Article(id=1151591713165897989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0129-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0758, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=1708185600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490459957, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490459957, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490459957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490459957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=129, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591713547579655, articleId=1151591713165897989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on smoke transport characteristics of fire inside rail train with multiple lateral openings, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the smoke transport characteristics of rail train with lateral multi-opening and optimize the emergency response strategy for fire rescue,a rail train model was built using PyroSim software based on the engineering entity structure and numerical simulation was conducted. Focusing on the lateral opening as a connecting channel between the inside and outside of the train carriage,the influence of the lateral opening mode on the smoke transport characteristics inside the train was discussed and analyzed. The results show that the lateral opening mode has a significant effect on the smoke transport inside the train,including the smoke spreading speed and the smoke distribution in the stable stage. Compared with the disordered smoke and full coverage in the height direction in the section without opening the lateral opening,the smoke in the section with opening the lateral opening can maintain stable stratification,which is conducive to the safe evacuation and rescue of personnel. The smoke temperature distribution under the train ceiling is more consistent with the double exponential attenuation law,and is affected by the coupling of the opening mode and the fire power. The temperature attenuation rate of the opening section is more significantly affected by the fire power in the asymmetric opening. In addition,although the opening is conducive to the formation of a safe environment inside the train,it is also necessary to consider the impact of the fire smoke spilling into the outer space of the train through the opening to make a comprehensive judgment of emergency response.

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为探究侧向多开口轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性,优化火灾救援应急处置对策,根据工程实体结构利用PyroSim 软件搭建轨道列车模型并进行火灾数值模拟。聚焦作为列车内外联通通道的侧向开口,探讨分析侧向开口模式对轨道列车内部烟气蔓延特性的影响。结果表明:侧向开口模式对列车内部烟气蔓延有着显著的影响,包括烟气蔓延速度及稳定阶段的烟气分布情况。相比于侧开口未开启区间范围内烟气紊乱且高度方向全覆盖状态,侧开口开启的区间范围内烟气可维持稳定分层,有利于人员安全疏散救援。轨道列车顶棚下方烟气温度分布更符合双指数衰减特征,且受到开口模式和火源功率的耦合影响,非对称开启时开启开口的区间温度衰减速率受火源功率的影响更显著。此外,虽然开口的开启有利于列车内部安全环境的形成,但也需考虑通过开口溢出至列车外部空间的火灾烟气的影响以进行应急处置的综合判定。

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彭 敏 (1995—),女,安徽宿州人,博士,副教授,主要从事轨道交通火灾、应急科学与技术、公共消防安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

李忠辉 教授

朱国庆 教授

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李忠辉 教授

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朱国庆 教授

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articleId=1151591713165897989, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulated working conditions

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工况
编号
缩尺寸
火源功
率/kW
全尺寸
火源功
率/MW
侧开口
开启
模式
工况简称
1 7.9 2.5 全开启 2.5 MW+全开启
2 7.9 2.5 火源单侧 2.5 MW+火源单侧
3 7.9 2.5 火源双侧 2.5 MW+火源双侧
4 15.8 5 全开启 5 MW+全开启
5 15.8 5 火源单侧 5 MW+火源单侧
6 15.8 5 火源双侧 5 MW+火源双侧
7 23.7 7.5 全开启 7.5 MW+全开启
8 23.7 7.5 火源单侧 7.5 MW+火源单侧
9 23.7 7.5 火源双侧 7.5 MW+火源双侧
10 31.6 10 全开启 10 MW+全开启
11 31.6 10 火源单侧 10 MW+火源单侧
12 31.6 10 火源双侧 10 MW+火源双侧
), ArticleFig(id=1172491068110156499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591713165897989, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟工况

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工况
编号
缩尺寸
火源功
率/kW
全尺寸
火源功
率/MW
侧开口
开启
模式
工况简称
1 7.9 2.5 全开启 2.5 MW+全开启
2 7.9 2.5 火源单侧 2.5 MW+火源单侧
3 7.9 2.5 火源双侧 2.5 MW+火源双侧
4 15.8 5 全开启 5 MW+全开启
5 15.8 5 火源单侧 5 MW+火源单侧
6 15.8 5 火源双侧 5 MW+火源双侧
7 23.7 7.5 全开启 7.5 MW+全开启
8 23.7 7.5 火源单侧 7.5 MW+火源单侧
9 23.7 7.5 火源双侧 7.5 MW+火源双侧
10 31.6 10 全开启 10 MW+全开启
11 31.6 10 火源单侧 10 MW+火源单侧
12 31.6 10 火源双侧 10 MW+火源双侧
), ArticleFig(id=1172491068223402708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591713165897989, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Values of coefficients for smoke temperature distribution

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火源功率/
MW
A1 t1 A2 t2 R2
2.5 0.81 0.3 0.42 14.8 0.996
5 0.63 0.4 0.5 13.4 0.989
7.5 0.5 0.37 0.62 12.2 0.988
10 0.36 1.02 0.65 12 0.988
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烟气温度分布系数数值

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火源功率/
MW
A1 t1 A2 t2 R2
2.5 0.81 0.3 0.42 14.8 0.996
5 0.63 0.4 0.5 13.4 0.989
7.5 0.5 0.37 0.62 12.2 0.988
10 0.36 1.02 0.65 12 0.988
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侧向多开口轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性
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彭敏 1 , 潘翔骁 1 , 何坤 3 , 李忠辉 1 , 朱国庆 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 129-138
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 129-138
侧向多开口轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性
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彭敏1 , 潘翔骁1, 何坤3, 李忠辉1, 朱国庆1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
  • 3 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
  • 彭 敏 (1995—),女,安徽宿州人,博士,副教授,主要从事轨道交通火灾、应急科学与技术、公共消防安全等方面的研究。E-mail:

    李忠辉 教授

    朱国庆 教授

Study on smoke transport characteristics of fire inside rail train with multiple lateral openings
Min PENG1 , Xiangxiao PAN1, Kun HE3, Zhonghui LI1, Guoqing ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei Anhui 230026,China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei Anhui 230026,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0758
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为探究侧向多开口轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性,优化火灾救援应急处置对策,根据工程实体结构利用PyroSim 软件搭建轨道列车模型并进行火灾数值模拟。聚焦作为列车内外联通通道的侧向开口,探讨分析侧向开口模式对轨道列车内部烟气蔓延特性的影响。结果表明:侧向开口模式对列车内部烟气蔓延有着显著的影响,包括烟气蔓延速度及稳定阶段的烟气分布情况。相比于侧开口未开启区间范围内烟气紊乱且高度方向全覆盖状态,侧开口开启的区间范围内烟气可维持稳定分层,有利于人员安全疏散救援。轨道列车顶棚下方烟气温度分布更符合双指数衰减特征,且受到开口模式和火源功率的耦合影响,非对称开启时开启开口的区间温度衰减速率受火源功率的影响更显著。此外,虽然开口的开启有利于列车内部安全环境的形成,但也需考虑通过开口溢出至列车外部空间的火灾烟气的影响以进行应急处置的综合判定。

侧向多开口  /  轨道列车火灾  /  烟气输运  /  开口模式  /  人员疏散

In order to study the smoke transport characteristics of rail train with lateral multi-opening and optimize the emergency response strategy for fire rescue,a rail train model was built using PyroSim software based on the engineering entity structure and numerical simulation was conducted. Focusing on the lateral opening as a connecting channel between the inside and outside of the train carriage,the influence of the lateral opening mode on the smoke transport characteristics inside the train was discussed and analyzed. The results show that the lateral opening mode has a significant effect on the smoke transport inside the train,including the smoke spreading speed and the smoke distribution in the stable stage. Compared with the disordered smoke and full coverage in the height direction in the section without opening the lateral opening,the smoke in the section with opening the lateral opening can maintain stable stratification,which is conducive to the safe evacuation and rescue of personnel. The smoke temperature distribution under the train ceiling is more consistent with the double exponential attenuation law,and is affected by the coupling of the opening mode and the fire power. The temperature attenuation rate of the opening section is more significantly affected by the fire power in the asymmetric opening. In addition,although the opening is conducive to the formation of a safe environment inside the train,it is also necessary to consider the impact of the fire smoke spilling into the outer space of the train through the opening to make a comprehensive judgment of emergency response.

multiple lateral openings  /  rail train fire  /  smoke transportation  /  opening mode  /  personnel evacuation
彭敏, 潘翔骁, 何坤, 李忠辉, 朱国庆. 侧向多开口轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0758
Min PENG, Xiangxiao PAN, Kun HE, Zhonghui LI, Guoqing ZHU. Study on smoke transport characteristics of fire inside rail train with multiple lateral openings[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0758
城市轨道交通的各类致灾风险是困扰轨道安全运营的关键问题,也是城市安全的重要威胁。火灾事故作为《地铁设计规范》防灾害措施中首位灾害[1],安全问题成为地铁设计、建设和运营阶段均不容忽视的问题,火灾防控已成为城市公共安全领域研究热点与难点之一。随着我国以地铁系统为主要形式的城市轨道交通建设规模持续大幅增加,开展地铁系统火灾安全研究极为重要和紧迫[2-3]
近年来,受限空间火灾的高危险性引起了各国相关部门的高度关注,取得了丰硕的科研成果。但是先前的研究大多集中在两端开口受限空间内的自由火源场景[4-5],对侧向开口受限空间火灾的研究虽然也有关注,但是相对较少,尤其是在侧向多开口的地铁系统中,作为联通通道的侧向开口也对轨道列车内火灾特性起到重要作用[6]。地铁系统在发生火灾时,会根据应急预案采取紧急制动措施,就近停靠在车站处,开启站台一侧车门,进行人员疏散,不同于传统隧道形式,形成了两端封闭侧向多开口的狭长空间。随着列车火灾事故的频发及其产生的严重后果,国内外学者也对具有侧向多开口的轨道列车结构内火灾展开了相关研究,如LI Yingzhen等[7]通过开展3组不同规模尺度(1∶10、1∶3和1∶1)的列车火灾试验发现,不同尺度间列车火灾的发展机制非常相似;INGASON[8]进行了一系列缩尺寸下轨道车辆火灾试验,研究了通风、燃料负荷和内表面材料类型等参数对火灾发展的影响;NG等[9]在1/15的具有5个侧向车门的单节轨道列车内开展缩尺寸试验,通过改变车门开启数量及位置研究了不同侧向车门条件下列车车厢内火灾的火焰颜色;SHI Congling等[10]试验研究了全尺寸地铁列车车厢的燃烧行为,发现燃烧从燃料控制向通风控制的转化过程,分析了车厢内火灾烟气浓度及温度分布特性;CHEN Junfeng等[11]基于火灾动力学模拟器(Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)的数值模拟进行定性和定量分析,以评估不同通风口布局的通风性能,所提出的侧通风口布局相对于传统底部通风口布局在不同火灾位置、放热速率、长宽比和通风量下具有强大的优势;从伟[12]采用缩尺寸试验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,揭示了复制边界条件下侧向多开口车厢狭长受限空间与隧道狭长受限空间内的火灾烟气输运特性,重点关注了车厢烟气溢流在空间上的分布特征。
总体而言,上述研究工作在考虑轨道列车侧向多开口的独特特征下,深入研究了列车受限空间火灾的发展特征,为认识侧向多开口受限空间火灾行为提供了新的视角。然而,现有研究主要集中在单一开启模式下火灾的发展特性,即同时打开一侧所有车门,而对于侧向开口的多种开启模式尚未充分探讨。相比传统单一狭长受限空间火灾场景,侧向多开口地铁列车火灾的独特性和复杂性主要归因于侧向多开口作为连接列车车厢与外部空间的联通通道,其多样的开启模式直接影响着列车车厢内火灾发展的受限程度及通过侧向开口这一通道蔓延输运至外部空间的烟气特性,进而影响列车车厢及外部空间火灾的整体发展态势及应急处置策略。因此,笔者拟聚焦于两端封闭侧向多开口轨道列车火灾场景,探讨侧向开口模式对轨道列车火灾烟气输运特性的影响,以期提高整体应对火灾风险的水平。
计算机数值计算主要分为场模型、网络模型和区域模型3种。与区域模型和网络模型相比,场模型的计算精度更高且能够分析较为复杂的流动状态,是相对理想的模拟模型,FDS属于场模型的一种。
FDS数值模拟软件是依据模拟对象的相关特性构建模拟模型,通过设定模型系统参数,模拟火灾发生、发展和熄灭的整体过程。FDS在模拟的过程中会生成模型中设定的所需采集的物理变量随时间变化的文件,并通过其直观化程序smokeview更加直观地观测和处理动态和静态数据。因此,FDS成为广泛使用的模拟软件[13-15]
依据当地地铁轨道系统4B的车辆编组(4节编组的B型车辆),考虑网格数量及计算时间,利用PyroSim建立长8m、宽0.28 m、高0.2 m的4节车厢联通的1∶10轨道列车模型,在列车侧面均匀设置16个宽 0.14 m、高0.18 m的侧向开口,建成后的模型及简化结构如图1所示。
根据FDS软件选取火源特征直径 D *与网格尺寸δx的比值作为网格尺寸选择的标准,即 D * / δ x。当比值为4~16时,仿真效果较好[16]。此外,BAUM等[17]研究发现,当模拟计算的网格尺寸为0.1 D *时,模拟的火羽流温度和速度与实际火灾试验结果较为接近。由于火灾烟气的输运特性与火灾烟气的温度和速度密切相关。因此,选择0.1 D *来选择计算网格的大小。火源特征直径 D *:
D * = Q ρ 0 c 0 T 0 g 2 / 5
式中:Q为火源热释放速率,kW; ρ 0为空气密度,kg/m3; c 0为空气比热容,kJ/(kg·K); T 0为环境温度,K;g为重力加速度,m/s2
依据火灾规模计算可得 D *为0.13~0.23 m,研究表明:网格尺寸δx采用0.1 D *时模拟结果较为准确,选取网格尺寸分别为0.01、0.02和0.04 m进行网格独立性检验,如图2所示,图中,ΔX表示与火源间的距离,ΔT表示烟气温升。选取网格尺寸为0.02 m × 0.02 m × 0.02 m,模型网格设置中在轨道列车外部留出一定区域范围,以供轨道列车内火灾烟气通过侧向开口通道向外部空间的溢出,总网格数为202 500。
依据文献[2]调研及安全性系数分析,轨道列车火灾规模选取全尺寸火灾功率为2.5、5、7.5和10MW共4种。所采用燃烧材料为丙烷,火源尺寸为0.16 m × 0.14m,由于受限空间火灾具有发展迅速、成灾时间短的特点,所以火源功率的增加遵循“t2模型”的规律,经过计算得到火灾发展时间为231s时,可达到最大火灾热释放速率值10MW。
为研究不同火灾场景下侧向多开口轨道列车内烟气蔓延和顶棚下方烟气温度在轴向方向上的变化特征,除模拟结果生成的烟气蔓延动画以外,同时采用列车顶棚下方设置热电偶进行温度数据探测采集。列车内顶棚下方共设置58个热电偶,在火源附近即火源左右各设置13个间隔为0.4 m的温度探测点,其余范围每隔2 m设置一个,以此获取隧道顶棚下方烟气温度及变化。
结合国内外研究现状及工程实际调研,选取实体火灾规模为2.5、5、7.5和10 MW的轨道列车火灾,火源位于列车中央位置,聚焦作为车厢内外联通通道的侧向开口,探讨分析侧向开口模式对轨道列车内部烟气蔓延特性的影响,考虑全开启、火源单侧开启及火源双侧开启的典型开口模式,典型模拟工况如图3所示。具体设置的模拟工况及相应参数见表1
为验证模拟数据的可靠性,参考从伟[12]的缩尺寸试验中列车顶棚下的温度数据,根据其设定的火源功率在该模型全开启工况下重新计算,并与之对比。模拟与试验验证如图4所示,图中,ΔTm为最高烟气温升,H为列车高度。由图4可知:FDS模拟值略低于试验测量值。首先,全尺寸模拟中壁面材料是铁,其导热性比试验中使用的防火板更强,从而增加通过传导散失到车厢外环境中的热量;其次,模拟中的火源尺寸相比试验中所采用的燃烧器较大,热量更加分散,火焰在单位高度上卷吸了更多空气,增加了通过对流散入环境的热量。但是总体上可认为FDS模拟值与试验测量值是相吻合的。
“2.5MW+全开启”模式下整个列车内部烟气蔓延过程如图5所示。由于列车顶棚及两侧侧壁的受限阻碍,火灾产生的烟气沿着列车顶棚在车厢上部轴向扩展蔓延,8.5 s左右烟气蔓延至列车端部。在此情况下,由于受到列车端部的阻碍限制,烟气开始回流,即列车中央位置处火灾产生的烟气在列车上半部向列车端部方向蔓延,又由于列车端部的撞击回流作用,在列车下半部分空间存在从列车端部向火源位置蔓延的烟气流,如图5c中箭头所示。此外,由于轨道列车侧向开口的结构特征,火灾烟气也会从开口处溢出,值得注意的是,烟气通过开口溢出的现象在火灾发展初期并不显著,因为在火灾发展初期阶段仍是顺着列车顶棚下方的轴线蔓延为主导,随着列车内烟气的不断产生聚集,即在火灾烟气蔓延至列车端部后,火灾烟气开始大量从侧开口溢出。
图5可知:在火灾发展23 s左右后,车厢内的烟气蔓延情况基本达到稳定状态。由于侧开口全开启模式下位于列车中央的火灾场景是以火源位置为对称点的对称情形,因此,整个列车内部的烟气蔓延情况也是几近对称的,且烟气在列车空间内部高度方向上的沉降随着距离火源位置的加长而降低,也就是距离火源位置越远的切面,烟气在高度方向分散越明显,一方面是由于随着烟气的轴向扩散而逐渐下沉,另一方面是受到列车端部阻碍而在列车下半部产生的烟气撞击回流。
“2.5 MW+火源单侧”开启模式下整个列车内部烟气蔓延过程如图6所示。由图6可知:不同侧向全开口模式下的火灾烟气对称蔓延,由于火源左右两侧的开口状态不一致,火灾烟气列车内部轴向蔓延也呈现不对称的状态。在火灾发展初期3.5s左右便可观察到火源左右两侧火灾烟气蔓延的差异,相同时间下有开口开启的火源右侧烟气蔓延距离大于完全封闭的火源左侧,火灾发展9s左右烟气蔓延至列车右侧端部并出现端部撞击回流现象。随着火灾的逐渐发展,火灾产生的烟气在列车空间内部不断蔓延积聚,如17、23s等时间下的场景,可以观察到火源左侧列车空间由于撞击回流的烟气作用使得列车下部空间内的烟气显著填充,火源右侧列车空间由于侧向开口的存在,随着距离火源位置的增加,火灾烟气逐渐向下沉降。在火灾发展稳定阶段,如40s(基本稳定)、300s等时间下的场景,火源左侧列车内部空间被火灾烟气充满,火源右侧由于侧向开口的存在引起的火灾烟气溢出,使得在近火源区仍有显著烟气分层现象,而在列车端部附近由于烟气的撞击回流而使得烟气紊乱。
“2.5 MW+火源双侧”开启模式下整个列车内部烟气蔓延过程如图7所示。由图7可知:由于火源两侧部分开口开启的工况同样是以火源位置为对称点的对称结构,因此,火灾烟气的蔓延整体上也处于对称的状态。由于侧向开口存在于远离火源的位置,因此,火源附近区域的烟气分层不再明显,而列车端部附近虽然存在侧向开口使得烟气有溢出的通道,但在端部壁面撞击回流的作用下,烟气的状态也较为紊乱。因此,在此场景下,整个列车内部的烟气分层不再显著,处于紊乱的状态,对列车内人员安全疏散造成阻碍。
2.5 MW火源不同侧向开口模式下整个列车内部烟气蔓延输运情况如图8所示。由图8可知:侧向开口模式对列车车厢内部烟气蔓延有着显著的影响。在此火灾规模下,侧向开口全开启模式下整个列车内部的环境相对安全,除去列车端部附近,整个列车内部的烟气仍有分层现象;火源单侧车门开启模式下,未开启的一侧空间充满了蔓延而至的烟气,开启侧门的空间虽然有烟气溢出的通道,但是烟气积聚量也明显增加;火源双侧车门开启模式下,由于近火源区域的侧门并未开启,因此,近火源区域内部烟气分布特征并不明显,也呈现着紊乱状态。值得注意的是,虽然侧向开口全开启模式对列车内部的安全环境作用更加显著,但是各个开口溢出的烟气也会蔓延输运至列车外部的隧道或其他外部空间,需要考虑具体情境进行综合判定。
7.5 MW火源不同侧向开口模式下整个列车内部烟气蔓延情况如图9所示。由图9可知:侧向开口模式对列车车厢内部烟气蔓延有着不可忽视的影响。不同侧向开口模式下列车内部的烟气含量及分布特征差异显著。此外,开口模式同样影响着通过侧向开口从列车内部输运溢出的烟气量及空间位置等。
对比关键时间节点及稳定状态下列车内烟气蔓延输运情况可知:火灾规模影响了列车内部烟气生成量及蔓延扩散速率,侧向开口模式对不同火灾规模下烟气蔓延输运均有显著的影响。在分析侧向开口模式对列车火灾烟气控制策略时,除考虑侧向开口的开启对列车内部烟气输运及分布状态的影响,还需考虑不同侧向开口开启模式(数量、位置、布局)下列车内部火灾烟气通过侧向开口向外部隧道或其他空间的溢出。
列车顶棚下方近火源区域火灾烟气温度分布如图10所示。由图10可知:火灾规模较小时不同侧向开口模式下近火源区域内的顶棚下方烟气温度仍基本处于对称状态,开口模式主要影响顶棚下方的烟气最高温度数值;随着火灾规模的扩大,不同侧向开口模式下的顶棚下方烟气温度分布的差异逐渐明显。单侧开口开启工况下的烟气温度分布不再呈现对称的特征,最高温度位置由火源正上方逐渐向开口开启的一端移动,主要是由于不同的侧向开口开启模式引起列车内部的新鲜空气卷吸及烟气对流不同所导致的。
对比分析不同列车火灾规模多种侧向开口模式下顶棚下方最高烟气温度数值,如图11所示。由图11可知:火源双侧开启模式下顶棚下方火灾烟气温度比其他2种开口模式较高,直到火灾规模达到10 MW时,全开启模式略微超过火源双侧开启模式,这是因为火源双侧开启的工况是近火源区域内的开口关闭而列车端附近的开口开启,使得近火源区域的烟气热量积聚的更加显著,从而提升列车顶棚下方烟气温度;另一方面是由于全开启模式所开启的侧向开口数量比其他2种模式多,这也使得烟气溢出的通道增加,溢出携带的热量也随之增加。以上的原因也同样解释了大功率火灾规模下,全开启模式列车顶棚下方最高烟气温度高于两侧开启模式的现象,这是因为随着火灾规模的扩大,其燃烧所需要的新鲜空气也随之增加,全开启模式下的多个侧向开口为新鲜空气的卷入提供了相对充足的通道。
为进一步系统分析多开口模式下列车顶棚下方烟气温度分布特性,对称开口开启模式下无量纲烟气温升 Δ T / Δ T m随无量纲距离 x / H 的变化情况如图12所示,选取火源至列车右端间的温度数据进行量化分析。从图12中可以看出,对称开口开启模式下,火灾烟气温度分布受开口模式的影响不大,随火灾规模的变化更加显著。此外,先前关于两端开口的狭长受限空间火灾烟气温度分布特征多采用如下单指数公式形式:
Δ T Δ T m = A e x p R 0 x H
式中:ΔT为烟气温升,K;ΔTm为最高烟气温升;x 为距火源的距离,m;H为列车高度,m;AR0为相关拟合系数。
因此,图12a验证了该关联形式对对称开口开启模式下列车内烟气温度分布特性的预测适用性,单指数形式难以较好地预测列车顶棚下方温度。GONG Liang等[18]基于理论分析和缩尺寸试验针对隧道火灾烟气温度分布提出双指数函数形式:
Δ T Δ T m=A1exp(- x H/t1)+A2exp - x H / t 2
式中A1A2t1t2为相关拟合系数。
图12b进一步绘制式(3)对无量纲烟气温度的拟合情况,发现双指数函数公式很好地关联了温度数据,相应系数见表2
非对称开口开启模式下无量纲烟气温升 Δ T / Δ T m随无量纲距离 x / H的变化情况如图13所示,包含有、无开口开启列车范围温度分布。从图13中可以看出,烟气温度分布均符合双指数衰减形式。此外,由于非对称开口开启模式引起的火源两侧新鲜空气卷吸及烟气对流的差异,无开口开启的一侧列车空间内温度衰减显著高于有开口开启的一侧。
1) 轨道列车火灾产生的烟气在列车上半部沿轴向端部方向蔓延,由于列车端部的撞击回流作用,在列车下半部分空间存在从端部向火源位置蔓延的烟气流。火灾烟气从侧开口溢出的现象在发展初期并不显著,而是在其蔓延至列车端部且不断积聚后才出现大量侧开口烟气溢流,可见:火灾发展初期是人员疏散至外部空间的最佳时期。
2) 侧向开口开启模式显著影响列车车厢内部烟气蔓延特性,包括烟气蔓延速度及稳定阶段的烟气分布情况。相比于侧开口未开启区间范围内烟气紊乱且高度方向全覆盖状态,侧开口开启的区间范围内烟气维持稳定的分层状态,有利于人员的安全疏散救援。同时,由于烟气在一侧积聚,烟气向外蔓延缓慢,如果开启火源单侧车门,引导人员下车后向关闭车门一侧方向撤离,可有效减少吸入的高温有害烟气,更好地保障乘客生命安全。当人员疏散完毕后,为快速处理现场,可打开单侧所有车门,加速烟气排放过程。
3) 侧向多开口模式下轨道列车顶棚下方烟气温度分布更符合双指数衰减规律,且受到开口模式和火源功率的耦合影响,非对称开启时开口的区间温度衰减速率受火源功率的影响更显著。
4) 本文结论具有一定的通用性,然而,对于更多车门开启方式、不同火源位置以及通过侧向开口向外部隧道或其他空间溢出烟气输运特性所产生的影响,需要综合考虑多样的侧向开口开启模式,包括数量、位置和布局等因素。未来的研究着重增加车门的开启数量,以加速人员疏散的同时,有效控制烟气在车厢内的扩散,减少对外部环境的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52204254)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009900)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助(BK20221124)
  • 江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2023688)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0758
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
  • 修回日期:2024-02-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52204254)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009900)
江苏省自然科学基金资助(BK20221124)
江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2023688)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
    3 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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