Article(id=1278415767544771366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0105-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1819, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767369600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-03, revisedDate=1773936000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727670760, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727670760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727670760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727670760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415768140362535, articleId=1278415767544771366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Risk assessment for physical hazard-bearing bodies based on consequences of hazardous chemical accidents and vulnerability, columnId=1277328337617941059, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the importance of buildings and bridges as physical hazard-bearing bodies for hazardous chemical accidents in regional risk assessment. In this paper, a physical vulnerability assessment model was established, and a risk assessment method was proposed, which considered the hazardous chemical accident consequences and the physical vulnerability of hazard-bearing bodies. Firstly, areal locations of hazardous atmospheres (ALOHA) was used to simulate the possible risk footprints of hazards. Secondly, a physical vulnerability assessment model including exposure, sensitivity and adaptability was established. Density of structures and distance from the accident center supply were selected as the exposure dimension layer. The age of the structures, building height, seismic grade of building and bridge length were selected as sensitivity dimension layer. Emergency shelter area, road area and infrastructure maintenance funds were selected as the adaptability index layer, and the driving force factors of physical hazard-bearing body vulnerability were analyzed through the geographical detector. Finally, arc geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to superimpose the accident consequence map and the physical vulnerability map to generate a comprehensive risk map to realize the comprehensive risk visualization of hazard-bearing body. This method was applied to the risk assessment of physical hazard-bearing bodies in a town of Tianjin. The results show that the density of structures and the distance from the accident center have the strongest explanatory power for the vulnerability of physical hazard-bearing bodies. The explanatory power of these two factors is 0.515 and 0.464, respectively. High-risk areas result from the spatial overlap of high hazard and high vulnerability. The comprehensive regional risk resulting from the combination of accident consequences and vulnerability exhibits significant spatial variation. On the accident consequence map, the eastern part of the town near the hazard release point is the most dangerous area. However, owing to the low vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies in the surrounding area of the release point, it is classified as a medium-risk zone on the comprehensive risk map.

, authors=Wenling Guan1, Yutong Wang1, Li Wang1, **, Changxing Ren2, Chengjie Dong1, authorsList=Wenling Guan, Yutong Wang, Li Wang, Changxing Ren, Chengjie Dong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415771571303220, articleId=1278415767544771366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估, columnId=1277328337940902469, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升建筑物与桥梁等物理承灾体在危化品事故区域风险评估中的重要性,建立物理承灾体脆弱性评估模型,并提出考虑危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估方法。首先,利用危险环境区域定位(ALOHA)建模软件模拟区域危险源可能的危险足迹;其次,建立包含暴露性、敏感性、适应性的物理承灾体脆弱性评估模型;然后,选取建构筑物密度、距事故中心的距离作为暴露性维度层,选取建构筑物年代、建筑高度、建筑抗震等级、桥梁长度作为敏感性维度层,选取应急避难面积、道路面积、基础设施维护资金作为适应性指标层,通过地理探测器分析物理承灾体脆弱性的驱动力因素;最后,利用地理信息系统软件(ArcGIS)叠加事故后果图与物理承灾体脆弱性图,生成综合风险图,实现物理承灾体综合风险可视化,并将该方法应用于天津市某镇的物理承灾体风险评估研究。结果表明:建构筑物密度、距事故中心距离对物理承灾体脆弱性的解释力最强,分别为0.515、0.464;高风险区域是由高危害性与高脆弱性共同作用的空间叠加结果,事故后果与脆弱性叠加后的区域,综合风险呈显著的空间分异特征。在事故后果图上,靠近危险释放点的城镇东部是最危险的区域,但由于危险释放点周围区域承灾体的脆弱性较低,在综合风险图上被划分为中等风险。

, authors=关文玲1, 王雨桐1, 王丽1, **, 任常兴2, 董呈杰1, authorsList=关文玲, 王雨桐, 王丽, 任常兴, 董呈杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王丽, authorNote=

关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

任常兴 研究员。

董呈杰 讲师。

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** 王丽(1982—),女,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,主要从事人群疏散、公共安全、应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:
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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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任常兴 研究员。

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任常兴 研究员。

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董呈杰 讲师。

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董呈杰 讲师。

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China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(S1):156-161., articleTitle=Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of urban bridge reliability based on combination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278415781058818951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=72, issue=1, pageStart=116, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=18, authorNames=王劲峰, 徐成东, journalName=地理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王劲峰, 徐成东. 地理探测器:原理与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(1):116-134., articleTitle=地理探测器:原理与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278415781130122120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=72, issue=1, pageStart=116, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Wang Jinfeng, Xu Chengdong, journalName=Acta Geographica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Jinfeng, Xu Chengdong. Geodetector: principle and prospective[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1): 116-134., articleTitle=Geodetector: principle and prospective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1278415781209813897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Guan Wengling, Liu Qingwen, Dong Chengjie, journalName=Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guan Wengling, Liu Qingwen, Dong Chengjie. Risk assessment method for industrial accident consequences and human vulnerability in urban areas[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2022, 76: DOI:10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104745., articleTitle=Risk assessment method for industrial accident consequences and human vulnerability in urban areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1278415779586618228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, awardId=24YDTPJC00110, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市科技计划项目(24YDTPJC00110), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1278415771822961461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415771906847542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, companyId=1278415771822961461, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415777028092776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Vulnerability evaluation index system of physical hazard-bearing body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层 准则层 指标层 指标性质 指标说明
物理承灾体 暴露性 建构筑物密度x1/m2 正向 单元区域内的建构筑物的面积
距事故中心距离x2/m 负向 建构筑物到事故中心的距离。事故影响范围内的建构
筑物距离危险源越近,遭受的冲击波超压等级越高
敏感性 建筑抗震等级x3 负向 单元内钢筋混凝土结构的建筑所占面积比例。钢筋
混凝土结构兼具刚度-柔性协调性与优异的抗冲击能力
建构筑物年代x4 正向 单元区域内建构筑物使用年限
建筑物高度x5/m 正向 单元区域内建筑物的高度值
桥梁长度x6/m 正向 单元区域内桥梁结构从起点到终点的水平距离
适应性 应急避难面积x7/m2 负向 单元区域内应急避难场所面积
道路面积x8/m2 负向 单元区域内道路面积。交通便利性提升消防救援
效率,并加速重建物资运输与设备通行
基础设施维护资金x9/元 负向 用于保障基础设施正常运行和修复的资金投入
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777103590249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物理承灾体脆弱性评价指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层 准则层 指标层 指标性质 指标说明
物理承灾体 暴露性 建构筑物密度x1/m2 正向 单元区域内的建构筑物的面积
距事故中心距离x2/m 负向 建构筑物到事故中心的距离。事故影响范围内的建构
筑物距离危险源越近,遭受的冲击波超压等级越高
敏感性 建筑抗震等级x3 负向 单元内钢筋混凝土结构的建筑所占面积比例。钢筋
混凝土结构兼具刚度-柔性协调性与优异的抗冲击能力
建构筑物年代x4 正向 单元区域内建构筑物使用年限
建筑物高度x5/m 正向 单元区域内建筑物的高度值
桥梁长度x6/m 正向 单元区域内桥梁结构从起点到终点的水平距离
适应性 应急避难面积x7/m2 负向 单元区域内应急避难场所面积
道路面积x8/m2 负向 单元区域内道路面积。交通便利性提升消防救援
效率,并加速重建物资运输与设备通行
基础设施维护资金x9/元 负向 用于保障基础设施正常运行和修复的资金投入
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777191670634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Judgment basis of interaction detection

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判断依据 交互作用类型
q(X1X2)<min[q(X1),(X2)] 非线性减弱
min[q(X1), (X2)]<q(X1X2)<
max[q(X1),(X2)]
单因子线性减缩
q(X1X2)>max[q(X1),(X2)] 双因子增强
q(X1X2)=q(X1)+q(X2) 独立
q(X1X2)>q(X1)+q(X2) 非线性增强
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777267168107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

交互作用探测判定准则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断依据 交互作用类型
q(X1X2)<min[q(X1),(X2)] 非线性减弱
min[q(X1), (X2)]<q(X1X2)<
max[q(X1),(X2)]
单因子线性减缩
q(X1X2)>max[q(X1),(X2)] 双因子增强
q(X1X2)=q(X1)+q(X2) 独立
q(X1X2)>q(X1)+q(X2) 非线性增强
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777346859884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Vulnerability level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理承灾体脆弱性等级 V 颜色
非常高 0.75≤V(a,b)≤1 深红色
0.5≤V(a,b)<0.75 红色
0.25≤V(a,b)<0.5 橙色
0<V(a,b)<0.25 黄色
无脆弱性 V(a,b)=0 浅黄色
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777418163053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脆弱性等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理承灾体脆弱性等级 V 颜色
非常高 0.75≤V(a,b)≤1 深红色
0.5≤V(a,b)<0.75 红色
0.25≤V(a,b)<0.5 橙色
0<V(a,b)<0.25 黄色
无脆弱性 V(a,b)=0 浅黄色
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777489466222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Risk matrix

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脆弱性等级 C3 C2 C1 无危害
非常高 无风险
无风险
无风险
无风险
无承灾体 无风险 无风险 无风险 无风险
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777569157999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风险矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脆弱性等级 C3 C2 C1 无危害
非常高 无风险
无风险
无风险
无风险
无承灾体 无风险 无风险 无风险 无风险
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777640461168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weight values of vulnerability indicators

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准则层 指标层 层次分析
法权重值
熵权法
权重值
组合权
重值
暴露性 建构筑物密度 0.101 0.149 0.125
距事故中心距离 0.265 0.121 0.193
敏感性 桥梁长度 0.133 0.095 0.114
建筑高度 0.098 0.174 0.136
建筑抗震等级 0.171 0.253 0.212
建构筑物年代 0.135 0.071 0.103
适应性 应急避难面积 0.021 0.057 0.039
道路面积 0.035 0.055 0.045
基础设施维护资金 0.041 0.025 0.033
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777724347249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

指标权重值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 指标层 层次分析
法权重值
熵权法
权重值
组合权
重值
暴露性 建构筑物密度 0.101 0.149 0.125
距事故中心距离 0.265 0.121 0.193
敏感性 桥梁长度 0.133 0.095 0.114
建筑高度 0.098 0.174 0.136
建筑抗震等级 0.171 0.253 0.212
建构筑物年代 0.135 0.071 0.103
适应性 应急避难面积 0.021 0.057 0.039
道路面积 0.035 0.055 0.045
基础设施维护资金 0.041 0.025 0.033
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777804039026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Explanatory power of driving factors on vulnerability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 脆弱性因子
解释力q
脆弱性因子
解释程度p
建构筑物密度 0.515 0
距事故中心距离 0.464 0
桥梁长度 0.429 0
建筑高度 0.441 0
建筑抗震等级 0.431 0
建构筑物年代 0.178 0
应急避难面积 0.337 0
道路面积 0.230 0
基础设施维护资金 0.373 0
), ArticleFig(id=1278415777875342195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415767544771366, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

影响因子对脆弱性的解释力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 脆弱性因子
解释力q
脆弱性因子
解释程度p
建构筑物密度 0.515 0
距事故中心距离 0.464 0
桥梁长度 0.429 0
建筑高度 0.441 0
建筑抗震等级 0.431 0
建构筑物年代 0.178 0
应急避难面积 0.337 0
道路面积 0.230 0
基础设施维护资金 0.373 0
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基于危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估
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关文玲 1 , 王雨桐 1 , 王丽 1, ** , 任常兴 2 , 董呈杰 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全技术与工程 2026,36(5): 105-112
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中国安全科学学报 |安全技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 105 -112
基于危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估
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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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关文玲1 , 王雨桐1, 王丽1, ** , 任常兴2, 董呈杰1
作者信息
  • 1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院, 天津 300384
  • 2 应急管理部天津消防研究所, 天津 300381
通讯作者:
** 王丽(1982—),女,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,主要从事人群疏散、公共安全、应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

关文玲 (1978—),女,陕西蒲城人,博士,副教授,主要从事粉尘防爆、工业火灾爆炸与风险管控等方面的研究。E-mail:

任常兴 研究员。

董呈杰 讲师。

Risk assessment for physical hazard-bearing bodies based on consequences of hazardous chemical accidents and vulnerability
Wenling Guan1 , Yutong Wang1, Li Wang1, ** , Changxing Ren2, Chengjie Dong1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2 Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Tianjin 300381, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1819
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为提升建筑物与桥梁等物理承灾体在危化品事故区域风险评估中的重要性,建立物理承灾体脆弱性评估模型,并提出考虑危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估方法。首先,利用危险环境区域定位(ALOHA)建模软件模拟区域危险源可能的危险足迹;其次,建立包含暴露性、敏感性、适应性的物理承灾体脆弱性评估模型;然后,选取建构筑物密度、距事故中心的距离作为暴露性维度层,选取建构筑物年代、建筑高度、建筑抗震等级、桥梁长度作为敏感性维度层,选取应急避难面积、道路面积、基础设施维护资金作为适应性指标层,通过地理探测器分析物理承灾体脆弱性的驱动力因素;最后,利用地理信息系统软件(ArcGIS)叠加事故后果图与物理承灾体脆弱性图,生成综合风险图,实现物理承灾体综合风险可视化,并将该方法应用于天津市某镇的物理承灾体风险评估研究。结果表明:建构筑物密度、距事故中心距离对物理承灾体脆弱性的解释力最强,分别为0.515、0.464;高风险区域是由高危害性与高脆弱性共同作用的空间叠加结果,事故后果与脆弱性叠加后的区域,综合风险呈显著的空间分异特征。在事故后果图上,靠近危险释放点的城镇东部是最危险的区域,但由于危险释放点周围区域承灾体的脆弱性较低,在综合风险图上被划分为中等风险。

危化品事故后果  /  脆弱性  /  物理承灾体  /  风险评估  /  危险足迹

To enhance the importance of buildings and bridges as physical hazard-bearing bodies for hazardous chemical accidents in regional risk assessment. In this paper, a physical vulnerability assessment model was established, and a risk assessment method was proposed, which considered the hazardous chemical accident consequences and the physical vulnerability of hazard-bearing bodies. Firstly, areal locations of hazardous atmospheres (ALOHA) was used to simulate the possible risk footprints of hazards. Secondly, a physical vulnerability assessment model including exposure, sensitivity and adaptability was established. Density of structures and distance from the accident center supply were selected as the exposure dimension layer. The age of the structures, building height, seismic grade of building and bridge length were selected as sensitivity dimension layer. Emergency shelter area, road area and infrastructure maintenance funds were selected as the adaptability index layer, and the driving force factors of physical hazard-bearing body vulnerability were analyzed through the geographical detector. Finally, arc geographic information system (ArcGIS) was used to superimpose the accident consequence map and the physical vulnerability map to generate a comprehensive risk map to realize the comprehensive risk visualization of hazard-bearing body. This method was applied to the risk assessment of physical hazard-bearing bodies in a town of Tianjin. The results show that the density of structures and the distance from the accident center have the strongest explanatory power for the vulnerability of physical hazard-bearing bodies. The explanatory power of these two factors is 0.515 and 0.464, respectively. High-risk areas result from the spatial overlap of high hazard and high vulnerability. The comprehensive regional risk resulting from the combination of accident consequences and vulnerability exhibits significant spatial variation. On the accident consequence map, the eastern part of the town near the hazard release point is the most dangerous area. However, owing to the low vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies in the surrounding area of the release point, it is classified as a medium-risk zone on the comprehensive risk map.

consequences of hazardous chemical accidents  /  vulnerability  /  physical hazard-bearing body  /  risk assessment  /  hazard footprint
关文玲, 王雨桐, 王丽, 任常兴, 董呈杰. 基于危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1819
Wenling Guan, Yutong Wang, Li Wang, Changxing Ren, Chengjie Dong. Risk assessment for physical hazard-bearing bodies based on consequences of hazardous chemical accidents and vulnerability[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1819
随着我国工业的发展,生产型事故尤其是危化品事故引发的社会风险日益凸显,该类事故不仅造成大量人员伤亡,还对周边建筑物、桥梁等物理承灾体造成严重破坏。2015年,天津港某公司危化品仓库发生爆炸,造成周边三百余栋建筑倒塌,建筑受损区达3.6km[1]。2020年,巴黎贝鲁特港爆炸,导致5万多所建筑损坏[2]。可见:物理承灾体是危化品区域风险评估中不可忽视的研究对象。
目前,国内外学者对物理承灾体脆弱性研究多集中于自然灾害领域,如滑坡、洪水、地震等。评估方法包括专家判断、历史损伤数据分析与物理数值模拟。Liu Wei等[3]通过有限元法评估了滑坡冲击下建筑物的破坏程度。Luo Hongyu等[4]提出了滑坡事故建筑物损伤分类体系;Ahamed等[5]提出了桥梁在洪水灾害作用下脆弱性分析的综合框架。刘曙光等[6]得出了村镇建筑的洪灾脆弱性曲线;Ferreira等[7]基于地震灾害数据经验法构建了脆弱性函数,得到不同建筑结构脆弱性曲线。Meyers-Angulo等[8]建立了建筑物和桥梁的智能地震风险模型。综上,传统物理承灾体脆弱性研究多关注自然灾害领域,而对生产事故下物理承灾体脆弱性关注较少。
因此,笔者拟提出一种基于危化品事故后果和脆弱性的物理承灾体风险评估方法。在建立包含暴露性、敏感性、适应性的物理承灾体脆弱性评估模型基础上,利用地理信息系统软件(Arc Geographic Information System, ArcGIS)叠加事故后果图与物理承灾体脆弱性图,形成物理承灾体风险地图,并将结果应用于天津市A镇的的物理承灾体风险评估,以期为政府用地规划和应急管理提供参考。
通过卫星地图识别研究区域边界、建筑及桥梁分布,实地调查收集建筑物、桥梁、人口及天气数据。根据研究区域划分网格,关文玲等[9]将研究区域划分为1 000m×1 000m的网格单元。王轶宏等[10]将网格大小划分为200m×200m。太大的网格不能准确反映风险分布,太小的网格会忽略相邻评价单元之间的空间相关性,故将区域划分为400m×400m网格单元。
物理承灾体风险由内外部风险叠加构成,外部风险多由周边的危化品事故后果引发,内部风险与物理承载体的脆弱性相关。脆弱性越高,事故造成的潜在影响越严重。其内涵可通过脆弱性界定图(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram,VSD)[11]系统阐释,包含“暴露性-敏感性-适应能力”3个维度。
基于VSD,结合城镇建构筑物特征与危化品事故特性,参照文献[12-14],从指标可量化性与数据可获取性出发,选取9个物理承灾体脆弱性指标。
以暴露性表征事故情景下物理承灾体遭受扰动或受灾的程度。该维度既与暴露单元数量有关,也受事故中心距离制约。暴露于事故情境下的承灾体越多、距危险释放点的距离越近,承灾体脆弱性越高,事故后果往往更严重。故选取建构筑物密度、距事故中心距离作为暴露性指标。
以敏感性表征承灾体在事故发生时受致灾因子和事故影响的危害程度,其属于承灾体自身特性。敏感性越低,脆弱性通常也越低。选取建筑抗震等级、建构筑物年代、建筑高度、桥梁长度作为敏感性指标。
以适应性表示系统在灾后通过调动资源以减轻损害和恢复功能的能力,周边应急资源越丰富,承灾体脆弱性越低。因此,选择应急避难面积、道路面积、基础设施维护资金作为适应性维度层。物理承灾体脆弱性评价指标体系及指标量化准则见表1,采用层次分析法-熵权法计算脆弱性指标权重值。
各评估指标从不同维度表征物理承灾体的脆弱性特征,存在量纲不统一及数值差异显著的问题。为综合量化评估多指标,需标准化处理原始数据。根据指标特性,将其分为正向指标和负向指标,分别进行标准化处理。
正参数的值越大,脆弱性越高。函数表达式为:
$ X_{i}=\frac{x_{i}-x_{0}}{x_{0}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(x_{i}-x_{0}\right) / x_{0}, x_{i}>x_{0} \\0, x_{i} \leqslant x_{0}\end{array}\right.$
式中:xi为第i个脆弱性指标的统计值;Xixi的无量纲化值;x0为第i个指标的标准值。
负参数的值越大,脆弱性越低。函数表达式为:
$ X_{i}=\frac{x_{0}-x_{i}}{x_{0}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(x_{0}-x_{i}\right) / x_{0}, x_{i}>x_{0} \\0, x_{i} \leqslant x_{0}\end{array}\right.$
标准化指标原始数据,计算各指标权重值,脆弱性分数计算公式为:
$ V(a, b)=\sum_{i=1}^{9} W_{i} \cdot X_{i}$
式中:V(a,b)为网格地图坐标(a,b)处的脆弱性得分;Wi为第i个指标的权重系数。
利用式(3)确定研究区域内每个网格单元的脆弱性值,均在0~1之间。得分越高,表示网格单元的承灾体脆弱性越大,面对事故时更脆弱。
地理探测器是一种探测各因子对地理事物解释力空间分析的统计模型。利用因子探测和交互探测分别分析物理承灾体脆弱性驱动因子。
1) 因子探测。利用分异及因子探测模型计算分析因变量X的空间分异性,通过因变量Xi对脆弱性V的解释力来度量某因变量X对于V空间分异性的解释程度,表达式为:
$ q=1-\frac{\sum_{j=1}^{n} H_{j} \cdot B_{j}^{2}}{H \cdot B^{2}}$
式中:q为解释力值;H为研究单元数;B2为研究区域内的脆弱性离散方差;Hj为第j层的样本总数;Bj2为第j层的离散方差;n为自变量Xi的分类数。
2) 交互探测。用于分析不同风险因子之间的交互作用,探究变量X1X2共同作用时对V的空间分异解释力的变化。交互探测判断依据见表2,分别计算2种变量对脆弱性的q值,并评估交互时的q[15]
将物理承灾体脆弱性评分划分为不同等级(表3),计算出该区域内各网格单元的脆弱性。使用ArcGIS软件绘制物理脆弱性地图,描绘研究区域物理承灾体脆弱性空间分布特征,各网格单元使用不同颜色表示物理承灾体脆弱性等级。
通过实地调查收集研究区域危险源的基本信息,包括有害物质的组成、储存方式、条件和数量。遵循最大风险原则构建事故场景,要求在风险评估中优先考虑最坏事故场景,即选择可能对建构筑物造成最严重破坏的灾害事件为分析对象。采用危险环境区域定位(Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres,ALOHA)模拟选定事故场景,并图形化显示事故危险区域,该区域为危险物质扩散的危险足迹。将危险足迹叠加在卫星地图上,呈现空间分布特征。
采用Guan Wengling等[16]提出的方法,基于ALOHA软件模拟危化品事故的危险足迹,并将其叠加到研究区域网格中,以清晰呈现不同空间单元内事故后果的分布特征。根据危害范围和严重程度,将危险足迹划分为C事故风险等级。当危险区域重叠时考虑最危险情况,以较高危害等级作为该网格单元的最终事故危害等级。在完成各网格单元危害等级判定基础上,使用地理信息系统软件(Arc Geographic Information System,ArcGIS)绘制该区域的事故风险图,可视化表征事故后果的严重程度。
评估物理承灾体风险时,物理承灾体脆弱性和危化品事故后果是相互关联的2个关键因素。事故后果决定了外部威胁的严重性和影响范围,物理承灾体脆弱性则反映了承灾体本身抵御威胁的能力。二者结合体现了风险的本质既取决于外部危害的强度,也取决于承灾体自身的脆弱性。根据1.2.4和1.3.2节的赋值结果,得出每个网格单元的脆弱性等级和事故风险等级,并根据下式确定每个网格的综合风险等级R
$ R(a, b)=\text { function }(C(a, b), V(a, b))$
式中:R(a,b)为(a,b)处的综合风险等级;C(a,b)为(a,b)处的事故风险等级;V(a,b)为(a,b)处的物理脆弱性得分。
依据事故危害程度将事故后果划分为C3C2C1和无危险4个等级。脆弱性基于得分划分为 5个等级。采用风险矩阵评估各网格单元综合风险水平(表4),若某网格单元V为高,事故风险等级为C1,则R评分为中。若V为高且事故风险等级为C2,则由二者中较危险等级确定,R评分为高。此外,风险受事故危害和脆弱性共同影响。当V为0(无承灾体)时,无论事故后果等级为何,该网格单元风险均判定为无风险。据此,各网格单元综合风险水平划分为重、高、中、低和无风险5个等级。使用ArcGIS渔网赋值功能为每个网格单元赋予R值,颜色从浅到深表示风险等级递增。
选择天津市A镇作为研究区域,该镇有2个化工园区,15 675栋建筑,桥梁10座(桥长分别为30~1 000m不等)。将该研究区域划分为491个网格,每个网格单元尺寸为400m×400m。通过实地调查和ArcGIS矢量数据处理,该镇建筑结构包括钢结构(占比30.2%)、钢筋混凝土结构(占比3.3%)、砖混结构(占比62.8%)和框架结构(占比3.7%)。
A镇有33家从事危化品生产、经营和储存的企业,涉及66种化学品,如煤油、汽油、原油和重芳烃等。其中,原油泄漏易挥发成可燃气体,引发蒸气云爆炸,造成严重的建筑物和构筑物损坏。根据最大风险原则,选取13家危险化工企业的6种易燃液体进行危险足迹模拟,6种危险化学品分别为溶剂油(最大储量8505 t)、石脑油(最大储量1842 t)、汽油(最大储量17.173万t)、柴油(最大储量319.9225万t)、原油(最大储量210万t)和重芳烃(最大储量8505 t)。
解译研究区域0.5m高分辨率卫星影像,通过矢量化提取建筑物轮廓及相关属性信息,系统存储于ArcGIS地理数据库中。物理脆弱性指标体系权重计算结果见表5。确定每个网格单元的脆弱性等级后,使用GIS软件关联脆弱性等级与网格单元,并用不同颜色展示其空间分布。
因子探测器对物理承灾体脆弱性9个因子的探测结果见表6。脆弱性因子的解释程度为p值,各指标p值均为0,表明构建的脆弱性指标评价体系较为合理,各指标对物理承灾体脆弱性均有一定影响力且解释力充足。其中,建构筑物密度、距事故中心距离、建筑抗震等级对物理承灾体脆弱性的解释力最强。道路面积、应急避难面积的q值相对较小,影响较弱。未来防灾减灾工作中应重点加强建构筑物密度管控,优化区域规划布局,提升建筑抗震等级。同时,完善道路交通网络,科学布局应急避难场所,系统提升城镇综合防灾能力。
采用因子交互探测进一步分析不同因子间的交互作用对物理承灾体脆弱性的影响,交互探测结果如图1所示,图中数值表示不同影响因素共同作用时对脆弱性的q值。交互类型以双因子增强和非线性增强为主。其中建构筑物密度和距事故中心距离交互作用对A镇物理承灾体脆弱性解释力最强,其次为建构筑物密度和建筑抗震等级,建构筑物年代和道路面积解释力最低。对比发现:各因子交互作用后解释力高于单因子,表明因子间的交互作用增强了脆弱性空间分异现象的解释力。
物理承灾体脆弱性如图2所示。研究区域脆弱性空间分异特征显著,整体表现为东部城镇脆弱性高于西部城镇。这一空间差异主要源于承灾体类型、分布及结构特性的不同。东部城镇作为居民区与化工园区的主要集聚区,承灾体分布密集,同时该区域农村自建房屋以砖混结构为主,建筑年代较长,且桥梁分布密集,使得其物理脆弱性较高。相比之下,西部城镇除205国道沿线因分布有居民区与危化品企业园区而呈现较高脆弱性外,其他区域网格单元缺乏承灾体分布。建筑分布稀疏与交通便捷程度较高,显著降低了该地区建构筑物的暴露性与敏感性,从而形成整体较低的脆弱性格局。
基于危险源辨识结果并遵循最大风险原则,选取爆炸事故进行后果模拟。当爆炸冲击波峰值超压达到特定阈值时,将对建构筑物造成不同程度破坏。红色的威胁区域表示最严重的危险级别,该区域建构筑物将被摧毁并完全倒塌;橙色威胁区表示墙体、柱体出现裂缝,黄色威胁区表示门窗受到损坏。使用ALOHA软件的急性暴露指导水平作为冲击波超压临界值,模拟原油、汽油等储罐泄漏并将危险足迹叠加于卫星地图上(图3),使用ArcGIS绘制事故后果如图4所示。
绘制事故后果图和物理脆弱性图后,使用风险矩阵计算各网格单元的R等级,通过ArcGIS软件绘制R图(图5)。对比图4图5发现,高危害区并不总是与高风险区相对应。例如:在事故后果图上,靠近危险释放点的城镇东部是最危险的区域,但由于危险释放点周围区域承灾体的脆弱性较低,在综合风险图上被划分为中等风险。这是由于物理承灾体风险空间分布是由事故后果强度与承灾体脆弱性2个维度共同决定。只有当高危害性与高脆弱性在空间上叠加时才会形成高风险区域。因此,制定风险防控策略时除关注危险源周边区域外,更应重点关注那些同时具备较高事故危害等级和高脆弱性特征的物理承灾体聚集区。
1) 基于VSD模型提出物理承灾体脆弱性评估指标;通过地理探测器分析物理承灾体脆弱性的驱动力因素,结果表明:建构筑物密度与距事故中心距离的交互作用对脆弱性的解释力最强;各驱动因子之间存在显著的双因子增强和非线性增强效应,脆弱性是多个因素协同作用的结果。
2) 考虑物理承灾体脆弱性的综合风险呈现出显著的空间分异特征,高风险区域并非仅由事故后果的严重程度决定,而是事故后果与承灾体脆弱性共同作用的结果。高危害区与高脆弱区的空间叠加是形成高风险区的关键条件,单一因素不足以决定最终风险等级。
3) 基于危化品事故后果与脆弱性叠加的区域风险评估方法,能够有效识别高风险区域,弥补传统区域风险评估中对建筑物、桥梁等物理承灾体关注不足的问题。可为危化品企业周边用地规划、应急资源优化配置及新建项目选址提供科学依据。
  • 天津市科技计划项目(24YDTPJC00110)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1819
  • 接收时间:2026-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-03
  • 修回日期:2026-03-20
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天津市科技计划项目(24YDTPJC00110)
作者信息
    1 天津理工大学 环境科学与安全工程学院, 天津 300384
    2 应急管理部天津消防研究所, 天津 300381

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** 王丽(1982—),女,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,主要从事人群疏散、公共安全、应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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