Article(id=1244336190359449983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750348800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-20, onlineDate=1774602466430, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602466430, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602466430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602466430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336186114819067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, year='2025', volume='33', issue='10', pageStart='955', pageEnd='1060', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602465418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774604459075, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=979, endPage=987, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336190757908868, articleId=1244336190359449983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, language=EN, title=Spacecraft relative navigation filtering method based on α-divergence minimization, columnId=1244336188069364733, journalTitle=Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, columnName=Integrated Navigation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of poor adaptability of traditional Kalman filters to nonlinear non-Gaussian measurement signals in relative navigation of non-cooperative spacecraft, which can lead to performance degradation or even divergence, a nonlinear filtering method based on α-divergence minimization (αKF) is proposed. Operating within the Bayesian estimation framework, this method achieves high-precision dynamic solution of relative position and velocity between the observing and observed spacecraft by optimizing posterior probability distribution estimation through α-divergence minimization. Simulation experiments demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method under both Gaussian and second-order Gaussian mixture models (GMM). Results indicate that under second-order GMM non-Gaussian noise conditions, the αKF-based algorithm achieves relative position estimation accuracy of 1.813 m and relative velocity precision of 0.022 m/s. Furthermore, parameter sensitivity analysis reveals the optimal range for divergence coefficient α to be 0.05~0.1, providing valuable reference for filter parameter configuration in complex noise scenarios.

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针对传统卡尔曼滤波器在空间非合作航天器相对导航中因非线性非高斯测量信号适应性差导致的性能下降甚至发散问题,提出一种基于α-散度最小化的非线性滤波方法(αKF)。该方法在贝叶斯估计框架下,通过最小化α-散度优化后验概率分布估计,实现对观测航天器与被观测航天器相对位置与速度的高精度动态解算。仿真实验验证了所提方法在高斯模型与二阶高斯混合模型(GMM)下的鲁棒性,结果表明:在二阶GMM非高斯噪声条件下,αKF算法的相对位置估计精度为1.813 m,相对速度精度为0.022 m/s;参数敏感性分析确定了散度系数α的最优取值范围为0.05~0.1,为复杂噪声场景下的滤波器参数配置提供参考。

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施常勇(1982—),男,博士研究生,研究员,从事导航系统设计与研究。

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施常勇(1982—),男,博士研究生,研究员,从事导航系统设计与研究。

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施常勇(1982—),男,博士研究生,研究员,从事导航系统设计与研究。

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Errors of sensors (3σ)

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参数变量名数值单位
微波雷达视线距测量误差A组均值 0m
A组均方差 12m
B组均值 0m
B组均方差 24m
微波雷达视线角测量误差A组均值 0°
A组均方差 0.2°
B组均值 0°
B组均方差 0.4°
GNSS定位误差GNSS_r90m
GNSS定速误差GNSS_v0.45m/s
星敏感器非光轴方向测角误差Star_z30
星敏感器光轴方向测角误差Star_xy100
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敏感器误差参数设置(3σ)

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参数变量名数值单位
微波雷达视线距测量误差A组均值 0m
A组均方差 12m
B组均值 0m
B组均方差 24m
微波雷达视线角测量误差A组均值 0°
A组均方差 0.2°
B组均值 0°
B组均方差 0.4°
GNSS定位误差GNSS_r90m
GNSS定速误差GNSS_v0.45m/s
星敏感器非光轴方向测角误差Star_z30
星敏感器光轴方向测角误差Star_xy100
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Results of αKF, EKF and UKF algorithms

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参数EKFUKFαKF
均值均方差均值均方差均值均方差
x/m0.0480.4860.1830.6860.0060.299
y/m–0.0650.546–0.0600.905–0.0770.389
z/m1.4972.3830.4481.1330.2360.522
r/m2.6231.2581.5410.6600.6670.361
vx/(m/s)0.0010.0060.0010.008–0.0010.004
vy/(m/s)0.0010.0040.0010.0050.0010.004
vz/(m/s)0.0070.0230.0030.019–0.0020.012
v/(m/s)0.0230.0080.0200.0070.0120.006
收敛时间/s1824021
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αKF与EKF、UKF算法运行结果统计

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参数EKFUKFαKF
均值均方差均值均方差均值均方差
x/m0.0480.4860.1830.6860.0060.299
y/m–0.0650.546–0.0600.905–0.0770.389
z/m1.4972.3830.4481.1330.2360.522
r/m2.6231.2581.5410.6600.6670.361
vx/(m/s)0.0010.0060.0010.008–0.0010.004
vy/(m/s)0.0010.0040.0010.0050.0010.004
vz/(m/s)0.0070.0230.0030.019–0.0020.012
v/(m/s)0.0230.0080.0200.0070.0120.006
收敛时间/s1824021
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Results of αKF, EKF and UKF algorithms

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参数EKFUKFαKF
均值均方差均值均方差均值均方差
x/m0.0490.5320.0670.3990.0840.792
y/m–0.0540.820–0.4400.8370.0251.209
z/m1.4922.4801.4862.5740.5261.351
r/m2.7691.2922.8341.3641.8130.954
vx/(m/s)0.0010.006–0.0010.005–0.0010.008
vy/(m/s)0.0010.0050.0000.0050.0000.006
vz/(m/s)0.0070.023–0.0010.0150.0050.020
v/(m/s)0.0230.0090.0150.0060.0220.007
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αKF与EKF、UKF算法运行结果统计

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参数EKFUKFαKF
均值均方差均值均方差均值均方差
x/m0.0490.5320.0670.3990.0840.792
y/m–0.0540.820–0.4400.8370.0251.209
z/m1.4922.4801.4862.5740.5261.351
r/m2.7691.2922.8341.3641.8130.954
vx/(m/s)0.0010.006–0.0010.005–0.0010.008
vy/(m/s)0.0010.0050.0000.0050.0000.006
vz/(m/s)0.0070.023–0.0010.0150.0050.020
v/(m/s)0.0230.0090.0150.0060.0220.007
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Navigation accuracy statistics under different divergence coefficients

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散度系数α相对位置总误差均值/m相对位置总误差均方差/m相对速度总误差均值/(m/s)相对速度总误差均方差/(m/s)
0.0017.6802.7730.0280.009
0.0058.6082.5740.0280.010
0.017.0771.9570.0270.006
0.056.9471.8640.0260.005
0.16.9501.5010.0220.006
0.57.0951.2160.0180.006
0.9997.2311.1330.0160.006
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不同散度系数下导航精度统计

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散度系数α相对位置总误差均值/m相对位置总误差均方差/m相对速度总误差均值/(m/s)相对速度总误差均方差/(m/s)
0.0017.6802.7730.0280.009
0.0058.6082.5740.0280.010
0.017.0771.9570.0270.006
0.056.9471.8640.0260.005
0.16.9501.5010.0220.006
0.57.0951.2160.0180.006
0.9997.2311.1330.0160.006
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基于α-散度最小化的航天器相对导航滤波方法
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施常勇 1, 2, 3 , 张竞天 2, 3 , 张钰轲 2, 3 , 刘赟 2, 3
中国惯性技术学报 | 组合导航技术 2025,33(10): 979-987
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中国惯性技术学报 | 组合导航技术 2025, 33(10): 979-987
基于α-散度最小化的航天器相对导航滤波方法
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施常勇1, 2, 3, 张竞天2, 3, 张钰轲2, 3, 刘赟2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2.上海航天控制技术研究所,上海 201109
  • 3.上海市空间智能控制技术重点实验室,上海 201109
  • 施常勇(1982—),男,博士研究生,研究员,从事导航系统设计与研究。

Spacecraft relative navigation filtering method based on α-divergence minimization
Changyong SHI1, 2, 3, Jingtian ZHANG2, 3, Yuke ZHANG2, 3, Yun LIU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Shanghai Institute of Spaceflight Control Technology, Shanghai 201109, China
  • 3.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aerospace Intelligent Control Technology, Shanghai 201109, China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.004
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针对传统卡尔曼滤波器在空间非合作航天器相对导航中因非线性非高斯测量信号适应性差导致的性能下降甚至发散问题,提出一种基于α-散度最小化的非线性滤波方法(αKF)。该方法在贝叶斯估计框架下,通过最小化α-散度优化后验概率分布估计,实现对观测航天器与被观测航天器相对位置与速度的高精度动态解算。仿真实验验证了所提方法在高斯模型与二阶高斯混合模型(GMM)下的鲁棒性,结果表明:在二阶GMM非高斯噪声条件下,αKF算法的相对位置估计精度为1.813 m,相对速度精度为0.022 m/s;参数敏感性分析确定了散度系数α的最优取值范围为0.05~0.1,为复杂噪声场景下的滤波器参数配置提供参考。

α-散度最小化  /  高斯混合模型  /  非高斯分布  /  航天器相对导航

To address the issue of poor adaptability of traditional Kalman filters to nonlinear non-Gaussian measurement signals in relative navigation of non-cooperative spacecraft, which can lead to performance degradation or even divergence, a nonlinear filtering method based on α-divergence minimization (αKF) is proposed. Operating within the Bayesian estimation framework, this method achieves high-precision dynamic solution of relative position and velocity between the observing and observed spacecraft by optimizing posterior probability distribution estimation through α-divergence minimization. Simulation experiments demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method under both Gaussian and second-order Gaussian mixture models (GMM). Results indicate that under second-order GMM non-Gaussian noise conditions, the αKF-based algorithm achieves relative position estimation accuracy of 1.813 m and relative velocity precision of 0.022 m/s. Furthermore, parameter sensitivity analysis reveals the optimal range for divergence coefficient α to be 0.05~0.1, providing valuable reference for filter parameter configuration in complex noise scenarios.

α-divergence minimization  /  Gaussian mixture model  /  non-Gaussian distribution  /  spacecraft relative navigation
施常勇, 张竞天, 张钰轲, 刘赟. 基于α-散度最小化的航天器相对导航滤波方法. 中国惯性技术学报, 2025 , 33 (10) : 979 -987 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.004
Changyong SHI, Jingtian ZHANG, Yuke ZHANG, Yun LIU. Spacecraft relative navigation filtering method based on α-divergence minimization[J]. Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, 2025 , 33 (10) : 979 -987 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.004
随着空间技术的发展,航天器间测量及导航任务日益增多,高精度、高可靠的相对导航是完成任务的关键技术。非合作航天器间测量常用的敏感器包括微波雷达、毫米波雷达、红外/可见光测角相机及激光雷达等,但各敏感器在实际应用中受天光地影、目标特性变化和空间环境等影响,存在数据不稳定、不连续、输出数据呈现非高斯特性等情况。针对这些问题,有效地提高相对导航精度和稳定性成为相关研究热点。
航天器相对导航系统的状态估计通常采用卡尔曼滤波(Kalman Filter,KF)及其衍生方法,以及粒子滤波(Particle Filter,PF)等非线性滤波技术,其中扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)在实际工程中的应用最为广泛[1]。EKF通过对非线性系统进行一阶泰勒展开线性化,实现递推状态估计。然而,若噪声偏离高斯特性(如重尾分布或脉冲噪声),该方法的估计精度将下降甚至失效。针对非高斯噪声与非线性系统的联合估计难题,学者提出基于蒙特卡洛模拟的PF滤波[2]。PF通过随机采样粒子群近似后验概率分布,无需显式假设噪声分布形式,理论上可适应任意非线性/非高斯系统。然而,PF在迭代过程中易出现粒子退化现象(即少量粒子占据主导权重),导致有效粒子数不足,进而引发估计偏差甚至滤波器失效。为提升滤波算法对非高斯噪声的鲁棒性,现有研究主要从卡尔曼滤波改进与粒子滤波优化两条方向展开。文献[3]提出自适应EKF,通过在线调整噪声协方差矩阵抑制模型失配误差,但其仍受限于高斯假设;文献[4]针对有色量测噪声问题,设计状态空间重构算法,将有色噪声转化为白噪声,扩展了卡尔曼滤波的应用边界;文献[5]采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF),利用Sigma点采样直接传递统计特性,规避线性化误差,但其性能在非高斯多峰分布下仍受限。文献[6]进一步提出能观度加权UKF,动态平衡预测与观测权重,提升了部分可观状态下的估计精度。文献[7]提出自适应PF,依据环境复杂度动态调整粒子规模,缓解计算资源与估计精度的矛盾,但其重采样策略对粒子多样性保护不足。
本文面向航天器敏感器的非高斯观测特性,受San等人[8]提出的分布匹配思想启发,引入α-散度最小化[9]准则,融合自适应重采样策略,通过矩匹配方式逼近后验分布,最后,将本文算法应用于航天器相对导航系统,验证其在非高斯噪声下的估计性能优势。
本文以一类典型的敏感器——微波雷达为例进行分析,微波雷达主要功能是对被观测航天器间相对视线角和距离进行测量。如图1所示,图中Os-XsYsZs为观测航天器微波雷达测量坐标系,Ot为被观测航天器雷达散射面中心;ρ为被观测航天器相对于观测航天器的视线距离;γ为被观测航天器在雷达测量坐标系中的方位角,定义为被观测航天器相对观测航天器视线在雷达测量系XsYs平面的投影与Xs轴之间的夹角,偏向+Ys轴方向为正;β为被观测航天器在雷达测量坐标系中的高低角,定义为被观测航天器相对观测航天器视线与其在测量系XsYs平面投影之间的夹角,偏向-Zs轴方向为正。
在应用时,微波雷达测距和测角精度通常受以下因素影响[10]:1)影响测距的因素包括雷达自身误差(热噪声、接收机延时变化、距离-多普勒速度耦合、距离量化、基准振荡器稳定性)、目标距离闪烁以及空间传播特性(多路径误差、空间折射误差等);2)影响测角的因素包括目标角闪烁、跟踪系统热噪声、目标运动引起的动态滞后误差、多路径效应、伺服通带噪声等。其中,角跟踪误差由非平稳误差因素耦合生成,且与目标距离误差有直接关系,其时变性通过距离的时变性来表现。因此,雷达误差序列是一种典型的非平稳随机过程[11,12],并服从非高斯分布。
针对非高斯数据,常采用高斯混合模型[13](Gaussian Mixture Model,GMM)的多模近似方法处理。GMM可将一组数据的概率密度函数PX)分解成K个高斯概率密度函数的线性组合,如式(1)所示。
其中,X为样本数据;λj为加权系数,满足λj∈[0,1];为GMM的第j个高斯分量在数据点X处的概率密度函数,µjΣj为该高斯分量的均值和均方差,其表达式如式(2)所示。
随着组合数目的增加,可以实现任意精度的非高斯模型逼近。参考文献[14],本文采用二阶GMM模型如式(3)所示。
其中,ε∈[0,1]为干扰噪声频率因子,具有不可测性和时变性,导致其近似分布存在不确定性;分别表示均值为µAµB,均方差为ΣAΣB的两个高斯概率密度函数。
贝叶斯估计的目的是利用当前所有的测量信息和状态的先验信息,构建状态变量的后验概率:
其中,表示状态变量的后验概率;为似然函数,即在状态Xk下观测到数据Yk的概率;表示边缘概率,Yk={y1y2,…,yk};Xk的先验概率。
预测阶段采用前一时刻的滤波值计算预测密度函数:
其中,表示转移概率,可以由过程模型确定,为上一时刻后验概率分布函数。更新时,利用已求得的和先验知识,计算后验概率分布函数:
其中,k时刻观测密度函数,由观测方程决定。
贝叶斯估计的一般解仅具有概念意义,实际应用中多采用近似解法,即次优非线性滤波方法。
如前所述,贝叶斯估计中求解参数的后验概率分布较为复杂,常采用变分推理法[15]和期望传播法[16],并通过散度衡量两个具有公共支集的离散概率分布之间的差异。文献[17]和文献[18]定义了KL(Kullback-Leibler)散度,文献[19]则引入α-散度。本文直接给出α-散度定义,假定两个分布函数α-散度的定义如下:
其中,α定义为散度系数。特殊情况下,当α→0和α→1时,该散度为:
其中,表示待计算的后验概率,QX)为与之比较的已知分布。α-散度最小化即寻找一个已知的QX)来近似未知的。文献[8]给出最小化散度的过程,本文不再赘述。
根据期望传播方法,给定一个目标分布QX),其目标函数为:
假设为指数类分布,其中表示与参数无关的底层度量;η为自然参数;sX)为充分统计量,用于提取数据X的关键信息;Aη)为对数配分函数,。则α-散度的梯度为:
其中,为梯度算子,为目标分布的期望,ΕQ[⋅]为目标分布Q的期望,为归一化参数,
由式(11)可知,当,即满足矩匹配(Moment Matching)条件时,,即α-散度的梯度为0,可得到最小化的α-散度。因此,通过计算充分统计量sX)的期望便可实现两个分布函数QX)的等效近似,进而通过矩匹配方法估计后验概率分布
基于Monte-Carlo方法,对于函数fX)的期望Ε[fX)]可表示为[8]
其中,π(⋅)为提议分布,表示特定概率分布函数。各样本独立且服从π(⋅)分布,XiXj分别表示N个独立同分布样本中第i和第j个状态量。
定义: ,即目标分布与提议分布的比值,,则式(12)可变换成如下形式:
πXi)=PXi),又因为PXi)≈QXi),则wi=[PYXiPXi)]αQXi1-α/πXi)可简化为:
对式(14)采用对数似然处理,得到wi的近似表达式:
fX)=Xi,由式(13)可得,则协方差矩阵P的表达式为:
由文献[8]可知:
其中,k+1时刻测量值,其维度为N×3;1N×1N行1列的全1矩阵;h(⋅)为观测方程;R为测量噪声协方差矩阵;为第i个采样值,为基于的协方差阵。
结合第1节所述,αKF算法流程如下:
1)计算一步预测值及构建N个采样值
2)根据测量更新计算权重wi
3)基于权重系数及采样值更新滤波值及协方差矩阵Pk+1
式(18)~式(25)中,为上一周期状态滤波值,为当前周期滤波值,为一步预测值;µkΣk分别为N个采样点数据的均值和均方差;为构建的N个采样点状态量;Φ是离散后的系统矩阵,根据系统状态方程计算得到;Γ为控制矩阵,针对相对导航系统应用时,ΦΓ的详细表达式见第3节;Q为过程噪声的协方差矩阵;PkPk+1分别为上一周期协方差矩阵和当前周期协方差矩阵,协方差矩阵的动态调整确保了状态估计的最优性,其对角元素反映了各状态分量的估计误差大小。
简要将本文算法与EKF和UKF进行比较,假设真实状态为Xk,预测值为,定义线性化误差为:
通过泰勒展开分析误差,EKF通过一阶泰勒展开的观测模型hXk)为:
其中,HkhXk)的雅克比矩阵,
忽略高阶项导致的误差,EKF滤波器误差BiasEKF可表示为:
其中,为EKF的增益矩阵矩阵,为状态预测协方差矩阵。
通过无迹变换(Unscented Transformation,UT),UKF能准确地估计非线性误差的高阶项,从而抑制状态估计偏差,UKF滤波器误差BiasUKF可表示为:
其中,表示线性化误差残余高阶误差。
αKF通过采样加权直接逼近后验分布,避免了显式线性化,其误差项BiasαKF可表示为:
传统卡尔曼滤波需要显式计算增益矩阵Kk,而本文采样加权方法直接通过样本权重更新后验分布,避免了复杂矩阵运算;通过调整权重wi,可以隐式处理非高斯噪声。α-散度最小化相当于在贝叶斯更新中引入一个可调节的鲁棒性参数α,实现误差缩放与协方差矩阵修正。通过调节α值,可以降低离群样本的权重,从而抑制高阶误差项的影响。
此外,本文算法计算复杂度为为计算变量数),优于EKF的和UKF的m为Sigma点数),尤其在高维系统数据处理中更具优势。
1)相对运动方程
基于两航天器轨道动力学模型,在观测航天器轨道坐标系中,双航天器间相对动力学方程[20]如式(31)所示,由此可知,该系统为非线性系统。
其中,n为观测航天器轨道角速度;fxfyfz为变轨过程中控制力引起的比力,可通过加速度计测量得到;ωxωyωz为干扰加速度,主要由方程推导过程中的近似处理以及各种摄动加速度引起。将式(31)写成矩阵形式:
其中,
式(32)中,为观测航天器轨道坐标系下两航天器间相对位置和相对速度;A为连续系统的系统矩阵,离散化后Φ=I+AT,∆T为采样时间,为控制比力;为干扰加速度。
2)测量量定义
根据第1节中微波雷达测量值定义可知,采用直角坐标系表示微波雷达测量值时,方位角γ=tan-1ys/xs),高低角β=sin-1(-zs/ρ),视线距表示雷达测量的三维相对位置坐标。雷达测量值[ργβ]与[xsyszs]可按式(33)进行转换:
将测量数据[xsyszs]T投影至导航参考坐标系(观测航天器轨道坐标系)得到[xoyozo]T,转换过程为:
其中,为微波雷达相对本体坐标系的安装矩阵;为本体坐标系到观测航天器轨道坐标系的转换矩阵,由星敏感器与GNSS测量转换可得。其中,GNSS输出J2000系下观测航天器位置和速度(精度误差表示为∆GNSS_r和∆GNSS_v),通过转换可得到观测航天器轨道坐标系到惯性坐标系的转换矩阵;星敏感器输出姿态四元数Qstar(其精度分解为光轴/非光轴方向测角误差∆Star_xy,∆Star_z),结合其安装矩阵,可以得到本体坐标系相对惯性坐标系的转换矩阵。具体转换关系参见文献[20]。
综上,本文所设计的相对导航信号流程图如图2所示。导航系统包括数据预处理模块、αKF滤波模块以及导航输出模块,相应的处理详见第2节和第3节的推导。
为验证αKF在航天器相对导航系统中的性能,基于高精度轨道动力学模型设计双航天器的空间飞行轨迹(双星相距12 km),敏感器误差参数设置见表1。本文分别采用αKF、EKF及UKF算法进行仿真对比,相对导航周期为200 ms,仿真时长6000 s(约一个轨道周期)。设置两种工况:1)测量噪声为高斯噪声;2)测量噪声为非高斯形式二阶GMM模型。
初始参数选择:相对位置初值采用微波雷达测量值经过式(33)转换后给出,速度初值为0,散度系数α为0.5,采样数为10000。
其中,为微波雷达视线距测量误差A组均方差,为测角误差A组均方差;
基于表1中A组敏感器误差参数设置(噪声特性近似高斯白噪声分布),图3图5呈现了6000 s仿真周期内相对位置和相对速度导航误差的变化过程,图4图6详细展现了各算法在100 s初始收敛段的变化情况,表2给出各算法运行统计结果的对比分析。
在高斯噪声条件下,αKF算法在估计精度指标上优于传统EKF和UKF算法,其相对位置总误差(∆r)均值为0.667 m,较EKF和UKF分别减小74.6%、56.7%;相对速度总误差(∆v)均值为0.012 m/s,较EKF和UKF分别减小47.8%、40.0%。两航天器在轨运行中,z向为轨道径向,存在一定的轨道变化特性,这在图5中得到了体现,三个滤波器均呈现出3500 s的低频变化误差。收敛时间方面,αKF与EKF耗时接近,而UKF在相同的RQ值下收敛时间较αKF增加219 s,这也说明了UKF算法的收敛时间与参数选择有较大关系。
图7~图9反映了αKF、EKF及UKF算法中系统状态量的协方差阵P变化情况,不同算法的计算方法存在差异,但其数值均收敛至较小范围。
在二阶GMM模型中,A组和B组参数的干扰噪声频率因子(ε∈[0,1])采用随机生成方式。图10图11展示了三轴相对位置和相对速度估计误差,表3给出各算法运行统计结果的对比分析。
表3可以看出,基于αKF算法的相对位置总误差(∆r)均值为1.813 m,相对速度总误差(∆v)均值为0.022 m/s。相比EKF和UKF算法,其相对位置精度分别提升34.5%和36.0%;相对速度误差较EKF减小4.3%,但较UKF存在精度下降,出现了0.007 m/s的均值偏差。总体上,αKF算法能有效适应二阶GMM模型的非高斯特性,实现了较高精度的相对导航滤波。
散度系数α是算法中的重要可调参数,实验将二阶GMM模型作为测量噪声模型,并附加0.05°的测角常值偏差,α取值范围为0.001~1。采用αKF算法得到的相对位置及相对速度总误差均值与均方差统计结果如表4所示,并采用箱形图的方式(图12图13)对导航误差分布进行描述。图中蓝色箱子两端分别为上四分位数和下四分位数,中间横线是中位数,两端连线分别是最小值和最大值,红色数据点为离群数据。由图可以看出,当α在0.05~0.1区间内,离群数据少,数据变异程度小。
为直观对比不同散度系数α的影响,采用对数坐标分析α值对导航误差的作用趋势(图14图15)。可以看出,相对位置总误差与相对速度总误差均随α值变化,最优区间为0.05~0.1。α过小虽能抑制测量噪声,但会过度滤除有效信息,引发输出偏差;α过大则易受噪声干扰,导致精度下降。实际应用中需权衡噪声抑制与信息保留,选取合适的α值。
针对传统Kalman滤波器在空间非合作航天器相对导航中因非线性非高斯测量信号适应性不足导致的性能下降与发散问题,本文提出一种基于α-散度最小化的相对导航方法。通过仿真验证,该方法在典型非高斯测量噪声场景中展现出性能优势。算法可扩展性强,支持多源异构传感器协同导航架构,适用于无人机群协同定位等工程场景。值得注意的是,αKF算法中散度系数α的优化选择直接影响滤波精度,当α∈[0.05,0.1]时系统误差最小。后续研究将构建基于残差统计量的α系数动态优化策略,通过建立实时反馈-参数自适应调节机制提升时变噪声下的滤波器性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U20B2056)
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2025年第33卷第10期
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doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.004
  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
  • 录用日期:2025-06-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(U20B2056)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院,上海 200240
    2.上海航天控制技术研究所,上海 201109
    3.上海市空间智能控制技术重点实验室,上海 201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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