Article(id=1244336192842481731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1749484800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-10, onlineDate=1774602467021, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602467021, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602467021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602467021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336186114819067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, year='2025', volume='33', issue='10', pageStart='955', pageEnd='1060', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761753600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602465418, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774604459075, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244344548185452774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, issueId=1244336186114819067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1008, endPage=1015, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336193106722894, articleId=1244336192842481731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, language=EN, title=Aircraft geomagnetic localization algorithm based on GGA-ELM neural network, columnId=1244336188069364733, journalTitle=Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, columnName=Integrated Navigation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional neural network algorithms are prone to consuming a long time and getting stuck in local optima when artificial intelligence methods are applied to geomagnetic navigation and positioning. To address these issues, a method for geomagnetic positioning of aircraft based on improved gradient-based genetic algorithm optimized extreme learning machine neural network (GGA-ELM) is proposed. The training efficiency is greatly improved based on the optimized ELM network and the risk of falling into local optimum is effectively reduced as well by introducing an elite reverse learning strategy into the traditional genetic algorithm. Some aeromagnetic data measured by drone are used for investigation. The experimental results show that the training time of the GGA-ELM model is significantly reduced compared with the CNN, BiLSTM and LSTM models. In addition, the localization error of the GGA-ELM model is about 4 m, and the localization time is 0.003 s. Compared with the ELM, GA-ELM, CNN, BiLSTM, RBF and LSTM models, based on the GGA-ELM method, the localization accuracy is improved by 86.6%, 115.9%, 417.8%, 187.6%, 216.5%, and 107.5%, respectively. The localization time is reduced up to 0.947 s. From the results, it is clearly seen that the proposed method has better positioning stability and higher accuracy on aircraft localization.

, authors=null, authorsList=Weibao ZOU, Chaofei CHANG, Qidong LI, Enming LIU, Daheng HAN, Xin PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244336203303076212, articleId=1244336192842481731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, language=CN, title=基于GGA-ELM神经网络的飞行器地磁定位方法, columnId=1244336188241331200, journalTitle=中国惯性技术学报, columnName=组合导航技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在地磁导航定位中应用人工智能时,传统神经网络面临训练效率低和易陷入局部最优等挑战。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机神经网络(GGA-ELM)的飞行器地磁定位方法。通过在传统遗传算法中引入精英反向学习策略,优化后的ELM网络提高了训练效率,有效降低了陷入局部最优的风险。实验结果表明:与CNN、BiLSTM和LSTM模型相比,GGA-ELM模型的训练时间显著减小,此外,GGA-ELM模型的定位误差约为4 m,定位时间为0.003 s。与ELM、GA-ELM、CNN、BiLSTM、RBF及LSTM模型相比,GGA-ELM模型方法的定位精度分别提高了86.6%、115.9%、417.8%、187.6%、216.5%、107.5%;定位时间最多减小了0.947 s。所提方法在航磁数据上的定位稳定性更好,准确性更高。

, authors=

邹维宝(1967—),男,副教授,硕士生导师。从事地磁导航研究。

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邹维宝(1967—),男,副教授,硕士生导师。从事地磁导航研究。

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邹维宝(1967—),男,副教授,硕士生导师。从事地磁导航研究。

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Integration of equipment for aeromagnetic measurement systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号设备名称型号主要功能或性能参数
1多功能智能化旋翼无人机DN20-G4空机重量6.7 kg;空载飞行时间56 min;抗风能力小于等于6级
2MagDrone磁通门测量仪DN-R3分辨率<0.3 nT;测量范围为±75000 nT
3质子磁力仪GSM-19T分辨率为0.01 nT;动态测量范围为20000-120000 nT;采样间隔为5 s
4中绘i70智能RTKDN-PPK提供无人机的空间位置坐标
), ArticleFig(id=1244336212874478229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244323073571209252, articleId=1244336192842481731, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

航磁测量系统设备集成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号设备名称型号主要功能或性能参数
1多功能智能化旋翼无人机DN20-G4空机重量6.7 kg;空载飞行时间56 min;抗风能力小于等于6级
2MagDrone磁通门测量仪DN-R3分辨率<0.3 nT;测量范围为±75000 nT
3质子磁力仪GSM-19T分辨率为0.01 nT;动态测量范围为20000-120000 nT;采样间隔为5 s
4中绘i70智能RTKDN-PPK提供无人机的空间位置坐标
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Comparison of evaluation indicators for feature quantity combination selection

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序号特征量组合RMSE/mMAE/mR2训练时间/s
1X、Y、Z3.852.780.9949
2X、Y、Z、F、H5.674.820.9952
3X、Y、F8.257.290.9949
4X、Y、H7.515.990.9949
5Y、Z、F9.266.950.9951
6Y、Z、H7.116.290.9950
7X、F、H5.274.610.9949
8Z、F、H4.614.140.9951
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特征量组合选取评价指标对比

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序号特征量组合RMSE/mMAE/mR2训练时间/s
1X、Y、Z3.852.780.9949
2X、Y、Z、F、H5.674.820.9952
3X、Y、F8.257.290.9949
4X、Y、H7.515.990.9949
5Y、Z、F9.266.950.9951
6Y、Z、H7.116.290.9950
7X、F、H5.274.610.9949
8Z、F、H4.614.140.9951
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Comparison of prediction results of different localization models

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1CNN20.040.9415.581890.09
2BiLSTM11.130.988.602200.17
3GGA-ELM3.870.992.67490.003
4LSTM12.250.9810.481870.13
5RBF8.030.977.967370.95
6ELM15.580.9812.250.030.003
7GA-ELM8.350.996.63300.0035
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不同定位模型的预测结果对比

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2BiLSTM11.130.988.602200.17
3GGA-ELM3.870.992.67490.003
4LSTM12.250.9810.481870.13
5RBF8.030.977.967370.95
6ELM15.580.9812.250.030.003
7GA-ELM8.350.996.63300.0035
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Multi-step prediction of evaluation indicator results

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预测步长/步RMSE/m训练时间/s定位时间/s
24.02490.004
45.33490.004
65.92490.004
86.58510.003
107.56510.003
128.27500.003
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多步预测评价指标结果

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65.92490.004
86.58510.003
107.56510.003
128.27500.003
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基于GGA-ELM神经网络的飞行器地磁定位方法
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邹维宝 1 , 常超飞 1 , 李启栋 1 , 刘恩铭 1 , 韩大恒 1 , 彭鑫 2
中国惯性技术学报 | 组合导航技术 2025,33(10): 1008-1015
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中国惯性技术学报 |组合导航技术 2025 , 33 (10) : 1008 -1015
基于GGA-ELM神经网络的飞行器地磁定位方法
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邹维宝1, 常超飞1, 李启栋1, 刘恩铭1, 韩大恒1, 彭鑫2
作者信息
  • 1.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
  • 2.中国人民解放军61363部队,西安 430071
Aircraft geomagnetic localization algorithm based on GGA-ELM neural network
Weibao ZOU1, Chaofei CHANG1, Qidong LI1, Enming LIU1, Daheng HAN1, Xin PENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2.People's Liberation Army Unit 61363, Xi'an 430071, China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.007
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在地磁导航定位中应用人工智能时,传统神经网络面临训练效率低和易陷入局部最优等挑战。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机神经网络(GGA-ELM)的飞行器地磁定位方法。通过在传统遗传算法中引入精英反向学习策略,优化后的ELM网络提高了训练效率,有效降低了陷入局部最优的风险。实验结果表明:与CNN、BiLSTM和LSTM模型相比,GGA-ELM模型的训练时间显著减小,此外,GGA-ELM模型的定位误差约为4 m,定位时间为0.003 s。与ELM、GA-ELM、CNN、BiLSTM、RBF及LSTM模型相比,GGA-ELM模型方法的定位精度分别提高了86.6%、115.9%、417.8%、187.6%、216.5%、107.5%;定位时间最多减小了0.947 s。所提方法在航磁数据上的定位稳定性更好,准确性更高。

飞行器  /  遗传算法  /  极限学习机  /  地磁定位  /  航磁数据

Traditional neural network algorithms are prone to consuming a long time and getting stuck in local optima when artificial intelligence methods are applied to geomagnetic navigation and positioning. To address these issues, a method for geomagnetic positioning of aircraft based on improved gradient-based genetic algorithm optimized extreme learning machine neural network (GGA-ELM) is proposed. The training efficiency is greatly improved based on the optimized ELM network and the risk of falling into local optimum is effectively reduced as well by introducing an elite reverse learning strategy into the traditional genetic algorithm. Some aeromagnetic data measured by drone are used for investigation. The experimental results show that the training time of the GGA-ELM model is significantly reduced compared with the CNN, BiLSTM and LSTM models. In addition, the localization error of the GGA-ELM model is about 4 m, and the localization time is 0.003 s. Compared with the ELM, GA-ELM, CNN, BiLSTM, RBF and LSTM models, based on the GGA-ELM method, the localization accuracy is improved by 86.6%, 115.9%, 417.8%, 187.6%, 216.5%, and 107.5%, respectively. The localization time is reduced up to 0.947 s. From the results, it is clearly seen that the proposed method has better positioning stability and higher accuracy on aircraft localization.

aircraft  /  genetic algorithm  /  extreme learning machine  /  geomagnetic localization  /  aeromagnetic data
邹维宝, 常超飞, 李启栋, 刘恩铭, 韩大恒, 彭鑫. 基于GGA-ELM神经网络的飞行器地磁定位方法. 中国惯性技术学报, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1008 -1015 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.007
Weibao ZOU, Chaofei CHANG, Qidong LI, Enming LIU, Daheng HAN, Xin PENG. Aircraft geomagnetic localization algorithm based on GGA-ELM neural network[J]. Journal of Chinese Inertial Technology, 2025 , 33 (10) : 1008 -1015 . DOI: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.007
近年来,卫星导航定位技术的广泛应用在经济与军事领域展现出巨大价值,但其信号易受干扰与遮挡的缺点,使得无人机、航天器等在卫星拒止环境下导航定位能力受限[1]。惯性导航系统虽能提供相对精确的位置估计,但存在累积误差问题[2]。地磁导航凭借其全天时、全天候、全地域的优势,以及隐蔽性和抗干扰能力,成为导航技术领域的重要研究方向[3]
地磁导航定位算法分为传统匹配算法与智能化算法两大类[4]。传统方法如地磁轮廓匹配算法(Magnetic Contour Matching,MAGCOM)[5]与最近等值线迭代算法(Iterative Closest Contour Point,ICCP)[6]等,虽能实现实时定位,但定位精度受导航区域地磁特征丰富程度影响。随着统计学与信号处理理论的引入,基于统计模型[7]与卡尔曼滤波[8]的地磁定位算法在提升定位精度方面取得显著进展。
近年来,机器学习技术在地磁定位中的应用成为研究热点。通过将机器学习算法融入地磁定位,如文献[9]利用卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)实现智能手表实时定位,文献[10]使用长短时记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)在不同规模实验场地实现定位,文献[11]提出基于贝叶斯估计的地磁辅助导航算法,以及文献[12]探讨通过增加地磁相关特征参数提升神经网络训练效果,均展示了机器学习在地磁定位领域的潜力。尽管如此,传统神经网络在训练阶段可能面临效率低的问题,尤其是在处理复杂地磁环境中的大量数据时,训练过程往往需要较长时间。这种低训练效率可能限制其在实际应用中的快速部署与实时响应能力,尤其是在动态变化的环境中。因此,如何提升训练效率并优化神经网络的学习速度和适应性,成为提升其在复杂地磁环境中应用性能的关键因素。极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)作为一种高效的单隐层前馈神经网络算法,以其快速训练速度与强大的泛化能力,展现了在地磁定位中的巨大潜力[13]。尽管ELM能够在一定程度上缓解传统神经网络的训练效率问题,但其在特征提取与参数优化方面仍存在一定的不足,这可能影响其在复杂环境中的应用效果。因此,如何进一步优化ELM的性能,尤其是在复杂地磁环境下的精度与鲁棒性,仍然是当前研究的重要方向。
针对上述问题,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法(Gradation GeneticAlgorithm,GGA)优化的极限学习机(ELM)飞行器地磁定位方法。GGA通过引入精英反向学习策略,有效提高种群质量;使用GGA优化ELM,可以找到适合ELM神经网络的最佳权值和阈值,再结合ELM的快速学习特性,最终可以实现高精度与高效率的地磁定位。本文旨在通过改进遗传算法优化ELM,解决传统神经网络在地磁定位中的训练效率与性能问题,为智能化定位技术的发展提供新的思路与方法。
ELM是一种特殊的单隐层前馈神经网络,在训练阶段抛弃传统的神经网络中基于梯度的算法(后向传播),随机选取输入层权重和隐藏层偏置,输出层权重通过最小化由训练误差项和输出层权重范数的正则项构成的损失函数,依据穆尔-彭罗斯(Moore-Penrose,MP)广义逆矩阵理论计算解析求出。该算法具有训练参数少、学习速度快、泛化能力强等特点,解决了神经网络训练耗时长问题。ELM模型的网络结构如图1所示。
对于给定的训练集,其中,x表示输入的地磁特征量,t表示对应的位置标签。ELM的计算过程可以表示为:
式(1)中,N为训练集中样本的个数;hix)是第i个隐藏层节点的输出;g为激活函数,本文采用sigmoid函数作为激活函数;wi为输入权重,βi为输出权重;bi为隐藏层中第i个神经元的偏置。
式(1)可以写成:
在ELM算法中,wibi可以随机给定,H为隐藏层的输出矩阵。输出权值矩阵可通过求解式(2)得到。
通过矩阵运算,可得:
式(4)中,H为矩阵H的MP广义逆矩阵。
遗传算法是一种基于生物进化原理的全局优化搜索技术,通过选择、交叉、变异等操作迭代求解最优解。选择操作依据适应度函数,优先选择适应性强的个体进行遗传。交叉和变异操作则促进种群多样性,提升全局搜索能力。然而,遗传算法存在过早趋同的风险,即当某个个体的适应度显著高于种群中其他个体时,可能导致算法陷入局部最优解,而非全局最优解。
为克服这一局限,在该算法中引入精英反向学习策略。该策略通过当前问题的最优解构建反向解,增加种群的多样性。在当前解与反向解中选择部分最优个体作为下一代的种子,以确保种群的高质量和多样性并有效避免过早趋同,提升算法的全局搜索性能。
精英反向解定义为:假设种群中个体对应的极值点为精英个体,即,(i=1,2…sj=1,2…d)其反向解可以表示为:
其中,K为(0,1)上的动态系数;αjβj为动态边界,动态边界克服了固定边界难以保存搜索经验的缺点,使精英反向解可以在狭窄的空间中进行搜索,不易陷于局部最优。若动态边界操作使越过边界成为非可行解,可以利用随机生成的方法重置,重置方式如式(6)所示:
尽管ELM神经网络在多数测试点的定位上表现出高精度,但其权值和阈值的随机生成特性对定位系统的稳定性和精度带来了显著影响,这在实际应用中常常导致过拟合问题。利用遗传算法的优化能力,可以搜索到适合ELM神经网络的最佳权值和阈值。这一优化过程基于概率函数,通过选择多个最优点来有效克服ELM神经网络所面临的过拟合问题。
本文提出的定位方法融合了一种高效的优化策略与一种快速的ELM神经网络学习技术。借助遗传算法,该方法能够筛选出一组更优的初始权重和偏置。遗传算法通过维持种群多样性并结合精英保留策略,能够在较大解空间中进行全局寻优,从而显著降低陷入局部最优的风险。具体而言,算法在每一代进化中通过交叉和变异操作探索新的解区域,并结合适应度评价(均方误差)筛选出性能更优的个体,使得优化过程不易过早收敛于局部次优解。此外,在遗传算法的种群迭代过程中,引入了精英反向学习的策略,通过评估适应度函数来比较常规解与反向解的优劣,进而选择出更优秀的染色体,以此提升所构建种群的质量。GGA-ELM的算法流程如图2所示。GGA-ELM算法实现步骤如下:
(1)输入样本数据并对其进行归一化;
(2)将ELM神经网络随机生成的权值和阈值编码后作为遗传算法的初始种群;
(3)计算种群的适应度值(本算法使用的适应度函数为均方误差函数。均方误差公式为,式中n为样本数,yi表示真实值,表示预测值);
(4)种群个体经过选择、交叉、变异后,将此刻的个体利用精英反向学习策略进行反向解的求解,然后计算适应度,将挑选所得的解中误差较低的部分来组成下一代新种群;
(5)经过遗传算法迭代优化后,获得全局近似最优的权值与阈值组合;
(6)将解码得到的最优权值和阈值赋给ELM神经网络,用于构建地磁定位模型。该模型以地磁序列特征为输入,通过训练好的网络直接输出位置坐标。在地磁定位阶段,采集实时地磁数据并经相同预处理后输入至GGA-ELM模型,模型的前向传播输出即对应目标的定位结果。
本文采用无人机搭载航磁系统在东南沿海某区域开展航磁测量作业,采集地磁数据。数据采集方式采用倒“S”式,如图3所示。本次航空磁测作业系统包括航磁测量系统、日变站观测系统和地面定位系统。航磁测量系统设备包括磁通门测量仪、旋翼无人机和雷达高度计等。除此之外还包括地面磁日变观测的质子磁力仪、地面定位系统的RTK。在进行中高精度磁测时,需要架设专门仪器并由专人负责观测地磁场全天变化,该站点称为地磁日变站。野外地磁日变观测站的选址要选在地磁场相对平缓、远离车辆、人员稀少以及远离一切可能引起地磁场变化因素的地点。地磁日变站的有效控制半径在200 km~500 km。数据测量系统设备相关性能指标如表1所示。
在采集过程中,无人机飞行高度保持在129 m左右,飞行速度设置为6 m/s,磁力仪的采样频率设置为200 Hz,数据采集时长为两天。本次采集的原始数据为总磁场强度F及每个测点对应的经纬度与姿态数据。通过对总场F及姿态数据进行处理与解算,得到了北向分量X、东向分量Y与垂直分量Z三个地磁分量。水平分量H可由X与Y计算得出。X、Y、Z的曲线图如图4所示。
通过无人机航磁测量系统获取原始地磁数据及其对应的初始三维位置坐标,并利用地面日变站磁测系统提供的同期日变数据对无人机磁测数据进行日变改正。高精度三维定位系统通过时间匹配,将初始坐标替换为经PPK后处理得到的高精度坐标。在航磁数据处理平台上,依次进行数据预处理、误差补偿、日变改正及高精度坐标匹配,最终获得精确的地磁数据及与之对应的高精度三维坐标。
在余姚区域,共采集了21条规划主测线上的航磁数据。所使用的地磁传感器采样频率为200 Hz,无人机飞行速度约为6 m/s,因此在每条测线上每1米范围内可采集约30个航磁点数据。为便于后续地磁场分析,对21条主测线上采集的密集航磁点数据进行抽稀处理,并按测线顺序依次编号。相邻测线间距约为100 m,每条测线上相邻航磁点之间的平均距离约为1.15 m。
将处理后的地磁数据按8:2的比例划分为训练集与测试集。每个采样点的地磁特征与位置坐标一一对应。以某一样本点为例,设其表示为Xi=[DiPi],其中Di表示第i个点的地磁特征量,Pi表示第i点对应的位置。
由于地磁要素与位置坐标在量级和单位上存在差异,为消除量纲影响,采用min-max归一化将原始数据映射至[0,1]区间,归一化公式如式(7)所示:
式(7)中,Xmax是样本数据的最大值,Xmin是样本数据的最小值。
本次实验构建了GGA-ELM地磁定位方法。输入数据为地磁特征量,输出数据为位置坐标。在模型训练时,通过滑动窗口将航磁数据序列分割为多个连续的地磁子序列,并为每个子序列划分相应的位置信息。滑动窗口的大小设置为3 s,预测窗口设置为7 s,步长为1 s,意味着每次滑动窗口向前移动1 s。具体来说,输入数据使用了3个地磁特征量,通过历史时刻的7 s内的航磁数据来预测未来1 s的数据。
在定位模型中,遗传算法种群规模设置为10。隐藏层节点数和最大迭代次数对模型精度具有显著影响,需通过实验加以优化。最佳迭代次数依据适应度函数收敛行为确定,当迭代次数增加至15时适应度趋于稳定(图5所示),故设定最大迭代次数为15。为确定最优隐藏层节点数,采用控制变量法,固定其他参数,调整隐藏层节点数并分析其对RMSE和训练时间的影响(图6所示)。结果表明,随隐藏层节点数增加,训练时间逐渐延长,而RMSE呈现先降后升的趋势,在节点数为60时RMSE达到最低,因此最终选择隐藏层节点数为60。
在构建地磁定位模型时,地磁特征量的选择需兼顾信息丰富性与模型复杂度。尽管多特征融合有助于提升模型刻画能力,但若特征数量过多,尤其当部分特征间存在较强相关性时,不仅会显著增加计算负担,还可能引入噪声或冗余,削弱模型的泛化性能。
因此,为实现定位精度与计算效率的平衡,本实验着重筛选信息量丰富、冗余度低、区分度高的特征组合。本小节通过对比不同特征组合下模型的定位表现,以确定最优特征子集,实验结果如表2所示。
为全面评估定位算法的性能,需从效率与精度两方面建立评价体系。效率方面主要考虑训练时间与定位时间;精度评价则采用均方根误差RMSE,平均绝对误差MAE和决定系数R2,各指标计算公式如下:
其中yi表示真实值,表示预测值,表示坐标真实值的平均值。RMSEMAE越小,表明模型的效果越好。R2的范围在[0,1]之间,越接近1,表示模型拟合的效果越好。
表2的实验结果可以看出,不同特征量组合下定位模型预测的均方根误差在3.85 m~9.26 m,平均绝对误差在2.78 m~6.95 m,决定系数都保持在0.99。
图7可以看出,组合1(X、Y、Z)的定位模型预测结果与实际值最为接近,这表明X、Y、Z这三个特征量在定位模型中起着至关重要的作用,属于核心特征量。当在核心特征量的基础上添加地磁特征量F和/或H时(如组合2、7、8),定位精度有所变化,虽然这些组合的决定系数仍然很高,但RMSE和MAE的增加表明地磁特征量的引入在某些情况下可能引入了冗余信息或干扰,或者它们与核心特征量之间存在复杂的相互作用,导致模型性能下降。另外,组合7和组合8的定位精度仅次于组合1,RMSE相较于组合1分别增大了36.7%和19.7%,这表明地磁特征量F和H也可用于在一定范围内对载体位置的唯一标定。组合2相较于组合1来说,RMSE增大了47.1%,MAE增大了73.2%,训练时间增大了6.1%,这表明输入的地磁数据量增加会影响模型的计算效率。
综上,选择组合1(X、Y、Z)作为定位模型的输入特征量。
为了验证所提模型GGA-ELM的性能,展开设计以下几种模型进行对比实验:CNN,BiLSTM,RBF,LSTM,GA-ELM,ELM。在这一实验中,模型的输入为过去7秒的地磁数据,预测的是接下来的1秒钟内的位置坐标。对于每个模型,训练过程中都以“窗口滑动”方式将数据分割成多个时间序列,并使用每个子序列的历史数据来预测当前位置。模型对经度和纬度的预测结果如图8图9所示。每个模型均运行10次,然后取平均值。最终的评价指标结果如表3所示。
图8图9可以看出,在纬度方向上,从稳定性上来看,各算法所预测的轨迹波动性都较小,稳定性都比较高;从准确性上来看,模型3-7的预测轨迹与实际飞行轨迹吻合度高,准确性较好,而模型1和2的预测轨迹与实际飞行轨迹之间的距离较大,准确性最差。在经度方向上,模型1-7的预测轨迹都有一定的波动性,模型1的波动性最大;模型1、模型3和模型7的预测轨迹与实际飞行轨迹最为接近,其中模型3的轨迹吻合度最高。
表3的结果可以看出,各个模型预测的定位误差在3.87 m~20.04 m,决定系数在0.94~0.99,平均绝对误差在2.67 m~15.58 m,定位时间在0.003 s~0.95 s。模型3的预测效果最好,模型1的预测效果最差。模型3相较于模型6和模型7,定位误差分别减小了86.6%和115.9%,这表明在模型3中融入精英反向策略后,种群质量得到了提升,成功找到了适合定位算法的最佳权值与阈值,很好的学习到了地磁特征量与位置之间的映射关系,模型的预测精度得到了提升。
模型3相比于模型1、2、4、5来说,定位误差分别减小了417.8%,187.6%,107.5%,216.5%,决定系数分别增大了5.31%,1.02%,1.02%,2.06%,训练速度分别提高了30倍,57倍,317倍和43倍。结合图6表3来看,模型1在定位的过程中不稳定,误差波动很大,对航磁数据的拟合度不高。模型2和模型4的定位误差相比于模型1减小了80.05%和63.59%,这表明模型2、4可以很好的处理长时间的地磁序列依赖关系,自动提取地磁序列中的地磁语义特征,但学习地磁序列与位置序列之间的映射规律所用时间很长,模型效率不高。模型5相比于模型1、2、4,定位误差减小了149.6%、38.6%、52.6%,但需要牺牲很大的模型训练时间,不适合数据量很大的航磁数据的定位。
为了评估本文提出的地磁定位算法在动态环境下的多步预测精度与效率,开展了多步预测实验,目标是根据历史数据连续预测多个未来时刻的位置。具体来说,在每个预测步长内,模型会输出下一个时间点的预测位置,并将其作为下一个时刻预测的输入数据,依此类推。比如,若预测步长为2 s,则模型会输出当前位置的预测值,并基于该预测值再进行一次预测,依此类推进行连续预测。在实验中保持模型其他参数不变,仅调整预测步长。实验结果如表4所示。
表4可以看出,在短步数预测的情况下(≤6步),模型预测的定位误差在4.02 m~5.92 m,训练时间保持在49 s,定位时间保持在0.004 s,表明本文提出的地磁定位方法在短时间内能够较为准确地捕捉飞行器的运动状态。随着预测步数的增加,模型预测的距离误差逐渐增大,8步、10步、12步预测与6步预测相比,定位误差分别增大了11.15%、27.7%和39.7%,训练时间分别增大了4.1%、4.1%和2.04%,这反映出预测误差的累积效应。尽管如此,模型的定位速度依然保持较高水平,这表明在较长时间范围内,环境因素的随机性和不确定性对定位结果的影响显著增强。因此,选择合适预测步数是提升定位精度的关键因素。
本文研究提出了一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机的飞行器地磁定位方法。该方法在遗传算法中引入了精英反向学习策略,以提升种群的质量,从而在优化过程中有效寻找适合本算法的最佳权重和阈值,并将其应用于ELM模型,以实现最佳的定位效果。通过实测数据进行仿真实验,得出以下结论:
(1)X、Y、Z是GGA-ELM定位方法的最佳地磁特征量组合。
(2)GGA-ELM地磁定位方法相较于单一的ELM及经过遗传算法优化的GA-ELM,虽然在训练速度上略有下降,但其在定位速度上依然保持了高水平,成功地在定位精度与速度之间实现了优化的平衡。进一步地,与当前主流的地磁定位算法如卷积神经网络(CNN)、双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM)、径向基函数网络(RBF)以及长短期记忆网络(LSTM)相比,GGA-ELM方法在定位精度与速度两项关键指标上均展现出了最优性能,充分验证了该方法的有效性和先进性。
(3)本文提出的GGA-ELM地磁定位方法可以适应不同轨迹长度下的位置预测。在实际飞行任务中,可以根据定位精度要求合理选择预测步长。
需要指出的是,本文的实验仅在一个相对较小的区域内进行,未来的研究将考虑在更大样本数据量的基础上进行定位实验,以进一步验证算法对大尺度区域的适应性。同时,未来的研究将探索进一步改进算法,以提升其在长时间预测中的定位性能,从而增强飞行器在复杂环境中的导航定位能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174006; 42371356)
  • 国防科技创新项目(19-163-00-KX-002-030-01)
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2025年第33卷第10期
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doi: 10.13695/j.cnki.12-1222/o3.2025.10.007
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
  • 录用日期:2025-06-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(42174006; 42371356)
国防科技创新项目(19-163-00-KX-002-030-01)
作者信息
    1.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
    2.中国人民解放军61363部队,西安 430071
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