Article(id=1278415562686567069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0260-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.2155, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767974400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-10, revisedDate=1773590400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727621956, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727621956, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727621956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727621956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260, endPage=269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415565110874786, articleId=1278415562686567069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Routing for truck-drone collaborative distribution in epidemic areas: balancing risk and efficiency, columnId=1277328338121261909, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public Safety and Emergency Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively reduce the contagion risks in the "last-mile" of emergency logistics in epidemic-stricken areas, a truck-drone collaborative delivery mode was first designed. A "basic reproduction number" function was constructed based on epidemic transmission dynamics to quantify the number of infections at various demand points. Then, a routing optimization model for truck-drone collaborative emergency supply delivery was established, aiming to minimize both the total number of infections and the total delivery time. In view of the multi-objective and non-linear characteristics of the model, the IMOABCA was developed. Finally, experiments were carried out through multiple types of instances. The results show that the IMOABCA could scientifically optimize delivery routes by integrating epidemic data, demand point distribution, and population size. Compared with the basic multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm (MOABC)and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II(NSGA-II), the total number of infections is reduced by 922 and 746, respectively. Additionally, the total delivery time is saved by 3.71% and 1.41%, and the task completion time can be shortened by 14.06% and 3.6%, respectively.

, authors=Changshi Liu1, Tao Liu2, Jingyi Ma3, Feng Wang1, **, Ming He4, Ke Tang1, authorsList=Changshi Liu, Tao Liu, Jingyi Ma, Feng Wang, Ming He, Ke Tang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415568906719915, articleId=1278415562686567069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=疫区卡车-无人机协同配送路径规划:风险与效率兼顾, columnId=1277328338280645463, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全与应急管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效降低疫区应急物流“最后一公里”的疫情传染风险,首先,设计卡车-无人机协同配送模式,基于传染病的传播动力学模型构建“基本再生数”函数量化各需求点的疫情感染人数;然后,以最小化所有需求点的疫情感染人数、最小化总配送时间为目标,构建卡车-无人机协同配送应急物资的路径规划模型,并结合模型多目标、非线性的特性,设计一种改进的多目标人工蜂群算法(IMOABCA)求解;最后,采用多类型算例开展试验。结果表明:IMOABCA能综合考虑疫区疫情、需求点分布与人口数量等情况,科学规划卡车-无人机协同配送应急物资的路径方案,不但能有效降低疫情传染风险,并能保障应急物资配送的时效性。与基础多目标人工蜂群算法(MOABCA)、非支配排序遗传算法-II(NSGA-II)求得的配送路径方案相比,IMOABCA求得规划方案的总感染人数分别减少922和746人,总配送时间分别节省3.71%和1.41%,任务完成时间分别缩短14.06%和3.6%。

, authors=刘长石1, 刘涛2, 马敬仪3, 王凤1, **, 何鸣4, 汤柯1, authorsList=刘长石, 刘涛, 马敬仪, 王凤, 何鸣, 汤柯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王凤, authorNote=

刘长石 (1975—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事物流管理、数字经济方面的研究。E-mail:

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** 王凤(1977—),女,湖南攸县人,博士,副教授,主要从事物流与供应链方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘长石 (1975—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事物流管理、数字经济方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘长石 (1975—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事物流管理、数字经济方面的研究。E-mail:

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caption=Pareto front obtained by different algorithms, figureFileSmall=x/pZNlc/+aOHieGd/1sAAA==, figureFileBig=CP8Uex+w7216l7ZlowVSag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415574434812647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同算法得出的Pareto前沿, figureFileSmall=x/pZNlc/+aOHieGd/1sAAA==, figureFileBig=CP8Uex+w7216l7ZlowVSag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415574514504424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of different types of case studies

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算例 OT/min TCT/min VDT/min DDT/min IC/人 AP/人 IP/% RT/s
C102 2 021.89 596.37 600.43 1 421.46 2 664 90 500 2.9 42.76
R108 1 860.96 773.58 614.18 1 246.79 6 363 72 900 8.7 42.36
RC105 2 150.80 806.96 804.68 1 346.12 8 480 86 200 9.8 41.93
27T1 1 798.70 925.75 843.21 955.49 5 013 50 000 10.0 42.22
28T1 1 920.28 1 100.99 847.37 1 072.91 5 628 50 000 11.2 42.96
44T1 1 458.87 826.35 686.01 772.86 4 840 50 000 9.6 40.20
60T1 1 687.37 987.80 902.18 785.20 4 921 50 000 9.8 41.45
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574610973417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型算例计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例 OT/min TCT/min VDT/min DDT/min IC/人 AP/人 IP/% RT/s
C102 2 021.89 596.37 600.43 1 421.46 2 664 90 500 2.9 42.76
R108 1 860.96 773.58 614.18 1 246.79 6 363 72 900 8.7 42.36
RC105 2 150.80 806.96 804.68 1 346.12 8 480 86 200 9.8 41.93
27T1 1 798.70 925.75 843.21 955.49 5 013 50 000 10.0 42.22
28T1 1 920.28 1 100.99 847.37 1 072.91 5 628 50 000 11.2 42.96
44T1 1 458.87 826.35 686.01 772.86 4 840 50 000 9.6 40.20
60T1 1 687.37 987.80 902.18 785.20 4 921 50 000 9.8 41.45
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574690665194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of different algorithms

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算法 OT/min TCT/min IC/人 HV RT/s
IMOABCA 2 020.11 562.07 3239 0.51 44.65
MOABC 2 098.59 654.88 4161 0.34 38.28
NSGA-II 2 049.26 583.38 3985 0.09 36.44
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574770356971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同算法的运行结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 OT/min TCT/min IC/人 HV RT/s
IMOABCA 2 020.11 562.07 3239 0.51 44.65
MOABC 2 098.59 654.88 4161 0.34 38.28
NSGA-II 2 049.26 583.38 3985 0.09 36.44
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574871020268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results under different optimization strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 OT/min TCT/min IC/人
1 2 049.01 738.75 8 425
2 2 015.18 682.04 8 660
3 2 100.41 783.19 8 356
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574933934829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同优化策略下的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 OT/min TCT/min IC/人
1 2 049.01 738.75 8 425
2 2 015.18 682.04 8 660
3 2 100.41 783.19 8 356
), ArticleFig(id=1278415574992655086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of the capacity of the drones

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载货量/kg OT/min TCT/min IC/人 TDT/min
15 2 125.00 855.44 7 422 695
20 1 900.10 801.70 7 270 627
25 1 723.61 729.97 7 133 577
30 1 634.13 646.92 7 096 537
), ArticleFig(id=1278415575059763951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415562686567069, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

无人机载货量灵敏性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载货量/kg OT/min TCT/min IC/人 TDT/min
15 2 125.00 855.44 7 422 695
20 1 900.10 801.70 7 270 627
25 1 723.61 729.97 7 133 577
30 1 634.13 646.92 7 096 537
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疫区卡车-无人机协同配送路径规划:风险与效率兼顾
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刘长石 1 , 刘涛 2 , 马敬仪 3 , 王凤 1, ** , 何鸣 4 , 汤柯 1
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全与应急管理 2026,36(5): 260-269
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中国安全科学学报 |公共安全与应急管理 2026 , 36 (5) : 260 -269
疫区卡车-无人机协同配送路径规划:风险与效率兼顾
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刘长石1 , 刘涛2, 马敬仪3, 王凤1, ** , 何鸣4, 汤柯1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南工商大学 工商管理学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
  • 2 中南大学 商学院, 湖南 长沙 410083
  • 3 湖南工商大学 前沿交叉学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
  • 4 湖南大学 工商管理学院, 湖南 长沙 410082
通讯作者:
** 王凤(1977—),女,湖南攸县人,博士,副教授,主要从事物流与供应链方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘长石 (1975—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事物流管理、数字经济方面的研究。E-mail:

Routing for truck-drone collaborative distribution in epidemic areas: balancing risk and efficiency
Changshi Liu1 , Tao Liu2, Jingyi Ma3, Feng Wang1, ** , Ming He4, Ke Tang1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha Hunan 410205, China
  • 2 School of Business, Central South University, Changsha Hunan 410083, China
  • 3 School of Frontier Interdisciplinary, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha Hunan 410205, China
  • 4 School of Business, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410082, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.2155
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为有效降低疫区应急物流“最后一公里”的疫情传染风险,首先,设计卡车-无人机协同配送模式,基于传染病的传播动力学模型构建“基本再生数”函数量化各需求点的疫情感染人数;然后,以最小化所有需求点的疫情感染人数、最小化总配送时间为目标,构建卡车-无人机协同配送应急物资的路径规划模型,并结合模型多目标、非线性的特性,设计一种改进的多目标人工蜂群算法(IMOABCA)求解;最后,采用多类型算例开展试验。结果表明:IMOABCA能综合考虑疫区疫情、需求点分布与人口数量等情况,科学规划卡车-无人机协同配送应急物资的路径方案,不但能有效降低疫情传染风险,并能保障应急物资配送的时效性。与基础多目标人工蜂群算法(MOABCA)、非支配排序遗传算法-II(NSGA-II)求得的配送路径方案相比,IMOABCA求得规划方案的总感染人数分别减少922和746人,总配送时间分别节省3.71%和1.41%,任务完成时间分别缩短14.06%和3.6%。

卡车-无人机协同配送  /  应急物资配送  /  疫情传染风险  /  路径规划  /  配送效率  /  改进的多目标人工蜂群算法(IMOABCA)

To effectively reduce the contagion risks in the "last-mile" of emergency logistics in epidemic-stricken areas, a truck-drone collaborative delivery mode was first designed. A "basic reproduction number" function was constructed based on epidemic transmission dynamics to quantify the number of infections at various demand points. Then, a routing optimization model for truck-drone collaborative emergency supply delivery was established, aiming to minimize both the total number of infections and the total delivery time. In view of the multi-objective and non-linear characteristics of the model, the IMOABCA was developed. Finally, experiments were carried out through multiple types of instances. The results show that the IMOABCA could scientifically optimize delivery routes by integrating epidemic data, demand point distribution, and population size. Compared with the basic multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm (MOABC)and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II(NSGA-II), the total number of infections is reduced by 922 and 746, respectively. Additionally, the total delivery time is saved by 3.71% and 1.41%, and the task completion time can be shortened by 14.06% and 3.6%, respectively.

truck-drone collaborative delivery  /  emergency resource distribution  /  epidemic contagion risk  /  routes planning  /  distribution efficiency  /  improved multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm (IMOABCA)
刘长石, 刘涛, 马敬仪, 王凤, 何鸣, 汤柯. 疫区卡车-无人机协同配送路径规划:风险与效率兼顾. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 260 -269 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.2155
Changshi Liu, Tao Liu, Jingyi Ma, Feng Wang, Ming He, Ke Tang. Routing for truck-drone collaborative distribution in epidemic areas: balancing risk and efficiency[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 260 -269 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.2155
近年来,高传染性、高致死率疫情的全球大流行,对应急物流体系的安全性与时效性提出严峻挑战[1]。为保障疫区配送的“最后一公里”,传统车辆“面对面”配送模式极易引发次生感染,难以满足严苛的防疫要求。相比之下,无人机载具凭借“无接触”和高机动的优势,为规避配送环节的感染风险提供新途径。因此,如何在传染性公共卫生事件背景下,设计科学的“无接触”协同配送模式并优化路径方案,以兼顾防疫安全与物资配送效率,已成为当前应急管理领域亟待解决的关键问题。
针对传染性公共卫生事件,学者们从多维视角开展了传染风险量化与防控研究。Kermack等[2]提出的SIR模型奠定了传染病动力学研究的基础。为进一步刻画病毒的传播特征,于振华[3]崔景安[4]等通过引入低风险群体、无症状感染者及暴露者等参数向量,构建更为精准的扩展模型,并利用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗等算法实现参数辨识与趋势预测[5],深入分析防控措施对基本再生数及疫情规模的影响。疫情背景下的应急物资配送是运筹优化领域的热点,初期研究主要聚焦于基于车辆路径问题(Vehicle Routing Problem,VRP)。相关学者通过构建带时间窗的VRP模型[6],或以配送成本最小化[7]、等待时间最短[8]为目标,探讨医疗物资的调度方案。进一步将疫情扩散特征与物流决策深度耦合,建立统筹感染人数、车辆规模及物资需求预测的集成优化模型[9-10];针对生物危险源扩散等特殊场景,张民波等[11]探讨了选址-分配协同优化策略。随着新型载具的更新,学界开始关注多式协同配送路径优化。刘长石[12]、Chang[13]与杨双鹏[14]等重点研究了卡车-无人机联合配送模式,以总配送时间或成本最小化为目标,构建疫区应急物资配送模型。综上,既有成果已为疫情风险量化与应急配送优化奠定理论基础,但仍存在以下局限:①现有文献多将疫情风险防控与物流路径规划视为独立系统,缺乏将疫情风险耦合至路径规划的集成优化模型,导致配送方案对疫情风险的真实防控效果难以评估,亟需将传染风险目标内化于应急物流决策模型。②传统研究多依赖车辆配送,其“面对面”接触特征在高风险疫区极易诱发交叉感染。引入无人机等新型载具实现“无接触”配送,是切断病毒传播链、提升应急保障的更优选择。
鉴于此,笔者拟提出一种卡车-无人机协同配送模式,通过引入传染病动力学中的“基本再生数”函数量化需求点感染风险,构建以最小化总感染人数和总配送时间为目标的双目标路径规划模型,并设计改进的多目标人工蜂群算法(Improved Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,IMOABCA)进行求解。以期在降低疫情传染风险的同时保障应急物资配送效率,为疫区应急物资配送提供决策参考。
某地突发传染性公共卫生事件,部分需求点出现规模性感染情况,亟需药品等应急物资进行抗疫救援工作。应急物资在不同时间送达需求点,将影响需求点的疫情感染人数与抗疫效果。根据各区域的疫情严重程度分为高风险疫区和低风险疫区。拟采用卡车-无人机协同模式配送应急物资,在每个高风险疫区构建一个无人机起降点(各高风险疫区序号与无人机起降点序号一一对应),使用无人机配送高风险疫区内的需求点,卡车配送低风险疫区内的需求点。已知卡车与无人机载重及速度、各疫区内需求点位置与需求量等数据。应急物资配送流程如下:卡车搭载无人机与应急物资从物流中心出发,可前往低风险疫区配送需求点,也可行驶到各高风险疫区附近的无人机起降点开展配送任务。卡车到达某无人机起降点时,停靠在该起降点,根据任务安排派遣无人机配送该高风险疫区内的所有需求点。无人机每次起飞只能配送一个客户,完成本次配送任务后,需要返回位于原起降点的卡车,与卡车汇合或开展下一次配送。卡车完成无人机起降点的配送任务后,驶向下一个节点或返回物流中心,如图1所示。
为明确适用范围,提出如下假设:①卡车数量充足且为同一类型,无人机为同一类型,每辆卡车配备ψ台无人机。卡车在经过高风险疫区时绕其边缘行驶。②各需求点的应急物资需求量小于卡车载重,低风险疫区内的各需求点能且仅能由卡车配送一次。③如果高风险疫区内某需求点的需求量小于无人机载货量,能且仅能被一架无人机配送一次;否则采用需求拆分策略将该需求点拆分为坐标相同的若干个大需求点和一个小需求点,被拆分后的各需求点能且仅能被一架无人机配送一次。④如果某无人机起降点负责配送的高风险疫区内的所有需求点需求量不超过卡车载重,该无人机起降点能且仅能由一辆卡车配送一次;否则采用需求拆分策略将该无人机起降点拆分为坐标相同的若干个大需求点和一个小需求点,被拆分后的各需求点能且仅能由一辆卡车配送一次。⑤参考市面上主流无人机单次飞行距离可达30 km左右,设定位于同一高风险疫区内的需求点只能由同一辆卡车搭载的无人机配送。⑥卡车在应急物资配送过程中产生行驶时间、配送需求点的服务时间、在无人机起降点开展配送服务的停靠时间。无人机在应急物资配送过程中产生飞行时间、配送需求点的服务时间。决策问题:如何综合考虑疫区疫情风险、需求点位置、需求量等情况规划卡车-无人机协同配送路线,满足各需求点的应急物资需要,并最小化疫区总感染人数、最小化应急物资总配送时间。
基本再生数R0能直接反映疾病的传播能力,用于衡量在没有外力干预的情况下,一个感染者在完全易感人群中能导致他人感染病情的平均人数。
参照于振华等[3]提出的疫情传播动力学模型,假设高风险疫区存在大量感染者I,容易与I密切接触的群体被称为易感染者S,被感染后经过治疗已经康复的人群被称为康复者R。为简化问题,疫情传播动力学模型只考虑死亡率,不考虑人口流动及出生率。位于低风险疫区的群体因为疫情封控等策略极少与I接触,不考虑疫情传染情况。
${\varphi }_{i}$为需求点i需要药品与食物等应急物资送达的最晚时间,min;α0${\varphi }_{i}$时刻后得到应急物资的S变成I的概率;α1为在${\varphi }_{i}$时刻前得到应急物资的S变成I的概率;βI的死亡率;γ0为在${\varphi }_{i}$时刻之后得到应急物资的I被治愈的概率;γ1为在${\varphi }_{i}$时刻之前得到应急物资的I被治愈概率;ρSR的死亡率。
根据Van等[15]提出的方法,需求点i的基本再生数${R}_{0}^{i}$的量化函数定义如下式:
$ R_{0}^{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{\alpha^{0} \mu}{\left(\rho+\beta+\gamma^{0}\right)}, & t_{i} \geqslant \phi_{i} \\\frac{\alpha^{1} \mu}{\left(\rho+\beta+\gamma^{1}\right)}, & t_{i}<\phi_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中:ti为需求点i得到应急物资的实际时间,min;μ为单位区域内感染者承载能力。
C2为所有高风险疫区的需求点集合,τi为需求点i(iC2)的人口数量。参考Randolph[16]和郭鑫[17]等提出的理论,将所有高风险疫区的需求点总感染人数χ作为疫区疫情传染风险的衡量指标,即:
$ \chi \approx \sum_{i \in C_{2}} \tau_{i}\left(1-\left(1 / R_{0}^{i}\right)\right) \partial$
式中$\partial $为时间修正因子,用来体现应急物资在不同时间送达需求点对疫情感染人数造成的影响。
$ \partial=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\exp \left(\left|\frac{\left(\Delta_{1} t_{i}-\phi_{i}\right)}{\zeta}\right|\right), & \text { if } t_{i}>\phi_{i} \\\exp \left(\left|\frac{\left(\Delta_{2} \phi_{i}-t_{i}\right)}{\zeta}\right|\right), & \text { if } t_{i}<\phi_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中:Δ1为超时的惩罚系数,Δ2为提前的奖励系数; ζ为消除指数量纲单位的变量,且 ζ= min。
高风险疫区内某需求点的需求量可能大于无人机载重,需要采用“需求拆分策略”进行配送。令Ui为需求点i的需求量,E2为无人机载重,卡车k携带的无人机f配送需求点i的次数${z}_{{ }_{if}}^{k}$定义如下式:
$ z_{i f}^{k}=\left\lceil U_{i} / E_{2}\right\rceil$
无人机在应急物资配送过程中产生飞行时间、配送需求点的服务时间。令B为无人机起降点的集合;Fk为卡车k携带的所有无人机的集合;${t}_{{ }_{ijf}}^{k}$为卡车k携带的无人机f从节点i飞行到节点j的时间,min;${\stackrel{-}{\omega }}_{j}$为需求点j所需的服务时间,min;${Y}_{{ }_{ijf}}^{k}$为0~1变量,当卡车k携带的无人机f从节点i飞行到节点j时值为1,否则为0。${y}_{{ }_{jf}}^{k}$为0~1变量,当需求点j由卡车k携带的无人机f配送时值为1,否则为0。卡车k携带的所有无人机的使用时间θk定义如下式:
$ \theta_{k}=2 \sum_{i \in B} \sum_{j \in C_{2}} \sum_{f \in F_{k}} t_{i j f}^{k} f_{i j f i f}^{k} z_{i}^{k}+\sum_{j \in C_{2}} \sum_{f \in F_{k}} \bar{\omega}_{j} y_{j i}^{k} z_{i f}^{k}$
K为所有卡车的集合。所有卡车携带的无人机的使用时间之和η定义如下式:
$ \eta=\sum_{k \in K} \theta_{k}$
卡车在无人机起降点的停靠时间为其所搭载的多架无人机出发配送需求点,完成任务后最晚回到该起降点的那架无人机的时间。令Cl为无人机起降点l(lB)负责配送的高风险区域的需求点集合,卡车k在无人机起降点l的停靠时间${\sigma }_{l}^{k}$定义如下:
$ \sigma_{l}^{k}=\max _{f \in F_{k}}\left(2 \sum_{j \in C_{l}} t_{l j f}^{k} Y_{l i f j f}^{k} z^{k}+\sum_{j \in C_{l}} \bar{\omega}_{j} y_{i j}^{k} z_{i f}^{k}\right)$
当无人机起降点l负责配送的高风险疫区内所有需求点的总需求量超过卡车载重时,采用“需求拆分策略”将无人机起降点拆分为坐标相同的若干个大需求点和一个小需求点。被拆分后的每个大需求点采用满载直配方式能且仅能被卡车配送一次,每个小需求点能且仅能由卡车配送一次。无人机起降点l需要Hl辆卡车满载直配的数量为:
$ H_{l}=\left\lceil\frac{\sum_{i \in C_{l}} U_{i}}{E_{1}}\right\rceil$
卡车的使用时间包括行驶时间、服务时间与在无人机飞行点的停靠时间。所有卡车的使用时间包括满载直配卡车的使用时间、巡回配送卡车的使用时间。令C1为所有低风险疫区的需求点集合;O为物流中心;Tijk为卡车k从节点i行驶到节点j的时间,min;Xijk为0~1变量,当卡车k从节点i行驶到节点j时取值为1,否则为0;xik为0~1变量,当需求点i由卡车k配送时取值为1,否则为0;Zlk为0~1变量,当卡车k行驶到起降点l时值为1,否则为0。所有卡车的使用时间定义如下式:
$ \begin{array}{c}\omega=2 \sum_{j \in B} \sum_{k \in H_{l}} X_{O j k} T_{O j k}+\sum_{i \in C_{1} \cup O_{j \in}} \sum_{O \cup C_{1} \cup B, i \neq j} \sum_{k \in K} X_{i j k} T_{i j k}+ \\\sum_{i \in C_{1}} \sum_{k \in K} \bar{\omega}_{i} x_{i k}+\sum_{k \in K} \sum_{l \in B} \sigma_{l}^{k} Z_{l k}\end{array}$
以所有需求点的疫情感染人数最小、应急物资的总配送时间最短为目标构建路径规划模型。
1) 目标函数1为minχ,表示最小化所有需求点的疫情总感染人数。
目标函数2为min(ω+η),表示最小化应急物资的总配送时间,即所有卡车的使用时间与所有无人机的使用时间之和。
2) 载具配送及容量约束。下式表示位于低风险疫区内的各需求点能且仅能被一辆卡车配送一次。
$ \sum_{k \in K} x_{i k}=1, \forall i \in C_{1}$
下式表示位于高风险疫区内每个需求点能且只能被一架无人机配送一次。
$ \sum_{f \in F_{k}} y_{i f}^{k}=1, \forall i \in C_{2}$
下式表示各卡车配送的载重限制。
$ \sum_{i \in C_{1}} U_{i} x_{i k}+\sum_{j \in C_{2}} U_{j} y_{j f}^{k} \leqslant E_{1}, \forall k \in K, f \in F_{k}$
式中E1为卡车载重,kg。
下式表示卡车k从物流中心出发,完成配送任务后必须返回物流中心。
$ \sum_{j \in C_{1}} X_{O j k}=\sum_{i \in C_{1}} X_{i O k}, \forall k \in K$
下式表示无人机f从无人机起降点出发,完成配送任务后返回原起降点与卡车汇合。
$ \sum_{j \in C_{2}} Y_{i j f}^{k}=\sum_{j \in C_{2}} Y_{j i f}^{k}, \forall i \in B, f \in F_{k}, k \in K$
下式表示卡车流量守恒,即卡车进入某节点后,必须从该节点离开。
$ \sum_{i \in C_{1} \cup o \cup B} X_{i j k}=\sum_{e \in C_{1} \cup o \cup B} X_{j e k}, \forall k \in K, j \in C_{1} \cup B$
下式表示无人机流量守恒,即无人机进入某节点后,必须从该节点离开。
$ \sum_{l \in B} Y_{l j f}^{k}=\sum_{l \in B} Y_{j l f}^{k}, \forall j \in C_{l}, f \in F_{k}, k \in K$
下式表示卡车离开某一节点时的载重与卡车到达该节点时的载重计算方式。
$ W_{i k}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}w_{i k}-U_{i} x_{i k}, \forall k \in K, i \in C_{1} \\w_{i k}-\sum_{i \in C_{2}} U_{i} y_{i f}^{k}, \forall f \in F_{k}, k \in K\end{array}\right.$
式中:wik为卡车k到达节点i时的载重,kg;Wik为卡车k离开节点i时的载重,kg。
3) 载具行驶时间约束。下式表示卡车从节点i行驶到节点j的时间计算公式。
$ \begin{array}{c}a_{j k}=\left(A_{i k}+d_{i j} / S_{1}\right) X_{i j k}, \forall i, \\j \in C_{1} \cup O \cup B, i \neq j, k \in K\end{array}$
式中:ajk为卡车k到达节点j的时间,min;Aik为卡车k离开节点i的时间,min;dij为节点i与节点j之间的距离,km;S1为卡车行驶速度,km/h。
下式表示无人机从上一个节点飞行到下一个节点的时间计算方式。
$ \begin{array}{c}p_{i f}=\left(P_{i f}+d_{i j} / S_{2}\right) Y_{i j f}^{k}, \forall i, j \in C_{2} \cup B, \\i \neq j, f \in F_{k}, k \in K\end{array}$
式中:pjf为无人机f到达节点i的时间,min;Pif为无人机f离开节点i的时间,min;S2为无人机飞行速度,km/h。
4) 决策变量约束。下式表示各决策变量的取值限制。
$ x_{i k} \in\{0,1\}, y_{i f}^{k} \in\{0,1\}, X_{i j k} \in\{0,1\},\\Y_{i j f}^{k} \in\{0,1\}, Z_{l k} \in\{0,1\}$
疫区应急物资多方式协同配送的路径规划属于非确定性多项式(Non-deterministic Polynomial Hard,NP-hard)问题,当需求点数量较大时,解空间呈指数级增长,精确算法在合理时间内无法获得满意解,通常采用启发式算法求得满意方案。多目标人工蜂群算法(Multi-objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,MOABCA)核心思想是通过蜜蜂个体的协作与信息共享,在解空间中搜索多个目标函数的最优解,通过Pareto支配关系与拥挤度计算,优化冲突目标并维持解集多样性。具有全局搜索能力强、易于实现、鲁棒性强等特点,但存在收敛速度较慢、容易陷入局部最优解等不足。因此,参考周玉虎[18]、宋航[19]等的算法改进方案,设计一种IMOABCA求解模型,具体改进思路如下:①采用二元锦标赛选择法替换MOABCA中采用的轮盘赌选择法,提高算法效率。②为平衡算法的局部搜索和全局搜索能力,采用自适应变异概率策略[18],通过解探索次数来控制变异概率。③针对MOABCA容易陷入局部最优解的缺点,引入变邻域搜索算法中的翻转算子、交叉算子、变异算子变异操作,扩大种群搜索范围,获取全局最优解。
步骤1:算法初始化。读入低风险疫区、高风险疫区、物流中心、需求点、载具信息等数据。令ν为种群数量,κ为目标函数个数,M为需求点个数,υ为算法最大迭代次数,ε为当前迭代次数,ε=1。
步骤2:种群构建。通过随机编码的方式得到初始种群π,计算目标函数值并将解划分为不同的等级,按等级进行排序得到种群π1
步骤3:雇佣蜂阶段。设σ为解探索次数,ξ为其最大探索次数。σ=0,使用改进策略得到新解,并采用Pareto支配原则判定新解与旧解。如果新解支配旧解,则保留新解,否则放弃新解,σ=σ+1,循环ν次得到种群π2
步骤4:观察蜂阶段。基于二元锦标赛选择π2中的一个解进行探索,基于改进策略得到新解,对新解与旧解进行排序,保留更优解,得到种群π3
步骤5:侦查蜂阶段。如果某个解在限定次数的探索后仍然没有找到更优解,当σ>ξ时放弃该解,并随机生成一个新的解来代替。对所有解进行非支配排序,计算每个解的拥挤度并进行排序,循环ν次得到种群π4,ε=ε+1。
步骤6:算法终止条件与最优个体选择规则。若ε≤υ,转至步骤3;否则算法终止。采用加权归一化评分法筛选最优个体[20],具体步骤如下:步骤①:提取Pareto前沿所有解的二维目标值构成目标矩阵。步骤②:目标值归一化处理,对于极小化目标(总配送时间、疫情感染风险),采用反向归一化。步骤③:加权综合评分计算。基于疫情防控的应急决策优先级设定配送时间、疫情感染风险的权重系数,通过线性加权求和计算每个Pareto解的综合评分,将综合评分最高的Pareto解判定为最优个体,其编码即最优方案。
已知κ为目标函数个数,M为需求点个数。
1) 时间复杂度分析。①初始化阶段,生成ν个随机解,并进行ν次解码,复杂度为O(νM2);②迭代循环阶段,雇佣蜂阶段变异ν个解并重新编码,观察蜂阶段基于概率选择个体进行变异并重新解码,复杂度为O(νM2)。侦查蜂阶段处理探索次数过多的解,复杂度为O(νM)。非支配排序需要比较所有个体间的支配关系,复杂度为O(κν2)。拥挤度计算需要对ν个个体进行排序,复杂度为$O\left(\kappa \nu lo{g}_{2}\right(\nu \left)\right)$。总时间复杂度为$O\left(\upsilon \right(\nu {M}^{2}+\kappa {\nu }^{2}\left)\right)$
2) 空间复杂度分析。算法需要储存所有需求点间的距离矩阵及种群中所有个体的编码路径,总空间复杂度为O(M2+νκ)。综上,当νM固定时,复杂度呈多项式增长,证明IMOABCA适用于大规模需求点的NP-hard问题。
3) 收敛性证明。①IMOABCA每一代种群状态由上一代通过选择、变异等随机操作生成,满足无后效性,构成齐次马尔可夫链。②设Pareto最优解集为S*,若种群中存在个体属于S*且后续迭代中始终保留,则算法达到吸收态。③自适应变异概率λ始终大于0,确保算法持续探索解空间,非支配排序与拥挤度选择策略保障最优解不被淘汰。由马尔可夫链收敛定理可知:算法将以100%概率收敛。
目前,没有关于疫情背景下应急物资配送路径规划的标准算例,但已有VRP文献大多基于Solomon算例[21]与Breedam[22]构建测试算例开展试验。因此,基于Solomon算例中客户坐标分布类型RC(Random and Clustered)、R(Random)、C(Clustered)与Breedam算例中的T1类型设计试验算例,各算例包含1个物流中心与100个需求点。
为切合试验需求,补充如下数据:①各算例设置3个高风险疫区,以坐标(11,46)、(41,14)、(59,61)分别作为3个高风险疫区中心,区域半径分别为16、16、16 km。②各无人机临时起降点的坐标分别为(24,48)、(41,30)、(45,53)。③参照五菱荣光小卡的数据,设定E1=1000 kg,S1=80 km/h,ψ=2。参照大疆FC100无人机的参数,设定E2=20kg,S2=70km/h。④应急物资配送以Solomon及Breedam算例中的右时间窗为准,将各需求点的人数数量设为物资需求量的50倍。参照Randolph[16]和郭鑫[17]等的方法,设定超时惩罚系数Δ1=0.02,提前奖励系数Δ2=0.01。
参照周玉虎[18]、宋航[19]等的参数设置,将IMOABCA参数设置为:θ=15,为解探索最大次数;ς=0.1,用来调整变异概率的变化速度;ν=50 EMBED Equation.DSMT4。基于疫情防控生命至上的原则及参照刘明等[11]的权重设定,设定Pareto最优个体评分体系中疫情防控和配送时间的权重系数分别为0.6和0.4。参照于振华等[3]的研究,R0相关参数设置为:α1=0.082,α0=0.164,β=0.045,ρ=0.0375,γ1=0.064,γ0=0.032,μ=15。
采用多类型算例开展试验,将Pareto前沿中最优个体作为计算结果,见表1
表1可知:①Solomon算例中C类型算例(C102)的需求点较为集中,任务完成时间较小,对应较低的感染率;R类型与RC类型算例的需求点(R108、RC105)较为分散,任务完成时间较高,疫情感染率相对偏高;Breedam算例的T1类型的总配送时间与任务完成时间最长,疫情感染率最高。说明应急物资配送效率与疫情感染风险之间具有正向耦合关系,高效配送体系能够保障医疗防护物资与生活必需品以更短时间抵达各需求点,可快速满足疫情感染者的医疗救援需求,提升病毒消杀、疾病救治等疫情防控效果。②大部分算例的无人机使用时间显著超过卡车使用时间。因为卡车的载重优势突出,各需求点的应急物资配送仅需单次运输即可完成;而高风险疫区各需求点的应急物资需求量普遍超过无人机载货量(20kg),需要往返多次配送才能完成任务。因此,应急物流部门应结合高风险疫区各需求点的需求量及地理位置分布等实际情况,一方面启用大载重规格的无人机,提升单机单次配送效率;另一方面增加每辆卡车搭载的无人机数量,强化多无人机的并行配送效率,使得应急物资更快送达高风险疫区内的各需求点,提升疫情防控效果。③IMOABCA平均运行时间为41.98 s,能较快求解多目标配送路径问题,展现出较好的时效性。算例R108的路径规划如图2所示,其中,圆圈代表高风险疫区范围。
图2可知:为有效降低疫情感染风险,IMOABCA优先调度卡车配送各高风险疫区的无人机起降点。卡车在无人机起降点停靠,派遣无人机配送应急物资到高风险疫区内的各需求点。低风险疫区的需求点由卡车依次配送,每辆卡车配送多个低风险疫区的需求点,遇到高风险疫区绕其边缘行驶,避免疫情传染。存在无人机起降点的应急物资需求量超过卡车载重的情况,需采用多辆卡车满载直配。高风险疫区存在多个需求点的需求量超过无人机载重的情况,需采用多架无人机满载直配方式配送。综上,IMOABCA能根据疫区疫情、需求点分布、需求量与人口数量等情况,科学规划应急物资的卡车-无人机协同配送路径,在有效降低疫情感染人数的同时保障应急物流效率。
为证实IMOABCA的有效性,另编写MOABC与非支配排序遗传算法-II(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II,NSGA-II)求解文中模型。MOABC基本参数与IMOABCA保持一致,NSGA-II的参数设置参考张民波等[9]的研究,设定迭代次数为200代,变异概率为0.05,交叉概率为0.8。以C105算例作为对比试验算例,选取Pareto前沿中最优个体作为代表进行比较,以超体积(Hyper Volume,HV)作为算法性能的衡量指标,不同算法的运行结果见表2
表2可知:综合OT和TCT的值得出,IMOABCA的总配送时间比MOABC节省3.71%,任务完成时间减少14.06%;IMOABCA比NSGA-II总配送时间减少1.41%,任务完成时间减少3.6%。说明IMOABCA求得的卡车-无人机协同配送路径方案更具科学性与有效性,应急物资能以更短时间送达各需求点,有效提升应急物资配送效率。由IC可知:IMOABCA计算得到的总感染人数比MOABC减少922人,比NSGA-II减少746人。说明IMOABCA通过优化配送路径,确保药品等物资迅速到达需求点,更能有效控制病毒传播、降低疫情传染风险。由HV和RT可知:虽然IMOABC的运行时间较其他2种算法分别增加6.37与8.21 s,但求得的HV最大,说明IMOABC求得的Pareto解集支配的目标空间大,解集质量更好,性能优于其他算法。综上,虽然IMOABCA的运行时间略微有所增加,但能求得更科学合理的配送路径规划方案,有效缩短防疫物资配送时间、降低疫区疫情传染风险,可为疫情防控部门提供应急物资配送路径规划的决策参考。不同算法得到的Pareto前沿分布如图3所示。
图3可知:IMOABCA所求解集的总配送时间主要分布在1 935~2 020min内,IC的值主要分布在3 239~4 039人,处于相对较低的风险水平。MOABC得到的解集的总配送时间分布在1 974~2 303min,IC的值集中分布在3 749~4 689人,在疫情风险控制方面表现欠佳,整体性能不及IMOABCA。NSGA-II计算得到的解集的总配送时间分布在2 049~2 215min,IC的值分布在3 450~7 091人,在配送效率和疫情防控方面与IMOABCA都具有较大差距。由此可知:IMOABCA在求解多目标优化问题时具有更强的求解能力,规划的卡车-无人机协同配送应急物资的路径方案不仅有效降低疫情传染风险,还能保证应急物流配送效率。
在其他参数不变的情况下,对比分析多目标规划方案1(综合考虑疫情传染风险最小及配送总时间最短)、方案2(只考虑总配送时间最短)、方案3(只考虑疫情总感染人数最小),采用算例RC107开展试验,结果见表3
表3可知:方案1展现出显著的综合优势,而方案2、方案3分别存在明显短板。由OT、TCT可知:方案1的总配送时间只比方案2增加1.6%(34min),比方案3减少2.4%(51min),任务完成时间比方案2增加8.2%(56min),比方案3减少5.7%(45min)。这表明:在配送效率层面,方案1和方案2的差距非常小,而方案3在应急物资配送时效性上存在劣势,可能存在因应急物资延误送达而导致疫情大规模爆发的隐患。由IC可知:在疫情防控效果比较上,方案1的总感染人数较方案2减少235人,体现相对较优的疫情防控效果;较方案3的感染人数虽略微增加69人,但实际上疫情防控效果相差不大,反观方案3在应急响应时效性上具有难以弥补的短板。
综上所述,疫情背景下应急物资配送路径规划方案应兼顾配送效率与防疫安全等多目标。单纯追求应急物资配送效率目标可能会加剧疫情传染风险。而过度追求疫情传染风险最小目标可能导致应急物资配送时间过长,引发部分群众的焦虑情绪,不利保障群众生命安全。试验结果表明:综合考虑疫情传染风险和配送总时间的多目标优化策略,既能确保应急物资高效送达,又能有效减少疫情感染人数,保障疫情防控效果。
为研究无人机载重对应急物资配送路径规划的影响,将无人机载重以5为步长在[15,30]范围内增加。算例R102的试验结果见表4,其中,所有卡车在无人机起降点的停靠时间(Truck Dwell Time,TDT)。
表4可知:在无人机载重由15kg增加到30kg的过程中,卡车在无人机起降点停靠时间累计下降22.73%,疫情总感染人数累计减少326人,应急物资的总配送时间累计下降23.10%,应急物资配送任务的完成时间累计下降24.37%,说明无人机载重对应急物资配送路径规划具有显著影响。因此,在高风险疫区应急物资配送场景中,应根据需求点需求量实际情况,使用载重大的无人机执行配送任务,或采用多架无人机开展并行配送,缩短卡车在无人机起降点的等待时间,提升应急物资配送效率,降低疫情总感染人数,提升疫情防控效果。但需结合各疫区的实际需求,科学调配合适数量与合适载重的无人机,避免性能冗余导致资源浪费。
1) 由卡车配送低风险疫区需求点与无人机起降点,派遣无人机配送高风险疫区需求点,可有效规避“面对面”接触,进而减少疫情感染人数,降低疫情传染风险。
2) 以疫情总感染人数最少、应急物资配送总时间最短为目标,构建卡车-无人机协同配送的路径优化模型,设计IMOABCA求解。试验结果表明:IMOABCA能有效求解多目标优化问题,控制疫情传染风险的同时保障应急物资配送效率。
3) 通过灵敏性分析可知:在配送高风险疫区需求点时,应考虑各疫区的实际需求,使用合适载重的无人机开展配送,可缩短卡车在无人机起降点的等待时间,提高配送效率,提升疫情防控效果。
4)未来可聚焦应急物资配送对疫情防控的长期效益、结合传染病动力学模型、预测不同配送方案对疫情峰值和持续时间的影响,量化不同配送方案对降低整体疫情损失的贡献。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助(23BGL011)
  • 国家社会科学基金资助(21BJY191)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(23A0463)
  • 湖南省社科基金资助(23JD037)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金资助(kq2502045)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.2155
  • 接收时间:2026-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-16
基金
国家社会科学基金资助(23BGL011)
国家社会科学基金资助(21BJY191)
湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(23A0463)
湖南省社科基金资助(23JD037)
长沙市自然科学基金资助(kq2502045)
作者信息
    1 湖南工商大学 工商管理学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
    2 中南大学 商学院, 湖南 长沙 410083
    3 湖南工商大学 前沿交叉学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
    4 湖南大学 工商管理学院, 湖南 长沙 410082

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** 王凤(1977—),女,湖南攸县人,博士,副教授,主要从事物流与供应链方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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