Article(id=1278415743859528259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0138-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1773936000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727665151, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727665151, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727665151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727665151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415744601920068, articleId=1278415743859528259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Adsorption and heat transfer characteristics of silica aerogels with water content, columnId=1277328337617941059, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the aerogel structure and reduce the effective thermal conductivity of the aerogel, the force field, atomic model, heating and cooling calculation modules were added to large-scale atomic/molecular parallel simulator(LAMMPS) to accurately simulate the adsorption of water molecules by silica aerogels and heat transfer processes. The results show that the adsorption capacity of silica aerogels to water molecules increases as the water content increases, showing a significant rise followed by an equilibrium state. With the increase of temperature, the thermal movement of water molecules intensifies, and the adsorption capacity of silica aerogels to water molecules decreases. However, the free water molecular weight increases. As the pressure increases, the collision frequency of water molecules and silica aerogels increases, resulting in an increase in adsorption capacity. When the water content increases and the temperature decreases, the mutual squeezing among water molecules promotes more water molecules to penetrate into the interior of silica aerogels, meanwhile, the thermal motion of water molecules slows down, which is not conducive to their escape from the aerogels pores, resulting in an increase in the number density of the silica aerogels system. Silica aerogels form water films by adsorbing water molecules, and the water films constitute "water bridges". With the increase of water content, the connectivity among "water bridges" is enhanced, and the contact area increases, leading to an increase in effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels and significant degradation of thermal insulation.

, authors=Yu Shi1, Ying Li1, Cheng Bi2, Guihua Tang3, **, Shenglin Huang4, Zhanli Song4, authorsList=Yu Shi, Ying Li, Cheng Bi, Guihua Tang, Shenglin Huang, Zhanli Song, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guihua Tang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415757394547298, articleId=1278415743859528259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=含水二氧化硅气凝胶吸附与传热特征, columnId=1277328337940902469, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化气凝胶结构,降低气凝胶等效热导率,在大规模原子/分子并行模拟器(LAMMPS)中加入力场、原子模型,以及升温、冷却等计算模块,精确模拟二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水分子和传热过程。结果表明:随着含水量增加,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量逐渐增多,表现为吸附量先急剧增长,后趋于稳定。升高温度,水分子热运动加剧,导致二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量减少,自由水分子数量增多。增大压力,水分子与二氧化硅气凝胶碰撞频率增加,造成二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量增加。增加含水量、降低温度时,一方面水分子之间相互挤压促使更多水分子渗入二氧化硅气凝胶内部,另一方面水分子热运动减缓不利于其逃出气凝胶孔隙,最终导致二氧化硅气凝胶体系的数密度增加。二氧化硅气凝胶因吸附水分子形成水膜,水膜构成“水桥”,随着含水量增加,“水桥”之间连通性增强,接触面积增大,造成二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增加,隔热性能下降。

, authors=石钰1, 李颖1, 毕成2, 唐桂华3, **, 黄圣霖4, 宋战利4, authorsList=石钰, 李颖, 毕成, 唐桂华, 黄圣霖, 宋战利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐桂华, authorNote=

石 钰 (1986—),女,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质传热传质方面的研究。E-mail:

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** 唐桂华(1974—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授,主要从事微纳尺度热质传递方面的研究。E-mail:
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含水二氧化硅气凝胶吸附与传热特征
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石钰 1 , 李颖 1 , 毕成 2 , 唐桂华 3, ** , 黄圣霖 4 , 宋战利 4
中国安全科学学报 | 安全技术与工程 2026,36(5): 131-138
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中国安全科学学报 |安全技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 131 -138
含水二氧化硅气凝胶吸附与传热特征
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石 钰 (1986—),女,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质传热传质方面的研究。E-mail:

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石 钰 (1986—),女,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质传热传质方面的研究。E-mail:

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石钰1 , 李颖1, 毕成2, 唐桂华3, ** , 黄圣霖4, 宋战利4
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710054
  • 2 西安特种设备检验检测院, 陕西 西安, 710065
  • 3 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
  • 4 陕西环宇智慧消防科技有限公司, 陕西 西安 710523
通讯作者:
** 唐桂华(1974—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授,主要从事微纳尺度热质传递方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

石 钰 (1986—),女,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事多孔介质传热传质方面的研究。E-mail:

Adsorption and heat transfer characteristics of silica aerogels with water content
Yu Shi1 , Ying Li1, Cheng Bi2, Guihua Tang3, ** , Shenglin Huang4, Zhanli Song4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710054, China
  • 2 Xi'an Special Equipment Inspection Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 3 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049, China
  • 4 Shaanxi Huanyu Intelligent Fire Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an Shaanxi 710523, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0191
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为优化气凝胶结构,降低气凝胶等效热导率,在大规模原子/分子并行模拟器(LAMMPS)中加入力场、原子模型,以及升温、冷却等计算模块,精确模拟二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水分子和传热过程。结果表明:随着含水量增加,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量逐渐增多,表现为吸附量先急剧增长,后趋于稳定。升高温度,水分子热运动加剧,导致二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量减少,自由水分子数量增多。增大压力,水分子与二氧化硅气凝胶碰撞频率增加,造成二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量增加。增加含水量、降低温度时,一方面水分子之间相互挤压促使更多水分子渗入二氧化硅气凝胶内部,另一方面水分子热运动减缓不利于其逃出气凝胶孔隙,最终导致二氧化硅气凝胶体系的数密度增加。二氧化硅气凝胶因吸附水分子形成水膜,水膜构成“水桥”,随着含水量增加,“水桥”之间连通性增强,接触面积增大,造成二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增加,隔热性能下降。

二氧化硅气凝胶  /  吸附量  /  水分子  /  含水量  /  热导率

To optimize the aerogel structure and reduce the effective thermal conductivity of the aerogel, the force field, atomic model, heating and cooling calculation modules were added to large-scale atomic/molecular parallel simulator(LAMMPS) to accurately simulate the adsorption of water molecules by silica aerogels and heat transfer processes. The results show that the adsorption capacity of silica aerogels to water molecules increases as the water content increases, showing a significant rise followed by an equilibrium state. With the increase of temperature, the thermal movement of water molecules intensifies, and the adsorption capacity of silica aerogels to water molecules decreases. However, the free water molecular weight increases. As the pressure increases, the collision frequency of water molecules and silica aerogels increases, resulting in an increase in adsorption capacity. When the water content increases and the temperature decreases, the mutual squeezing among water molecules promotes more water molecules to penetrate into the interior of silica aerogels, meanwhile, the thermal motion of water molecules slows down, which is not conducive to their escape from the aerogels pores, resulting in an increase in the number density of the silica aerogels system. Silica aerogels form water films by adsorbing water molecules, and the water films constitute "water bridges". With the increase of water content, the connectivity among "water bridges" is enhanced, and the contact area increases, leading to an increase in effective thermal conductivity of silica aerogels and significant degradation of thermal insulation.

silica aerogels  /  adsorption capacity  /  water molecules  /  water content  /  thermal conductivity
石钰, 李颖, 毕成, 唐桂华, 黄圣霖, 宋战利. 含水二氧化硅气凝胶吸附与传热特征. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 131 -138 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0191
Yu Shi, Ying Li, Cheng Bi, Guihua Tang, Shenglin Huang, Zhanli Song. Adsorption and heat transfer characteristics of silica aerogels with water content[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 131 -138 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0191
随着全球能源消费的持续增长,提升能源利用效率已成为碳减排的关键策略[1]。轻质高效的隔热材料能够显著提高能源利用效率。气凝胶因其超轻、低热导率、高比表面积等优异特性,被认为是一种理想的隔热材料[2]。在安全领域,气凝胶凭借极低的导热系数,有效阻断能量传递路径,减缓火势蔓延速度[3]。在航空航天领域,气凝胶避免飞行器主体结构及内部仪器设备遭受热侵蚀,能有效提高飞行器的等效载荷[4]。在建筑领域,气凝胶应用于建筑物内外墙、仓储以及门窗玻璃等,可有效降低热量传输,实现建筑节能[5]。在石油化工领域,气凝胶可对热力管道进行保温,减少热量损失和管裂的发生[6]
气凝胶种类丰富,主要包括二氧化硅气凝胶、氧化铝气凝胶、氧化锆气凝胶、炭气凝胶等。其中,二氧化硅气凝胶化学性质稳定、隔热能力突出,具有超低的介电常数和良好的透光性,吸附能力更优,环保无毒,拥有高孔隙率、高比表面积、低密度、低热导率等优异特性。然而,气凝胶的高比表面积特性致使潮湿环境下水分子容易吸附于气凝胶纳米骨架,形成吸附层,这不仅增大了骨架间的接触面积,也削弱了其隔热性能。Zhang Hu等[7]基于瞬态平面热源法(Transient Plane Source,TPS)测试了二氧化硅气凝胶在相对湿度15%~90%时的等效热导率,发现增加湿度,二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水量和等效热导率均增加。Chen Yu等[8]使用TPS-2500S热常数分析仪测量了含水量对二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率的影响,结果表明:增加含水量,二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增加。Bjurström等[9]采用瞬态热带法测试了孔隙率、含水量、气压和温度对二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率的影响,发现增加孔隙率,气凝胶等效热导率降低,增加含水量、气压、温度时,气凝胶等效热导率均增加。
分子动力学方法作为试验方法的补充,在揭示纳米尺度下的流动和传热方面具有独特优势。Coquil等[10]采用非平衡分子动力学方法,研究了孔径和孔隙率对二氧化硅气凝胶热导率的影响,发现热导率与孔径无关,仅取决于孔隙率。Mahajan等[11]将团簇划分为同心壳估计二氧化硅纳米颗粒的热导率,得出600个原子的二氧化硅纳米颗粒平均热导率为0.589 W/(m·K)。Morthomas等[12]结合非平衡分子动力学和热传导扩散方程计算了二氧化硅气凝胶密度在250~2 255 kg/m3时的热导率,发现热导率与密度之间呈幂律关系。
综上,尽管前人通过试验获得了含水量对二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率的影响特征,然而,水分子在气凝胶表面的吸附过程发生在纳米尺度,试验手段难以捕捉到水分子的吸附过程,导致宏观试验现象背后的深层物理机制仍不明晰。目前,分子动力学方法研究二氧化硅气凝胶多限于无水条件,针对潮湿环境下二氧化硅气凝胶吸附和传热特征的研究鲜有报道。鉴于此,鉴于此,笔者拟在大规模原子/分子并行模拟器(Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator,LAMMPS)中自编程加入力场、原子模型、边界条件等模块,精确模拟二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水分子和传热过程,揭示潮湿环境下二氧化硅气凝胶吸附和传热机制,以期优化气凝胶结构,增强气凝胶隔热性能。
分子动力学采用β-Cristobalite作为初始结构,如图1a所示,Nose-Hoover热浴法[13]用于温度控制。二氧化硅之间势能作用采用Tersoff势函数,如下式:
$ U=f^{c}\left(r_{i j}\right)\left[V^{R}\left(r_{i j}\right)+b_{i j} V^{A}\left(r_{i j}\right)\right]$
式中:fc(rij)为平滑限制原子间的短程作用;rij为原子i与原子j之间的实际距离;bij为原子ij单调递减的键序。
$ V^{R}\left(r_{i j}\right)=A_{i j} \exp \left(-\gamma_{i j} r_{i j}\right)$
$ V^{A}\left(r_{i j}\right)=B_{i j} \exp \left(-\mu_{i j} r_{i j}\right)$
$ f^{c}\left(r_{i j}\right)\left\{\begin{array}{cc}1 & r_{i j}<s_{i j} \\\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} \cos \left(\pi \frac{r_{i j}-R_{i j}}{S_{i j}-R_{i j}}\right) & R_{i j}<r_{i j}<S_{i j} \\0 & r_{i j}>S_{i j}\end{array}\right.$
式中:VR(rij)为排斥势项;VA(rij)为吸引势项;Aij=(Ai+Aj)1/2为排斥势的强度参数;Ai、Aj为硅、氧的排斥势参数;Bij=(Bi+Bj)1/2为吸引势的强度参数;Bi、Bj为硅、氧的吸引势参数;${\gamma }_{ij}=\frac{{\gamma }_{i}+{\gamma }_{j}}{2}$为排斥势的衰减系数;${\mu }_{ij}=\frac{{\mu }_{i}+{\mu }_{j}}{2}$为吸引势的衰减系数;Rij=(RiRj)1/2为内截断距离;Sij=(SiSj)1/2为外截断距离。
使用0.5 fs(0.5 fs=0.5×10-15 s)时间步长的Verlet算法求解牛顿运动方程。初始温度设置为1 800 K。采用正则系综,耦合常数设置为1 ps,将初始结构以1×1012 K/s的升温速率加热至5 000 K,使晶体结构在高温下瓦解熔化成无序状态,随后在5 000 K高温下保持模拟体系运行5 ns,确保二氧化硅完全熔化并达到平衡,并以1×1011 K/s的降温速率逐渐降温至300 K,并在此温度下弛豫得到稳定的无定型二氧化硅,如图1b所示,其密度为2.21 g/cm3。这与Patil等[14]通过分子模拟得出的无定型二氧化硅密度2.2 g/cm3十分吻合。
为验证生成的无定型二氧化硅原子模型的准确性,计算径向分布函数g(r),如下式:
$g(r)=\frac{V}{N}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N_{i}} N_{i}(r)}{4 \pi r^{2} \Delta r}\right)$
式中:V为体积;N为原子总数量;Ni为以原子i为中心在rΔr+r“球壳”内的原子总数量;()为整个模拟时间平均。
图2为无定型二氧化硅径向分布函数,发现Si-O键、Si-Si键以及O-O键的长度分别为1.6、3.1和2.6 Å,这与MUNETOH[15]得出的Si-O键、Si-Si键以及O-O键的长度分别为1.7、3.2和2.6 Å高度吻合,验证了二氧化硅原子模型的正确性。
水分子之间长程库伦相互作用采用PPPM (Particle-Particle-Particle-Mesh)算法[16],如下式:
$U_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{q_{i} q_{j}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r_{i j}}$
式中:Uv为长程库仑相互作用;rij为原子之间距离;ij分别为模型中不同的原子;ε0为介电常数;qiqjij原子的电荷量。
短程相互作用范德华力选用Lennard-Jones(12-6)势函数,如下式:
$U\left(r_{i j}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}4 \varepsilon_{i j}\left[\left(\frac{\sigma_{i j}}{r_{i j}}\right)^{12}-\left(\frac{\sigma_{i j}}{r_{i j}}\right)^{6}\right] & r_{i j}<r_{c} \\0 & r_{i j} \geqslant r_{c}\end{array}\right.$
式中:εij为势能最低点与零势能的差值;σij为原子之间平衡距离;rc为截断半径,设置为10 Å。
二氧化硅-水分子之间的力场采用水接触角力场(Chemistry at HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics,CHARMM)。水分子质量mw与二氧化硅质量ms成比例,即mw=w×ms,w为含水量。根据二氧化硅质量,计算插入水分子数量。构建不同含水量的二氧化硅气凝胶初始结构,体系大小300 Å×150 Å×150 Å,如图3所示。
水分子靠近二氧化硅时,受到的作用力为:①水分子之间作用力(如氢键、范德华力等);②二氧化硅表面短程作用力。当水分子与二氧化硅相对距离小于两者之间短程相互作用时,会被二氧化硅表面“捕捉”,形成较稳定的吸附层;反之,当水分子与二氧化硅相对距离较大且其动能足以克服与二氧化硅之间相互作用力时,被视为自由水分子。吸附水分子和自由水分子识别如图4所示。
体系达到饱和吸附后,二氧化硅气凝胶表面已无法吸附更多水分子,计算体系的相对湿度Φ[17],如下式:
$\Phi=P_{M} / P_{E}$
式中:PM为体系水分子压力;PE为体系饱和压力。
水分子吸附量为G,如下式:
$G=m_{a} / m_{s}$
式中:ma为吸附水分子质量,ma=N×mh;N为吸附水分子数量;mh为一个水分子质量。
计算温度为328 K、相对湿度为0%~95%,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子吸附量的影响,如图5所示。发现增加相对湿度,水分子吸附量呈增长趋势,这与Zhang Hu等[7]的试验数据吻合,验证了水分子吸附模型的正确性。
计算温度为340 K,不同含水量下二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子吸附量的影响,如图6所示。由图6可知:增加含水量,水分子吸附量增多。0~500 ps时,水分子吸附量急剧增长;500 ps左右,水分子吸附量趋于稳定;1 000 ps后,系统进入稳定平衡状态。这一现象归因于:初始阶段,二氧化硅气凝胶表面具有大量未占据的吸附位点,水分子与二氧化硅气凝胶表面存在强烈的相互作用,水分子被这些位点迅速吸附,形成团簇。随着吸附时间延长,二氧化硅气凝胶表面可用的吸附位点被水分子占据,因此,吸附量保持在一个稳定的最大值。图7为含水量为5%和60%时,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附过程。
当温度为300、340、380 K时,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子吸附量的影响,如图8所示。从图8可以看出,升高温度,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量减小。这是因为升高温度,水分子热运动加剧,水分子更容易克服吸附力,从二氧化硅气凝胶表面脱附下来,这与Zhang Hu等[7]的试验结论一致。图9为含水量5%时,不同温度下二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子吸附的最终形态,发现温度为300和340 K时,水分子被二氧化硅气凝胶全部吸附,温度升高到380 K时,体系内存在自由水分子。这是因为升温加速水分子热运动,不利于水分子吸附。
计算含水量为10%,温度为300、340、380 K时,压力对二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水分子的影响,如图10所示。由图10可知:相同温度下,增加压力,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量增加,导致体系中游离态水分子数量减少。这是因为增加压力,水分子与二氧化硅气凝胶的碰撞频率增加,水分子在气凝胶孔隙中扩散速率加快,使得水分子迅速渗透到孔隙中,加速了吸附位点的饱和。不同温度和压力下二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子吸附量的影响如图11所示,由图11可知:相同压力下,升高温度,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量减少。这是因为温度升高,水分子动能增加,导致水分子从二氧化硅气凝胶表面脱附,水分子吸附量减少,吸附能力减弱。
图12为含水量为1%和50%,温度为340和380 K条件下,二氧化硅气凝胶体系的数密度(数密度指单位体积内的粒子数目,可用来区分不同物质分布状态)。从图12可以看出,数密度与含水量密切相关,含水量越高,数密度越大。这是因为水分子含量较高时,水分子不仅受到二氧化硅气凝胶强烈的吸附作用,还面临吸附水分子间的相互挤压,这种分子间的相互作用促使更多水分子渗入到二氧化硅气凝胶内部,填充到孔隙中。相同含水量条件下,温度升高,体系的数密度减小。这是由于部分水分子因热运动逃出原有孔隙,导致该区域数密度降低。总体而言,升温抑制水分子吸附,使得游离态水分子数量增多。
二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率表示为:
$ \lambda_{\mathrm{e}}=\zeta w+\lambda_{k}$
式中:$\zeta $为拟合系数;λk为含水量为0时的热导率。
$ \lambda_{k}=\frac{4}{\pi d R_{r}}$
$ R_{r}=\frac{\Delta T}{Q_{c}}$
式中:ΔT为热源和热汇之间温差;Qc为2区域能量交换率;Rr为热阻;d为二氧化硅气凝胶粒径。
图13为含水量对二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率的影响,由图13可知:增加含水量,二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增加,这与Chen Yu等[8]试验得出的二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率随水分子吸附量增加而增加的结论一致。含水量较低时,二氧化硅气凝胶热传导主要依赖于二氧化硅之间接触导热,随着水的加入,水分子在二氧化硅气凝胶表面吸附形成水膜,这些水膜构成“水桥”增加了二氧化硅气凝胶之间的等效接触面积,使得导热能力迅速增强;进一步增加含水量,二氧化硅气凝胶之间的“水桥”相互连通,形成面接触,导热能力进一步增强;然而随着二氧化硅气凝胶吸附水逐渐饱和,增加含水量,二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增幅变缓。这一现象有力地证明了多孔材料中液相导热扮演着举足轻重的角色。二氧化硅气凝胶吸水后,其原有的优良绝热性能会显著下降,水分子的存在明显削弱了二氧化硅气凝胶的隔热效果。
1) 增加含水量,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量增加。随着吸附进行,二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量呈现先急剧增长,后趋于饱和的态势。
2) 升高温度,水分子热运动加剧,水分子更容易克服吸附力从二氧化硅气凝胶表面脱附,造成二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量减小。增大压力,水分子与二氧化硅气凝胶碰撞频率增加,导致二氧化硅气凝胶对水分子的吸附量增大。
3) 含水量越高,水分子越相互挤压渗入二氧化硅气凝胶内部,导致体系数密度增大。升高温度,水分子因热运动逃出气凝胶孔隙,造成体系数密度减小。
4) 随着含水量增加,二氧化硅气凝胶中“水桥”接触面积逐渐增加,二氧化硅气凝胶等效热导率增大,绝热性能下降。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52130604)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2025JC-YBMS-491)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-449)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0191
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52130604)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2025JC-YBMS-491)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-449)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710054
    2 西安特种设备检验检测院, 陕西 西安, 710065
    3 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
    4 陕西环宇智慧消防科技有限公司, 陕西 西安 710523

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** 唐桂华(1974—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授,主要从事微纳尺度热质传递方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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