Article(id=1151591712590803499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0091-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490459820, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490459820, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490459820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490459820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591713010233901, articleId=1151591712590803499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Enhanced permeation effect of fine-grained tailings by ultrasound cavitation, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The weak permeability of fine-grained tailings can cause the leaching line of the tailings dam to rise and reduce the safety factor of the tailings dam,an ultrasonic cavitation approach was proposed to enhance the permeability of the tailings. Firstly,computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate the cavitation bubble collapse process. Then,the transducer used for the experiments was selected based on the cavitation threshold and the simulated sound pressure,with a frequency range of 20-40 kHz and a power of 60 W. Moreover,the presence of ultrasonic cavitation effects in the tailings samples was confirmed by staining tests. Finally,ultrasound-enhanced permeability tests were performed on tailings samples with different fine particle contents using a self-made variable head permeameter and the selected transducer. A nuclear magnetic resonance instrument was used to determine the pore structure changes before and after penetration enhancement. The results showed that the obtained cavitation bubble radius change curve was consistent well with the Rayleigh-Plesset(R-P) equation fitting curve,proving the validations of the simulations. Low-frequency ultrasound had a better cavitation effect when the bubble diameter was larger than 50 μm,whereas high-frequency ultrasound was more effective when the bubble diameter was less than 25 μm. When the fine particle content was kept constant,the permeability coefficient growth rate of the tailings samples increased as the ultrasound frequency increased. When the ultrasonic frequency was kept constant,the tailings samples' permeability coefficient growth rate with higher fine particles was higher. After the ultrasound treatment,the proportion of 0-10 μm pores in the tailings sample decreased,and the decrease became larger with the increase in frequency. There was no clear trend for the proportion of pores between 10-20 μm,while the proportion between 20-40 μm increased,and the increase became larger with the increase of frequency. The proportion of pores larger than 40 μm increased relatively small. For tailings with different pore proportions,appropriate ultrasound signals of corresponding frequencies can significantly enhance the permeability enhancement effect.

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针对细粒尾矿的渗透性较弱,容易导致尾矿坝浸润线抬升和降低尾矿坝安全系数的问题,提出采用超声空化的方法改善尾矿的渗透性。首先,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件模拟空化泡溃灭的过程;然后,根据空化阈值和换能器的声压计算结果选定试验使用的换能器,频率范围为20~40 kHz,功率为60 W,并通过染色试验证实尾矿试样中存在超声空化效应;最后,使用自制变水头渗透仪与选定的换能器,针对不同细粒含量的尾矿试样,开展超声增渗试验,并利用核磁共振仪检测增渗前后试样的孔隙结构变化。研究结果表明:得到的空化泡半径变化曲线与R-P方程拟合曲线吻合度较高,证明模拟结果的有效性;当气泡直径大于50 μm时,低频超声的空化效果更好,当气泡直径小于25 μm时,高频超声的空化效果更佳;细粒含量相同时,尾矿试样的渗透系数增长率随超声的频率增大而增加;超声频率相同时,细粒含量多的尾矿试样渗透系数增长率更高;超声作用后,尾矿试样中0~10 μm的孔隙占比降低,降幅随频率的增加而增加;10~20 μm的孔隙占比变化趋势不明显;20~40 μm的孔隙占比增加,增幅随频率的增加而增加;>40 μm的孔隙占比增长较少。对于不同孔隙占比的尾矿,施加相应频率的超声信号可获得更显著的增渗效果。

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何 文 (1981—),男,广东中山人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学和岩土工程测试技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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何 文 (1981—),男,广东中山人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学和岩土工程测试技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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何 文 (1981—),男,广东中山人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学和岩土工程测试技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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Particle analysis of tailing samples

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试验序号 Cu 颗粒含量/% D50/μm
-0.5~+0.1 mm -0.1~+0.075 mm -0.075~+0.005 mm -0.005 mm
1—4 5.62 12.19 13.92 68.22 5.67 59.8
5—8 5.46 16.28 23.32 57.26 3.14 80.6
9—12 5.31 23.42 36.62 37.63 2.33 98.8
13—16 5.42 31.03 45.97 21.26 1.74 128.5
), ArticleFig(id=1172490968524796023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591712590803499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验尾矿颗粒分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号 Cu 颗粒含量/% D50/μm
-0.5~+0.1 mm -0.1~+0.075 mm -0.075~+0.005 mm -0.005 mm
1—4 5.62 12.19 13.92 68.22 5.67 59.8
5—8 5.46 16.28 23.32 57.26 3.14 80.6
9—12 5.31 23.42 36.62 37.63 2.33 98.8
13—16 5.42 31.03 45.97 21.26 1.74 128.5
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超声空化效应对细粒尾矿的增渗作用
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何文 1, 2 , 卢博凯 1 , 石文芳 1, 2 , 祝思雨 3 , 刘金朋 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 91-100
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 91-100
超声空化效应对细粒尾矿的增渗作用
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何文1, 2 , 卢博凯1, 石文芳1, 2, 祝思雨3, 刘金朋1
作者信息
  • 1 江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 2 江西理工大学 战略金属矿产资源低碳加工与利用江西省重点实验室,江西 赣州 341000
  • 3 江西理工大学 应急管理与安全工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 何 文 (1981—),男,广东中山人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学和岩土工程测试技术方面的研究。E-mail:

Enhanced permeation effect of fine-grained tailings by ultrasound cavitation
Wen HE1, 2 , Bokai LU1, Wenfang SHI1, 2, Siyu ZHU3, Jinpeng LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000,China
  • 2 Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000,China
  • 3 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0014
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针对细粒尾矿的渗透性较弱,容易导致尾矿坝浸润线抬升和降低尾矿坝安全系数的问题,提出采用超声空化的方法改善尾矿的渗透性。首先,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件模拟空化泡溃灭的过程;然后,根据空化阈值和换能器的声压计算结果选定试验使用的换能器,频率范围为20~40 kHz,功率为60 W,并通过染色试验证实尾矿试样中存在超声空化效应;最后,使用自制变水头渗透仪与选定的换能器,针对不同细粒含量的尾矿试样,开展超声增渗试验,并利用核磁共振仪检测增渗前后试样的孔隙结构变化。研究结果表明:得到的空化泡半径变化曲线与R-P方程拟合曲线吻合度较高,证明模拟结果的有效性;当气泡直径大于50 μm时,低频超声的空化效果更好,当气泡直径小于25 μm时,高频超声的空化效果更佳;细粒含量相同时,尾矿试样的渗透系数增长率随超声的频率增大而增加;超声频率相同时,细粒含量多的尾矿试样渗透系数增长率更高;超声作用后,尾矿试样中0~10 μm的孔隙占比降低,降幅随频率的增加而增加;10~20 μm的孔隙占比变化趋势不明显;20~40 μm的孔隙占比增加,增幅随频率的增加而增加;>40 μm的孔隙占比增长较少。对于不同孔隙占比的尾矿,施加相应频率的超声信号可获得更显著的增渗效果。

超声空化  /  细粒尾矿  /  增渗  /  渗透系数  /  数值模拟  /  孔隙  /  核磁共振

The weak permeability of fine-grained tailings can cause the leaching line of the tailings dam to rise and reduce the safety factor of the tailings dam,an ultrasonic cavitation approach was proposed to enhance the permeability of the tailings. Firstly,computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate the cavitation bubble collapse process. Then,the transducer used for the experiments was selected based on the cavitation threshold and the simulated sound pressure,with a frequency range of 20-40 kHz and a power of 60 W. Moreover,the presence of ultrasonic cavitation effects in the tailings samples was confirmed by staining tests. Finally,ultrasound-enhanced permeability tests were performed on tailings samples with different fine particle contents using a self-made variable head permeameter and the selected transducer. A nuclear magnetic resonance instrument was used to determine the pore structure changes before and after penetration enhancement. The results showed that the obtained cavitation bubble radius change curve was consistent well with the Rayleigh-Plesset(R-P) equation fitting curve,proving the validations of the simulations. Low-frequency ultrasound had a better cavitation effect when the bubble diameter was larger than 50 μm,whereas high-frequency ultrasound was more effective when the bubble diameter was less than 25 μm. When the fine particle content was kept constant,the permeability coefficient growth rate of the tailings samples increased as the ultrasound frequency increased. When the ultrasonic frequency was kept constant,the tailings samples' permeability coefficient growth rate with higher fine particles was higher. After the ultrasound treatment,the proportion of 0-10 μm pores in the tailings sample decreased,and the decrease became larger with the increase in frequency. There was no clear trend for the proportion of pores between 10-20 μm,while the proportion between 20-40 μm increased,and the increase became larger with the increase of frequency. The proportion of pores larger than 40 μm increased relatively small. For tailings with different pore proportions,appropriate ultrasound signals of corresponding frequencies can significantly enhance the permeability enhancement effect.

ultrasonic cavitation  /  fine tailings  /  permeability enhancement  /  permeability coefficient  /  numerical simulation  /  pore space  /  nuclear magnetic resonance
何文, 卢博凯, 石文芳, 祝思雨, 刘金朋. 超声空化效应对细粒尾矿的增渗作用. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0014
Wen HE, Bokai LU, Wenfang SHI, Siyu ZHU, Jinpeng LIU. Enhanced permeation effect of fine-grained tailings by ultrasound cavitation[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0014
尾矿是矿石在选矿过程中磨细后排放的废弃物,尾矿坝是储存尾矿而堆筑的坝体[1]。随着选矿工艺的提升,细粒尾矿的排放量逐渐增大,同时,尾矿坝的高度不断增加,导致尾矿的渗透性逐渐变弱[2],尾矿坝内的浸润线高度不断抬升,从而降低尾矿坝的安全系数[3]。我国的“头顶库”数量较多,一旦发生尾矿坝的溃坝事故,极易造成重大的生命和财产安全损失[4]
目前,众多学者研究了尾矿坝溃坝的机制及其防治方法。在溃坝机制研究方面,胡航等[5]结合模拟和试验,研究了不同溃坝方式下尾砂流的运动,得出不同的溃坝方式下尾砂流的运动特征;吴帅峰等[6]通过大物理模型试验,将管涌溃坝过程分成7个阶段,揭示了尾矿坝管涌溃坝时尾砂流的冲击特性;杨春和等[7]通过尾矿的高应力渗透固结试验,得到矿浆流动、淤积形态、尾矿料物理力学性质的空间分布以及夹层结构在空间内的分布特征;汤紫凯等[8]通过在尾矿坝内埋入导波计的方法,研究尾矿坝溃坝过程特征与导波计信号演化的关系。在防治研究方面,阮顺领等[9]提出通过CNN-aGRU模型分析已有的尾矿库浸润线监测数据,预测尾矿库浸润线的变化,结果表明:该模型能够快速精确地预测浸润线的变化;张明明等[10]利用地理信息监测系统监测尾矿状态建立尾矿数据库;魏作安等[11]通过高分子材料改良尾矿,并通过试验发现经改良后的尾砂具有良好的稳定性,从而增强尾矿的稳定性。有关研究表明:尾矿坝的安全系数与尾矿坝的渗透性密切相关[12],而现有研究主要针对尾矿坝的安全监测和破坏机制,改善尾矿渗透性的研究相对较少。
超声空化原理是当超声波的频率和幅值达到一定数值,其在液体中传播时会产生超声空化效应;由于空化泡溃灭时会产生极高的压力和温度并由此产生一系列的物理化学现象,众多学者对这一现象开展了研究[13-15]。叶林征等[16]通过Abaqus模拟超声空化溃灭后的水射流的物理特性,证实了超声珩磨的可行性;姜永东等[17]在超声试验中得出煤层气渗透率在声场作用下变化特征;李琛等[18]利用Fluent模拟了超声空化泡的运动特征,并通过试验得到了超声空化泡溃灭后固体颗粒随射流运动特征;还有文献表明:超声空化效应具有运用在冶化[19]、锂电[20]、机械[21]等工业场景的能力。细粒尾矿中的超声空化效应暂时无法通过试验的方法来观测,而随着计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)软件的发展,数值模拟方法已经能够较好地研究声空化效应。
鉴于此,笔者拟以细观尾矿渗流通道中空化泡为研究对象,利用CFD软件模拟不同声场条件下不同尺寸气泡的超声空化过程,并采用自制的超声增渗试验系统,对不同细粒含量的尾矿试样进行施加超声的渗透试验,得出不同频率条件下的超声对细粒尾矿的增渗特征,以期为解决尾矿坝浸润线抬升问题提供新的思路和方法。
超声空化效应是发生在液体中的充满蒸汽和不可凝结气体(如空气)的空泡从形成到溃灭的一系列动力学过程,在这一过程中,空化泡会受到超声波作用积攒能量,直至由于惯性溃灭后产生向四周射出的微射流。由于溃灭时间极短,产生高速射流并附带高温,蕴含极高的能量[16],所以空化泡溃灭可能起到疏通和扩张细粒尾矿渗流通道的作用,从而提高尾矿坝的渗透性。
为研究超声空化过程中的动力学模型,将空化现象简化为气泡壁的运动过程。假设条件为:液体不可压缩、声场强度保持不变,且不考虑辐射阻尼。考虑液体黏度和表面张力的条件下,由能量方程推导出气泡运动方程[22-24]
气泡壁在流体中运动,而超声空化效应是从气泡膨胀到溃灭的过程,体现了气泡壁运动非线性的特征性。其中,涉及的动力学问题采用流体体积分数方程(Volume Of Fluid,VOF)模型解决。
VOF模型处理方法为欧拉法,通过动量方程解决包含2种或2种以上的连续流体介质模型问题。跟踪计算区域内计算单元的流体体积分数,主要应用于气-液分界的稳或瞬态问题。
为研究液体中气泡壁在超声空化作用下的运动过程,Navier-Stokes方程联合VOF模型来模拟气-液两相运动[24]
超声空化溃灭过程中影响射流速度的因素可以分为空化泡与壁面的距离、空化泡尺寸和超声声场属性[25]
1) 空化与壁面的距离一般采用无量纲量 γ表示, γ = L / R 0 L为空化泡中心与壁面的距离; R 0为空化泡初始半径。
根据现有研究,已知在同种环境下,空化泡溃灭射流速度随 γ的减小而增大,相应对底部细微颗粒的冲击也越强[26];文中仅探讨空化泡的尺寸和超声声场变化对空化的影响,故将 γ设置为常量,取值1.4。
2) 忽略气泡中不可压缩气体的影响,可得Rayleigh-Plesset(R-P)方程[27]。由下式可知:空化泡尺寸是空化泡溃灭射流的重要影响因素。

R R ¨ + 3 2 R · =

1 ρ P A + P V - 2 σ R - 4 μ R · R - P 0 - P S ( t )
式中:R为气泡瞬时半径; R ·为对时间的一阶导数,即气泡瞬时速度; R ¨为对时间的二阶导数,即气泡瞬时加速度; ρ为液体密度; P A为声压幅值; P V为气泡内部蒸汽压强; P 0为大气压强; μ为液体黏度; σ为液体表面张力系数;t为空化气泡运动时间; P s ( t )为实时声压。
根据文献[20]所述,气泡尺寸过大或过小都会影响空化效应。对于细粒尾矿中的空化效应,其孔隙大小限制了空化泡的尺寸。为探究空化泡尺寸带来的影响,模拟不同尺寸的空化泡溃灭过程。
3) 超声波和应力波均属于机械波,而声波在流体中传播时,流体介质通常不能承受剪切作用,故能够在流体中传播的声波为纵波。声波作用下气泡运动过程如图1所示。纵波在传播时分为疏相和密相,超声频率越高,疏相和密相之间的距离越小,声场对空化泡的作用时间也就越短,因而产生的气泡尺寸也相对较小;低频则与之相反。
此外,在相同功率下,超声频率越高,其振幅越低,导致空化效应产生的气泡尺寸比低频超声产生的气泡小,但高频率超声产生的气泡数量会比低频超声产生的气泡数量多。
由于尾矿孔隙尺寸范围较广,为探究超声频率对空化效应的影响,将超声频率设置为变量,模拟不同尺寸空化泡在超声作用下空化溃灭的过程。
二维流场的计算模型如图2所示。为消除计算域对模拟结果的影响并减少计算量,选用二维方形流域作为计算域,其尺寸为500μm×500μm,网格采用四边形网格划分,最小网格尺寸为1.104 023×10-1μm,最大网格尺寸为6.647 916μm,网格数为293 038个。将底面设置为刚性壁面,其余3个面设置为压力入口,气泡设置在流域横轴中央。
压力入口设置采用用户自定义函数编写压力随正弦函数变化的三角函数,通过压力入口模拟声场的信号, P = P m c o s ( 2 π f t ),其中,Pm为声压幅值,f为超声频率。泡内气体设置为理想气体,泡内压强为饱和蒸汽压(取值为2 350Pa),液体环境压强设置为一个大气压(取值为1.013×105 Pa)。模拟环境设置为:液体表面张力0.073N/m,液体黏度为1.01×103Pa·s,绝热指数为1.4。计算使用压力条件下瞬态解法,压力和速度耦合模型采用压力的隐式算子分割算法。湍流模型为标准k-epsilon模型,时间格式为一阶隐式格式,压力求解选择预压交错选项。计算时间步为0.01 μs,最大迭代次数为40。
基于仿真模型,采用Matlab软件处理模拟计算所获的图像,得出空化泡的面积随时间变化,并通过面积计算得出空化泡尺寸变化特征,得出图中气泡的半径演化曲线。为验证模型的可靠性,对比R-P方程解析解与数值模拟所得的半径演化曲线,如图3所示。从图3可以看出,数值模拟所得结果与R-P理论方程解结果相似,证明模拟得出的空化泡变化特征与理论结果接近。模拟计算稍低于方程计算的结果,其原因为模拟中考虑了湍流的影响,而R-P方程中没有涉及,误差由此产生。
为保证超声空化效果,超声频率不宜过高,故超声频率取值为20~40 kHz。实验室目前拥有20、28、33、40 kHz这4种频率的超声换能器,为与后续试验比较,模拟超声信号选用的频率与超声换能器频率一致。空化泡的半径R0与后续试验中核磁共振测出的孔隙尺寸相对应,空化泡的半径不能大于试样中孔隙尺寸大小,所以在这个范围内等差选取3个半径进行模拟,即空化泡半径R0为12.5、25、37.5μm。以气泡初始半径R0=25μm, γ=1.4,声压强度为300 kPa,超声频率f=20 kHz工况下空化泡溃灭过程为例,分析超声空化泡溃灭特性。
气泡壁射流从形成到穿过气泡导致气泡溃灭的过程如图4所示,左侧为射流的速度矢量图,右侧为气泡体积变化云图,图中显示的过程为溃灭阶段4.35~5.05 μs时间段中气泡的变化过程。溃灭阶段初期气泡在声场作用下整体向内收缩,气泡上部所受声压较大有向内凹陷的趋势,形成初期射流;随时间增加气泡整体体积不断缩小,且顶部的凹陷越来越明显,射流速度随之逐渐增大,速度增长率随着气泡体积的减小逐渐变慢,直至气泡达到最小体积;当气泡体积缩小到一定值后,气泡由于内部气压大于外界压强发生膨胀引起微型涡流,而顶部射流在惯性作用下继续向气泡底部运动并穿过气泡,从而导致气泡溃灭。此外,在整个溃灭的过程中,气泡在声场环境下整体向壁面运动,但由于气泡顶部与压力入口距离更近,其运动受声场影响也越大,故生成由顶部向壁面的射流。
为研究空化效应的影响,分析在固定声压和近壁距离γ条件下,不同频率和气泡直径的空化泡溃灭产生的最大射流速度,结果如图5所示。由图5可知:同一气泡尺寸条件下,随着频率的增大,最大空化射流速度逐渐减小;同一超声频率条件下,随着气泡尺寸的减小,射流速度逐渐减小;空化泡直径为25μm时,超声频率的增加对射流速度的影响减小,气泡在40 kHz时射流速度反而大于20 kHz的射流速度,这一现象说明:气泡尺寸较小时存在更高的超声频率条件下空化效应增强的情况,这与文献[28]结论相符。
空化阈值 P B  [29]:
P B = P 0 + 8 σ 9 3 σ 2 P 0 R 0 3 1 2   P 0   2 σ R 0 P 0 + 0.77 σ R 0 P 0   2 σ R 0
换能器功率W:
W = I M × S = P H 2 2 ρ c × S
式中:IM为换能器声强,W/m2;PH为换能器工作声压幅值,kPa;c为液体中的声速,m/s;S为换能器工作面积,m2
采用水作为空化环境液体,其密度ρ为1 000kg/m3,水中声速c为1500m/s,表面张力系数σ为0.073N/m,在环境压力为一个标准大气压、空化泡半径为1~50μm时,由式(2)计算可知:PB约为101~157 kPa,在所述试验中采用的换能器频率范围为20~40 kHz,工作功率为60 W,作用面积为2.13×10-3 m2,由式(3)计算得到PH约为300 kPa,所以换能器的PH大于空化阈值PB,因此,选取的换能器能够在试验中产生空化效应。
超声空化验证方法主要有水听器法、热敏探头法、薄膜腐蚀法、淀粉碘化钾还原法和染色法等。文中采用染色法验证试验中产生的空化效应,试验采用染色剂为5mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,染色载体为180g/m2的白卡纸;试验采用超声换能器频率为20 kHz,功率为60 W,声压约为300 kPa。
染色结果如图6所示。从图6中可以看出,有声场作用的染色剂白卡纸颜色整体上会更深,且越靠近换能器的部分染色点越密,这是因为在试验中产生的空化效应带来的射流和冲击波促使染色剂在白卡纸上沉淀和附着,这证明试样有空化现象产生。对比图6b图6c可知:随着作用时间的增加,白卡纸上的染色点会越来越密集,且在向远离声源的方向蔓延,且对比图6中3张白卡纸可知:在有声场作用的白卡纸染色后,整体上都有较为明显的染色现象;试样整体均能发生空化效应。
试验在证实声空化效应存在的条件下,开展对细粒尾矿施加超声的渗透试验,检测施加超声前后的尾矿试样渗透系数和孔隙变化。
细粒尾矿的超声增渗试验系统主要由供水瓶、测压管、变水头渗透装置、超声装置4个部分组成;连接方式如图7所示。超声装置由信号发生器和换能器组成,试验选用20、28、33和40 kHz频率的超声换能器;变水头渗透装置由自制塑料底座、上柱、透水石、螺杆和上下盖板组合而成,各组件由螺杆固定再由热熔胶密封黏合,经检验密封性良好;上柱尺寸为50mm×100mm,壁厚3.5mm,尾矿在上柱中击实,使试样密度差不大于0.1g。
试验分别测量细粒含量约为20%、40%、60%、80%的尾矿在超声作用下渗透系数与孔隙的变化情况,试验步骤如下:
1) 在上柱内壁抹凡士林,将尾矿在上柱击实后组装变水头渗透仪,并将尾矿真空饱和。
2) 测量加载超声前的变水头渗透系数,再将上柱取出用核磁共振仪测其孔隙。
3) 保持水头不变,连通自制变水头渗透仪上盖板的换能器,对尾矿施加超声,各组加载时间均为4h。
4) 测量加载超声后的变水头渗透系数,再将上柱取出用核磁共振仪测量其孔隙。
试验所用尾矿取自某铜矿,各组试样详细数据见表1
表1可知:随着配制尾矿细粒含量的增大,4种试样粒径在-0.075~+0.005mm和-0.005mm的颗粒含量相应增大,试样配制符合预期设定。随着尾矿细粒含量的减少,其对应的平均粒径D50逐渐增大,不均匀系数Cu没有较大变化。
试验分别测量各组在超声作用下渗透系数与孔隙的变化情况。试样渗透系数可由下式计算:
K = 2.3 β G A t l g H 1 H 2
式中:G为尾矿试样高度,cm; H 1 H 2分别为开始水头、终止水头,cm;βA分别为变水头测管、尾矿试样截面积,cm2;T为总历时,s。
为探究超声效应与尾矿增渗作用的关系,分析结合模拟与试验所得结果。
1) 细粒尾矿渗透系数增长率与超声频率的关系曲线如图8所示。
图8可知:对于不同细粒含量的试样,渗透系数随加载超声频率的变化趋势大致相同,即在同一细粒含量的试样中,随着超声频率的增大,尾矿渗透系数的增长率逐渐增加,其原因为频率增大,超声空化产生的小气泡数量更多,空化射流产生的能量更大,对尾矿的增渗效果更明显,这与前述数值模拟结果一致;在同一超声频率条件下,细粒含量越多的尾矿试样的渗透系数增长率越高,其主要原因为细粒含量越多的尾矿试样孔隙更加致密,小尺寸的空化泡产生的射流扩孔增渗效果相对于细粒含量少的更好。
2) 试验过程中测定了各组尾矿试样增渗前后的孔隙,经整理得出各组分的孔隙变化,如图9图10所示。限于篇幅,仅展示20%和80%细粒含量尾矿试样的孔隙体积占比及孔隙占比变化,细粒含量尾矿试样的孔隙体积占比是由核磁的T2图换算得出,孔隙占比为不同尺寸孔隙区间的孔隙体积累加值在总体孔隙体积中所占的比例。
孔隙度为试样孔隙体积总量与试样整体体积的比值,计算孔隙体积占比曲线与横轴围成的面积,孔隙度越大,围成的面积越大。对比图9a图10a可知:细粒含量少的试样孔隙度相对较大,而相同细粒含量试样中的孔隙度相近。由图9b图10b可知:试样在超声增渗后不同孔径的孔隙体积占比发生了变化,其中,细粒含量少的试样在0~10μm范围内的孔隙占比小于细粒含量多的试样,而大于10μm的孔隙占比则大于细粒含量多的试样,这一现象符合上述的孔隙度对比结论,并证明了细粒含量多的尾矿试样更加致密。
不同频率的超声空化作用下尾矿试样的各尺寸孔隙占比的变化为:① 0~10μm尺寸的孔隙占比减少(图9b图10b),且在试验选取的超声信号范围内,频率越高,孔隙占比减少的量越大。这是因为更高频率超声场空化产生的空化泡尺寸相对较小,致使空化作用对小孔的作用更加明显。而20~40μm尺寸的孔隙占比增加,增长量随频率的增加而增加。结合0~10μm尺寸的孔隙变化可知:20~40μm尺寸的孔隙增加是空化作用下小尺寸孔隙扩张的结果。② >40μm尺寸的孔隙占比增长较少,增长量随频率升高而增长的量较少。细粒含量少的试样孔隙度更大,孔隙占比增长的更多(图9b);细粒含量多的试样反之(图10b)。该现象一方面是由于扩孔达到>40μm尺寸的孔隙需要较大的能量,而在试验条件下选用的换能器作用产生的空化泡较小,无法大量产生这一尺寸的孔隙;另一方面,从孔隙度更大的试样中>40μm尺寸的孔隙增长更多这一现象可知:>40μm尺寸的孔隙生成后更容易在其他的孔隙扩张过程中被挤压,导致孔隙占比减少。③ 10~20μm尺寸的孔隙占比变化趋势不明显,10~20μm尺寸的孔隙占比变化没有明显的随超声频率变化(图9b),该尺寸的孔隙占比随超声频率的增加略微增长(图10b)。此现象的原因是:10~20μm尺寸的孔隙在试样中的占比受相邻尺寸孔隙变化的影响。在细粒含量少的试样中,由于孔隙度较大,各尺寸的孔隙占比变化自由,可以相互转化,因此,10~20μm尺寸的孔隙由于相邻尺寸的孔隙变化不稳定,没有固定的变化规律;在细粒含量多的试样中,孔隙度较小,只有<40μm范围内的孔隙有较明显的变化,且与10~20μm尺寸的孔隙相邻尺寸的孔隙占比变化稳定。
3) 超声作用后,<40μm尺寸尾矿试样的孔隙结构变化最为明显,频率越高的超声产生的孔隙占比变化越大,原因是试样中<40μm尺寸的孔隙初始占比较多,而较高频率的超声更容易产生使该尺寸范围孔隙扩张所需的气泡;结合图5可知:较低频率的超声对>50μm尺寸的气泡空化效果更好,因此,为达到增大尾矿试样中>40μm尺寸的孔隙占比目的,需要使用更低频率的超声信号。
1) 超声空化数值模拟所得的空化泡尺寸变化曲线与R-P方程拟合曲线较好吻合,证明数值模拟结果的有效性。数值模拟结果表明:空化泡直径>50μm时,20~40 kHz范围内频率越低超声空化作用产生的射流速度更大;空化泡直径<25μm时,40 kHz 超声空化产生的射流速度更大。
2) 尾矿的超声空化增渗试验表明:同一细粒含量的尾矿试样中,随着超声频率增大,渗透系数增长率增加;同一超声频率下,细粒含量多的试样中渗透系数增长率更高。
3) 尾矿试样的核磁共振试验表明:超声作用后,不同细粒含量的尾矿试样中0~10μm尺寸的孔隙占比最多,随着超声频率增大,0~10μm尺寸的孔隙占比减少的量增加;10~20μm尺寸的孔隙占比变化趋势不明显;20~40μm尺寸的孔隙占比增加,增长量随频率的增大而增加;>40μm尺寸的孔隙占比增长较少。
4) 尾矿试样中若<40μm尺寸的孔隙初始占比较多时,选用更高频率的超声信号空化增渗效果更明显,而当>40μm尺寸的孔隙占比较多时,选用低频率的超声空化增渗更有效。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51604127)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52104085)
  • 赣州市科技计划项目(202101094905)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.0014
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(51604127)
国家自然科学基金资助(52104085)
赣州市科技计划项目(202101094905)
作者信息
    1 江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
    2 江西理工大学 战略金属矿产资源低碳加工与利用江西省重点实验室,江西 赣州 341000
    3 江西理工大学 应急管理与安全工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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