Article(id=1277328386469000024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0001-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1774108800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782468418947, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782468418947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782468418947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782468418947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277328387035231067, articleId=1277328386469000024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on hydrogen production safety supervision in China in comparison with other countries, columnId=1277328386947150682, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Science Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance hydrogen safety regulation in China, this paper systematically reviewed the development trends of the global hydrogen industry and its safety regulatory frameworks. Based on this, a comparative analysis was conducted from the perspectives of safety supervision institutions, laws and regulations, standard systems, and technological development for hydrogen industry both domestically and internationally. Drawing on international experience and considering China's specific conditions, policy recommendations were proposed in five aspects: clarifying regulatory responsibilities, improving the supply of laws and policies, accelerating the standard system, strengthening technological support, and deepening exchanges and cooperation. The results show that the global hydrogen energy sector has entered a phase of rapid industrialization. Countries with relatively mature hydrogen industries have built safety governance systems characterized by top-level coordination and planning, full-chain coverage regulation, and standard system support. In comparison, China's hydrogen industry still lags behind the demands of its rapid development in terms of the comprehensiveness of safety regulatory system, the coherence of its standard system, and the capacity for key technology support. It is therefore necessary to further clarify the regulatory responsibilities of relevant departments across the full chain of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, refueling, and end-use applications, and to establish and improve cross-departmental collaborative regulatory mechanisms. It is of great importance to accelerate the formulation of systematic hydrogen safety-specific laws and regulations and to build a standard system covering the entire industrial chain, as well as to strengthen R&D on safety technologies and the construction of professional experimental platforms. By doing this, the safety supervision efficiency shall be enhanced comprehensively in China's hydrogen industry.

, authors=Jia Liu1, Nianming Lu1, Mingqi Bai2, Yi Liu3, authorsList=Jia Liu, Nianming Lu, Mingqi Bai, Yi Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277328387781817182, articleId=1277328386469000024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究, columnId=1277328387270112092, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全科学理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高中国氢能安全监管,系统梳理国内外氢能产业发展动态及安全监管框架。在此基础上,从安全监管机构、法律法规、标准体系和科技发展等方面进行对比分析,借鉴国际经验,结合中国实际,从明确监管职责、完善法规供给、健全标准体系、强化科技保障、深化交流合作等5方面提出政策建议。结果表明:全球氢能已进入快速产业化发展阶段,氢能产业发展较为成熟的国家,已构建起以顶层统筹规划、全产业链覆盖监管、标准化体系支撑为核心特征的安全治理体系。相较而言,中国氢能安全监管体系的整体性、标准体系的协调性及关键技术的支撑能力,与氢能产业高速发展的现实需求仍存在差距。需进一步厘清各相关部门在氢能制、储、运、加注及终端应用全链条的监管职责,建立健全跨部门协同监管机制;加快制定系统性的氢能安全专项法律法规,构建覆盖全产业链的标准体系;强化安全技术研发攻关与专业实验平台建设,全面提升我国氢能产业安全监管效能。

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刘 佳 (1980—),女,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事国际能源化工领域应急管理理论、安全生产工程技术应用方面的工作。E-mail:

路念明 教授级高级工程师。

刘义 教授。

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刘 佳 (1980—),女,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事国际能源化工领域应急管理理论、安全生产工程技术应用方面的工作。E-mail:

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刘 佳 (1980—),女,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事国际能源化工领域应急管理理论、安全生产工程技术应用方面的工作。E-mail:

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路念明 教授级高级工程师。

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刘义 教授。

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刘义 教授。

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Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2021, 6(2):167-180., articleTitle=Current status and development trends of safety and emergency support technologies for hydrogen energy production, storage, and transportation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1278415682173907318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, awardId=U24B6017, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(U24B6017), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1278415678034129225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678042517834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678034129225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Chemical Safety Association, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678050906443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678034129225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国化学品安全协会, 北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1278415678138986828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678147375437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678138986828, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678155764046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678138986828, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油大学(华东) 新能源学院, 山东 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1278415678227067215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678235455824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678227067215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1278415678243844433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, companyId=1278415678227067215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国石油大学(华东) 化学品安全全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266580)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1278415681641230704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hydrogen production safety regulatory agencies of various countries

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国家 监管机构名称 职责范围
美国 能源部 制定氢能计划,协调氢和燃料电池的科研活动,推动氢和燃料电池在交通及其他领域的应用、示范和验证[17]
职业安全与健康管理局 制定工作场所中氢气使用的安全标准,保护员工安全
交通部 监管氢气运输安全,制定车辆中氢燃料系统和压缩氢储存系统的标准,确保氢动力车辆的安全
德国 国家氢秘书委员会 协调各部门氢能战略管理与监督执行,管理和监督氢战略的实施,确保国家氢战略与市场发展之间的协调,有权采取纠正措施和调整行动计划[23]
联邦交通和数字基础设施部 监管氢能在交通领域的应用,并制定相关安全标准
联邦经济和气候保护部 推动氢能技术与产品标准国际认证[23]
日本 经济产业省 统一负责氢能安全监管和氢能管理,包括制定和更新《氢能基本战略》中的“氢能安全战略”部分,确保氢能的安全使用
国土交通省 氢能在交通领域的应用,制定相关安全标准
消防厅 氢气储存和使用中的消防安全,制定相关法规[24]
韩国 氢经济委员会 由总理领导的国家氢能规划决策机构,审查氢相关标准和法规,并提供政策咨询
产业通商资源部 负责全国氢能安全监管,包括安全使用氢气,以及氢用品制造设施的完工检验、氢物品的检验等安全管理事项
), ArticleFig(id=1278415681716728177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各国氢安全生产监管机构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 监管机构名称 职责范围
美国 能源部 制定氢能计划,协调氢和燃料电池的科研活动,推动氢和燃料电池在交通及其他领域的应用、示范和验证[17]
职业安全与健康管理局 制定工作场所中氢气使用的安全标准,保护员工安全
交通部 监管氢气运输安全,制定车辆中氢燃料系统和压缩氢储存系统的标准,确保氢动力车辆的安全
德国 国家氢秘书委员会 协调各部门氢能战略管理与监督执行,管理和监督氢战略的实施,确保国家氢战略与市场发展之间的协调,有权采取纠正措施和调整行动计划[23]
联邦交通和数字基础设施部 监管氢能在交通领域的应用,并制定相关安全标准
联邦经济和气候保护部 推动氢能技术与产品标准国际认证[23]
日本 经济产业省 统一负责氢能安全监管和氢能管理,包括制定和更新《氢能基本战略》中的“氢能安全战略”部分,确保氢能的安全使用
国土交通省 氢能在交通领域的应用,制定相关安全标准
消防厅 氢气储存和使用中的消防安全,制定相关法规[24]
韩国 氢经济委员会 由总理领导的国家氢能规划决策机构,审查氢相关标准和法规,并提供政策咨询
产业通商资源部 负责全国氢能安全监管,包括安全使用氢气,以及氢用品制造设施的完工检验、氢物品的检验等安全管理事项
), ArticleFig(id=1278415681788031346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Part of hydrogen safety production laws and regulations in other countries

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国家 法律名称 实施日期 主要内容概述
美国 《国家能源政策法案》 2019 规定了能源开发的总体章程和指导方针,其中,将氢能作为专题进行单独规划
《联邦法规》 涵盖各政府部门对于氢能的安全监管相关要求
德国 《工业安全与卫生法》 2015 适用于工业用氢,规定了企业在工作场所使用氢气时需采取的安全措施,以保护员工的健康和安全
《能源工业法案》 2024 涉及氢能网络发展规划等内容,将氢能基础设施建设纳入法律框架,对氢能设施的规划、建设和运营等方面提出安全要求和规范
《危险物质条例》 2015 制定了氢气等危险物质的分类、标签、包装和运输等方面的规定,确保氢气在整个供应链中的安全管理
日本 《高压气体保安法》 1951 适用于液化或高压氢气,监管氢气的生产、进口、储存、运输和使用等环节,包括容器标准、安全措施等方面的要求
《消防法》 1948 制定了加氢站等氢能设施的防火措施、消防设备配备等方面的规定,以防止氢气火灾和爆炸事故的发生
《建筑基准法》 1950 规定了氢能设施的建筑设计、结构安全等方面的要求,确保氢能设施在建筑方面符合安全标准
韩国 《新能源和可再生
能源法》
2021 明确将氢能纳入新能源范畴,对新能源和可再生能源产业发展作出基本制度性安排
《促进氢经济和氢
安全管理法》
2020 氢能管理体制、规划、激励、氢能开发与利用、清洁氢生产认证和安全管理等内容
《高压气体安全
管理法》
1995 对包括氢气在内的高压气体制造、储存、销售、运输和使用作了规范
), ArticleFig(id=1278415681876111731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分国外氢安全生产法律法规

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国家 法律名称 实施日期 主要内容概述
美国 《国家能源政策法案》 2019 规定了能源开发的总体章程和指导方针,其中,将氢能作为专题进行单独规划
《联邦法规》 涵盖各政府部门对于氢能的安全监管相关要求
德国 《工业安全与卫生法》 2015 适用于工业用氢,规定了企业在工作场所使用氢气时需采取的安全措施,以保护员工的健康和安全
《能源工业法案》 2024 涉及氢能网络发展规划等内容,将氢能基础设施建设纳入法律框架,对氢能设施的规划、建设和运营等方面提出安全要求和规范
《危险物质条例》 2015 制定了氢气等危险物质的分类、标签、包装和运输等方面的规定,确保氢气在整个供应链中的安全管理
日本 《高压气体保安法》 1951 适用于液化或高压氢气,监管氢气的生产、进口、储存、运输和使用等环节,包括容器标准、安全措施等方面的要求
《消防法》 1948 制定了加氢站等氢能设施的防火措施、消防设备配备等方面的规定,以防止氢气火灾和爆炸事故的发生
《建筑基准法》 1950 规定了氢能设施的建筑设计、结构安全等方面的要求,确保氢能设施在建筑方面符合安全标准
韩国 《新能源和可再生
能源法》
2021 明确将氢能纳入新能源范畴,对新能源和可再生能源产业发展作出基本制度性安排
《促进氢经济和氢
安全管理法》
2020 氢能管理体制、规划、激励、氢能开发与利用、清洁氢生产认证和安全管理等内容
《高压气体安全
管理法》
1995 对包括氢气在内的高压气体制造、储存、销售、运输和使用作了规范
), ArticleFig(id=1278415681959997812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1277328386469000024, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hydrogen safety production standards systems of various countries

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国家 氢安全标准体系摘要 标准化组织 标准层级和数量
美国 美国的氢安全标准体系已很完善,由ANSI协调国家标准,工业联盟和学术组织制定各种行业标准 ANSI 31项国家标准,116项行业标准[32],总计147项,包括13项安全标准
欧盟 欧盟正在朝着统一的氢标准体系努力,由欧洲标准化委员会(ComitÉ EuropÉen de Normalisation,CEN)和欧洲电工标准化委员会(the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standa,CENELEC)牵头制定全面的氢技术标准 CEN、CENELEC 未提及具体数量,但标准覆盖范围广泛
日本 日本的氢安全标准体系严格,强调企业对氢安全的责任 日本工业标准委员会 27项国家标准,55项行业标准[32],总计82项,包括21项安全标准
韩国 韩国氢安全生产标准体系覆盖氢能生产、储存、运输、加注到应用及设备退役的全生命周期安全管理,适配交通、工业等多场景[17,31-34] KATS、韩国气体安全公社 氢能及燃料电池领域国家标准58项,15项团体标准,其中,安全方面35项国家标准[36-37]
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各国氢安全生产标准体系

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国家 氢安全标准体系摘要 标准化组织 标准层级和数量
美国 美国的氢安全标准体系已很完善,由ANSI协调国家标准,工业联盟和学术组织制定各种行业标准 ANSI 31项国家标准,116项行业标准[32],总计147项,包括13项安全标准
欧盟 欧盟正在朝着统一的氢标准体系努力,由欧洲标准化委员会(ComitÉ EuropÉen de Normalisation,CEN)和欧洲电工标准化委员会(the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standa,CENELEC)牵头制定全面的氢技术标准 CEN、CENELEC 未提及具体数量,但标准覆盖范围广泛
日本 日本的氢安全标准体系严格,强调企业对氢安全的责任 日本工业标准委员会 27项国家标准,55项行业标准[32],总计82项,包括21项安全标准
韩国 韩国氢安全生产标准体系覆盖氢能生产、储存、运输、加注到应用及设备退役的全生命周期安全管理,适配交通、工业等多场景[17,31-34] KATS、韩国气体安全公社 氢能及燃料电池领域国家标准58项,15项团体标准,其中,安全方面35项国家标准[36-37]
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国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究
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刘佳 1 , 路念明 1 , 白明琪 2 , 刘义 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全科学理论与方法 2026,36(5): 1-10
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中国安全科学学报 |安全科学理论与方法 2026 , 36 (5) : 1 -10
国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究
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刘佳1 , 路念明1, 白明琪2, 刘义3
作者信息
  • 1 中国化学品安全协会, 北京 100029
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东) 新能源学院, 山东 青岛 266580
  • 3 中国石油大学(华东) 化学品安全全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266580
作者简介:

刘 佳 (1980—),女,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事国际能源化工领域应急管理理论、安全生产工程技术应用方面的工作。E-mail:

路念明 教授级高级工程师。

刘义 教授。

Research on hydrogen production safety supervision in China in comparison with other countries
Jia Liu1 , Nianming Lu1, Mingqi Bai2, Yi Liu3
Affiliations
  • 1 China Chemical Safety Association, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2 College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963
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为提高中国氢能安全监管,系统梳理国内外氢能产业发展动态及安全监管框架。在此基础上,从安全监管机构、法律法规、标准体系和科技发展等方面进行对比分析,借鉴国际经验,结合中国实际,从明确监管职责、完善法规供给、健全标准体系、强化科技保障、深化交流合作等5方面提出政策建议。结果表明:全球氢能已进入快速产业化发展阶段,氢能产业发展较为成熟的国家,已构建起以顶层统筹规划、全产业链覆盖监管、标准化体系支撑为核心特征的安全治理体系。相较而言,中国氢能安全监管体系的整体性、标准体系的协调性及关键技术的支撑能力,与氢能产业高速发展的现实需求仍存在差距。需进一步厘清各相关部门在氢能制、储、运、加注及终端应用全链条的监管职责,建立健全跨部门协同监管机制;加快制定系统性的氢能安全专项法律法规,构建覆盖全产业链的标准体系;强化安全技术研发攻关与专业实验平台建设,全面提升我国氢能产业安全监管效能。

氢能产业  /  安全监管  /  氢安全  /  标准体系  /  政策建议

To enhance hydrogen safety regulation in China, this paper systematically reviewed the development trends of the global hydrogen industry and its safety regulatory frameworks. Based on this, a comparative analysis was conducted from the perspectives of safety supervision institutions, laws and regulations, standard systems, and technological development for hydrogen industry both domestically and internationally. Drawing on international experience and considering China's specific conditions, policy recommendations were proposed in five aspects: clarifying regulatory responsibilities, improving the supply of laws and policies, accelerating the standard system, strengthening technological support, and deepening exchanges and cooperation. The results show that the global hydrogen energy sector has entered a phase of rapid industrialization. Countries with relatively mature hydrogen industries have built safety governance systems characterized by top-level coordination and planning, full-chain coverage regulation, and standard system support. In comparison, China's hydrogen industry still lags behind the demands of its rapid development in terms of the comprehensiveness of safety regulatory system, the coherence of its standard system, and the capacity for key technology support. It is therefore necessary to further clarify the regulatory responsibilities of relevant departments across the full chain of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, refueling, and end-use applications, and to establish and improve cross-departmental collaborative regulatory mechanisms. It is of great importance to accelerate the formulation of systematic hydrogen safety-specific laws and regulations and to build a standard system covering the entire industrial chain, as well as to strengthen R&D on safety technologies and the construction of professional experimental platforms. By doing this, the safety supervision efficiency shall be enhanced comprehensively in China's hydrogen industry.

hydrogen industry  /  safety supervision  /  hydrogen safety  /  standard system  /  policy recommendations
刘佳, 路念明, 白明琪, 刘义. 国内外氢能产业安全监管对比研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963
Jia Liu, Nianming Lu, Mingqi Bai, Yi Liu. Research on hydrogen production safety supervision in China in comparison with other countries[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963
氢能以其清洁、高效和可储可运等特性,被普遍认为是实现能源转型与碳中和目标的重要支撑,在交通、储能及工业燃料替代等领域具有广阔应用前景[1]。然而,氢气的易燃易爆性、高扩散性及材料脆化风险,使得其生产、储运和使用环节的安全管理复杂而严峻[2]。近年来,国内外相关事故频发[3],2019年,在不到3周的时间内,韩国与挪威接连发生2起涉及加氢站的爆炸事故[4];2021年,湖南一制氢项目爆炸,2023年,江苏一石英厂氢气泄漏引发火灾[5],安全问题在规模化商业应用过程中成为不可忽视的挑战。为支持氢能的安全发展,德、日、美等国家均设置了氢能源管理机构,不断健全法律法规、标准体系,强化氢能产业安全监管[6-8]。然而,中国氢能安全监管体系尚处于探索阶段,现有法规与标准体系仍需进一步完善与细化,以适应行业快速发展的需求[9-11]
鉴于此,笔者拟系统总结世界氢能产业的发展现状,对比分析主要国家氢能安全监管体系,提出相应政策建议,以期助力中国构建科学合理的安全监管体系,提高防范化解氢能重大安全风险水平。
近20年来,世界多国政府高度重视氢能研发及应用,全球氢能已进入产业化快速发展阶段。根据《中国氢能发展报告(2025)》,截至2024年底,全球已有超过60个国家和地区公布了氢能发展战略,制定并完善氢能政策体系,其中,德国、日本、美国等国陆续出台相应政策,将发展氢能产业提升到国家能源战略高度,大力推进氢能产业链布局与技术创新。
美国自1970年石油危机以来,国家能源研究和开发组织启动资助氢能源相关研究,其产业链发展思路比较成熟。美国政府自2001年开始规划氢能经济,从前期的基本技术探索、政策规划,到商业用途的可行性论证,再到示范项目的推广,颁布了一系列政策文件,如《氢能研究与发展、示范法案》《氢能前景法案》《氢能法案2001》《国家能源政策》和《国家氢能路线图》,制定了明确的氢能发展路线和战略部署。据美国能源部统计,2024年,美国氢气产量约1 000万t,主要用于石油炼制和化工原料;交通与能源领域应用占比不足2%,但增长潜力大[12]。2023年,美国能源部发布《国家清洁氢能战略和路线图》,提出加速清洁氢能生产、加工、交付、存储和应用的综合发展框架[13]。美国在氢能技术研发、政策扶持及产业化布局领域,已构建起体系化的发展格局。
德国是氢能产业发展较为领先的国家[14],2004年成立了国家氢能与燃料电池组织,以支持氢能产业发展。2020年,德国政府出台首版《国家氢能战略》,提出投资90亿欧元促进氢能发展。德国拥有约100个加氢站,计划到2025年底增至400个,支持推广氢燃料电池汽车[15]。2023年,德国修订了《国家氢能战略》,明确提出以可再生氢为主导方向,同时,将低碳氢作为过渡方案,与可再生氢协同推进。预计到2030年,德国氢能需求达 130 TWh、绿氢电解槽装机超 10 GW以上,建成覆盖氢能生产设备至终端应用的技术产业链。德国还将建立高效的氢能基础设施,计划在2027、2028年前改造和新建超过1 800km的氢气管道[16]。德国在推动绿氢和氢能基础设施建设方面的经验,为其他国家提供了宝贵经验。
2023年,日本颁布修订后的《氢能基本战略》,计划未来15年内投资15万亿日元推动氢能广泛应用。该战略提出,2050年氢气(包含氨)年供应量将从2030年的300万t增长至2 000万t,并预计2030年在日本国内普及约80万辆乘用车当量,加氢站数量达到1 000座,普及300万台家用燃料电池热电联产系统(Ene-Farm)[2]。整体而言,日本通过政策引导和市场化机制推动了氢能全链条落地。
2019年,韩国政府发布《氢能经济发展路线图》,提出以氢燃料电池汽车和燃料电池为核心,把韩国打造成世界最高水平的氢能经济领先国家[17]。2020年,韩国政府通过了《促进氢经济和氢安全管理法》,这是世界上第一部氢法。2021年12月,韩国发布《氢经济发展基本规划》,计划到2050年将建立2 000多处加氢站;氢能将占最终能源消耗的33%,发电量的23.8%,超过石油占比。2022年11月,韩国发布《清洁氢能生态系统建设方案》,目标是到2036年清洁氢能发电占比7.1%。韩国在氢能法律体系建设和清洁氢发展方面的先行探索,为其他国家的氢能治理模式提供了重要参考。
根据《中国氢能发展报告(2025)》,中国氢能产业正从试点探索逐步进入有序破局的新阶段。2024年中国氢气产量约为3 650万t,累计规划建设绿氢项目超600个。预计到2060年,中国绿氢产量超过1亿t,在全部氢能中的占比超过80%,绿氢生产总量和占比逐步提升[17]。全国加氢站布局持续完善,已建成数量位居世界第一,截至2024年底,建成加氢站数量超过540座;35MPa一体式移动加氢站技术获得突破[18]
加拿大、澳大利亚、沙特阿拉伯等国的氢能发展均已形成一定产业规模。2024年,加拿大氢气产量约为400万t,其中,95%为化石燃料制氢,5%为电解水制氢,居全球第11位,其境内阿尔伯塔省和安大略省专用氢气管道长度达 85 km,目前已投运[19]。澳大利亚将氢能作为资源出口创汇的新增长点,核心目标是打造全球领先的可再生氢供应国[20]。2024年,澳大利亚可再生氢产能达3 GW,拥有全球单体最大5 GW 绿氢项目——西澳大利亚的皮尔巴拉氢能中心,预计2028年中期运营,年产能约49.2万t[21]。沙特阿拉伯以大型旗舰项目为核心推动氢能产业爆发式发展,聚焦绿氢生产以匹配其能源转型需求,其核心沙特新未来城绿色氢项目利用4 GW风能和太阳能驱动2.2 GW电解槽,每天可生产约600 t氢气,预计2026—2027年投产后将成为全球极具影响力的绿氢生产基地[22]
为支持氢能的发展,美、德、日、韩等国家均设置了氢能源安全管理机构,见表1
中国的氢能产业链条长且分布广泛,涉及多个主管部门。从氢的属性来看,氢气、甲醇、氨被列入《危险化学品目录》,作为危险化学品由应急管理部门进行安全监管;2024年11月,《能源法》正式将氢能纳入能源管理体系,明确能源主管部门负责氢能工作,但该法并没有明确氢能的安全监管部门。从氢能的产业链来看,涉及科技、工信、能源、住建、应急、质检、交通等部门,都是针对本部门管理职责的一种碎片化监管。2023年,国务院安委办曾发函《国务院安委办关于征求<氢能产业安全监管职责分工建议(征求意见稿)>意见的函》(国务院安委办函〔2023〕99号),该文目前尚未正式出台。
总体而言,国外主要发达国家均明确了专门的氢能监管机构,除德国外,这些机构同时统筹负责安全监管,但德国、韩国在国务院层面成立相关委员会负责统筹氢能工作。而在中国,尽管相关部门均已在各自职责范围内积极推进氢能产业发展[25],2024年新出台的《能源法》虽明确氢的能源属性并将其划归能源部门监管,却未赋予该部门安全监管职能,目前,在国家层面仍缺乏顶层设计,导致安全监管领域存在各自为政的问题。
美国、德国、日本、韩国作为氢能发展较为发达的国家,在氢能法律建设方面也表现出较强的前瞻性和灵活性,部分国家颁布的主要法律法规见表2。美国、韩国将氢作为能源,以相关能源法为基本法规范了氢能[8]。其中,韩国以《新能源和可再生能源法》为上位法,专门制定了氢能法律《促进氢经济和氢安全管理法》(简称《氢法》),将安全与经济并重,除规定了氢能管理体制、规划、激励、氢能开发与利用、清洁氢生产认证等外,还制定了安全管理相关的内容,实现了对氢能产业关系的集中调整[26];同时分别制定《<氢法>施行令》《<氢法>施行细则》,以促进《氢法》规定的有效贯彻落实[27]。美国《国家能源政策法案》虽然将氢能作为专题进行单独规划[28],但并未与韩国一样对氢能安全作出基本规定,而是分散于各联邦机构的规章制度中[29],如职业安全和健康管理局、管道和危险材料安全管理局、联邦汽车运输安全管理局和联邦公路局等[27,30]。德国、日本和美国类似,其氢能安全生产规定也分散于不同法律中。
中国涉氢相关法律主要有《能源法》,该法于2025年1月1日正式实施,首次明确氢能作为能源的法律地位,这将推动建立起一套完善的管理体系,解决长期以来管理者缺位的问题[31]。另一方面,《危险化学品目录(2015版)》中明确规定“序号1648号-氢(氢气)”属于危险化学品,在《危险货物品名表》(GB 12268—2012)中规定“联合国编号1049号-压缩氢”“联合国编号1966-冷冻液态氢”“联合国编号3479-燃料电池盒或装在设备中的燃料电池盒,或与设备包装在一起的燃料电池盒,含在金属氢中贮存的氢”为危险货物。因此,当前危险化学品/危险货物适用的相关安全生产法律法规亦同样适用于氢能,主要有《安全生产法》《危险化学品安全管理条例》,其中,《危险化学品安全管理条例》规定了氢气的生产、储存、运输、使用。
相较于氢能发达的国家,中国目前尚未出台专门性的氢能法律法规,《能源法》中仅4条涉及氢能,既没有像美国专设的氢能专篇,也不如韩国出台的单独法律,难以满足氢能产业快速发展的需求。将氢作为危险化学品进行安全监管,中国已初步形成了以《安全生产法》《危险化学品安全管理条例》等为主的法律法规体系,对保障氢产业安全发展起到了积极作用,但随着氢能产业的快速发展、应用场景的不断丰富,以及氢能全产业链监管职责由多个部门承担等原因,氢产业安全生产规定分散于不同法律法规,部分环节处于空白或相关规定协调统筹不够,难以保障产业快速安全发展需求。
主要氢能产业发达国家及地区,如美国、欧盟、韩国、日本均设有标准化组织或协会,主导并协调氢能及相关领域的标准制定。各国氢安全生产标准体系见表3
在中国,市场监管总局已先后批准设立全国氢能标准化技术委员会、全国燃料电池及液流电池标准化技术委员会,以及全国汽车标准化技术委员会下设的燃料电池汽车工作组等多个专业标准化技术组织,这些机构共同承担着推动氢能全产业链标准化体系建设的职责。《氢能产业标准体系建设指南(2023版)》系统构建了氢能制、储、输、用全产业链标准体系[31,38],提出涵盖基础与安全、氢制备、氢储存和输运、氢加注、氢能应用5个子体系的氢能产业标准体系框架,在基础与安全标准子体系中,专门规划布局了氢安全通用要求相关标准[13]。截至2023年底,已批准发布氢能国家标准110项,其中,氢安全相关标准18项,另有安全行业标准6项,涵盖制氢、储运、加注和应用等环节[13]
国内外均高度重视氢能安全标准建设,设有标准化组织或协会组织开展相关领域的标准制定,涉及生产、储运、加注、应用等所有环节,对保障氢能产业安全发展起到了积极作用。在中国,①从标准制定管理方面,氢能产业链长,涉及主管部门多,相关安全标准分散在不同标委会制定管理,其中,氢作为危化品主要由应急管理部进行安全监管,归口全国安全生产标准化技术委员会管理,而当前18项氢安全国家标准均由全国氢能标准化技术委员会等其他委员会制定管理,各标准化技术委员会尚未建立有效的协调联动机制,导致标准之间的协调性、一致性难以得到有效保障。②从标准科学性和先进性方面,美国、德国、日本的标准结合最新技术成果,注重全生命周期的安全管理,制定科学使用的风险评估方法。中国氢能安全技术研究基础相对薄弱,缺乏安全研究机构,部分标准缺乏足够的试验数据和必要的安全技术研究支撑,如加氢站安全技术研究明显不足。③从标准的完整性方面,美国、德国、日本的标准覆盖了氢能产业链的各个环节,形成了完整的标准生态。中国的标准体系已初步覆盖氢能产业链,但在某些环节标准仍需细化,如长距离氢气输送管道领域、氢能燃料电池全产业链的技术和检测规范尚有欠缺[39-40]
氢安全是氢能应用和大规模商业化推广的重要前提之一,许多国家成立了专门的研究机构开展氢安全研究,以期在氢能产业化过程中占据主动权和制高点。如美国圣地亚哥国家实验室、欧盟燃料电池和氢气联合协会、日本国家先进工业科学技术研究所和氢能检测研究中心(横滨国立大学)[41]、韩国材料科学研究所[42]、北爱尔兰氢安全工程研究中心、加拿大电力科技实验室等。其中,美国能源部西北太平洋国家实验室和美国化学工程师协会联合成立氢安全中心[35],通过制定全面的安全指导和教育材料,确保氢作为可持续能源载体的安全使用。从20世纪80年代起,日本在政府的支持下,企业、科研机构和高校就围绕氢能利用的基础理论、应用技术、仪器仪表装备制造等开展了系统研究,其中,氢能利用中的安全技术是重要内容之一,如针对燃料电池电动车建立了设施完备的安全研究测试机构,开展了系统的安全技术研究。韩国科学技术研究院开发了先进的氢气萃取安全,显著提升了氢气提取效率和安全性[43]。国际上也专门成立了国际氢安全协会来推动氢安全的发展。
近年来,为保障氢能产业的快速、健康与安全发展,中国已系统构建起覆盖国家、区域与企业多层级、多维度的氢能安全科技支撑体系。在国家与部委级层面,中石化青岛安全工程研究院氢能安全实验室纳入应急管理部重点实验室管理序列,重点开展氢致材料及装备失效机制、氢泄漏与燃爆致灾特征研究;国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(氢能储运装备安全)聚焦氢能储运装备全链条安全技术,为北京冬奥会等重大工程提供检测与标准支撑。在区域层面,内蒙古自治区工程研究中心服务于氢能制取、储运、加注及安全技术;湖北省氢能源安全检测与控制工程技术研究中心在氢气传感器与智能监控系统研发及转化方面取得进展;山东省氢能装备与安全重点实验室重点推进高压储氢等装备安全关键技术研究。
尽管中国氢安全研究近来也取得了快速的发展,但相较于日本、美国、德国等发达国家,中国氢安全研究起步较晚,研究机构目前主要集中在少数高等院校和科研院所,研究力量分散、研究能力仍存在差距。对氢能行业安全技术的系统性研究相对匮乏,落后于产业发展的现实需求,支撑产业健康快速发展的能力相对不足。氢能安全技术研究基础薄弱,主要集中在氢燃料电池安全、氢/液氢泄漏与扩散行为、涉氢设备材料失效特性等领域[2,44],涉氢设备、材料和部件的安全可靠性测试方法和检测认证手段缺乏,氢制取、纯氢/掺氢储运及使用终端等领域的研究深度明显不足,加氢站安全技术研究亟需加强。
结合中国安全生产监管现有体制机制,充分借鉴国际先进经验,提出3点建议:①明确行业主管部门的安全监管职责。《能源法》已经明确国务院能源主管部门负责氢能工作,依据“管行业必须管安全、管业务必须管安全、管生产经营必须管安全”的原则,进一步明确能源部门负责制定和实施氢能产业发展规划和产业政策措施,指导协调氢能产业发展和氢能行业安全监督管理。②明确全产业链全过程各环节相关主管部门监管职责。针对氢能制取、储存、运输、加注和应用等,明确相关部门的安全监管责任,如应急管理部门负责传统化石燃料制氢和规模化可再生能源电解水制氢的安全生产监督管理,住房城乡建设部门负责加氢站及站内制氢系统安全监督管理,交通运输部门负责氢运输企业和氢运输车辆及其相关人员的安全监督管理,公安部门负责氢运输车辆的道路交通安全管理,能源管理部门负责输氢长输管道安全保护,市场监管部门负责涉氢特种设备安全监督管理,依法核发气瓶、移动式压力容器充装许可证等,提升全过程安全管理水平,确保制氢、运输、加注和使用各环节安全可控。③建立健全协同高效的跨部门综合监管工作机制。建议在能源主管部门统筹下,建立部际联席工作机制,协调各部门、各地方和各重点行业氢产业安全生产工作,加强各类氢能安全政策和制度的协调配合,避免出现漏管失控和政策不一致,形成共促氢能安全高质量发展合力。
针对中国氢能安全生产法律法规体系不健全等情况,提出3点建议:①借鉴美国或韩国氢能立法实践,以《能源法》《安全生产法》《危险化学品安全法》为基本法,协调衔接现有法规规章,制定统一、系统的氢能专门安全生产法规,进一步规范氢能制取、储存、运输、加注和应用全产业链安全管理。②强化各部门氢能相关法之间的一致性,可在氢能行业主管部门统筹下,利用部委间协调机制,结合氢能产业发展阶段规划,提出氢能安全监管法规体系和政策体系框架,协调好各部门之间的关系,避免产生法律冲突或监管空白。③加快完善氢能相关配套安全法律制度规范,系统梳理国家和各部门既有的氢能产业相关安全监管法规和政策文件,结合国内外氢能产业发展过程中暴露出的各种安全问题,系统分析氢能全产业链安全监管法规和政策需求,加快研究和制修订氢能领域现行安全法律法规。
在借鉴国际先进标准经验的基础上,立足产业发展的实际需求,推动氢能安全标准体系加快完善与动态更新。①统筹协调氢能安全标准化相关机构。鉴于氢能已纳入能源管理体系由国务院能源主管部门负责监管,为便于建立完善氢能安全技术标准体系并监督实施,可由其对全国氢能标准化技术委员会进行归口业务指导,并在其下增设氢能安全生产标准化分技术委员会;或将氢能安全技术标准调整到全国安全生产标准化技术委员会,并在其下增设氢能安全生产标准化分技术委员会。②强化氢能全产业链各环节安全标准协同。2023年国家标准委等六部门联合印发《氢能产业标准体系建设指南(2023版)》,其中,除基础安全外,氢制备等其他4大类也均包括安全,由多个部门和标准化委员会归口管理,建议由应急管理部牵头,鼓励多部门协同开展安全标准化工作,确保相关标准之间有效衔接、避免冲突。③提升标准的先进性和可操作性。国内氢能安全技术研究基础薄弱,主要集中在氢燃料电池安全、氢/液氢泄漏与扩散行为、涉氢设备材料失效特性等领域[2,32],加强氢能领域的安全技术研究,开展相关参数的理论验证,借鉴国际先进的风险评估方法,大力推进急需的氢能安全系列标准制订,提升标准的科学性。④强化标准的强制性。目前18项氢安全相关的国家标准中只有1项为强制标准,建议强化“安全第一”的理念,提升氢能安全标准的强制性,确保相关标准要求被政府、企业和从业人员等各主体广泛接受和主动贯彻。
德、日、美等国的政府部门都为氢能技术发展提供了全面的政策及资金支持,掌握了大量核心专利,整条产业链的安全科技发展值得学习和借鉴[18]。①行业机构协调氢安全产学研合作,由具有国际影响力的行业协会牵头,协调企业、高校和研究机构之间的资源分配,创建紧密的氢安全产学研合作联盟,有效将科研成果转化为实际应用,推动氢能产业整体水平的提高。②以氢能安全国家级试验平台为主体,在现有领先氢能研究机构的基础上,整合国内优势力量,成立国家级氢安全综合研究中心,聚焦氢能制、储运和使用等环节的安全问题,建立系统的研究框架,持续加强基础研究、关键技术和颠覆性技术创新,引领氢能研究前沿课题。③根据中国氢能产业技术发展水平,以高压储氢系统设备安全性能、加氢站安全技术措施、车载燃料电池安全设计、氢能安全风险防控技术及装备、应急处置能力提升等为突破口,明确氢能产业安全技术研究项目,加大对企业氢能研究相关投入的补助,鼓励企业和科研机构攻关安全技术问题,破解制约氢能产业安全发展的技术难题。④强化专业人才队伍建设。加大氢能技术与装备领域高端人才引进和培育力度;加快相关学科专业布局,持续壮大氢能研发创新人才梯队;支持职业院校开设氢能相关专业,夯实技术人才与从业人员基础。
在全球化背景下,深化国际交流与合作已成为提升中国在氢能产业发展中话语权的关键途径。①积极推动涉氢国际标准的制定工作。鼓励氢能科技企业积极参与国际标准化组织等国际标准制定工作,加强制氢、储氢、输氢、加氢等基础设施技术标准的研发,进一步完善国际空白和技术创新领域的标准制定。②建立一个为各国专家、企业和研究机构开放的国际合作平台。通过平台积极促进国际合作项目的建立和实施,设立联合研究项目、共同实验室等合作机制,协同解决氢安全领域的技术难题,推动全球氢安全研究更为深入的展开。③加强信息、技术、教育与培训等方面合作。通过加强与美国、日本、德国和韩国等氢能技术发展较为成熟国家的科研机构、行业企业之间的交流与合作,在制氢、储存与输送、加注等基础设施技术环节,以及燃料电池关键材料、核心零部件研发和氢燃料电池汽车设计制造等方面,加快缩短与国际先进水平的差距,不断提升中国氢能的产业安全发展水平。
选取监管机构、法律法规、标准体系、科技支撑、国际合作5大维度,系统开展了国内外氢能安全监管体系对比分析并提出了政策建议。但受限于研究条件与数据可获得性,研究仍存在以下不足:
1) 在北美、欧盟、亚洲3大区域内,选取氢能产业起步早、典型性强的重点国家开展对比研究。但受限于公开资料的可获取性,研究样本尚未覆盖更多具有特色发展模式的国家与地区。应进一步扩充对比研究的国家与区域维度,以提升研究结论的普适性。
2) 重点梳理了各国氢能安全监管体系的核心特点与宏观差异,但由于部分国家监管条款的具体内容与实施细则公开程度有限,难以开展全面且细化的条文对比分析,导致对各国监管体系的共性特征与差异化路径的提炼不够深入。
基于上述不足,未来的国内外氢能安全监管对比研究可从以下几个方面深化拓展:①深化国际合作与数据共享,针对部分国家政策条文获取存在壁垒的问题,搭建常态化国际交流协作平台,推动氢能监管领域的信息互通与数据共研。②深挖国际实践案例价值,聚焦各国氢能安全法规的核心条款,开展精细化、条目化的对比分析,精准识别不同监管模式的优势与适用场景,重点剖析监管体系迭代与产业规模扩张、技术升级的适配逻辑。③拓宽研究维度与分析框架,在现有监管机构、法律法规、标准体系研究的基础上,将行业自律机制、专业人才队伍建设、社会认知与文化环境等要素纳入研究范畴;构建多维度、全方位的对比分析框架,确保研究结论更具系统性与前瞻性。
1) 在全球能源转型加速推进的背景下,氢能产业已进入快速发展阶段,主要国家和地区持续推动氢能在能源体系中的规模化应用。比较分析表明:氢能产业规模扩张与安全治理能力建设呈现同步推进的总体特征。
2) 国内外对比分析显示,氢能产业发展较为成熟的美国、德国、日本和韩国,普遍在监管架构和法律法规等方面形成了相对完整的安全治理体系,强调顶层统筹与全产业链覆盖;相比之下,中国氢能安全监管呈现出多部门分散管理以及部分环节衔接不畅等特征,在标准体系协调性和技术支撑能力方面仍有进一步完善空间。
3) 从标准体系与科技支撑视角看,国外氢能安全治理更加注重以标准化和科学研究为基础,推动安全要求贯穿氢能全生命周期;中国虽已初步构建氢能安全相关标准框架,但在标准系统性、关键技术研究深度以及试验验证能力等方面,与氢能产业快速发展需求之间仍存在差距。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(U24B6017)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0963
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-22
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国家自然科学基金资助(U24B6017)
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    1 中国化学品安全协会, 北京 100029
    2 中国石油大学(华东) 新能源学院, 山东 青岛 266580
    3 中国石油大学(华东) 化学品安全全国重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266580
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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