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In order to solve the problem of the degradation of the autonomous positioning accuracy of the land-based inertial/odometry dead reckoning (DR) system for long-term and large-range driving under satellite denial, an inertial/map matching error identification method based on global geometric feature sliding optimization is proposed. Firstly, a map matching algorithm based on the geometric features of the trajectory is designed to achieve the accurate matching of the DR trajectory and the road data of the electronic map. Secondly, after obtaining the accurate map matching results, based on the principle of similarity between the DR trajectory and the real trajectory, a DR error identification and compensation method based on the sliding optimization of global geometric features is proposed, which identified and compensated the position error and odometer scale coefficient error of the navigation system. The vehicle experiment results show that the proposed method can achieve high-precision autonomous positioning of vehicles under large-scale driving conditions, and the maximum horizontal positioning error throughout multiple large-scale long-distance (with driving distances all exceeding 160 km) on-board experiments is 12.76 m, compared with the traditional translational vector compensation and adjacent feature point identification and compensation methods, the maximum positioning error is reduced by 53.1% and 31.0% on average, the root mean square error is reduced by 50.0% and 39.0% on average, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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针对卫星拒止条件下陆用惯性/里程计航位推算系统(DR)长时间、大范围行驶自主定位精度下降问题,提出一种基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识方法。首先,设计了一种基于轨迹几何特征的地图匹配算法,实现DR轨迹与电子地图道路数据的精准匹配。其次,在得到精准的地图匹配结果后,采用基于全局几何特征滑动优化的DR误差辨识补偿方法,对导航系统的位置误差和里程计刻度系数误差进行辨识与补偿。车载实验结果表明,所提方法能够实现车辆大范围行驶条件下的高精度自主定位,多次大范围长距离(行驶里程均超过160 km)车载实验全程水平定位误差最大值为12.76 m,与传统的基于平移矢量补偿和基于相邻特征点辨识补偿方法相比,最大定位误差分别平均降低了53.1%和31.0%,均方根误差分别平均降低了50.0%和39.0%,验证了所提方法的有效性。

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韩勇强(1983—),男,博士生导师,副研究员,主要从事惯性导航、无人平台导航技术研究。

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韩勇强(1983—),男,博士生导师,副研究员,主要从事惯性导航、无人平台导航技术研究。

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韩勇强(1983—),男,博士生导师,副研究员,主要从事惯性导航、无人平台导航技术研究。

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label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of feature segment matching error data

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误差平均值/m标准差/m均方根误差/m
导航误差56.9346.5373.25
文献[5]匹配误差2.711.583.13
本文匹配误差1.531.191.93
), ArticleFig(id=1244336222080975652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

特征段匹配误差数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差平均值/m标准差/m均方根误差/m
导航误差56.9346.5373.25
文献[5]匹配误差2.711.583.13
本文匹配误差1.531.191.93
), ArticleFig(id=1244336222185833253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Simulation trajectory parameter settings

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序号轨迹参数描述
1静止300 s
2以1m/s2的加速度匀加速20 s后保持50 s
3以1°/s的角速度左转弯45 s后保持200 s
4以1°/s的角速度右转弯45 s后保持600 s
5以1°/s的角速度左转弯60 s后保持300 s
6以1°/s的角速度右转弯60 s后保持600 s
7以2°/s的角速度左转弯45 s后保持1000 s
8以2°/s的角速度右转弯45 s后保持300 s
9以1 m/s2的加速度匀减速20 s
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仿真轨迹参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号轨迹参数描述
1静止300 s
2以1m/s2的加速度匀加速20 s后保持50 s
3以1°/s的角速度左转弯45 s后保持200 s
4以1°/s的角速度右转弯45 s后保持600 s
5以1°/s的角速度左转弯60 s后保持300 s
6以1°/s的角速度右转弯60 s后保持600 s
7以2°/s的角速度左转弯45 s后保持1000 s
8以2°/s的角速度右转弯45 s后保持300 s
9以1 m/s2的加速度匀减速20 s
), ArticleFig(id=1244336222366188327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of positioning error data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法最大值/m平均值/m标准差/m均方根/m
未补偿误差391.37191.51114.04222.89
MM1补偿后31.428.936.8711.27
MM2补偿后12.013.972.814.87
本文补偿后5.392.301.682.83
), ArticleFig(id=1244336222450074408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

定位误差数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法最大值/m平均值/m标准差/m均方根/m
未补偿误差391.37191.51114.04222.89
MM1补偿后31.428.936.8711.27
MM2补偿后12.013.972.814.87
本文补偿后5.392.301.682.83
), ArticleFig(id=1244336222525571881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Gyroscope and accelerometer parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称输出频率常值零偏随机游走
陀螺仪100 Hz≤0.01(°)/h
加速度计100 Hz≤50 μg
), ArticleFig(id=1244336224027132714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

陀螺仪与加速度计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称输出频率常值零偏随机游走
陀螺仪100 Hz≤0.01(°)/h
加速度计100 Hz≤50 μg
), ArticleFig(id=1244336224131990315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of navigation error data of two routes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路线补偿方法最大值/m标准差/m均方根/m
实验路线一未补偿误差171.7791.2351.71
MM1补偿后23.155.1410.21
MM2补偿后13.822.768.03
本文补偿后8.041.495.00
实验路线二未补偿误差139.3240.0188.62
MM1补偿后21.604.3310.41
MM2补偿后15.983.398.89
本文补偿后12.761.955.31
), ArticleFig(id=1244336224224265004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336188174222335, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两次路线导航误差数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路线补偿方法最大值/m标准差/m均方根/m
实验路线一未补偿误差171.7791.2351.71
MM1补偿后23.155.1410.21
MM2补偿后13.822.768.03
本文补偿后8.041.495.00
实验路线二未补偿误差139.3240.0188.62
MM1补偿后21.604.3310.41
MM2补偿后15.983.398.89
本文补偿后12.761.955.31
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基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识方法
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韩勇强 1 , 孙恩顺 1 , 李贞旭 1 , 吴克强 1 , 叶响 1 , 陈家斌 1, 2
中国惯性技术学报 | 组合导航技术 2025,33(10): 1026-1033
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中国惯性技术学报 | 组合导航技术 2025, 33(10): 1026-1033
基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识方法
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韩勇强1, 孙恩顺1, 李贞旭1, 吴克强1, 叶响1, 陈家斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学 自动化学院,北京 100081
  • 2.福耀科技大学,福州 350109
  • 韩勇强(1983—),男,博士生导师,副研究员,主要从事惯性导航、无人平台导航技术研究。

Inertial/map matching error recognition method based on global geometric feature sliding optimization
Yongqiang HAN1, Enshun SUN1, Zhenxu LI1, Keqiang WU1, Xiang YE1, Jiabin CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.Fuyao University of Science and Technology, Fuzhou 350109, China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.009
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针对卫星拒止条件下陆用惯性/里程计航位推算系统(DR)长时间、大范围行驶自主定位精度下降问题,提出一种基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识方法。首先,设计了一种基于轨迹几何特征的地图匹配算法,实现DR轨迹与电子地图道路数据的精准匹配。其次,在得到精准的地图匹配结果后,采用基于全局几何特征滑动优化的DR误差辨识补偿方法,对导航系统的位置误差和里程计刻度系数误差进行辨识与补偿。车载实验结果表明,所提方法能够实现车辆大范围行驶条件下的高精度自主定位,多次大范围长距离(行驶里程均超过160 km)车载实验全程水平定位误差最大值为12.76 m,与传统的基于平移矢量补偿和基于相邻特征点辨识补偿方法相比,最大定位误差分别平均降低了53.1%和31.0%,均方根误差分别平均降低了50.0%和39.0%,验证了所提方法的有效性。

航位推算  /  地图匹配  /  几何特征  /  滑动优化  /  误差修正

In order to solve the problem of the degradation of the autonomous positioning accuracy of the land-based inertial/odometry dead reckoning (DR) system for long-term and large-range driving under satellite denial, an inertial/map matching error identification method based on global geometric feature sliding optimization is proposed. Firstly, a map matching algorithm based on the geometric features of the trajectory is designed to achieve the accurate matching of the DR trajectory and the road data of the electronic map. Secondly, after obtaining the accurate map matching results, based on the principle of similarity between the DR trajectory and the real trajectory, a DR error identification and compensation method based on the sliding optimization of global geometric features is proposed, which identified and compensated the position error and odometer scale coefficient error of the navigation system. The vehicle experiment results show that the proposed method can achieve high-precision autonomous positioning of vehicles under large-scale driving conditions, and the maximum horizontal positioning error throughout multiple large-scale long-distance (with driving distances all exceeding 160 km) on-board experiments is 12.76 m, compared with the traditional translational vector compensation and adjacent feature point identification and compensation methods, the maximum positioning error is reduced by 53.1% and 31.0% on average, the root mean square error is reduced by 50.0% and 39.0% on average, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

dead reckoning  /  map matching  /  geometric features  /  sliding optimization  /  error correction
韩勇强, 孙恩顺, 李贞旭, 吴克强, 叶响, 陈家斌. 基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识方法. 中国惯性技术学报, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1026 -1033 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.009
Yongqiang HAN, Enshun SUN, Zhenxu LI, Keqiang WU, Xiang YE, Jiabin CHEN. Inertial/map matching error recognition method based on global geometric feature sliding optimization[J]. Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1026 -1033 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.009
惯性/里程计航位推算系统具有自主性强、可靠性高和导航信息丰富等优势,但其定位误差会随时间与里程增加而累积。在卫星拒止环境下,基于数字矢量道路的地图匹配技术能有效抑制航位推算系统定位误差累积,提升长时间大范围行驶条件下的自主定位精度[1]。近年来随着测绘技术和地理信息系统的发展,电子地图的精度可达5~10 m。作为一种软件误差修正技术,地图匹配无需新增硬件,成本低且保持惯导系统的高度自主性,具有重要的研究意义与价值。
地图匹配技术自20世纪70年代问世以来,已发展出多种算法。文献[2]采用“点到线型”匹配模式改进垂直投影匹配方法,根据惯导信息与投影匹配结果构造平移矢量,实现了对惯导位置误差的有效补偿;文献[3]采用“线到线型”匹配模式,结合惯导轨迹的连续平滑特性,通过提取道路与导航轨迹的几何特征进行匹配,识别旋转、拉伸和平移参数后对定位点进行变换,从而提高定位精度;文献[4]提出一种复合匹配模式,根据车辆实际行驶情况选择不同的匹配方法,在复杂路网情况下具有较好的匹配正确率与匹配稳定性;文献[5]采用光栏法压缩惯导轨迹,通过特征匹配结果辨识里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差,并基于起始点对后续定位轨迹进行收束变换;文献[6]提出一种基于匹配点迭代反馈的误差补偿方法,在载车到达标志点时辨识里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差,并将其反馈至导航系统,以提高导航解算定位精度;文献[7]提出了一种人员惯性定位的鲁棒多约束地图匹配算法,该算法构建了地磁/惯性融合航向估计系统,利用三轴陀螺仪实时校准地磁传感器偏差,采用校准后的地磁数据进行航向解算,可有效提升航向信息获取精度;文献[8]提出了一种改进的基于隐马尔可夫模型的在线地图匹配方法,使用路径约束轨迹更精确地估计无路径车辆的细粒度GPS定位误差分布和实时交通状态;文献[9]提出了一种基于弧长的地图匹配方法,该方法使用场景的数字二维地图来修正航位推算估计中的漂移。综上所述,基于平移矢量的补偿方法可有效抑制位置累积误差,但由于里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差的存在,随时间和行驶里程的增加,定位误差仍会按照原趋势不断累积;基于相邻特征点辨识补偿方法虽能对位置误差、里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差进行辨识,但单一特征点辨识方法对导航误差辨识的精度和稳定性仍存在不足[10]
针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于全局几何特征滑动优化的惯性/地图匹配误差辨识补偿方法。首先,设计基于轨迹几何特征的地图匹配算法以获取高精度特征段匹配结果;其次,利用全局几何特征段匹配结果构建优化函数,辨识位置误差、里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差,并在满足行驶条件后将其反馈补偿至导航系统。
图1为本文提出的惯性/地图匹配组合系统原理框图,该系统基于全局几何特征滑动优化方法。
地图匹配[11]是一种基于软件的定位误差修正技术,通过地图匹配技术提升导航系统定位精度,具有低成本、有效抑制导航误差发散的优势。该技术以某个车辆导航定位点或某段定位轨迹作为待匹配样本,将定位点或定位轨迹附近的矢量道路作为候选路径(待匹配模板),依据匹配原则选取匹配度最高的候选路径作为匹配路径,并在匹配路径上求取导航定位点对应的匹配点作为最终的匹配结果。图2为地图匹配原理示意图。
传统的矢量特征划分方法如道格拉斯—普克算法及其改进算法不能有效保留原始轨迹特征,易造成轨迹失真[12];且其采用从轨迹首尾两端向中间递归检测的思路,需车辆行驶一定距离后对历史轨迹进行特征提取,实时性较差。同时,车辆在行驶过程中因超车、避让等特殊行为会导致航向角和轨迹曲线发生显著变化,但电子地图道路数据无法体现此类特征,故此类变化产生的轨迹特征不适用于特征段匹配[13]。基于以上问题,本文提出一种基于载车行驶信息的轨迹特征检测算法,该算法计算量小,可有效排除特征干扰,实时提取有效轨迹特征,为后续特征段匹配奠定基础。
在水平面上行驶的载车(俯仰角和横滚角较小,近似为零),其行驶速度v、航向角速度、航向角变化量∆ϕ、行驶里程∆s是重要的行驶信息。根据v可以计算出载车行驶时的转弯半径R,计算公式为:
实际上,载车行驶时的转弯半径决定了行驶轨迹的弯曲变化形状。记载车的平均行驶转弯半径为,有n为定位轨迹包含的轨迹点数量。
当载车在长距离的弯曲路段上行驶时,航向角朝着某个方向持续变化,即的值符号一致,持续时间和行驶里程∆s较长,且平均转弯半径较大;转入直线路段后航向角速度近似为零。当载车出现超车、避让等特殊行为时,虽然航向角也会发生变化,但这类特殊行为一般在短时间内完成,持续时间和行驶里程∆s较短,航向角速度较大,且平均转弯半径较小。基于此设计多权重评分公式为:
式(2)中,为平均转弯半径,为平均航向角速度,∆ϕ′为载车行驶航向角一致变化累积量,∆s′为载车在转弯过程中的累积行驶里程,w1w2w3w4分别为上述信息的权重,S为多权重评分结果。
多权重评分模型为:
式(3)中,S紧急S直线分别为紧急避让/超车和直线行驶情况对应下的多权重评分阈值,通过实验调试确定。
通过对载车行驶信息进行分析可以得到载车对应的行驶轨迹特征,检测算法流程如图3所示。
算法流程描述:特征检测模块实时接收导航信息,若航向角速度不小于阈值且航向角变化趋势与上一点趋势相同则判定是同向运动,保存轨迹信息并接收下一点;若趋势相反或航向角速度小于阈值则根据式(3)对已存轨迹进行条件判断:当满足长距离转弯条件时输出轨迹特征,否则舍弃当前已存轨迹,继续接收后续点。航向角速度阈值依据经验值确定,本文取
采用本文提出的轨迹特征检测算法对某次实验车行驶轨迹进行特征提取,特征段提取结果如图4所示。图中红色曲线为行车轨迹,蓝色片段为检测出的特征片段。可以看出,本文所提检测算法可以有效检测出轨迹特征。
轨迹特征段具有明显弯曲特征,且特征段匹配属于局部匹配,其旋转误差相对位置误差更小。因此,在特征段匹配过程中可先进行平移粗匹配,再进行旋转伸缩精匹配。如图5所示,对最近有效点进行定义:R1R2表示某一路段,根据路段R1R2的方向,将其附近平面划分为三个不同区域(Ⅰ~Ⅲ),P1~P3为三个区域内的导航定位点,不同区域内的最近有效点求取方法不同。
记路段起点坐标为R1x1y1),路段终点坐标为R2x2y2),导航定位点坐标为Pixiyi),引入辅助变量γ判断导航定位点的所属区域,计算公式为:
γ≤0则为区域Ⅰ,γ≥1为区域Ⅲ,0<γ<1为区域Ⅱ。针对落入区域Ⅰ的导航点,其最近点为(路段左侧端点R1);落入区域Ⅲ的导航点,其最近点为(路段右侧端点R2);落入区域Ⅱ的导航点,其最近点为路段内垂直投影点′。′的坐标求取公式为:
通过式(5)得到最近点后,需判断航向角与路段方向的夹角,若方向夹角大于θth则舍弃该点。在定位点附近区域内遍历所有路段,选取满足方向阈值的最短距离投影点为该点的最近有效点。本文取θth=30°。
平移粗匹配的步骤如下:
1)确定候选路径:将轨迹特征段附近搜索到的路段根据拓扑关系进行拼接,得到多条候选路径;
2)求取最近有效点:将特征段内所有轨迹点(轨迹点个数记为N)向每条候选路径做垂直投影,计算每个轨迹点距其最近有效点的经纬度方向的平移量(dxidyi),并求均值作为轨迹整段平均平移量
3)整体平移:将特征段轨迹按平均平移量进行整体平移:
式(7)中,Pi为原始导航定位点,为粗匹配后的匹配点,粗匹配后用替换Pi进行后续的旋转伸缩精匹配。
平移粗匹配的示意图如图6所示。
在进行平移粗匹配后,匹配轨迹仍然存在一定的旋转伸缩误差,其与真实轨迹存在相似变换。设粗匹配后导航轨迹点为Piaibi),其对应的最近有效点为,则导航点和真实轨迹之间的曲线相似参数可以由平移因子T=(x0y0)、尺度因子K、旋转角度α来描述,则旋转变换矩阵为:
记相似变换后导航定位点为,其公式为:
将相似变换点与最近有效点做差,定义误差向量,并定义目标函数f,如下式:
将式(10)展开得到:
基于最小二乘原理,求解使目标函f最小的参数Kαx0y0,即可得到最优相似变换。通过分别求fKαx0y0的偏导并令其为零,解算出所有参数。获得最优相似变换参数后,利用式(9)对定位点Pi进行相似变换,得到并替换Pi。重复迭代该过程至最大次数,不断进行相似参数识别与相似变换,最终得到最优匹配轨迹。
将迭代结束后的轨迹点记为,向道路做垂直投影得到投影点,记为Q1Q2,…,QN,计算平移后的轨迹与投影点间的平均距离和距离标准差,计算公式为:
其中,dis_mean表示平移轨迹与投影点间的平均距离,dis_std表示距离标准差。这两个参数代表了相似变换后的轨迹与道路的匹配程度:值越小说明匹配轨迹与道路的吻合度越高,准确度越高;反之表明与道路的吻合度较差,准确度较低。当dis_mean<Γ1dis_std<Γ2时认为特征段匹配成功,否则认为不成功。特征段匹配成功后保存相应的特征轨迹和匹配轨迹,便于后续对导航误差进行辨识与补偿。Γ1Γ2依据经验值确定,本文取Γ1=1.0m,Γ2=0.6m。
采用本文提出的特征段匹配方法对某次实验车轨迹进行特征匹配,并与文献[5]的基于滑动最小平移量段匹配方法进行对比,结果如图7所示,特征段匹配误差数据统计如表1所示。
根据图7表1数据对比可以看出,本文所提的特征段匹配方法具有更好的匹配精度与稳定性,为后续基于地图匹配的导航误差辨识与补偿奠定了基础。
航位推算误差[14]主要源于姿态失准角φ、惯组相对于里程计的安装误差角δαθδαϕ以及里程计刻度系数误差δK。假设δαθδαϕδK以及天向失准角φU均为常值小量,且载车在地理位置变化不大的范围内行驶,整个导航过程中导航坐标系的旋转变化可近似为平面运动,则:
式(13)中,为计算水平位移,为真实水平位移,uU=[0 0 1]T
由式(13)可知真实水平位移绕天向轴uU旋转(φU+δαϕ)角度并放大(1+δK)倍后,可以得到计算水平位移。由于在行驶路线上的每一点都满足以上几何规律,因此航位推算轨迹与真实轨迹是几何相似的,即以起始点为中心,解算轨迹整体旋转(φU+δαϕ)角度并放大(1+δK)倍。另外从式(13)还可以得知,航向安装误差角δαϕ与天向失准角φU对位置误差具有等效影响,即从相似性原理上无法区分二者。在安装角经过精细标定后δαϕ较小,φU成为影响轨迹旋转误差的主要因素。
由航位推算系统误差特性可知,航位推算轨迹是以起始点为中心整体旋转α角度并放大K倍。因此,当载车行驶至几何特征明显道路时进行特征轨迹匹配,获取较为精准的特征匹配结果后,根据航位推算轨迹与真实行驶轨迹相似原理,对航位推算误差进行辨识与补偿。图8所示为基于矢量道路地图匹配的相邻特征点导航误差辨识补偿示意图。
当车辆行驶至几何特征较为明显的道路时,通过1.2节的轨迹特征检测算法和1.3节的特征段匹配算法便可得到较为准确的匹配点。图8P0为起始点,P1为导航轨迹上的特征点,为矢量道路上的匹配点。应用式(14)对航向误差角φU和里程计刻度系数误差δK进行辨识估计补偿:
基于相邻特征点的补偿方案效果取决于地图匹配精度,尤其是特征点匹配精度[15,16]。受匹配精度影响,利用单次特征匹配结果进行导航误差辨识补偿难免会引入随机不确定误差。为减小这种随机误差并提高导航误差辨识精度,本文采用多特征匹配结果,提出基于全局特征滑动优化的导航误差辨识补偿方法,如图9所示。
当载车行驶经过N个具有明显特征的轨迹段(S1~S4)时(图9N=4),这些特征轨迹段可视为全局几何特征。由于导航轨迹与真实轨迹相似,这些具有特征的导航轨迹与匹配片段()也满足几何相似性。以P0为起始点,轨迹点Si与匹配点满足以下关系:
根据最小二乘原理解算出Kα,从而得到航向误差角φU和里程计刻度系数误差δK
最后,对当前位置点A进行位置补偿:
当载车行驶经过具有明显几何特征的轨迹段数m小于LL为滑动窗口大小)时,采用该m个特征段进行误差辨识与补偿,并保存特征段匹配结果;当m大于等于L时,对滑窗进行滑动,舍弃滑窗内首个特征段,新增当前特征段至滑窗末尾,始终使用L个特征段进行误差辨识与补偿并更新起始点。
基于行驶位移窗口的特征滑动优化方法的步骤为:在地图匹配模块启动后,装订初始位置为起始点(记为Start_P)。当检测到第一个特征段时,对行驶位移进行判断:若满足位移阈值条件,则采用2.2节的误差辨识方法对误差进行辨识补偿(不更新起始点),可显著降低推算误差;若不满足则不进行辨识补偿,仅对当前特征段及匹配结果进行存储。当检测到第L个特征段且满足位移阈值时,采用本节的全局误差辨识方法对里程计刻度系数误差和航向角误差进行辨识,并与位置误差一并反馈至航位推算系统,同时更新起始点。此后持续重复这一辨识补偿过程。本文行驶位移阈值设定为Mth=10km。
为验证本文提出的基于全局几何特征滑动优化导航误差辨识补偿方法,在Matlab平台开展仿真实验。实验设计了大范围放射状开环行驶轨迹(最大程度体现误差补偿效果),轨迹参数设置如表2所示,其中序号为2~8的轨迹循环5次。载车初始速度[vEvNvU]=[0m/s,0m/s,0m/s],初始位置[latlonalt]=[39.963711°,116.304982°,44m],初始姿态[θγϕ]=[0°,0°,0°],行驶时间约4h,行驶里程约300km。
根据设计的行驶轨迹生成理想惯性器件数据,并引入器件误差:陀螺仪常值漂移0.01(°)/h,加速度计常值偏置50µg,陀螺仪随机游走,加速度计随机游走,里程计刻度系数误差δK=0.1%。将真实轨迹看作矢量道路进行地图匹配。记基于平移矢量补偿方法为MM1方法,记基于相邻特征点辨识补偿方法为MM2方法。
图10对比了仿真基准轨迹与采用不同方法补偿前后的轨迹,可见本文方法补偿后的导航轨迹相较于其他方法更接近真实轨迹。
图11展示了导航定位误差对比。可以看出,未经地图匹配辅助补偿的航位推算水平定位误差随里程增加而增加,定位误差P_Err随行驶里程D的关系近似为P_Err≈1‰D,这是由于行驶轨迹为放射状开环路线,由里程计刻度系数误差引起的径向误差占主要部分;采用传统的基于平移矢量补偿方法(MM1)后,航位推算定位误差得到有效抑制,误差曲线呈现锯齿状,虽然在每次特征段匹配后对导航位置进行修正,但未能减小误差发散的趋势;基于相邻特征点补偿方法(MM2)使导航误差发散趋势较比MM1有所缓和,但单个特征点的补偿效果不稳定;本文方法将整体误差控制在5 m内,且补偿后误差发散趋势明显减小,较MM1/MM2能更有效稳定地修正导航系统误差。
将不同种方法补偿前后的导航误差数据进行对比,如表3所示。由表可知,本文辨识补偿方法后的导航定位误差最小,且导航定位精度稳定性最好。
为验证本文提出的基于全局几何特征滑动优化的导航误差辨识补偿方法,在北京至河北地区开展了往返两次跑车实验。实验平台如图12所示,实验车搭载某型号激光捷联惯性导航系统、车载里程计与卫星导航系统。
惯组参数见表4;卫星导航系统采用RTK定位模式,其位置精度优于0.1 m,作为车辆真实位置参考基准。实验前已完成惯组与车体间安装角及里程计刻度系数的标定补偿。实验车行驶前通过5 min静基座对准获取初始姿态,并将卫星导航系统5 min内输出的平均位置装订至惯导系统。如图13所示,实验路线一(青色)从北京理工大学出发,沿途经过昌平区、八达岭镇、怀来县、下花园区、崞村镇,全程约163 km,耗时约2.4 h,平均速度约68 km/h;实验路线二(蓝色)从深井镇出发,沿途经过崞村镇、下花园区、怀来县、八达岭镇、昌平区,最后至北京理工大学,全程约181 km,耗时约2.4 h,平均速度约75 km/h。
图14对比了实验路线二的基准轨迹以及采用不同方法补偿前后的轨迹,图15展示了导航误差对比。结果表明,经本文方法补偿后的轨迹相比其他两种方法更接近真实轨迹。
两次实验路线的导航误差数据对比如表5所示。
实验结果分析:首先,三种补偿方案都能有效抑制导航系统误差发散,提升导航系统长期定位精度。
基于平移矢量的补偿方案在载车每次经过特征较为明显的路段时,能够显著降低定位误差,这是由于经过特征轨迹段匹配可获得精度较高的匹配结果,从而沿道路方向和垂直道路方向修正导航误差;但其修正的作用时间较短,随着车辆继续行驶,导航误差仍会以补偿前的增长趋势发散,表明该方法未能有效补偿里程计刻度系数误差。
基于相邻特征点的补偿方案在载车每次经过特征较为明显的路段时,通过特征段匹配对里程计刻度系数误差进行辨识估计并反馈至导航解算,从而减小里程计误差对导航定位的影响,一定程度上抑制了导航误差的发散趋势。然而,基于相邻特征点的补偿模式对特征段匹配误差极为敏感,易导致里程计系数估计补偿结果不稳定。
相比于前两种补偿方法,本文提出的基于全局几何特征滑动优化补偿方法能有效稳定地提升导航定位精度,同时也能有效抑制导航误差发散趋势,具有更好的修正效果。经本文方法补偿后,整体导航定位误差控制在15 m以内。与传统的基于平移矢量补偿和基于相邻特征点补偿方法相比,本文方法的最大定位误差分别平均降低53.1%和31.0%,均方根误差分别平均下降50.0%与39.0%,标准差分别平均减少63.0%和44.3%,验证了本文方法的有效性。
随着地理信息系统的发展,地图匹配作为软件修正技术,可有效提升陆用平台导航系统在卫星拒止环境下的长航时、大范围自主定位定向精度。本文提出一种基于轨迹特征的优化地图匹配算法,实现导航轨迹与电子地图上的准确匹配,并设计了一种基于全局几何特征滑动优化的导航误差辨识补偿方法,能够对导航定位误差和里程计刻度系数误差进行有效辨识补偿。仿真与实测结果表明,该方法能够较好地补偿航位推算系统误差,从而抑制导航系统长航时、大范围行驶条件下的误差发散,提升卫星拒止环境下的自主定位精度。
  • 装备发展部十四五预先研究项目(50917030104)
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2025年第33卷第10期
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doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.009
  • 接收时间:2025-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-04
  • 录用日期:2025-08-13
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装备发展部十四五预先研究项目(50917030104)
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    1.北京理工大学 自动化学院,北京 100081
    2.福耀科技大学,福州 350109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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