中国材料进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池制备过程中的多尺度调控机制及其对器件性能的影响

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黄晓锋 ¹ , 祁楷航 ² , 杨晨希 ² , 王奕乔 ²

中国材料进展 | 钙钛矿光伏器件材料专栏 2026,45(10): 982-993

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中国材料进展 |钙钛矿光伏器件材料专栏 2026 , 45 (10) : 982 -993

钙钛矿太阳能电池制备过程中的多尺度调控机制及其对器件性能的影响

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黄晓锋¹, 祁楷航², 杨晨希², 王奕乔²

作者信息

^1.香港城市大学化学学院，香港　999077

^2.西北工业大学材料学院，陕西　西安　710072

作者简介:

黄晓锋，男，1993年生，助理研究员，Email：xhuan7@cityu.edu.hk

Multiscale Control Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication and Their Impact on Device Performance

Xiaofeng HUANG¹, Kaihang QI², Chenxi YANG², Yiqiao WANG²

Affiliations

^1.Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

^2.Shool of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

出版时间: 2026-10-20 doi: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202605017

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摘要

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钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率与长期稳定性高度依赖于制备过程中多尺度因素的协同调控。系统综述了从钙钛矿吸光层及各功能层前驱体体系到器件整体结构等关键环节对器件性能的影响机制，重点分析了原材料分子设计、成膜动力学、薄膜微观结构调控、界面与电荷传输层工程、大面积组件制备与系统集成之间的内在关联。研究表明，前驱体体系通过调控结晶路径、相演化过程与缺陷分布，为高质量钙钛矿薄膜的形成奠定基础；成膜过程中的反溶剂工程、添加剂种类与退火条件共同影响薄膜结晶过程，包括晶粒尺寸、晶粒取向、覆盖均匀性及残余应力，进而影响载流子输运、陷阱诱导复合和器件迟滞行为。界面钝化与传输层能级匹配能够有效降低非辐射复合损失，改善载流子选择性提取，进而提升开路电压、短路电流密度与填充因子。与此同时，n-i-p与p-i-n器件结构在制备工艺兼容性、界面稳定性及尺寸放大方面表现出不同优势与挑战；在组件化与系统集成过程中，薄膜均匀性、串联互连损耗、缺陷累积、环境稳定性及封装可靠性共同决定了钙钛矿光伏的产业化转化潜力。进一步归纳了从小面积器件向大面积模块过渡时所面临的关键瓶颈，包括界面复合、离子迁移、相分离、模块互连损耗及封装可靠性等。未来研究应聚焦于材料-成膜-界面-器件-组件的多尺度协同优化，发展原位/工况表征测试技术与机器学习辅助的工艺筛选方法，并构建统一、可比、可追溯的稳定性评价体系。

关键词

钙钛矿太阳能电池 / 制备工艺 / 薄膜结晶 / 界面工程 / 大面积组件 / 稳定性

Abstract

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The power conversion efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells are highly dependent on the synergistic regulation of multiscale factors during the fabrication process. This review systematically summarizes the device performance influence mechanisms by several key factors, ranging from precursor systems for the perovskite absorber and functional layers to overall device architectures. Particular emphasis is placed on the intrinsic correlations among molecular design of raw materials, film-formation dynamics, regulation of thin-film microstructure, interface and charge-transport-layer engineering, large-area module fabrication and system integration. Current studies indicate that precursor systems establish the foundation for high-quality perovskite films by regulating crystallization pathways, phase evolution and defect distributions. During film formation, antisolvent engineering, additive types and annealing conditions collectively regulate film crystallization processes, including grain size, crystallographic orientation, film coverage uniformity and residual stress, thereby affecting charge-carrier transport, trap-induced recombination and device hysteresis. Interface passivation and energy-level alignment of transport layers can effectively suppress non-radiative recombination losses and improve the selective extraction of charge carriers, leading to enhanced open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor. Meanwhile, n-i-p and p-i-n device architectures exhibit distinct advantages and challenges in terms of fabrication compatibility, interfacial stability and large-area scalability. During module fabrication and system integration, film uniformity, series interconnection losses, defect accumulation, environmental stability and encapsulation reliability jointly determine the industrialization potential of perovskite solar cells. This review further summarizes the major bottlenecks encountered in the transition from small-area devices to large-area modules, including interfacial recombination, ion migration, phase segregation, module interconnection losses and encapsulation reliability. Future research should focus on following directions: multiscale synergistic optimization across materials, film formation, interfaces, devices and modules; the development of in-situ and operando characterization/testing techniques; machine-learning-assisted process screening; and the establishment of unified, comparable and traceable stability evaluation protocols.

Key words

perovskite solar cells / fabrication process / thin-film crystallization / interface engineering / large-area modules / stability

引用本文

黄晓锋, 祁楷航, 杨晨希, 王奕乔. 钙钛矿太阳能电池制备过程中的多尺度调控机制及其对器件性能的影响. 中国材料进展, 2026 , 45 (10) : 982 -993 . DOI: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202605017

Xiaofeng HUANG, Kaihang QI, Chenxi YANG, Yiqiao WANG. Multiscale Control Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication and Their Impact on Device Performance[J]. Materials China, 2026 , 45 (10) : 982 -993 . DOI: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202605017

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2026年第45卷第10期

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文章信息

doi: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202605017

接收时间：2026-05-19
首发时间：2026-10-16
出版时间：2026-10-20

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收稿日期：2026-05-19
修回日期：2026-08-18

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作者信息

^1.香港城市大学化学学院，香港　999077

^2.西北工业大学材料学院，陕西　西安　710072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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