Article(id=1244336190002934140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730476800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745078400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-20, onlineDate=1774602466345, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602466345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602466345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602466345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336186114819067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, year='2025', volume='33', issue='10', pageStart='955', pageEnd='1060', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602465418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774604459075, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1050, endPage=1060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336190388810112, articleId=1244336190002934140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, language=EN, title=Trajectory tracking control of quadrotor UAV based on composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode, columnId=1244336190292341118, journalTitle=Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, columnName=Control and Dynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and rapidity of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles under multi-source interference, a composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control method is proposed. Firstly, the characteristics of the position and attitude loop of the quadrotor UAV are fully considered and divided into four independent channels to convert them into cascade channels. Secondly, the expanded state observer is adopted to estimate the lumped interference (coupling terms and external disturbances in each channel) and state information. Based on the estimated information, a composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control method is designed, and the saturation function is used instead of the sign function to ensure the continuity of the control quantity. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with the traditional PID, active disturbance rejection control, and non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control schemes, the proposed control schemes are 76.3%, 62.7% and 74.4% higher, verifying that the proposed control schemes have higher trajectory tracking accuracy and anti-disturbance.

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为提升四旋翼无人机在多源干扰情况下的轨迹跟踪精度和快速性,提出了一种复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法。首先,充分考虑四旋翼无人机位置和姿态回路特性,将其划分为4个独立通道使其转为级联通道。其次,采用扩张状态观测器对集总干扰(各通道中的耦合项和外部干扰)和状态信息进行估计,基于估计的信息设计复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制,并采用饱和函数代替符号函数以保证控制量的连续性。最后,仿真结果表明,所提方法相比较于传统的PID、自抗扰控制及非奇异快速终端滑模控制方案分别提高了76.3%、62.7%及74.4%,验证了所提控制方案具有更高的轨迹跟踪精度和抗干扰性。

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刘云平(1979—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能机器人、集群智能、仪器装备等研究。
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陈城(1991—),男,博士研究生,从事无人系统的抗干扰控制研究。

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陈城(1991—),男,博士研究生,从事无人系统的抗干扰控制研究。

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陈城(1991—),男,博士研究生,从事无人系统的抗干扰控制研究。

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Model parameters of a quadrotor drone

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参数物理意义数值
m系统质量2 kg
g重力加速度9.8 m/s2
Ix绕X轴的转动惯量1.25 kg∙m2
Iy绕Y轴的转动惯量1.25 kg∙m2
Iz绕Z轴的转动惯量2.5 kg∙m2
l机身半径0.25 m
ki(1,2,3)空气阻力系数0.012 N·s/m
ki(4,5,6)空气阻力矩系数0.011 N·s/rad
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四旋翼无人机的模型参数

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参数物理意义数值
m系统质量2 kg
g重力加速度9.8 m/s2
Ix绕X轴的转动惯量1.25 kg∙m2
Iy绕Y轴的转动惯量1.25 kg∙m2
Iz绕Z轴的转动惯量2.5 kg∙m2
l机身半径0.25 m
ki(1,2,3)空气阻力系数0.012 N·s/m
ki(4,5,6)空气阻力矩系数0.011 N·s/rad
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Parameters of position and attitude loop controller

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参数xyzφθΨ
αi1110.070.070.07
βi1110.060.060.06
mi555777
ni333333
pi555777
qi333333
ki10.20.41404015
ki2111333
woi252525505020
b0i0.50.50.50.80.80.4
ri1100100100100100100
ri2222222
h00.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.001
), ArticleFig(id=1244336239730602457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336190002934140, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

位置和姿态回路控制器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数xyzφθΨ
αi1110.070.070.07
βi1110.060.060.06
mi555777
ni333333
pi555777
qi333333
ki10.20.41404015
ki2111333
woi252525505020
b0i0.50.50.50.80.80.4
ri1100100100100100100
ri2222222
h00.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.001
), ArticleFig(id=1244336239864820188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336190002934140, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

ISE values of the four control methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量PIDNFTSMCPD+ESO本文方法
X1.4030.86432.0920.4713
Y1.1240.71550.88090.3208
Z14.6110.417.1151.287
), ArticleFig(id=1244336239948706272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336190002934140, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种控制方法的ISE值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量PIDNFTSMCPD+ESO本文方法
X1.4030.86432.0920.4713
Y1.1240.71550.88090.3208
Z14.6110.417.1151.287
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基于复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模的四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制
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陈城 1 , 刘云平 1 , 张永宏 1 , 孙元鑫 1 , 徐梁 2
中国惯性技术学报 | 控制与动力学 2025,33(10): 1050-1060
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中国惯性技术学报 | 控制与动力学 2025, 33(10): 1050-1060
基于复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模的四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制
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陈城1, 刘云平1, 张永宏1, 孙元鑫1, 徐梁2
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 自动化学院,南京 211044
  • 2.中国人民解放军海军大连舰艇学院,大连 116016
  • 陈城(1991—),男,博士研究生,从事无人系统的抗干扰控制研究。

通讯作者:

刘云平(1979—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能机器人、集群智能、仪器装备等研究。
Trajectory tracking control of quadrotor UAV based on composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode
Cheng CHEN1, Yunping LIU1, Yonghong ZHANG1, Yuanxin SUN1, Liang XU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 211044, China
  • 2.PLA Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116016, China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.012
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为提升四旋翼无人机在多源干扰情况下的轨迹跟踪精度和快速性,提出了一种复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法。首先,充分考虑四旋翼无人机位置和姿态回路特性,将其划分为4个独立通道使其转为级联通道。其次,采用扩张状态观测器对集总干扰(各通道中的耦合项和外部干扰)和状态信息进行估计,基于估计的信息设计复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制,并采用饱和函数代替符号函数以保证控制量的连续性。最后,仿真结果表明,所提方法相比较于传统的PID、自抗扰控制及非奇异快速终端滑模控制方案分别提高了76.3%、62.7%及74.4%,验证了所提控制方案具有更高的轨迹跟踪精度和抗干扰性。

四旋翼无人机  /  轨迹跟踪  /  扩张状态观测器  /  非奇异快速终端滑模  /  抗干扰

To improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and rapidity of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles under multi-source interference, a composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control method is proposed. Firstly, the characteristics of the position and attitude loop of the quadrotor UAV are fully considered and divided into four independent channels to convert them into cascade channels. Secondly, the expanded state observer is adopted to estimate the lumped interference (coupling terms and external disturbances in each channel) and state information. Based on the estimated information, a composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control method is designed, and the saturation function is used instead of the sign function to ensure the continuity of the control quantity. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with the traditional PID, active disturbance rejection control, and non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control schemes, the proposed control schemes are 76.3%, 62.7% and 74.4% higher, verifying that the proposed control schemes have higher trajectory tracking accuracy and anti-disturbance.

quadrotor UAV  /  trajectory tracking  /  extended state observer  /  non-singular fast terminal sliding mode  /  anti-disturbance
陈城, 刘云平, 张永宏, 孙元鑫, 徐梁. 基于复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模的四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪控制. 中国惯性技术学报, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1050 -1060 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.012
Cheng CHEN, Yunping LIU, Yonghong ZHANG, Yuanxin SUN, Liang XU. Trajectory tracking control of quadrotor UAV based on composite global non-singular fast terminal sliding mode[J]. Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1050 -1060 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.012
近年来,随着低空经济的提出,无人机的研究与应用再次得到关注和推广。其中,四旋翼无人机凭借其低成本、可垂直起降及空中悬停等优势在其中扮演着越来越重要的角色。然而四旋翼无人机是高度不稳定系统,灵敏稳健的轨迹跟踪和稳定的飞行控制系统是执行飞行任务的关键和前提,对无人机轨迹跟踪精度提出了更高的要求[1]。模型参数的不确定性、系统未建模动态等内部不利因素使依赖于精确模型的控制效果不理想,同时,强风干扰和传感器噪声等外部干扰更加增加了控制器的设计难度[2]。因此,如何设计一个鲁棒四旋翼无人机控制器是其研究领域的一大挑战。抗干扰控制[3]因其能够抑制干扰在四旋翼无人机上得到广泛的应用。一般来说,抗干扰控制主要分为两类,一类是对设计鲁棒控制器来实现抗干扰;另一类是设计干扰观测器对干扰估计和补偿。
目前,采用第一类方法主要有两种方式:一是基于“工业范式”的经典控制理论—基于误差消除误差的方法:文献[4][5]以PID和线性二次型调节器为代表的线性控制方法,其控制结构简单,易于实现,但其抗干扰性弱和控制精度;二是基于“模型范式”[6,7]的现代控制理论—基于内部机理描述的方法:文献[6]考虑动力学和输入饱和约束采用模型预测控制算法实现无人机的轨迹跟踪,但其计算量大;文献[7]将模型预测控制应用在水下航行器上实现轨迹的跟踪。上述方法基于模型线性化和标称数学模型对较小能量的干扰依靠自身算法的鲁棒性可以实现抗干扰控制。
随着无人机在执行任务中的复杂性、多样性并受到多源干扰影响,上述方法难以满足干扰的主动抑制。从文献来看[8-14],通过设计干扰观测器对干扰进行估计,而后将估计的信息以前馈补偿的形式引入到控制器中从而实现对干扰的主动快速抑制是目前较为流行的方法之一[8]。文献[9]利用高阶滑模观测器估计系统的集总干扰来实现无人机多源干扰主动抑制。文献[10]把扰动观测器应用到水下航行器进行抗干扰控制;文献[11]利用非线性干扰观测器[12]来估计集总干扰实现轨迹跟踪干扰抑制;此外,将非线性干扰观测器和滑模相结合能够进一步提高系统的鲁棒性[13,14]。上述方法是基于确定的干扰量设计干扰观测器来实现干扰的主动抑制,然而当干扰是未知或能量较大时,这些方法的鲁棒性难以保证对干扰的主动快速抑制。
自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC)是一种基于扩张状态观测器的抗干扰方式[15],它由跟踪微分器(Tracking Differentiator,TD)、扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer,ESO)及非线性状态误差反馈控制律组成,其中ADRC的核心是通过ESO将系统内部和外部干扰视作集总干扰,并实时估计和补偿称其为“抗扰范式”,即对系统多源干扰和不确定性进行主动快速抑制。文献[16]利用ESO来估计系统集总干扰并结合PD控制器来设计双回路ADRC,仿真结果表面该方法能够实现轨迹跟踪的抗干扰,但PD控制器存在响应速度和超调量之间的动态平衡问题。同时文献[17]~文献[19]也仅估计集总干扰,没有激发ESO估计其状态信息实现无速度控制。
综合考虑现有研究成果,为了进一步拓展ADRC性能,本文采用非奇异快速终端滑模控制(Non-singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control,NFTSMC)与ESO相结合的方案,提出了一种复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模方案。首先,根据四旋翼无人机的特性,将其划分为4个独立通道,分别为高度通道、偏航通道、水平X-俯仰级联通道和水平Y-横滚级联通道;其次,针对多源干扰的影响,基于ESO将系统内部干扰和外部干扰视作集总干扰和状态信息进行估计;接着,基于估计的信息结合TD和非奇异快速终端滑模控制分别在位置和姿态回路设计一种复合控制方案。本文所提方法不仅对集总干扰和其状态信息进行估计实现无速度传感控制;还能有效提高系统的抗干扰能力。
为了提高四旋翼无人机的机动效率,选择“X”字型四旋翼无人机为研究对象(红色表示机头方向;机头与机架之间夹角为45°),建立如图1所示的机体坐标系(ObXbYbZb)和惯性坐标系(OeXeYeZe)。
假设 1)四旋翼无人机是均匀对称的刚体;2)系统的质量和转动惯量不发生改变;3)系统的几何中心与其质心重合;定义四旋翼无人机在惯性坐标系下的位置和速度向量分别为P=[xyz]T;无人机的姿态角在惯性坐标系表示Θ=[φθψ]T,即横滚角、俯仰角和偏航角;分别表示无人机在机体上的横滚角速度、俯仰角速度以及偏航角速度。根据牛顿-欧拉方程建立四旋翼无人机的动力学模型[19],如式(1)所示。式(1)中:f为无人机机体上的总升力;m是无人机的质量;g是重力加速度;IxIyIz分别表示无人机绕各轴上的转动惯量;τ=(τxτyτz)是作用在无人机上各轴力矩;k1k2k3分别表示空气阻力系数,k4k5k6分别表示空气阻力矩系数;dii=1,2,…,6)表示外部干扰;l表示无人机机身半径。
根据图1可知,“X”字型无人机的总升力f和力矩τ=(τxτyτz)与其电机实际转速的关系可表示为:
式(2)中:CT表示螺旋桨推力系数;Cm表示螺旋桨力矩系数;表示电机的实际转速。
根据四旋翼无人机欠驱动特性,将其划分为4个独立通道,分别为Z轴的高度通道、X-θ级联通道、Y-φ级联通道及偏航ψ通道。高度通道和偏航通道分别由控制量fdτz控制;X-θY-φ级联通道分别由控制量τyτx控制,具体控制方案如图2所示:
在位置回路中引入虚拟控制量,如下所式
则产生虚拟控制量在位置回路中所需的升力和中间姿态角为:
引入虚拟控制量之后,式(1)的状态方程为:
式(5)中:DxDyDzDφDθDψ分别为位置和姿态回路三通道中的集总干扰,
定义四旋翼无人机的轨迹跟踪误差为:。其中eii=xyzφθψ)表示期望值与实际值之间的误差;表示期望值与实际值导数之间的误差。
总结,本文所设计控制器的目的是将无人机轨迹跟踪问题转化为跟踪误差ei镇定问题。
本节首先设计两个级联跟踪微分器以获取输入信号的跟踪信号、一阶及二阶微分信号;然后设计ESO估计集总干扰和系统状态信息;接着基于估计的信息设计复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制方案来保证跟踪误差快速到达滑模面上直至渐近稳定。由于四旋翼无人机机体结构的对称性,在不失一般性的情况下,本节以偏航通道控制结构为例,控制方案如图3所示。
高度通道是四旋翼无人机的一个独立通道其目的是获取控制变量fd,具体设计过程如下:
1)高度通道级联TD设计
式(6)中:zd是该通道的输入参考信号;vz1vz3分别是zdvz2的跟踪信号;vz2vz4分别是vz1的一阶和二阶微分信号;rz1rz2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子其大小决定跟踪速度;h0是滤波因子;fhan(⋅)是最速控制综合函数:
式(7)中:sign(.)是符号函数;daa0a1a2sasyy是为了简化公式而引入的中间变量,d=rzh2a=(a0+y-a2sy+a2a0=x2a2=a0+signy)(a1-d)/2,y=vz1-zd+a0sa=(signa+d)-signa-d))/2,sy=(signy+d)-signy-d))。
2)高度通道ESO设计
式(8)中:β11zβ12zβ13z为观测器增益系数其大小决定观测器性能;b0z=1/mz是高度通道的输出。
3)高度通道非奇异快速终端滑模控制器设计
设计如下复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模面[19]
式(9)中:αi>0,βi>0,minipiqi均为正奇数且满足1<pi/qi<mi/ni<2,ei分别是轨迹跟踪误差和跟踪误差变化率估计值。
针对式(5)中的高度通道状态方程,设计如下复合非奇异快速终端滑模控制器:
式(10)可保证高度通道跟踪误差ez有限时间收敛到零。kz1>0;kz2>0;
X-θ级联通道中,xdX通道的参考输入。从式(4)中可以获得中间变量θd,中间变量作为俯仰θ通道的参考输入,其整个级联通道X-θ的控制算法设计如式(11)和式(12)所示:
其中:vx1vx3分别是xdvx2的跟踪信号;vx2vx4分别是vx1的一阶和二阶微分信号;rx1rx2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子;β11xβ12xβ13xX通道的观测器增益系数;b0x=1/mxX通道的输出;vθ1vθ3分别是θdvθ2的跟踪信号;vθ2vθ4分别是θd的一阶和二阶微分信号;rθ1rθ2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子;β11θβ12θβ13θ为俯仰通道的观测器增益系数;b0θ=1/Iyθ是俯仰通道的输出;τy是俯仰通道的真实控制量;
级联通道Y-φX-θ有相似的设计过程,其设计控制算法如式(13)所示:
式(13)中:vy1vy3分别是ydvy2的跟踪信号;vy2vy4分别是vy1的一阶和二阶微分信号;ry1ry2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子;β11yβ12yβ13yY通道的观测器增益系数;yY通道的输出;b0y=1/mvφ1vφ3分别是φdvφ2的跟踪信号;vφ2vφ4分别是φd的一阶和二阶微分信号;rφ1rφ2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子;β11φβ12φβ13φ为横滚通道的观测器增益系数;φ是横滚通道的输出;b0φ=1/Ixτx是横滚通道的真实控制量;
定理1:偏航通道ψ的设计过程和高度通道相似,具体设计过程如下:
式(14)中:vψ1vψ3分别是ψdvψ2的跟踪信号;vψ2vψ4分别是vψ1的一阶和二阶微分信号;rψ1rψ2分别是第一个和第二个TD的速度因子;β11ψβ12ψβ13ψ为偏航通道的观测器增益系数;ψ是偏航通道的输出;b0ψ=1/Izτz是偏航通道控制量;
针对式(9)、式(12)、式(13)及式(14)中ESO参数问题,采用带宽法来获得具体如下:
由于四旋翼无人机的动力学方程、TD、ESO及非奇异快速终端滑模均呈对称性设计。在不失一般性情况下,选择偏航通道ψ证明其ESO的收敛性。
式(5)中的偏航ψ通道状态方程可写成:
式(14)中的ESO为:
ξit)=ψit)-z6it),i=1,2,3,根据式(16)和式(17)得到ESO的估计误差动态方程如下:
i=1,2,3,方程(18)改写为:
根据式(15)可以得到偏航通道的观测器增益,式(19)将整理得:
式(20)中:
定理2:假设是有界的,对于所有的tT>0,存在一个正常数ηi>0和有限时间T>0以至i=1,2,3。
证明:式(20)求解微分方程
由于是有界的,,然后得到:
因为,即,得到:
因为A是Hurwitz矩阵,存在一个有限时间T>0。
存在所有的tTij=1,2,3,因此
由于wA决定着T的大小,设置
存在一个
对于所有的tT,式(22)、式(23)和式(26)得到:
,对于所有的tTi=1,2,3有:
得到
,根据和式(27)~式(29)得到:
从式(30)可以看出,如果总干扰是有界的,ESO估计误差是收敛的。当增加ESO的带宽时,ξit)将收敛于零。
针对定理1,基于式(14)中控制器保证偏航角跟踪误差eψ有限时间收敛零。系统状态信息和集总干扰Dψ被精确估计后跟踪误差eψ有限时间收敛零。
步骤1 滑模变量有限时间收敛到零
Dψ被ESO精确估计后,式(10)中的滑模面被退化为:
式(14)中的控制器退化为:
将控制器(32)代入式(5)中,可得:
基于方程(33),对滑模面Sψ(31)求导得到:
定义一个关于滑模面Sψ的Lyapunov函数
基于方程(34)对求导可以得到
,即式(36)简化为:
以下分两种情况讨论:
。由于pψqψ是正奇数,且1<(pψ/qψ),且,故有:
由于βψ>0,pψqψ均为正奇数,故存在无穷小正常数µ满足:
联立式(37)、式(38)以及式(39)解得:
引理1[20] 假设存在一个Lyapunov函数Vλ1>0,λ2>0且0<ρ<1使得
成立,则系统将在有限时间内收敛到平衡点,收敛时间Ts
根据引理1,由于µkψ1是都是正数,即是一个单调递减函数,故此种情况下有限时间收敛到零。
。将代入方程(33)可得:
由于,故此,同时由于kψ1≠0和kψ2≠0,则Sψ=0,故此种情况下也能保证滑模变量Sψ收敛到零。
总结,在Dψ被扩张状态观测器精确估计后,滑模变量Sψ收敛到零。
步骤2 偏航角跟踪误差有限时间收敛到零
由于滑模变量Sψ收敛到零,则
将式(44)整理可得:
由于βψ>0,1<pψ/qψ<mψ/nψ<2,,故由式(45)可得:
式(46)两边同时积分可得:
由式(47)可知,是单调递减函数,又因为,因此有单调递减直至,即当tt1时,eψ有限时间收敛到零。
综上所述,证明步骤1和2:当系统状态信息ψ&和集总干扰Dψ被精确估计后跟踪误差eψ有限时间收敛到零。
为了验证所提方法的优越性和有效性,本节将采用基于扩张状态观测器的非奇异快速终端滑模控制方案(Non-singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control Based on ESO,NFTSMC+ESO)和经典PID-PID(PID+PID)、不含观测器的NFTSMC控制器及文献[16]基于扩张状态观测器的PD控制方案(PD scheme based on ESO,PD+ESO)相对比。针对滑模控制中的符号函数,采用饱和函数代替符号函数以保证控制量的连续性。饱和函数
式(48)中:d为正常数值,d=0.2。
注1 不含观测器的NFTSMC相比于NFTSMC+ESO控制器,在式(11)、(12)及(13)中省略,其他控制器参数一致;PD+ESO具体设计请参考文献[16]。
四旋翼无人机的初始位置和姿态设定为,y(0)=1,其他初始位姿为0。参考轨迹和航向角设定为xd=cos(0.5t),yd=sin(0.5t),zd=0.2t+2,ψd=π/3。
针对四旋翼无人机在执行任务中常见的干扰问题,考虑到机体配重不平衡在四旋翼无人机姿态回路中添加常值干扰和模拟风扰动;考虑到无人机在飞行过程中易受到外部风扰动的影响,在水平通道添加正弦函数干扰;考虑到无人机在飞行过程中载重的连续变化(如无人机喷洒农药、灭火以及物品运输)高度通道添加斜坡函数,位置通道干扰设置为:
姿态通道干扰设置为:
仿真所需的模型参数和控制器参数分别如表1表2所述。
图4图5分别给出了不同控制方法下四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪和跟踪误差响应曲线,其中,图4为轨迹跟踪响应曲线;图5为轨迹跟踪误差响应曲线。
图4可以看出所提方法在位置回路的三个通道上相比较于其他方法具有更好的响应曲线和抗干扰能力,同时PD+ESO和NFTSMC也具有一定的抗干扰性;PID+PID抗干扰性较弱;从X轴轨迹跟踪响应曲线可知,本文方法在初始阶段能够更快到达期望,同时在后面时变干扰下更接近于参考轨迹;图4(b)显示Y轴轨迹跟踪的曲线在常值和时变干扰下,本文方法的响应曲线一直接近于期望轨迹相比其他方法;从图4(c)可以看出,在Z轴轨迹跟踪响应曲线上,PID+PID和NFTSMC响应曲线严重偏离期望值,本文方法和PD+ESO能够更快的跟踪上期望轨迹。
图5中,从两方面对不同方法进行比较:1)抗干扰性能:所提方法动态响应最好,可保证常值干扰和时变干扰情况下跟踪误差收敛到零;PD+ESO具有抗干扰性,一直在平衡位置周围震荡但在Z轴上快速收敛到零;PID+PID和NFTSMC抗干扰性弱,存在静差;2)跟踪误差收敛速度上:所提方法在3 s左右能够快速收敛到零;其他方法难以快速收敛到零。
图6显示偏航角的轨迹跟踪和跟踪误差响应曲线,从图6(a)中可以看出,除PID+PID方法外,其他控制方法都能够到达期望的偏航角在2 s之内;同样,图6(b)显示稳态误差响应曲线也能够快速收敛到零,除PID+PID方法外。
图7图8分别是四旋翼无人机在跟踪轨迹过程中中间变量横滚角φ和俯仰角θ随动镇定响应曲线;从图7中的局部放大图可知,在横滚角初始阶段所提方法能够快速收敛到零,PD+ESO及NFTSMC控制方法均出现一定程度的震荡;从图8可知相比较于其他方法,所提方法响应曲线的震荡幅度较小。
图9可以看出四旋翼无人机的控制量响应曲线是光滑的由于采用了饱和函数。在干扰突变时,控制量也随着突变,但很快就是恢复,传统NFTSMC和所提方法控制量都在一个量级,这符合工程实际。
图10图11描述了位置和姿态回路的集总干扰及其估计值,从图10中可以看出,所提方法在位置回路的三个通道的集总干扰通过ESO都能够在3 s左右被精确估计;姿态回路中的集总干扰在初始阶段有误差,大约在2 s左右后能够被快速精确估计。
图12图13分别描述了位置和姿态回路中的线速度和角速度响应及估计;从图11中可知位置回路中的线速度在干扰存在时被精确估计。由前面知识可知,姿态回路中的三个期望值都是常值,其导数为零,图13描述其角速度被精确估计,这也证明ESO的有效性。
此外,为了定量评估其轨迹跟踪精度,通过引入平方误差积分(Integral Square Error,ISE)来衡量其指标,ISE的值越小代表其精度越高。分别计算其每一种控制方法下ISE,其计算方法如式(51)所示:
式(51)中,t0t1分别表示仿真的开始时间和结束时间,et)表示状态跟踪误差。
表3给出了定量指标,在X轴方向上,所提方法相比较于PID、NFTSMC及PD+ESO控制器的ISE值分别提升了66.4%、45.5%、77.5%;在Y轴方向上,分别提升了71.5%、55%及63.6%以及在Z轴方向上,分别提升了91%、87.6%及82%。综上所述,本文提出的方法能够有效的实现轨迹跟踪的抗干扰性和快速收敛性。
针对四旋翼无人机在执行任务过程中受多源干扰影响轨迹跟踪精度问题,提出了一种复合全局非奇异快速终端滑模控制方案。通过引入跟踪微分器和扩张状态观测器分别解决了快速性和超调性矛盾,实现了集总干扰/状态信息的快速高精度估计和干扰下高精度轨迹跟踪。
在未来的研究工作中,考虑到成本问题采用基于扩张状态观测器的估计其状态信息能力,将针对无速度传感器来实现无人机的轨迹跟踪控制问题开展研究。
  • 空间智能控制技术重点实验室项目(HTKJ2023KL502020)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX24_1493)
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2025年第33卷第10期
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doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.012
  • 接收时间:2024-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-02
  • 录用日期:2025-04-20
基金
空间智能控制技术重点实验室项目(HTKJ2023KL502020)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX24_1493)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学 自动化学院,南京 211044
    2.中国人民解放军海军大连舰艇学院,大连 116016

通讯作者:

刘云平(1979—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事智能机器人、集群智能、仪器装备等研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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