,以验证上文的数值仿真结果,该实验将遵守标准《舰船缩比模型回声特性测试方法》。实验在长1 m,宽0.6 m,高0.6 m的水箱中开展,其中Orca简化模型长度约为20 m,按照缩尺比1/200(1/N)缩小后得到长度约为10 cm的Orca简化缩比模型。缩比模型采用316不锈钢材料3D打印制作,内部进行了掏空处理,测试频率为1 MHz,使原模型和缩比模型的ka保持不变。实验设备布放如图9所示。
在环向缩比模型实验中,采用不锈钢杆固定换能器;水听器则采用碳纤维杆固定在三自由度步进电机上,使水听器能够在xyz方向自由移动,并设置单次移动步长和移动点数;缩比模型采用渔线竖直吊放在转台上,可以设置转台转速。实验开始之前,首先将换能器固定至适当位置,并使水听器分别在xy方向进行线扫,从而确定声压最大值的位置,并移动水听器到该位置,调整缩比模型的高度,使其与换能器、水听器位于同一水平线上,最终测得换能器至水听器的距离为19 cm,缩比模型至水听器的距离为25 cm。
然后,将水听器移动步长设置为0,此时水听器不再移动,使缩比模型以0.1 rad/min的速度开始旋转,选择线扫模式开始正式采集,等待缩比模型旋转了2圈以上之后终止采集,即可得到实验数据。绘制距离角谱图,其中横坐标ω为旋转角度,纵坐标z为水听器与换能器之间的距离,从图中可以清晰看到直达波和目标回波的位置,根据角度即可截取模型旋转1圈的实验数据,如图10(a)所示。
受水箱尺寸的限制,实验时水听器与换能器之间的距离不满足远场条件(z > a2/λ = 26.67 cm,a为换能器的特征尺度2 cm,λ为入射波波长1.5 mm),此时将水听器处测得的入射声压折算至模型处,即与缩比模型处的实际入射声压产生差值,因此需对实验测量目标强度进行修正。设置水听器移动步长为0.3 mm,使其沿z轴进行线扫,即可得到从水听器至缩比模型的入射声压归一化曲线,如图10(b)所示,其中纵坐标z为水听器与换能器之间的距离。由此可知,水听器处的入射声压P1 = 0.95,缩比模型处的实际入射声压P2 = 0.75,对实验数据(红色实线)进行拟合,将水听器处的入射声压按照实验规律折算至缩比模型处(蓝色虚线),从而得到折算后的缩比模型处入射声压P3 = 0.60。实验测量缩比模型目标强度$ T{S_{\rm{exp}}} $的计算公式为[26]
$ T{S_{\rm{exp}}} = 20\lg \left(\frac{{{P_{\rm{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right.}}{{{P_3}}}\right) + 20\lg N $
式中:$ {P_{\rm{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right. $为距离目标1 m处的回波声压;N为缩比模型的缩小倍数,即200。
修正后的缩比模型目标强度$ T{S_{\rm{cor}}} $计算公式为
$ T{S_{\rm{cor}}} = 20\lg \left(\frac{{{P_{\rm{s}}}\left| {_{r = 1}} \right.}}{{{P_2}}}\right) + 20\lg N $
$ T{S_{\rm{cor}}}-T{S_{\rm{exp}}} = 20\lg \left(\frac{{{P_3}}}{{{P_2}}}\right) = 20\lg \left(\frac{{0.60}}{{0.75}}\right) = - 1.94\;{\mathrm{dB}} $
因此,需要对实验测量缩比模型目标强度TSexp进行−1.94 dB的修正,从而得到修正后的目标强度TScor,再与目标强度仿真值TSsim进行对比,如图10(c)所示。
图10可知,修正后的目标强度TScor与仿真值TSsim的变化趋势吻合较好,最大值处的TScorTSsim高1.78 dB,最小值处则低1.70 dB,均在误差允许的范围内。TScor在角度方向与TSsim存在一定错位,可能是由于水阻力的影响,转台的旋转与模型的旋转也存在一定偏差。总体而言,Orca简化缩比模型实验测量的目标强度与仿真值一致,可以验证上文的数值仿真结果。
本文以Orca XLUUV为研究对象,系统分析了1~10 kHz频段内的声目标强度特性,得到如下结论:
1) 根据Orca模型和Benchmark模型的对比结果,在1~10 kHz频段内,Orca模型在正横方向的目标强度更大;通过分析去除附体的简化模型可知,Orca长方体外壳在正横方向的目标强度更大,二者在艏、艉方向的差别较小。
2) 角检测率可以作为更全面评价UUV隐身性能的指标,通过对比模型在角检测率为75%和50%时的目标强度检测阈,发现Orca模型在周向方向上具有更好的隐身性能,高频段在环向方向上也具有一定优势,并且随着频率的升高,其优势更加明显;然而,去除附体后的Orca长方体外壳在周向方向上的隐身性能并无明显优势,仅在环向方向上具有较好的隐身性能,这说明附体主要影响了周向方向上的目标强度。
3) 在Orca简化模型5 kHz环向工况下的水箱缩比模型实验中,针对水听器与换能器之间的距离不满足远场条件的情况,提出了实验测量目标强度的修正方法,对比发现修正后的目标强度与仿真值更加吻合,验证了本文数值仿真结果的正确性。
需要注意的是,本文在研究Orca XLUUV的目标强度特性时,采用了刚性边界条件假设,没有考虑UUV外壳材料以及消声瓦对目标强度的影响。该简化处理方式虽然可以有效降低计算复杂度,但会导致结果与实际情况存在偏差。此外,本文主要关注模型在正横、艏、艉方向以及周向、环向的目标强度特性,尚未考虑随机入射。上述问题将在后续工作中进一步深入研究。
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04599
  • 接收时间:2025-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-07
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    1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
    2武汉第二船舶设计研究所,湖北 武汉 430205

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