Article(id=1151591712675164420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0162-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699632000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-11, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490459840, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490459840, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490459840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490459840, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591713178480902, articleId=1151591712675164420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Experimental study on ship fire smoke control in large flat-space, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively control the smoke spread in large flat-space ships,the oil pool mass loss rate,chamber temperature distribution,thermal insulation efficiency,and smoke control effect were investigated during large-scale fires. The experimental study was performed under three different smoke screen heights (0.35,0.55,and 0.70 m) and mechanical ventilation conditions in a chamber with dimensions of 30 m×24 m×2.3 m. The results indicated that the increase in smoke screen height caused a decrease in the peak value of the oil pool mass loss. The smoke screen height had a more significant impact on the smoke temperature in the chamber's upper layer than that of the lower layer. The peak temperature above 1.4 m was significantly decreased,whereas no significant change in the peak temperature below 1.4 m was observed. The average ceiling temperature and thermal insulation efficiency decreased with the increase in the smoke screen height. The thermal insulation efficiency increased from 28.2% to 50.8% under the combined smoke control mode,and it increased from 29.4% to 54.7% under the independent smoke control mode.

, correspAuthors=Jin LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sen LI, Shaopeng WANG, Jin LIN, Shouxiang LU, Qian LI, Guoqing CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151591743339721620, articleId=1151591712675164420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气控制试验研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效控制扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气蔓延,研究大尺度火灾过程中的油池质量损失速率、舱室温度分布、隔热效率和烟气控制效果。利用尺寸为30 m×24 m×2.3 m的模拟舱,在0.35、0.55和0.70 m等3种不同挡烟垂壁高度和机械通风条件下开展试验。结果表明:挡烟垂壁高度增加,油池质量损失速率峰值减小;挡烟垂壁高度对舱室上层烟气温度的影响比对下层气体温度的影响更明显,1.4 m以上空间温度峰值明显下降,而1.4 m以下空间温度峰值无明显变化。顶棚平均温度和隔热效率随挡烟垂壁高度增加而下降。随挡烟垂壁高度增加,火源区与非火源区同时控烟模式隔热效率从28.2%提升至50.8%,火源区单独控烟模式隔热效率从29.4%提升至54.7%。

, correspAuthors=林锦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**林 锦(1992—),男,福建福州人,博士,副研究员,主要从事封闭空间火灾烟气消除、电气火灾孕育演化机制、船舶消防安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
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李 森 (1992—),男,安徽六安人,硕士,工程师,主要从事船舶火灾烟气控制、船舶消防安全技术等工作。E-mail:

王少鹏 工程师

林锦 副研究员

陆守香 研究员

李倩 副研究员

陈国庆 高级工程师

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李 森 (1992—),男,安徽六安人,硕士,工程师,主要从事船舶火灾烟气控制、船舶消防安全技术等工作。E-mail:

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articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of smoke screen height on chamber's vertical air temperature distribution, figureFileSmall=D/M23eumGeFsl6VEOOg/+g==, figureFileBig=uRi2F+4cxK1ZrMZlwrxFlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883669832592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=图5, caption=挡烟垂壁高度对舱室气体温度垂直分布影响, figureFileSmall=D/M23eumGeFsl6VEOOg/+g==, figureFileBig=uRi2F+4cxK1ZrMZlwrxFlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883741135761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of smoke screen height on chamber's ceiling smoke temperature, figureFileSmall=1mvs916NTp1ITRVi2fFlbA==, figureFileBig=AqbstnMFqhIau28GsgCcLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883791467411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=图6, caption=挡烟垂壁高度对舱室顶棚烟气温度影响, figureFileSmall=1mvs916NTp1ITRVi2fFlbA==, figureFileBig=AqbstnMFqhIau28GsgCcLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883858576277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variations of thermal insulation efficiency, figureFileSmall=Y0ib3xza/T2wlHz/T2e8hQ==, figureFileBig=4CWA1QBf1gjF83s5o8hgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883925685143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=图7, caption=隔热效率随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=Y0ib3xza/T2wlHz/T2e8hQ==, figureFileBig=4CWA1QBf1gjF83s5o8hgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490883992794009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 挡烟垂壁高度/m 开启的排烟口 控烟模式
1 0 A1—A6 同时控烟
2 0.35
3 0.55
4 0.7
5 0 A2、A5 单独控烟
6 0.35
7 0.55
8 0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884059902875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 挡烟垂壁高度/m 开启的排烟口 控烟模式
1 0 A1—A6 同时控烟
2 0.35
3 0.55
4 0.7
5 0 A2、A5 单独控烟
6 0.35
7 0.55
8 0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884118623133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass loss rate and heat release rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 挡烟垂
壁高
度/m
控烟
模式
质量损
失速率峰值/
(g·s-1·m-2)
热释放
速率峰
值/kW
1 0 同时
控烟
67.9 1 819
2 0.35 64.3 1 723
3 0.55 53.3 1 428
4 0.7 43.9 1 176
5 0 单独
控烟
58.8 1 575
6 0.35 56.7 1 522
7 0.55 52.4 1 404
8 0.7 42.8 1 147
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884206703519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

质量损失速率和热释放速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 挡烟垂
壁高
度/m
控烟
模式
质量损
失速率峰值/
(g·s-1·m-2)
热释放
速率峰
值/kW
1 0 同时
控烟
67.9 1 819
2 0.35 64.3 1 723
3 0.55 53.3 1 428
4 0.7 43.9 1 176
5 0 单独
控烟
58.8 1 575
6 0.35 56.7 1 522
7 0.55 52.4 1 404
8 0.7 42.8 1 147
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884269618081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average temperature of ceiling smoke in fire source area and non-fire source area℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡烟垂壁
高度/m
火源区温度 非火源区温度
同时
控烟
单独
控烟
同时
控烟
单独
控烟
0.00 766 712 102 110
0.35 714 676 66 64
0.55 719 679 53 48
0.70 682 648 47 38
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884336726947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

火源区和非火源区顶棚烟气平均温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡烟垂壁
高度/m
火源区温度 非火源区温度
同时
控烟
单独
控烟
同时
控烟
单独
控烟
0.00 766 712 102 110
0.35 714 676 66 64
0.55 719 679 53 48
0.70 682 648 47 38
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884454167461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Peak value of thermal insulation efficiency%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡烟垂壁高度/m 同时控烟模式 单独控烟模式
0.35 28.2 29.4
0.55 40.3 42.8
0.70 50.8 54.7
), ArticleFig(id=1172490884521276327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712675164420, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

隔热效率峰值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挡烟垂壁高度/m 同时控烟模式 单独控烟模式
0.35 28.2 29.4
0.55 40.3 42.8
0.70 50.8 54.7
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扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气控制试验研究
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李森 1, 2 , 王少鹏 3 , 林锦 1, ** , 陆守香 1 , 李倩 1 , 陈国庆 4
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 162-167
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 162-167
扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气控制试验研究
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李森1, 2 , 王少鹏3, 林锦1, ** , 陆守香1, 李倩1, 陈国庆4
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
  • 2 上海船舶工艺研究所,上海 200032
  • 3 中国舰船研究设计中心,湖北 武汉 430064
  • 4 中国船级社 上海规范研究所,上海 200135
  • 李 森 (1992—),男,安徽六安人,硕士,工程师,主要从事船舶火灾烟气控制、船舶消防安全技术等工作。E-mail:

    王少鹏 工程师

    林锦 副研究员

    陆守香 研究员

    李倩 副研究员

    陈国庆 高级工程师

通讯作者:

**林 锦(1992—),男,福建福州人,博士,副研究员,主要从事封闭空间火灾烟气消除、电气火灾孕育演化机制、船舶消防安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
Experimental study on ship fire smoke control in large flat-space
Sen LI1, 2 , Shaopeng WANG3, Jin LIN1, ** , Shouxiang LU1, Qian LI1, Guoqing CHEN4
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Fire Science,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei Anhui 230026,China
  • 2 Shanghai Shipbuilding Technology Research Institute,Shanghai 200032,China
  • 3 China Ship Development and Design Center,Wuhan Hubei 430064,China
  • 4 Shanghai Rules and Research Institute,China Classification Society,Shanghai 200135,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0252
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为有效控制扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气蔓延,研究大尺度火灾过程中的油池质量损失速率、舱室温度分布、隔热效率和烟气控制效果。利用尺寸为30 m×24 m×2.3 m的模拟舱,在0.35、0.55和0.70 m等3种不同挡烟垂壁高度和机械通风条件下开展试验。结果表明:挡烟垂壁高度增加,油池质量损失速率峰值减小;挡烟垂壁高度对舱室上层烟气温度的影响比对下层气体温度的影响更明显,1.4 m以上空间温度峰值明显下降,而1.4 m以下空间温度峰值无明显变化。顶棚平均温度和隔热效率随挡烟垂壁高度增加而下降。随挡烟垂壁高度增加,火源区与非火源区同时控烟模式隔热效率从28.2%提升至50.8%,火源区单独控烟模式隔热效率从29.4%提升至54.7%。

扁平大空间  /  船舶火灾  /  烟气控制  /  挡烟垂壁  /  机械通风  /  控烟模式  /  隔热效率

To effectively control the smoke spread in large flat-space ships,the oil pool mass loss rate,chamber temperature distribution,thermal insulation efficiency,and smoke control effect were investigated during large-scale fires. The experimental study was performed under three different smoke screen heights (0.35,0.55,and 0.70 m) and mechanical ventilation conditions in a chamber with dimensions of 30 m×24 m×2.3 m. The results indicated that the increase in smoke screen height caused a decrease in the peak value of the oil pool mass loss. The smoke screen height had a more significant impact on the smoke temperature in the chamber's upper layer than that of the lower layer. The peak temperature above 1.4 m was significantly decreased,whereas no significant change in the peak temperature below 1.4 m was observed. The average ceiling temperature and thermal insulation efficiency decreased with the increase in the smoke screen height. The thermal insulation efficiency increased from 28.2% to 50.8% under the combined smoke control mode,and it increased from 29.4% to 54.7% under the independent smoke control mode.

large flat-space  /  ship fire  /  smoke control  /  smoke screen  /  mechanical ventilation  /  smoke control mode  /  thermal insulation efficiency
李森, 王少鹏, 林锦, 陆守香, 李倩, 陈国庆. 扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气控制试验研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 162 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0252
Sen LI, Shaopeng WANG, Jin LIN, Shouxiang LU, Qian LI, Guoqing CHEN. Experimental study on ship fire smoke control in large flat-space[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 162 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0252
统计数据显示,导致海上人身伤亡事故中,船舶火灾事故占比11.6%[1]。扁平大空间是船舶典型的空间结构,空间长度及进深方向明显大于空间高度。当船舶扁平大空间发生火灾时,易形成火焰顶棚射流,在热浮力的驱动下火羽流上升,撞击屋顶后向四周快速扩散[2]。由于船舶可燃物种类多、人员密集、防火分区大、火灾危险性高,若烟气控制策略不当,会给舱室人员安全和船舶结构安全造成威胁。
近年来,不少学者开展了挡烟垂壁对火灾烟气控制效果的研究,例如:李静娴等[3]通过狭长走廊建筑火灾烟气全尺寸风洞试验,发现在排烟口后增设挡烟垂壁可以加强排烟效果。郭增辉等[4]开展了商业建筑全尺度火灾试验研究,结果表明:增加挡烟垂壁的高度能够显著减少烟气向挡烟垂壁后方区域扩散。KRAJEWSKI等[5]利用数值模拟研究了空气隔幕对走廊和隧道火灾烟气的影响,给出了走廊和隧道空气隔幕角度和速率设计矩阵。BAED等[6]通过数值模拟方法研究了挡烟垂壁间隔大小对中等长度公路隧道火灾烟气的控制效果,结果表明:挡烟垂壁间隔为100m时,烟气扩散延迟效果最佳。王鸿[7]利用火灾动力学模拟器(Fire Dynamics Simulator,FDS)研究了不同高度挡烟垂壁对地下汽车库扁平大空间烟气的影响,发现当使用高度为0.5m时,并不足以阻挡火灾烟气的蔓延;当高度增加到1.0m时,对烟气起到了部分阻挡作用;当使用1.5m高的挡烟垂壁时,能有效将烟气聚集在蓄烟池中。陈子健等[8]利用FDS研究了不同高度、不同位置、不同数量挡烟垂壁对地铁站火灾烟气蔓延的影响,结果表明:增加挡烟垂壁高度、合理设置挡烟垂壁位置、增加挡烟垂壁数量,可以延长烟气蔓延到站厅层时间。
上述研究对象多为陆上建筑,研究方法几乎都是采用FDS数值模拟软件,缺乏对扁平大空间船舶火灾的大尺度试验研究,鉴于此,笔者拟利用尺寸为30m×24m×2.3m的扁平大空间模拟舱,开展不同挡烟垂壁高度和机械通风条件下大尺度船舶火灾试验,综合研究两者对烟气控制效果的影响,为扁平大空间防排烟设计提供试验数据支撑。
扁平大空间船舶火灾舱室尺寸30m×24m×2.3m,舱室结构如图1所示。
在舱室长度方向3等分处设置2排挡烟垂壁,高度Hs分别为0.35、0.55和0.70m。在舱室顶棚6等分的中心处,设置6个0.8m×0.8m的排烟口(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和A6),总机械排烟量18 830m3/h。侧壁靠近地面处设置4个1.6m×0.4m补风口(B1、B2、B3和B4),总机械补风量为10 000m3/h[9]。点火60s后同时开启排烟风机和补风风机。
试验火源油池尺寸为0.9m×0.9m,油池置于舱室正中央,燃料为0号柴油,柴油密度为814kg/m3,热值为43.2MJ/kg,质量损失速率为39g/(s·m2)。
燃油质量采集系统采用多点式质量测量系统,布设于舱室中央;烟气温度测量采用K型铠装热电偶(T1—T7),测点布置如图2所示。在过火源中心沿舱室长度方向上,设置7束热电偶树,间距2.5 m;每束热电偶树共有8个热电偶,热电偶自下而上高度分别为0.2、0.6 、1.0、1.4 、1.6、1.8、2.0和2.2 m。从火源至舱壁,在舱室2.2 m高度处,布设13个热电偶,间距1.25 m,用于测量舱室顶棚温度。
8组试验工况见表1。设置挡烟垂壁后,扁平大空间被划分为3个防烟分区,火源所在防烟分区称为火源区,另外2个防烟分区为非火源区。控烟模式分为顶棚6个排烟口同时开启(同时控烟模式)和只开启火源所在分区内A2和A5排烟口(火源区单独控烟模式)2种,8个工况机械补风一致。
同时控烟模式下船舶火灾燃料质量损失速率随时间的变化如图3所示。各工况质量损失速率从点火后快速增大,250s左右出现峰值;随着燃烧的进行,质量损失速率逐渐下降至0。试验过程中未出现稳定燃烧阶段,是因为机械通风条件下,新鲜空气的送入增加了空间氧气体积分数,冷空气的送入以及高温热烟气的排出降低了舱室温度[10]
热释放速率可表示为:
Q · f = χ Δ m · f Δ H c A f
式中: Q · f为热释放速率,kW; χ为燃烧效率,取值0.8[11-12]; Δ m · f为受限空间燃料质量损失速率,g/(s·m2);ΔHc为燃料热值,MJ/kg;Af为油池面积,m2 Δ m · f可表示为[13]:
Δ m · f = Δ m · [ 1 - e x p ( - k D ) ]
式中: Δ m · 为开放空间燃料质量损失速率,g/(s·m2); k为有效吸收系数,取值3.5 m-1[14];D为油池直径,m。
各工况质量损失速率峰值和热释放速率峰值见表2。挡烟垂壁高度增加,质量损失速率和热释放速率降低,可能是因为当增加挡烟垂壁高度时,火源区蓄积的烟气增加,沉降至火焰区域,氧气体积分数降低,减弱了燃烧过程。单独控烟模式能够强化这种作用,可能是因为在总排烟量一定的情况下,单独控烟模式可以更多地排出火源区蓄积的烟气,降低烟气温度,进一步减弱燃烧过程。
距火源不同位置处船舶火灾烟气温度分布(工况4)如图4所示。可以看出,同一高度处,距离火源越远,温度越低。距火源2.5m处,1.0m以上区域,高度越高,温度越高;1.0m以下区域,出现下层温度高于上层温度的情况,这是因为该处离火源较近,底层温度直接受到火源辐射的影响。其他位置处,温度均随高度增加而升高。
挡烟垂壁高度和控烟模式对船舶火灾舱室同一高度处烟气平均温度垂直分布影响如图5所示。可以看出,挡烟垂壁高度对舱室上层烟气温度的影响比下层气体温度影响更显著。当挡烟垂壁高度从0增加至0.7m时,1.4m以上空间温度峰值明显下降,而1.4m以下空间温度峰值则无明显变化。挡烟垂壁高度均为0.55m时,单独控烟模式温度比同时控烟模式低。
船舶火灾顶棚烟气温度分布如图6所示。可以看出,火源区顶棚温度随距火源距离的增加快速下降;非火源区各位置处顶棚温度缓慢降低,距离火源同一距离处,挡烟垂壁高度越大,顶棚温度越低。
火源区和非火源区顶棚烟气平均温度见表3。2种控烟模式下,火源区和非火源区顶棚平均温度均随着挡烟垂壁高度的增加逐渐降低,挡烟垂壁高度的增加可以有效控制顶棚温度。当挡烟垂壁高度为0m时,同时控烟模式顶棚温度比单独控烟模式低,这是因为顶棚无阻碍物时,船舶火灾烟气触顶后向四周自由扩散蔓延,6个机械排烟口同时启动,可以最大限度排出扁平大空间内顶棚积聚的烟气;而单独控烟模式中只有2个排烟口工作,若要排出远离排烟口处的船舶火灾烟气,则需要克服烟气蔓延自身浮力流动方向阻力。当设置挡烟垂壁时,同时控烟模式顶棚温度比单独控烟模式高,这是因为机械通风集中于火源区进行排烟,可以快速高效排出蓄积在火源区内的烟气。
船舶火灾烟气控制的目标是降低火灾危害,确保人员安全和船舶结构安全。有研究表明:烟气是造成火灾伤亡的主要原因,烟气中的有毒气体成分会使人逐渐失去意识,烟气会显著降低能见度,干扰人员逃生路线选择,高温烟气会灼伤人的呼吸道,且烟气温度相比于减光性对疏散的影响更大[15]。因此,烟气温度、能见度以及烟气有毒气体体积分数是判断烟气控制效果的重要指标。参照前人[16-18]水幕在消防设计中的烟气控制性能评估方法,采用隔热效率表征挡烟垂壁对船舶火灾烟气控制的性能。隔热效率η表示无挡烟垂壁和有挡烟垂壁前后温升差值与无挡烟垂壁时温升的比值:
η= Δ t n - Δ t s Δ t n×100%
式中:Δtn为无挡烟垂壁时烟气温升,℃;Δts为有挡烟垂壁时烟气温升,℃。将非火源区顶棚烟气温升平均值(即图2中T3热电偶树右侧2.2 m高度处8个热电偶)作为判读隔热效率的标准,非火源区顶棚烟气温升越低,则越过挡烟垂壁的烟气量越少,即隔热效率越好,反之则隔热效率越差。
不同挡烟垂壁高度和控烟模式下隔热效率随时间变化曲线如7所示。在点火后至60s开启机械排烟系统,各工况隔热效率快速增加;开启机械排烟系统至500s左右,各工况隔热效率保持相对稳定,挡烟垂壁高度增加,隔热效率提高。500s后,各工况隔热效率开始快速下降。
隔热效率峰值见表4。同一控烟模式下,隔热效率随挡烟垂壁高度增大而增加,同时控烟模式隔热效率从28.2%提升至50.8%,单独控烟模式隔热效率从29.4%提升至54.7%。相同挡烟垂壁高度条件下,单独控烟模式隔热效率比同时控烟模式高。
1) 同一控烟模式下,挡烟垂壁高度对扁平大空间船舶火灾油池质量损失速率产生显著影响,挡烟垂壁高度增加,油池质量损失速率峰值降低;同一挡烟垂壁高度下,单独控烟模式油池质量损失速率比同时控烟模式低,随着挡烟垂壁高度的增加,2种控烟模式质量损失速率的差异越来越小。
2) 挡烟垂壁高度对船舶火灾舱室上层烟气温度的影响比下层气体温度影响更明显,当挡烟垂壁高度从0增加至0.7m时,1.4m以上空间温度峰值明显下降,1.4m以下空间温度峰值则无明显变化。挡烟垂壁高度对扁平大空间舱室气体温度的影响比控烟模式对舱室气体温度的影响更明显。
3) 挡烟垂壁将扁平大空间船舶火灾顶棚温度分布划分为2个区域,火源区顶棚温度随距火源距离的增加快速下降,非火源区各位置处顶棚温度缓慢降低。顶棚平均温度随挡烟垂壁高度增加而下降,单独控烟模式顶棚平均温度比同时控烟模式低。
4) 挡烟垂壁高度从0增加至0.7m时,同时控烟模式隔热效率从28.2%提升至50.8%,单独控烟模式隔热效率从29.4%提升至54.7%。挡烟垂壁高度相同时,单独控烟模式隔热效率比同时控烟模式高。
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0252
  • 接收时间:2023-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-11
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
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    1 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
    2 上海船舶工艺研究所,上海 200032
    3 中国舰船研究设计中心,湖北 武汉 430064
    4 中国船级社 上海规范研究所,上海 200135

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**林 锦(1992—),男,福建福州人,博士,副研究员,主要从事封闭空间火灾烟气消除、电气火灾孕育演化机制、船舶消防安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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