Article(id=1151591715791532319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0204-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1355, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699718400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-12, revisedDate=1707926400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490460584, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490460584, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490460584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490460584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=204, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591716416483617, articleId=1151591715791532319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=A resilience assessment model for multilayer networks of urban interdependent infrastructure, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the influence of interdependent relationships in urban infrastructure systems on urban resilience,a combination of theoretical analysis and Python simulation was used to study the resilience change process of urban interdependent infrastructure systems under perturbation. Firstly,the network of urban interdependent infrastructure was constructed based on the resilience mechanisms and multilayer network theory. Then,the cascading failure process of the urban interdependent infrastructure network after three kinds of external perturbations under the functional linkage was explored,and the resilience assessment model of the urban interdependent infrastructure network was constructed based on the infrastructure function curve method. Finally,a county in the central north of Hunan Province was taken as the research object to conduct an example study. The results show that the clustering coefficient of power nodes in the interdependent infrastructure network is significantly higher than the overall average. The communications network has the strongest resistance and recovery of the 5 types of infrastructure networks and the highest level of resilience. The reliability of the overall interdependent infrastructure network and its sub-networks gradually decreases as the probability of node failure in the network increases,and the number of network layers increases. The network efficiency recovers to a higher level in a shorter time with the betweenness recovery strategy,indicating that it is more appropriate to use the betweenness recovery strategy for this infrastructure network.

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为了探究城市基础设施系统关联关系对城市韧性的影响,采用理论分析和python模拟相结合的方法研究城市关联基础设施系统在扰动下的韧性变化过程。首先,基于韧性机制和多层网络理论,构建城市关联基础设施网络;然后,探究在功能关联下,城市关联基础设施网络受到3种外界扰动后的级联失效过程,并基于基础设施系统机能曲线法,构建城市关联基础设施网络韧性评估模型;最后,以湖南省中部偏北某县作为研究对象进行实例研究。结果表明:关联网络中电力节点的聚类系数明显高于整体平均水平;通信网络的抵御能力和恢复能力是5类基础设施网络中最强的,韧性水平也最高;随着网络中节点失效概率增大和网络层数的增加,整体关联基础设施网络及其子网络的可靠性逐渐降低;网络效率在介数恢复策略下恢复至较高水平时间较短,说明对此基础设施网络使用介数恢复策略更为合适。

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陈长坤 (1977—),男,福建福安人,博士,教授,主要从事火灾科学与智慧消防、城市公共安全及应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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陈长坤 (1977—),男,福建福安人,博士,教授,主要从事火灾科学与智慧消防、城市公共安全及应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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陈长坤 (1977—),男,福建福安人,博士,教授,主要从事火灾科学与智慧消防、城市公共安全及应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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China Safety Science Journal, 2023, 33(4):179-186., articleTitle=Research on urban rail failure recovery considering network resilience, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172490941383458835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, awardId=72091512, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大项目资助(72091512), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172490937436619735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490937465979864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, companyId=1172490937436619735, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490937474368473, 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language=CN, label=图10, caption=城市关联基础设施系统恢复过程, figureFileSmall=n+4H4nfmX+yriBXtzD4kCg==, figureFileBig=SUdu2Wy+9Fiv5s5GK+410A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490940733341707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Resistance of infrastructure systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
抵御能力 0.500 0.404 0.406 0.611 0.421
), ArticleFig(id=1172490940787867660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各基础设施系统抵御能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
抵御能力 0.500 0.404 0.406 0.611 0.421
), ArticleFig(id=1172490940880142349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Absorptive capacity of infrastructure systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
吸收能力 0.227 0.217 0.223 0.218 0.172
), ArticleFig(id=1172490940968222734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各基础设施系统吸收能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
吸收能力 0.227 0.217 0.223 0.218 0.172
), ArticleFig(id=1172490941026942991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Recovery of infrastructure systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
恢复
能力
度数 0.292 0.258 0.301 0.464 0.391
介数 0.278 0.264 0.291 0.564 0.373
), ArticleFig(id=1172490941085663248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各基础设施系统恢复能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务
恢复
能力
度数 0.292 0.258 0.301 0.464 0.391
介数 0.278 0.264 0.291 0.564 0.373
), ArticleFig(id=1172490941165355025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Resilience of infrastructure systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统韧性 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务 整体
度数 1.019 0.879 0.930 1.293 0.984 0.930
介数 1.005 0.885 0.920 1.393 0.966 1.037
), ArticleFig(id=1172490941240852498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591715791532319, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各基础设施系统韧性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统韧性 电力 供水 交通 通信 服务 整体
度数 1.019 0.879 0.930 1.293 0.984 0.930
介数 1.005 0.885 0.920 1.393 0.966 1.037
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城市关联基础设施多层网络韧性评估模型
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陈长坤 , 王思琪 , 孙凤琳 , 余荣付
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(5): 204-213
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(5): 204-213
城市关联基础设施多层网络韧性评估模型
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陈长坤, 王思琪, 孙凤琳, 余荣付
作者信息
  • 中南大学 防灾科学与安全技术研究所,湖南 长沙 410018
  • 陈长坤 (1977—),男,福建福安人,博士,教授,主要从事火灾科学与智慧消防、城市公共安全及应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

A resilience assessment model for multilayer networks of urban interdependent infrastructure
Changkun CHEN, Siqi WANG, Fenglin SUN, Rongfu YU
Affiliations
  • Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology,Central South University,Changsha Hunan 410018,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1355
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为了探究城市基础设施系统关联关系对城市韧性的影响,采用理论分析和python模拟相结合的方法研究城市关联基础设施系统在扰动下的韧性变化过程。首先,基于韧性机制和多层网络理论,构建城市关联基础设施网络;然后,探究在功能关联下,城市关联基础设施网络受到3种外界扰动后的级联失效过程,并基于基础设施系统机能曲线法,构建城市关联基础设施网络韧性评估模型;最后,以湖南省中部偏北某县作为研究对象进行实例研究。结果表明:关联网络中电力节点的聚类系数明显高于整体平均水平;通信网络的抵御能力和恢复能力是5类基础设施网络中最强的,韧性水平也最高;随着网络中节点失效概率增大和网络层数的增加,整体关联基础设施网络及其子网络的可靠性逐渐降低;网络效率在介数恢复策略下恢复至较高水平时间较短,说明对此基础设施网络使用介数恢复策略更为合适。

城市关联基础设施  /  网络韧性  /  韧性评估  /  评估模型  /  级联失效

In order to investigate the influence of interdependent relationships in urban infrastructure systems on urban resilience,a combination of theoretical analysis and Python simulation was used to study the resilience change process of urban interdependent infrastructure systems under perturbation. Firstly,the network of urban interdependent infrastructure was constructed based on the resilience mechanisms and multilayer network theory. Then,the cascading failure process of the urban interdependent infrastructure network after three kinds of external perturbations under the functional linkage was explored,and the resilience assessment model of the urban interdependent infrastructure network was constructed based on the infrastructure function curve method. Finally,a county in the central north of Hunan Province was taken as the research object to conduct an example study. The results show that the clustering coefficient of power nodes in the interdependent infrastructure network is significantly higher than the overall average. The communications network has the strongest resistance and recovery of the 5 types of infrastructure networks and the highest level of resilience. The reliability of the overall interdependent infrastructure network and its sub-networks gradually decreases as the probability of node failure in the network increases,and the number of network layers increases. The network efficiency recovers to a higher level in a shorter time with the betweenness recovery strategy,indicating that it is more appropriate to use the betweenness recovery strategy for this infrastructure network.

urban interdependent infrastructure  /  network resilience  /  resilience assessment  /  assessment model  /  cascade failure
陈长坤, 王思琪, 孙凤琳, 余荣付. 城市关联基础设施多层网络韧性评估模型. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 204 -213 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1355
Changkun CHEN, Siqi WANG, Fenglin SUN, Rongfu YU. A resilience assessment model for multilayer networks of urban interdependent infrastructure[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 204 -213 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1355
随着科技的发展,城市基础设施之间形成了紧密而复杂的关联关系,局部问题可能传播扩散,产生大范围的影响[1]。此外,暴雨、地震等极端灾害愈加频发,对城市和基础设施系统的稳定运行造成威胁[2]。因此,探究城市基础设施系统之间的相互作用和依赖关系对保障城市安全具有重要意义。
近年来,国内外学者在基础设施韧性研究方面取得了较多成果,例如:赵辰[3]针对不同类别的基础设施系统,分别建立了韧性优化模型,并基于组合背包问题提出了韧性优化模型的解法。MOHEBBI等[4]提出了一种联合博弈论的方法,有效解决了相互依赖的配水和道路网络的分散资源分配问题,提升了基础设施网络韧性。现实中的关联基础设施往往呈现出节点多样性、连边异质性、结构嵌套和多层次等特点,多用多层网络理论来研究。周方[5]通过多层耦合网络级联失效仿真,构建了适用于城市多层关键基础设施耦合网络的脆弱性评估模型,并从多角度探讨了城市基础设施耦合网络级联失效对城市韧性的影响;FATHINAVID等[6]提出了一个应用于社区网络检测的多层元胞自动机模型,并通过多个多层数据集的仿真结果证明了该模型的有效性和优越性。
上述研究一方面只集中于2个不同类别的基础设施系统或同一类别下多个子系统,而研究3个类别及以上基础设施的则很少,且多考虑基础设施网络的脆弱性,未与城市基础设施韧性机能曲线相结合,构建韧性评估模型。鉴于此,笔者拟在城市韧性概念的基础上,探究城市基础设施系统的关联关系,运用多层网络模拟城市关联基础设施系统在风险扰动下的韧性变化过程,并构建城市关联基础设施网络韧性评估模型,以期为提升城市基础设施系统韧性水平提供依据。
城市关键基础设施是指关乎国家经济及安全等重大问题的公共工程,如供水设施中的水厂、电力设施中的变电站、燃气设施中的燃气站、交通设施中的交通枢纽、通信设施中的邮政枢纽和服务设施中的医院等公共服务设施[7]。若干个城市关键基础设施系统之间,由于存在相互依赖关系而形成的网络化复杂系统,即为城市关联基础设施系统[3]。首先应构建城市关联基础设施子系统拓扑网络,即城市关键基础设施网络,具体抽象方法如下[8-9]:
1) 将系统中的各枢纽作为网络中的节点,如交通系统中的各级客运站和电力系统中的发电站、变电站,并按照实际地理位置分布。
2) 将各枢纽之间的联系简化为网络中的无向无权边,若枢纽间有多种联系方式,也只视为一条边。
城市基础设施各子系统拓扑结构建立后,分析不同基础设施子系统间存在的关联,结合RINALDI等[10]提出的基础设施关联类型,设置了常见基础设施系统之间的功能关联关系,如图1所示。
由于基础设施系统之间的关系复杂多样,在图1 的基础上作了一定的简化,只考虑了图中实线部分所代表的功能关联,并将不同关键基础设施网络节点之间的功能关联抽象为有向边,其中由提供功能的节点指向被提供功能的节点。
在复杂网络的研究中,网络的特征参数可以从网络结构的角度,反映网络的特点和相关性质。拟选取以下特征参数,分析依据图1所建立的城市关联基础设施网络的复杂网络参数。
1) 节点度数中心性。网络中节点vi的度数ki表示该节点连接边的数目,即与该节点相邻的节点总数,在有向网络中根据连接边的指向可以分为出度和入度。节点vi的度数中心性DCi表示为该节点的实际连接边数和可能最大连接边数之比。
k i = v j V a i j
D C i = k i N - 1 k i 2 ( N - 1 )    
式中:aij为节点vi和其相邻节点vj间的连接边数;V为网络中节点的集合;N为网络中的总节点数。
2) 节点介数中心性。节点介数中心性BCi是指经过节点vi的最短路径数目在所有最短路径数目的占比,反映了节点作为中间连接点的影响大小。
B C i = v i v j v k V n   j k i n j k
式中:njk为连接节点vj和节点vk的最短路径数目; n j k i为连接节点vj和节点vk的最短路径中经过节点vi的最短路径数目。
3) 节点紧密中心性。节点紧密中心性CCi是指节点vi到其他所有节点最短路径边数平均值的倒数,用于判断节点vi到达网络中其他节点的难易程度。
C C i = N - 1 v j = 1 N d i j
式中dij为节点vi到节点vj的最短路径。
4) 节点特征向量中心性。节点特征向量中心性ECi可通过与节点vi所连接的节点的重要程度来评价。
E C i = 1 λ v j = 1 N   ( X i j · E C j )
式中:ECi和ECj分别为节点vi和节点vj的特征向量中心性;Xij为网络的邻接矩阵X中第i行第j列的元素,表示节点vi和节点vj之间是否有连接,若有则为1,无则为0;λ为邻接矩阵X的特征值。
5) 节点聚类系数。节点聚类系数CCi为节点vi相邻节点之间的实际连接边数和节点之间最大可能连接边数的比值。
mathvariant="normal"C C i = 2 C S i n ( n - 1 ) C S i n ( n - 1 )      
式中:CSi为节点vi的相邻节点之间的实际连接边数;n为节点vi的相邻节点数目。
将城市基础设施日常可能受到的冲击扰动,抽象为关联基础设施网络中节点的失效。当节点失效后,经过此节点的连接也会断裂失效。因此,可根据节点失效概率的变化,研究在功能关联下城市关联基础设施网络的可靠性变化情况。
基于复杂网络的级联失效理论,认为只有属于最大连通分量(Giant Connected Component, GCC)的节点才是有效的、可靠的[11]。因此,采用网络中属于GCC节点数目占总节点数的比例表征网络的可靠性D
D = G ( p ) p N i N i
式中:Ni为各层子网络中包含的节点数目,包括正常的节点和失效的节点;p为网络中正常运行的节点占总节点数的比例,即节点的存在概率;G(p)为当节点存在概率为p时,属于GCC的节点占网络中正常节点的比例。
模拟网络中的失效过程时,分别以随机攻击、度数攻击和介数攻击3种方式攻击网络中的节点,使其失效[12]。其中,随机攻击是指随机选取网络中的节点,使其失效。而度数攻击和介数攻击是指分别以网络中节点的度数中心性和介数中心性为指标,按从大到小的顺序选择网络中的节点使其失效。其中度数攻击和介数攻击都属于蓄意攻击。失效模拟的具体步骤如下所示:
1) 导入初始的网络参数,包括基础设施网络的各节点、各节点的度数中心性和介数中心性、各节点之间的连接关系。先判断网络的层数,当网络只有一层时,导入该网络中的节点及节点间连接关系;当网络不止一层时,导入每个单层网络中的节点及节点间连接关系,以及不同网络层中节点之间的连接关系。再按照节点间的连接关系构建基础设施拓扑网络,最后按照3种不同的攻击方式使网络中的节点依次失效。
2) 根据上述3种不同的攻击方式,使得网络中的节点存在概率p从1开始,间隔 Δ p,逐渐下降到0,令 Δ p=0.02,即节点失效概率q从0间隔0.02逐渐上升到1。
3) 将Nip、以及不同p取值下所对应的G(p)值代入式(7),计算每个p的取值下,网络的可靠性D,绘制出相应的曲线图。
前文只分析了外界扰动影响下,城市关联基础设施系统的可靠性变化和失效特征,缺乏对扰动前期和后期系统可靠性的分析。因此,基于基础设施机能曲线法,构建城市关联基础设施网络韧性评估模型。将城市基础设施的韧性变化过程分为抵抗、吸收和恢复[13]3个阶段,具体分析关联基础设施网络在受到扰动的前、中、后期的情况。3个阶段中基础设施系统分别会表现出抵御、吸收和恢复3种能力,如图2所示。
图2可知:初始情况下,基础设施处于正常稳定工作状态,受到扰动后,基础设施系统的机能水平开始下降,并稳定在一定的水平,经过一定的恢复时间,基础设施系统机能重新回升到一个新的稳定水平。综合抵御能力、吸收能力和恢复能力,可以得到最终的系统韧性值[14]
为合理量化城市基础设施网络的机能水平,忽略基础设施具体的能量物质交流,以初始状态下城市基础设施网络的网络效率E表示系统的抵御能力。
节点vi到节点vj之间的效率eij与二者之间的最短距离成反比,即:
e i j = 1 d i j
当节点vi和节点vj之间不存在路径的时候,dij为无穷大,则此时2节点之间的效率eij为0。因此,整个网络的效率E可以定义为[15]:
E = 1 N ( N - 1 ) v i v j V 1 d i j
利用逐渐增大网络中的节点失效概率,来模拟外界扰动强度的变化。根据式(9),可得不同q值对应的网络效率E,通过基础设施E随扰动强度的变化,来反映基础设施系统的吸收能力A,因此,A表示为:
A = 0 q E ( q ) d q E 0
式中:E0为系统网络初始效率;E(q)为网络效率E随节点失效概率q变化的函数。
为研究系统恢复过程的网络效率,设置步骤如下:
1) 首先,随机选取网络中的10个节点失效(若子网络总节点数不足10个,则令其子网络所有的节点都失效),代入式(9)计算此时系统被赋予初始扰动后网络效率Ed
2) 之后按照1步恢复1个节点的方式,逐步恢复10个节点及其相应连接边,每恢复1个节点,代入式(9)计算出对应的网络效率E,得到E(p),即网络效率的变化情况。
3) 在恢复过程中将已失效10个节点,分别按照度数和介数由大到小的顺序,逐个恢复。
因此系统的恢复能力Rc表示为:
R c = 0 p ( E ( p ) - E d ) d p E d p
式中:Ed为网络中的10个节点失效后的网络效率;E(p)为节点存在概率为p时的网络效率。
则系统的综合韧性R可表示为:
R = E + A + R c
以湖南省某县作为研究背景,选取该县县域内的电力系统、供水系统、交通系统、通信系统和服务系统,根据1.1节,简化后得到5层结构的城市关联基础设施系统网络,层内连接边代表处于同一个基础设施网络中节点之间的功能关联,层间连接边代表处于不同基础设施网络中节点之间的功能关联,箭头由提供功能的节点指向被提供功能的节点,如图3所示。
图3可知:电力系统网络由32个节点,51条连接边组成。供水系统网络由13个节点,12条连接边组成。交通系统网络由25个节点,36条连接边组成。通信系统网络由9个节点,12条连接边组成。服务系统网络由13个节点,13条连接边组成。
在前文5个独立网络的基础上根据节点之间的关联关系,添加各层子系统中的节点之间的连接边,能够进一步得到基础设施关联网络。
结合式(1)—式(6)以及网络节点之间的连接情况,获得各子网络节点的度数中心性、介数中心性、紧密中心性、特征向量中心性以及聚类系数的计算结果,如图4所示。
图4可知:关联之后各层子系统中节点的度数中心性、介数中心性以及紧密中心性相差不大,度数中心性均近似0.05,介数中心性接近0.02,紧密中心性近似0.30。但是电力网络中的节点聚类系数明显高于整体平均水平,这反映了围绕电力网络中的节点形成了关系紧密的小集体,也表明了在此基础设施网络中,电力节点的重要性和中心地位,其余子系统因电力系统而出现关联,进一步说明电力系统对于整体网络的能量传输和信息物质传递起到关键作用,即维持电力系统的正常运营对整体网络的稳定至关重要。
参考1.3节中的步骤,得到随机攻击、度数攻击和介数攻击3种不同攻击方式下,整体网络的可靠性变化情况,如图5所示。
图5可知:在3种不同攻击情况下,网络的可靠性在节点失效概率为(0.2,0.4)时,存在明显的突变情况。相较而言,网络在介数攻击下发生突变时的节点失效概率大于度数攻击下发生突变时的节点失效概率。因此,在这3种攻击模式下,城市关联基础设施网络可靠性的情况分别为Dr>Db>Dd(DrDbDd分别为随机攻击、介数攻击和度数攻击下网络的可靠性)。
电力网络作为网络中的重要关联层,和其余4个基础设施子网络都存在关联,因此为了进一步分析不同关联网络的可靠性,参考1.3节中的步骤,分别模拟在随机攻击、度数攻击和介数攻击3种不同攻击情况下,独立的电力网络、电力-供水网络、电力-交通网络、电力-通信网络以及电力-服务网络的失效过程,如图6所示。
图6可知:随机攻击下网络的可靠性变化较为连续,而在2种蓄意攻击的情况下都出现了二阶相变。综合来看,在随机攻击下网络的可靠性最高,其次是度数攻击,介数攻击下的可靠性最差。比较单层和双层网络的情况,可以看出双层耦合网络的可靠性低于单层的电力网络。而对比不同的攻击情况可以得出,同一网络在随机攻击情况下的可靠性,高于蓄意攻击下的可靠性。
在此基础上,继续研究不同攻击策略下3层网络的失效过程和可靠性变化特征,以电力-通信-交通这3层子网络构成的网络作为研究对象,参考1.3节中的步骤,分别模拟了随机攻击、度数攻击和介数攻击3种不同攻击情况下,不同层数网络的失效过程,如图7所示。
图7可知:单独的电力网络的可靠性最强,其次是双层网络,3层网络表现出的可靠性最差。因此,对于此关联基础设施网络来说,随着网络层数的增加,网络的可靠性下降,即城市基础设施系统越复杂,包含的子网络越多,网络的可靠性越差,城市基础设施系统面临的风险也就越大。
根据式(9)可以计算得到初始网络的抵御能力和各基础设施子系统抵御能力,如图8所示。
图8可知:在蓄意攻击的2种不同情况下,网络效率E都发生了突变,而在随机攻击的情况下,网络效率的变化则较为连续。计算得到该城市基础设施网络的抵御能力为0.443。
分别分析各类基础设施系统的抵御能力,各基础设施系统抵御能力见表1。由表1可知:各类基础设施网络的抵御能力按大小排序为:通信系统>电力系统>服务系统>交通系统>供水系统。
根据式(10)可以得到初始网络的吸收能力和各基础设施系统的吸收能力,如图9所示。
计算得到城市关联基础设施网络的吸收能力为0.225。
分别分析5类基础设施系统的吸收能力,各基础设施系统吸收能力见表2。由表2可知:各类基础设施网络的吸收能力按大小排序为:电力系统>交通系统>通信系统>供水系统>服务系统。
根据式(11)可以计算得到初始网络的恢复能力和各基础设施子系统在不同恢复策略下的恢复能力,如图10所示。
图10可知:此城市关联基础设施系统在度数恢复策略下的恢复能力为0.262,在介数恢复策略下的恢复能力为0.369。在介数恢复策略下,网络的效率更早地恢复到较高的水平,说明对此基础设施网络,介数恢复策略更为合适。
分别分析5类基础设施网络的恢复能力,各基础设施系统恢复能力见表3,由表3可知:在度数和介数2种恢复策略下,各类基础设施网络的恢复能力排序相同,均为:通信系统>服务系统>交通系统>电力系统>供水系统,但是比较同一网络在不同恢复策略下的恢复能力可知,电力网络、交通网络和服务网络在度数恢复情况下的恢复能力更优,供水网络和通信网络则相反。
综上所述,可以得到此城市关联基础设施系统在度数恢复策略下的韧性值为0.930,在介数恢复策略下的韧性值为1.037。因此,针对此系统选用介数恢复策略更优。计算得到各类基础设施系统的韧性值见表4
表4可知:对于整体网络而言,不同恢复策略下,系统在恢复阶段的恢复能力不同,导致系统表现出不同强度的韧性,因此在基础设施系统的韧性建设过程中,需要根据基础设施系统的特点进行优化。
1) 关联网络中电力节点的聚类系数明显高于整体平均水平,表明电力网络是该城市基础设施系统网络中的关键子网络,维持电力系统的正常运营对整体网络的稳定至关重要。
2) 研究发现,通信网络的抵御能力和恢复能力是5类基础设施网络中最强的,韧性水平也最高,电力网络的吸收能力最强。
3) 随着网络中节点失效概率的增大,整体关联基础设施网络及其子网络的可靠性也逐渐降低,并且在蓄意攻击(度数攻击和介数攻击)下网络整体可靠性更低,同时随着网络层数的增加,网络可靠性呈现下降的趋势。
4) 通过对比介数恢复和度数恢复2种恢复策略发现,网络效率在介数恢复策略下恢复至较高水平时间较短,说明对此基础设施网络,介数恢复策略更为合适。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目资助(72091512)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1355
  • 接收时间:2023-11-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-12
  • 修回日期:2024-02-15
基金
国家自然科学基金重大项目资助(72091512)
作者信息
    中南大学 防灾科学与安全技术研究所,湖南 长沙 410018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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