Article(id=1263818963960644173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=1742832000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779247521628, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779247521628, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779247521628, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247521628, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263818962224165389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, year='2026', volume='21', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779247521215, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779247861438, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263820389638070545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, issueId=1263818962224165389, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=174, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263818964476543569, articleId=1263818963960644173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=EN, title=Fusion and application of sectional underwater track based on the functional reconstruction algorithm, columnId=1263818964086436367, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Ship Research, columnName=Overall Design Technology of Unmanned Underwater Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The underwater dynamic navigation based on the sectional observation system generates multi-source and heterogeneous data, creating crossed or forked tracks due to asynchronous time delay and unknown system errors. This makes it difficult to represent continuous navigation processes and identify local characteristic points. To address this issue, a functional reconstruction algorithm for underwater data fusion is proposed.

Method

The polynomial constraint fusion (PCF) method and the spline function fusion (SFF) method are employed to process track data collected via sectional observations. These methods effectively integrate the full underwater track and address issues such as discontinuous dynamic parameter sequences and ambiguous data in overlapping section.

Results

Numerical simulations show that both PCF and SFF methods can capture the main characteristics of underwater dynamic motion and produce accurate and continuous tracks. Compared with the general data fusion (GDF) method, the PCF and SFF yield smoother and more continuous data series, enabling a more precise representation of motion in overlapping regions. Compared with the moving average filter algorithm, the fusion processing results based on the functional reconstruction algorithm and the filter algorithm both show an optimizing performance in accuracy and smoothness. In terms of velocity and acceleration consistency, the functional reconstruction algorithm is better than the filter algorithm. Verified by sea trials, the SFF and the PCF were used to obtain the re-analysis track in the observed section with velocity estimation errors within 5% at the characteristic points, and also obtain the predicted track in subsequent sections with errors within 15%.

Conclusion

The proposed method shows application values for processing multi-source and heterogeneous data in complex underwater motion scenarios, and is also effective for the short-term underwater navigation estimation.

, correspAuthors=Xu ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Ship Research. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263819012392271905, articleId=1263818963960644173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, language=CN, title=基于函数化重构算法的多区间水下航迹融合与应用, columnId=1263818964476506641, journalTitle=中国舰船研究, columnName=水下无人系统总体设计技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

多区间观测的水下动态航行过程产生多源异类数据,因时间异步、系统误差未知等因素导致航迹交叉或分叉,造成连续变化过程难以刻画以及局部特征点难以识别。针对这一问题,提出一种基于函数化重构的水下数据融合算法。

方法

通过选取多项式函数与样条函数进行匹配分析、建模设计及系数辨识,实现水下全航段轨迹的一致性表达,解决高动态参数序列变化不连续以及重合段数据模糊的问题。

结果

数值分析结果表明,基于多项式函数和样条函数的融合结果比数据级融合结果更加光滑、连续,合理刻画了数据重合段的状态变化,并保留了非重合段的运动特征。经与滑动平均滤波算法比对,基于函数化重构的融合处理与滑动滤波处理均能够提供准确、平滑的参数序列,但在速度与加速度的一致性表达方面,前者相对于后者更有优势。经海上实验验证,综合运用多项式函数与样条函数融合方法,在有观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于5%的再分析航迹,在后续无观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于15%的预测航迹。

结论

所提方法对于水下复杂动态航行的多源、多区间数据的处理与分析有一定应用价值,也适用于航行状态的短时估计。

, correspAuthors=张旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张旭
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张旭,男,1982年生

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张旭,男,1982年生

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张旭,男,1982年生

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RMSE of fusion results compared with observed data series

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法位置均方根误差/m速度均方根误差/(m·s−1)
第1阶段非重合段重合段第2阶段非重合段第1阶段非重合段重合段第2阶段非重合段
数据级融合01.163001.1070
多项式约束融合0.0661.1900.1710.0481.1190.171
样条函数融合0.0811.1660.1350.0791.1140.109
5点滑动平均滤波0.0311.1630.0760.2271.1110.181
16点滑动平均滤波0.0651.1570.1330.1031.1190.148
32点滑动平均滤波0.1541.1410.1890.2621.1410.353
), ArticleFig(id=1263819029983183077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530845441638439, articleId=1263818963960644173, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

融合结果相对于观测数据的均方根误差统计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法位置均方根误差/m速度均方根误差/(m·s−1)
第1阶段非重合段重合段第2阶段非重合段第1阶段非重合段重合段第2阶段非重合段
数据级融合01.163001.1070
多项式约束融合0.0661.1900.1710.0481.1190.171
样条函数融合0.0811.1660.1350.0791.1140.109
5点滑动平均滤波0.0311.1630.0760.2271.1110.181
16点滑动平均滤波0.0651.1570.1330.1031.1190.148
32点滑动平均滤波0.1541.1410.1890.2621.1410.353
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基于函数化重构算法的多区间水下航迹融合与应用
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张旭 *
中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026,21(2): 174-183
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中国舰船研究 | 水下无人系统总体设计技术 2026, 21(2): 174-183
基于函数化重构算法的多区间水下航迹融合与应用
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张旭*
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军91550部队 43分队,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 张旭,男,1982年生

通讯作者:

* 张旭
Fusion and application of sectional underwater track based on the functional reconstruction algorithm
Xu ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Division 43, The 91550 Unit of PLA, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04263
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目的

多区间观测的水下动态航行过程产生多源异类数据,因时间异步、系统误差未知等因素导致航迹交叉或分叉,造成连续变化过程难以刻画以及局部特征点难以识别。针对这一问题,提出一种基于函数化重构的水下数据融合算法。

方法

通过选取多项式函数与样条函数进行匹配分析、建模设计及系数辨识,实现水下全航段轨迹的一致性表达,解决高动态参数序列变化不连续以及重合段数据模糊的问题。

结果

数值分析结果表明,基于多项式函数和样条函数的融合结果比数据级融合结果更加光滑、连续,合理刻画了数据重合段的状态变化,并保留了非重合段的运动特征。经与滑动平均滤波算法比对,基于函数化重构的融合处理与滑动滤波处理均能够提供准确、平滑的参数序列,但在速度与加速度的一致性表达方面,前者相对于后者更有优势。经海上实验验证,综合运用多项式函数与样条函数融合方法,在有观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于5%的再分析航迹,在后续无观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于15%的预测航迹。

结论

所提方法对于水下复杂动态航行的多源、多区间数据的处理与分析有一定应用价值,也适用于航行状态的短时估计。

水下动态航迹  /  多区间观测  /  融合处理  /  多项式约束融合  /  样条函数融合
Objective

The underwater dynamic navigation based on the sectional observation system generates multi-source and heterogeneous data, creating crossed or forked tracks due to asynchronous time delay and unknown system errors. This makes it difficult to represent continuous navigation processes and identify local characteristic points. To address this issue, a functional reconstruction algorithm for underwater data fusion is proposed.

Method

The polynomial constraint fusion (PCF) method and the spline function fusion (SFF) method are employed to process track data collected via sectional observations. These methods effectively integrate the full underwater track and address issues such as discontinuous dynamic parameter sequences and ambiguous data in overlapping section.

Results

Numerical simulations show that both PCF and SFF methods can capture the main characteristics of underwater dynamic motion and produce accurate and continuous tracks. Compared with the general data fusion (GDF) method, the PCF and SFF yield smoother and more continuous data series, enabling a more precise representation of motion in overlapping regions. Compared with the moving average filter algorithm, the fusion processing results based on the functional reconstruction algorithm and the filter algorithm both show an optimizing performance in accuracy and smoothness. In terms of velocity and acceleration consistency, the functional reconstruction algorithm is better than the filter algorithm. Verified by sea trials, the SFF and the PCF were used to obtain the re-analysis track in the observed section with velocity estimation errors within 5% at the characteristic points, and also obtain the predicted track in subsequent sections with errors within 15%.

Conclusion

The proposed method shows application values for processing multi-source and heterogeneous data in complex underwater motion scenarios, and is also effective for the short-term underwater navigation estimation.

underwater dynamic track  /  sectional observation  /  fusion processing  /  polynomial constraint fusion  /  spline function fusion
张旭. 基于函数化重构算法的多区间水下航迹融合与应用. 中国舰船研究, 2026 , 21 (2) : 174 -183 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04263
Xu ZHANG. Fusion and application of sectional underwater track based on the functional reconstruction algorithm[J]. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, 2026 , 21 (2) : 174 -183 . DOI: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04263
水下航行体在高动态运动过程中,往往伴随较复杂的动力学过程,如出水[1]、入水[2]、大角度爬升[3]以及小转弯机动[4]等。基于外部观测设备获取的运动参数是评估其航行性能的重要信息[5],尤其在不同阶段转换或出现显著状态变化的特征点处具有重要意义。
目前,水下航迹的外部观测主要采用水声定位技术。其中,基于合作声信标的同步或异步定位是工程应用较为成熟的技术手段[6]。然而,在高动态航行过程的水声测量中,仍面临着诸多挑战,如工况干扰因素多、声环境与声信道复杂、高帧率连续数据不易获取等。为应对这些难题,近年来围绕高动态航行体运动参数获取问题,发展了一系列方法和技术,包括垂向运动目标定位技术[7]、声学测速技术[8]、环境自适应测量技术[9-10]以及优化布站技术[11]等。这些技术为水下航行体测试提供了多种水下运动数据获取手段。
然而,受观测平台性能、水下观测技术、海上布站条件、海洋环境条件等因素的限制,对于航迹复杂的水下动态航行过程,通常难以用单一的技术手段完成所有航段的准确观测。在工程应用中,常采用不同体制的多区间测量方案来解决这一问题[12]。多区间观测必然产生多源异类数据。鉴于水下测量的局限性和海洋环境的复杂性,这些多源异类数据的时空配准程度往往参差不齐,且存在难以辨识的系统误差[13-14],导致采用不同技术手段获取的同源目标数据时间不对齐、量值不一致,进而产生航迹交叉、分叉等现象,造成数据采信、分析及合并运用困难,难以对复杂水下航行过程中的特征点进行准确识别,这已成为工程应用中的一个痛点问题。与飞行器光电探测、信息技术等领域已发展起来的关于传感器数据、测量元素、解算参数的处理、关联、融合等方法[15-16]相比,适用于水下动态航行评估的多区间数据融合处理及集成应用方法仍非常有限[17],迫切需要针对水下航行的数据特点开展研究。
本文将以水下航行体复杂动态航行的多区间观测数据分析为工程背景,提出一种基于函数化重构的水下数据融合算法,并选取多项式函数与样条函数进行融合处理分析。通过数值仿真和海上实验,验证该算法在解决数据重合段的分叉现象方面的有效性,并与传统数据级融合方法结果进行对比,以期提供更加连续和平滑的融合数据,为复杂水下航行性能分析提供更高质量的数据应用方案。
以快速爬升式航行为例,将水下复杂动态航行过程划分为若干航段,不同的航段有着不同的运动特性。根据海上作业的工况条件,采取分区间观测方案获取航迹数据。
假设航行过程经历加速航行(第1阶段)、自由航行(第2阶段)、临界航行(第3阶段)共3个阶段。在第1阶段,采用航行体运载平台上安装的拉线式测量装置进行观测,获取近程航行的位置和速度序列(定义为第I类观测数据),此阶段航行体获取了非定常加速度,垂向速度迅速增大。在第2阶段,采用基于合作声信标的水声定位系统进行测量,获取水中自由航行过程中的位置和速度序列(定义为第II类观测数据),此阶段速度达到峰值后开始衰减,维持自由航行状态,并在水平方向存在一定程度的位置不确定性变化。在第3阶段,因航行体临近水面,受工况条件和物理机理等限制,现有观测手段难以获取有效观测数据。
上述3个航行阶段可通过时间或空间上的特征点进行划分。若初始时刻为T0,到达3个特征点的时刻分别为T1T2T3,则3个阶段对应的航行时段分别为T0T1T1T2T2T3。需要说明的是,由于观测设备受技术条件和使用环境限制,可能出现数据序列不完全覆盖或重合段数据不一致等情况,需要对数据进行综合处理分析后确定特征点。观测过程的示意图如图1所示。
在航行过程中,重点关注航行体的垂向运动特性。通过典型工况下的仿真模拟,得到第I类数据和第II类数据的位置与速度观测序列,其垂向运动参数如图2所示,图中横轴为统一的采样点时间序列号,纵轴为归一化处理后的无量纲参数值。假设这两类数据均无观测错误,但包含不确定性系统误差,其重合段趋势相近但量值不一致。本文将采用3种融合处理方法得到全航段航行轨迹,并通过比对分析讨论融合处理结果的准确性、合理性和有效性。
在测量坐标系中,将东向、北向和天向分别定义为X轴、Y轴和Z轴方向,坐标原点位于航行体初始位置对应的高程零点。3个方向的位置和速度随时间t的序列分别表示为$ x\left( t \right) $$ y\left( t \right) $$ {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $$ \dot x\left( t \right) $$ \dot y\left( t \right) $$ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $
假设第I类和第II类数据的测量精度已知,分别为$ {\sigma _1} $$ {\sigma _2} $,其垂向位置序列分别为$ {{\textit{z}}_1}\left( t \right) $$ {{\textit{z}}_2}\left( t \right) $,垂向速度序列分别为$ {\dot {\textit{z}}_1}\left( t \right) $$ {\dot {\textit{z}}_2}\left( t \right) $,根据广义轨迹数据融合方法(general data fusion, GDF),融合后的Z方向位置序列$ {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $和速度序列$ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $可由两类数据依权重迭加,其表达式为
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = {\rho _1}{{\textit{z}}_1}\left( t \right) + {\rho _2}{{\textit{z}}_2}\left( t \right) \\ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = {\rho _1}{{\dot {\textit{z}}}_1}\left( t \right) + {\rho _2}{{\dot {\textit{z}}}_2}\left( t \right) \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
其中,权重系数分别为
$ {\rho _1} = \frac{{\sigma _1^{ - 2}}}{{\sigma _1^{ - 2} + \sigma _2^{ - 2}}} \text{,} {\rho _2} = \frac{{\sigma _2^{ - 2}}}{{\sigma _1^{ - 2} + \sigma _2^{ - 2}}} $
同理,也可以按上述方法计算得到X方向和Y方向的位置及速度序列融合结果。
若将水下航行视为一种具有动态变化且平稳、连续的序贯运动过程,则可将其参数序列表征为随时间t的多项式函数。根据数据序列估计多项式系数,以此约束航迹形态,即为多项式约束融合方法(polynomial constraint fusion,PCF)。若以m阶多项式($ m \geqslant 2 $)进行约束,Z方向的位置序列$ {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $和速度序列$ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $表达式为
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = {a_m}{t^m} + {a_{m - 1}}{t^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {a_1}t + {a_0} \\ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = m{a_m}{t^{m - 1}} + \left( {m - 1} \right){a_{m - 1}}{t^{m - 2}} + \cdots + {a_1} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
式中,$ {a_m},{a_{m - 1}}, \cdots ,{a_1},{a_0}\left( {m \geqslant 2} \right) $为待估计的多项式函数系数。
根据已获取的第I类和第II类数据,$ {Z_i} $$ {\dot Z_i} $分别为两类数据融合后的位置、速度样本值($ i = 1,2, \cdots ,N $N为样本值总数),由式(4)对多项式系数(Z方向)进行估计:
$ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{P}}}{{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{P}}} = {{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{Z}}} $
其中:
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{\text{P}}=\left[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}t_1^m & t_1^{m-1} & \cdots & t_1^{ } & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ t_{N}^m & t_{N}^{m-1} & \cdots & t_{N}^{ } & 1 \\ mt_1^{m-1} & \left(m-1\right)t_1^{m-2} & \cdots & 1 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots & \vdots \\ mt_{N}^{m-1} & \left(m-1\right)t_{N}^{m-2} & \cdots & 1 & 0\end{array}\right] $
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{P}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{a_m}} \\ {{a_{m - 1}}} \\ \vdots \\ {{a_1}} \\ {{a_0}} \end{array}} \right] \text{,}\;\;\; {{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{Z}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{Z_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{Z_N}} \\ {{{\dot Z}_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{{\dot Z}_N}} \end{array}} \right] $
进而利用最小二乘法得到函数表达式系数的估计值为
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{P}}} = {\left( {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{P}}^{\rm{T}}{{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{P}}}} \right)^{ - 1}}{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{P}}^{\rm{T}}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{Z}}} $
同理,可通过X方向和Y方向的数据序列得到相应的多项式系数估计值。
基于多项式函数的航迹表达形式简洁、易于处理,且得到的参数序列具有较好的光滑性。但对于局部有高动态运动特性的数据,则可能出现低阶多项式表达欠准确或高阶多项式的Runge现象[18]。Runge现象可描述为:在利用多项式对某一函数进行近似逼近时,尽管在插值点处的逼近误差为0,但在非插值点处存在误差,并且多项式次数越高,计算结果偏离程度越大,特别是在端点处易发生显著波动,造成较大误差。
为解决这一问题,采用基于概率样条函数的融合处理方法。该方法根据数据特性设置合适的节点,以概率样条函数作为节点处的基函数,并通过一组样条函数及其系数对多区间数据序列进行统一描述,这种方法称为样条函数融合(spline function fusion,SFF)。
概率样条函数在形式上是期望为0、标准差为$ \sigma $的正态分布密度函数,其表达式为[18]
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} B\left( t \right) = \frac{1}{{\sigma \sqrt {2{\text{π}} } }}{{\rm{e}}^{ - \tfrac{{{t^2}}}{{2{\sigma ^2}}}}} \\ \dot B\left( t \right) = - \frac{t}{{{\sigma ^2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\sigma \sqrt {2{\text{π}} } }}{{\rm{e}}^{ - \tfrac{{{t^2}}}{{2{\sigma ^2}}}}} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
概率样条函数具有对称性、正定性及二阶光滑性,适用于高动态复杂运动参数的函数化表达。设置$ {t_k} $为样条函数的时间节点($ k = 1,2, \cdots ,M $k为节点序列号),各节点之间等间距($ \Delta t $),对应的概率样条函数为$ B\left( {\dfrac{{t - {t_k}}}{{\Delta t}}} \right) $,记为$ B_{}^{\left( k \right)}\left( t \right) $。则Z方向的位置序列$ {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $和速度序列$ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) $可表示为
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^M {{p_k}B_{}^{\left( k \right)}\left( t \right)} \\ \dot {\textit{z}}\left( t \right) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^M {{q_k}\dot B_{}^{\left( k \right)}\left( t \right)} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
式中,$ {p_1},{p_2}, \cdots ,{p_M} $$ {q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_M} $为待估计系数。
根据已获取的第I类和第II类数据,由式(9)对样条函数系数(Z方向)进行估计:
$ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{B}}}{{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{B}}} = {{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{Z}}} $
其中:
$ \boldsymbol{T}_{\text{B}}=\left[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}B_{ }^{\left(1\right)}\left(t_1\right) & B_{ }^{\left(2\right)}\left(t_1\right) & \cdots & B_{ }^{\left(M\right)}\left(t_1\right) \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ B_{ }^{\left(1\right)}\left(t_{N}\right) & B_{ }^{\left(2\right)}\left(t_{N}\right) & \cdots & B_{ }^{\left(M\right)}\left(t_{N}\right) \\ \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(1\right)}\left(t_1\right) & \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(2\right)}\left(t_1\right) & \cdots & \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(M\right)}\left(t_1\right) \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(1\right)}\left(t_{N}\right) & \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(2\right)}\left(t_{N}\right) & \cdots & \dot{B}_{ }^{\left(M\right)}\left(t_{N}\right)\end{array}\right] $
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{B}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{p_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{p_M}} \\ {{q_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{q_M}} \end{array}} \right] \text{,} {{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{Z}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{Z_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{Z_N}} \\ {{{\dot Z}_1}} \\ \vdots \\ {{{\dot Z}_N}} \end{array}} \right] $
进而利用最小二乘法得到函数表达式系数的估计值为
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}_{\text{B}}} = {\left( {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{B}}^{\rm{T}}{{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{B}}}} \right)^{- 1}}{\boldsymbol{T}}_{\text{B}}^{\rm{T}}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{Z}}} $
同理,可通过X方向和Y方向数据序列得到相应的样条函数系数估计值。
对于问题描述中定义的第I类和第II类观测数据,分别采用数据级融合方法、多项式约束融合方法及样条函数融合方法得到相应的轨迹序列,结果如图3图5所示。
图3为数据级融合结果,按照测量设备精度将第I类与第II类数据的均方差比值设为2∶3,其权重系数分别为0.69和0.31。通过加权平均计算,得到1条融合轨迹,实现了两类观测数据的衔接,但在重合段两端的边缘处存在明显的数据不连续现象。
图4为多项式约束融合结果。其中图4(d)图4(f)分别为初段和末段区域速度序列的局部放大结果。通过比较3次、5次、12次和48次多项式可以看出,由于速度曲线从加速到峰值、再到减速的快速变化,低阶多项式函数难以准确刻画其主要特性。基于3次多项式的融合结果明显偏离实际数据。相比之下,12次多项式函数的融合结果在整体上更接近观测结果。对于更高阶数的48次多项式融合结果,在边缘处出现了明显的Runge现象,初段和末段区域均出现不可控的波动,说明端点附近的数据处理不再有效。
图5为样条函数融合结果,将其与数据级融合和多项式约束融合结果(选取12次多项式)进行了比对。其中,图5(b)图5(d)分别为重合段区域的局部放大结果。可以看出,样条函数对于重合段的数据处理更平滑,有效克服了边缘处的Runge现象。融合后的轨迹呈现连续变化,保留了数据所反映的航行体状态特征,并能较准确地表征对于全航段速度序列的复杂变化。
滤波方法也常用于数据的融合处理。图6所示为滑动平均滤波算法的处理结果,滑动窗口分别设置为5点和32点,并与上述3种融合方法结果进行了比较。如图所示,5点滑动滤波结果趋近于数据级融合结果,而32点滑动滤波结果趋近于样条函数融合结果;对于位置曲线,滤波算法与基于函数化重构的融合算法具有相近的数据处理效果;对于速度曲线,随着滑动窗口点数增加,滤波结果在重合段右侧边缘附近的速度峰值明显小于观测数据,说明滑动窗口过大将导致曲线平滑过度,并带来误差。
若对速度曲线进行差分计算得到加速度曲线(图7),则不同方法之间出现了明显差异。图7(a)为3种融合方法计算得到的加速度曲线比较结果,可以看出,在数据级融合的加速度曲线中,重合段边缘处出现显著尖峰,这是由于速度曲线不连续造成的;而样条函数融合很好地解决了这一问题,保持了全航程加速度的平稳连续;多项式约束融合结果虽保持了平滑、连续,但在重合段显示出一定程度的偏差。图7(b)为5点、16点、32点滑动滤波与数据级融合结果的加速度曲线比较结果,可以看出,经滤波后加速度曲线中的尖峰有所减弱,但并未完全消除;且随着滑动窗口点数增加,在初段区域也出现了一定程度的加速度不连续现象。因此,在速度与加速度的一致性表达方面,基于函数化重构的融合算法相对于滤波算法更有优势。
以均方根误差ERMSE作为统计量,统计上述3种融合结果相对于观测数据的偏差,同时对5点、16点、32点滑动滤波结果进行统计(表1)。
ERMSE表达式为
$ E_{\mathrm{RMSE}}=\sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(X_i^*-\hat{X}_i^{ }\right)^2\mathord{\left/\vphantom{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(X_i^*-\hat{X}_i^{ }\right)^2N}\right.}N} $
式中:$ X_i^* $为序列号为i的观测值;$ \hat X_i^{} $为序列号为i的经融合或滤波处理后的估计值;N为全轨迹时间序列的数据帧数。
表1中区分了重合段与非重合段,可以看出,重合段的均方根误差显著高于非重合段,不同方法在重合段的差异较小,位置均方根误差变化小于0.1 m,速度均方根误差变化小于0.1 m/s;对于非重合段,32点滤波结果的位置均方根误差明显高于5点和16点的滤波结果,而速度均方根误差略高于5点和16点的滤波结果,样条函数融合结果的位置和速度均方根误差更接近于16点滑动滤波结果,均优于32点滑动滤波结果。
如前文所述,对于有复杂运动特征的航迹描述,基于高阶多项式的融合算法可能在端点附近失效,而低阶多项式则可能带来较大误差。考虑将复杂动态过程拆解为若干运动状态相对简单的航段,分析多项式函数对航行过程刻画的准确性。图8所示为将航行过程拆成A段、B段、C段3个航段,并对12次多项式约束融合与4次多项式分段约束融合结果进行比较。由图可见,A段和C段分别为单调上升区和单调下降区,位置及速度参数变化率相对平缓,由4次多项式即可得到贴近原始数据的结果;B段为速度峰值变化过程,由4次多项式也能够得到峰值附近的主体特征以及从第I类数据过渡到第II类数据的变化趋势,但在端点处不能与A段和C段准确衔接。因此,在分段处理条件下,多项式约束融合方法仅适用于局部平缓运动过程的描述,难以准确刻画整体过程。
从函数表达式来看,多项式函数易于根据时间序列进行外推,而样条函数更适合在有观测数据时段内进行精细化重构。图9给出了利用4次多项式和12次多项式进行外推的比较结果。在计算过程中,抽取第II类数据中序号为141~186的数据段用于估计多项式系数,并预测后续40个点的参数。由图可见,在第II类数据段范围内,4次多项式和12次多项式的外推结果均与12次多项式约束融合结果相吻合;在后续无观测数据段,12次多项式的预测结果出现了明显偏差,而4次多项式则给出了较为稳健且符合实际的变化趋势。这表明,低阶多项式约束融合方法更适用于短时平缓过程的外推;随着多项式阶数升高,外推结果将可能变得不稳定。
通过海上实验对算法进行验证。实验中,某类水下航行体从运载平台释放后,在深度范围为数十米、水平范围为数百米的海区相继完成加速航行(第1阶段)、自由航行(第2阶段)和出水航行(第3阶段)等运动过程。利用运载平台上的拉线式测量装置得到了航行体位置、速度的第I类观测数据,其观测区间覆盖了第1阶段的运动过程;利用布设在海底的声学潜标搭载和加装在航行体上的定位声信标进行交会测量,得到了航行体位置和速度的第II类观测数据,其观测区间覆盖了第2阶段的运动过程。试验环境为冬季良好水文条件,声信道性能较好,两类观测数据精度均满足要求。对于第3阶段的出水过程,因临近水面,已超出水声测量系统的有效观测范围,因此未得到观测结果。为校验观测数据,在航行体内安装了高精度惯性传感器,试验前完成校准及时间同步,并在短时间内完成水下航行观测,确保惯性传感器的累积误差处于可控范围,进而得到满足精度要求的参考基准数据。
事后利用样条函数对第I类和第II类观测数据进行融合处理,得到共185个数据点的融合结果;再利用4次多项式函数依据序号为141~186的数据段来估计多项式系数,进而外推得到后续100个数据点的外推结果。将样条函数融合结果与4次多项式函数外推结果拼接,形成一条完整的位置、速度序列,分别如图10(a)图10(b)所示。
根据航行体运动的3个阶段,在垂直方向上共设置了3个特征点,标号为k$ k = 1,2,3 $)。对于融合结果和惯性传感器数据处理结果,以到达特征点的垂向位置为判据,经线性插值获取到达特征点的时间和速度。若基于融合结果得到的到达时间估计值为$ \hat T_k^{} $Z方向速度估计值为$ \hat {\dot Z}_k^{} $,基于惯性传感器数据处理结果获得的到达时间参考值为$ T_k^* $Z方向速度参考值为$ \dot Z_k^* $。以惯性传感器处理数据结果为参考,特征点的时间相对误差$ {\gamma _k} $和速度相对误差$ {\upsilon _k} $分别为
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\gamma _k} = \left| {{{\left( {\hat T_k^{} - T_k^*} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\hat T_k^{} - T_k^*} \right)} {T_k^*}}} \right. } {T_k^*}}} \right| \\ {\upsilon _k} = \left| {{{\left( {\hat {\dot Z}_k^{} - \dot Z_k^*} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\hat {\dot Z}_k^{} - \dot Z_k^*} \right)} {\dot Z_k^*}}} \right. } {\dot Z_k^*}}} \right| \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
经计算,到达3个特征点的时间相对误差$ {\gamma _k} $分别为0.46%,1.30%和2.53%,速度相对误差$ {\upsilon _k} $分别为1.61%,2.33%和12.60%。由此,利用样条函数融合方法在有观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于5%的再分析航迹,支持了航行体水下运动特性的事后分析;利用多项式约束融合方法在后续无观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于15%的预测航迹,支持了后续航行过程的状态分析与辅助决策。结合XY方向的融合结果,可为航行特性分析提供清晰的三维结构和分段特征,如图10(c)所示。
本文针对水下动态航行中多区间观测产生的异类轨迹数据重合段不一致,导致特征点难以识别的问题,提出一种基于函数化重构的水下数据融合算法,并进行了数值仿真和海上实验验证。主要结论如下:
1) 在多区间观测数据均为可信数据的条件下,所提算法通过对多项式函数和样条函数的匹配设计和系数辨识,实现了水下全航段轨迹的统一描述。对于多项式函数,需选取合理的多项式次数:低阶多项式将带来数据偏差,而高阶多项式可能出现Runge现象;对于样条函数,可实现运动状态的高分辨率重构,且融合结果具有较好的光滑性和连续性。
2) 经与滑动平均滤波算法比对,基于函数化重构的融合算法与滑动滤波算法均能够提供平滑、连续的参数序列,其均方根误差与16点滑动滤波相近,但在速度与加速度的一致性表达方面,基于函数化重构的融合算法优于滑动滤波算法。
3) 经实验检验,基于函数化重构的水下数据融合算法在有观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于5%的再分析航迹,在后续无观测数据航段获得了特征点速度精度优于15%的预测航迹。这表明该方法既适用于航行体水下运动特性的事后分析,也适用于航行过程的短时估计。
该算法的局限性在于无法对系统误差的辨识和数据不连续的机理做出解释。文中仅讨论了航迹本身的融合问题,未涉及与信息源和测量元素误差传递的关联分析,而后者依赖于更充分、更全面的原始观测数据。复杂环境下水下同源目标数据不一致的机理研究是后续工作的重点方向,相关研究应更具象化,更加面向工程实际。
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2026年第21卷第2期
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doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04263
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
  • 修回日期:2025-03-25
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    中国人民解放军91550部队 43分队,辽宁 大连 116023

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* 张旭
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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