Article(id=1151591709763842584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0223-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1763, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=1708012800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490459146, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490459146, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490459146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490459146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=230, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591710632063516, articleId=1151591709763842584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Comprehensive evaluation of disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of emergency shelters based on resilience perspective: a case study of Ouhai district in Wenzhou, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further improve the basic role of emergency shelters in comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation,a multi-dimensional evaluation index system for emergency shelters was constructed based on the resilience perspective in five aspects: safety of the place,standardization of management,accessibility to transportation,guarantee of service and reconstruction and recovery. A comprehensive evaluation model was established by combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. Taking the Ouhai District of Wenzhou City as an example,based on the first comprehensive natural disaster risk survey data and open source data,the disaster prevention and mitigation ability of emergency shelters in the district was comprehensively evaluated,and the scientific and effectiveness of the model was verified. The study shows that the constructed index system and comprehensive evaluation model can be used to analyze and evaluate the disaster prevention and mitigation ability of emergency shelters,the weak indicators of emergency shelters can be found,and the direction of optimization and improvement can be provided for managers. In the case analysis,the low resilience emergency shelters in Ouhai District are mainly concentrated in the western mountainous areas,and the resilience of village-level emergency shelters is relatively low,which is consistent with the actual situation,proving.

, correspAuthors=Gang XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Anfeng ZHU, Xiufang FAN, Wenrui DU, Wanxin SUN, Gang XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151591735151965062, articleId=1151591709763842584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=韧性视角下应急避难场所防灾减灾能力综合评价:以温州市瓯海区为例, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步提高应急避难场所在综合防灾减灾中的基础作用,基于韧性视角,从场所安全性、管理规范性、交通可达性、服务保障性、重建恢复性5个维度,构建多维度的应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价指标体系;采用层次分析法(AHP)和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析法相结合的方法,建立综合评价模型;并以温州市瓯海区为例,根据其第一次自然灾害综合风险普查数据和开源数据,综合评估该区应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,验证模型的科学性和有效性。研究结果表明:文中构建的指标体系和综合评价模型,能够分析评估应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,可找出应急避难场所的薄弱指标,为管理者提供优化提升的方向。实例分析中,瓯海区低韧性的应急避难场所主要集中在西部山区,且村级应急避难场所韧性较低,符合实际情况。

, correspAuthors=徐刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**徐 刚(1980—),男,江苏南通人,博士,教授,主要从事地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:
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朱安峰 (1991—),男,河南信阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市安全、应急管理、智慧城市等方面的研究。E-mail:

徐刚 教授

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徐刚 教授

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徐刚 教授

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494171987391260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494171979002651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Wenzhou Future City Research Institute,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494171991585565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494171979002651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 温州市未来城市研究院,浙江 温州 325000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172494172050305822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494172058694431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494172050305822, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Emergency Management Agency of Ouhai District,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494172067083041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494172050305822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 温州市瓯海区应急管理局,浙江 温州 325016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172494172134191906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494172142580515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494172134191906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 School of Geosciences and Info-Physics,Central South University,Changsha Hu'nan 410083), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172494172155163428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, companyId=1172494172134191906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 中南大学 地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172494174311035722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Evaluation index system for disaster prevention and reduction capacity of emergency shelters, figureFileSmall=3v1U1huPcow+bjl6W1KpUQ==, figureFileBig=xghu356W9UXv2mesWxKJCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174403310411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=图1, caption=应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价指标体系, 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figureFileBig=SgFjPs4pb07ygakeXQPjiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174680134479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=图3, caption=瓯海区应急避难场所的整体综合韧性指数分布, figureFileSmall=92lEW7wAFfaOG1Wog5Rl6g==, figureFileBig=SgFjPs4pb07ygakeXQPjiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174755631952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Classification and distribution of emergency shelter resilience levels, figureFileSmall=0M0UGUYKqjtaDZDgk4tQ7g==, figureFileBig=omfhh1fmKD09pgftxnJB7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174805963601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=图4, caption=应急避难场所防灾减灾能力等级划分与分布, figureFileSmall=0M0UGUYKqjtaDZDgk4tQ7g==, figureFileBig=omfhh1fmKD09pgftxnJB7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174860489554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Average resilience indexl of emergency shelters by street, figureFileSmall=Wb4NTGNY1oymIiUbh6T0lQ==, figureFileBig=zrpk6VzYYg4JCgmF5Rc+4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174915015507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各街道应急避难场所平均综合韧性指数, figureFileSmall=Wb4NTGNY1oymIiUbh6T0lQ==, figureFileBig=zrpk6VzYYg4JCgmF5Rc+4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172494174982124372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Indicators at all levels of emergency shelter and their weighting values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级
指标
一级指
标权重
二级指标 二级指标
权重
场所安
全性 C1
0.310 4 建筑结构安全P1 0.082 2
远离自然灾害风险区P2 0.082 2
远离重大危险源P3 0.082 2
地形平坦空旷P4 0.063 8
管理规
范性C2
0.172 4 建立应急预案P5 0.043 1
日常维护管理P6 0.043 1
避难宣传教育P7 0.043 1
应急培训演练P8 0.043 1
交通可
达性C3
0.241 4 周边道路连通性P9 0.072 4
标识牌指引设置P10 0.056 3
与最近医院距离P11 0.072 4
与最近消防站距离P12 0.040 3
服务保
障性C4
0.172 4 物资供给P13 0.051 7
配套设施P14 0.051 7
功能用房设置P15 0.040 3
人均有效避难面积P16 0.028 7
重建恢
复性C5
0.103 4 能源补充P17 0.044 3
损失减轻策略P18 0.024 6
灾后重建计划P19 0.034 5
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175057621845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

应急避难场所各级指标及其所占权重值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级
指标
一级指
标权重
二级指标 二级指标
权重
场所安
全性 C1
0.310 4 建筑结构安全P1 0.082 2
远离自然灾害风险区P2 0.082 2
远离重大危险源P3 0.082 2
地形平坦空旷P4 0.063 8
管理规
范性C2
0.172 4 建立应急预案P5 0.043 1
日常维护管理P6 0.043 1
避难宣传教育P7 0.043 1
应急培训演练P8 0.043 1
交通可
达性C3
0.241 4 周边道路连通性P9 0.072 4
标识牌指引设置P10 0.056 3
与最近医院距离P11 0.072 4
与最近消防站距离P12 0.040 3
服务保
障性C4
0.172 4 物资供给P13 0.051 7
配套设施P14 0.051 7
功能用房设置P15 0.040 3
人均有效避难面积P16 0.028 7
重建恢
复性C5
0.103 4 能源补充P17 0.044 3
损失减轻策略P18 0.024 6
灾后重建计划P19 0.034 5
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175128925014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Connotation and basis for evaluation indicators of disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of emergency shelters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级
指标
二级指标 指标说明 指标赋值依据
场所安
全性
建筑结
构安全
应急避难场所要定期做好房屋质量安全鉴定工作,主要包括建筑年代、建筑材料、房屋完损等级 建筑年代为近15年,且建筑材料为钢筋混凝土,房屋完损等级为完好房及基本完好房,记5分;不满足一项扣1分
远离自
然灾害
风险区
应远离地质灾害(地质灾害风险防范区)、洪水灾害(大中小型水闸、远离堤防、洪水危险区块)、历史涝点等 不处于自然灾害风险区记5分;处于自然灾害风险区记1分
远离重大
危险源
应远离如易燃易爆危化企业、加油加气加氢站、矿山等重大危险源 距离重大危险源1 000 m以外记5分;距离重大危险源500~1 000 m记3分;距离重大危险源500以内记1分
地形平
坦空旷
应选择地势较为平坦开阔、周围无高层建筑垮塌风险的地形 满足坡度小于7°且周围无高层建筑垮塌风险记5分;满足坡度小于7°但周围存在高层建筑垮塌风险记3分;不满足坡度小于7°记1分
管理规
范性
建立应
急预案
各级应急管理部门会同当地社区政府应根据应急避难场所的要求,制定相应的应急预案 有应急预案记5分;无应急预案记1分
日常维
护管理
应急避难场所权属单位应配备专门的日常管理人员,负责定期检查物资储备、设施维护等工作 配有日常管理人员且定期检查记5分;配有日常管理人员未进行定期检查记3分;无日常管理人员记1分
避难宣
传教育
应急避难场所内应张贴悬挂有关图片资料或以展架、易拉宝等形式宣传防灾减灾救灾科普知识 有宣传教育记5分;无宣传教育记1分
应急培
训演练
应急避难场所应定期组织开展应急培训和演练,增强群众应急意识和保证灾时能够快速发挥人员疏散和安置的功能 组织过应急培训和演练记5分;未组织过应急培训和演练记1分
交通可
达性
周边道路
连通性
应急避难场所应有多个出入口,且位于主要道路或有良好道路连接的地方,以便灾时人员能够快速疏散,救援车辆能够快速到达 有多个出入口且周边道路连通性满足要求记5分;满足其一记3分;无多个出入口且周边道路连通性不满足要求记1分
标识牌指
引设置
应在应急避难场所建筑外墙、多个路口或路边建筑上设置引导路标;场所各功能分区和人员疏导的标牌、安全警示标志齐备明晰 标识牌齐备明晰记5分;标识牌不够完善记3分;无标识牌记1分
与最近医
院距离
应急避难场所与医院距离越近,救助就会越及时 距离最近医院500 m以内记5分;距离最近医院5 000 000 m记3分;距离最近医院2 000 m以上记1分
与最近消
防站距离
应急避难场所距离消防站越近,救援越能尽早开展 距离最近消防站500 m以内记5分;距离最近消防站500~2 000 m记3分;距离最近消防站2 000 m以上记1分
服务保
障性
物资供给 应急避难场所应保障生活类和食品类的救灾物资储备或协议储备 有完善的物资储备与供应记5分;有物资储备与供应记3分;无物资储备与供应记1分
基础设施 应急避难场所内应配置各类与场所规模相匹配的基础设施,如供水设施、照明设施、通信设施、消防设施、环卫设施、广播(指挥系统)、临时供电设施、医疗急救设施、淋浴设施、视频监控等。其中,乡镇(街道)级可不具备广播(指挥系统),村(社区)级可不具备通信设施和广播(指挥系统) 设有完善的基础设施记5分;设有基础设施记3分;未设配套设施记1分
功能用
房设置
应设置不同功能的房间或区域,如特殊人员休息室、管理人员办公室、救灾物资储备室、卫生间、医疗室等 设有完善的功能用房分区记5分;设有功能用房分区记3分;未设功能用房分区记1分
人均有效
避难面积
以服务责任区范围内的常住人口为基准核定,规划安置人口数不宜低于常住人口数的10%,人均有效避难面积不宜低于3 m2 满足安置人口数不低于常住人口数10%,人均有效避难面积不低于3 m2记5分;只满足其一记3分;二者都不满足记1分
重建恢
复性
能源补充 应急避难场所救灾物资每次使用后,需及时补充到位。在汛期,补充应在2周内完成;其余时间应在3个月内补充到位 及时补充到位记5分;未及时补充到位记3分;未进行补充记1分
损失减
轻策略
应建立相关保险或财务计划,以减轻灾害损失,为灾后重建提供经济保障 有相关保险或财务计划记5分;无相关保险或财务计划记1分
灾后重
建计划
应制定受灾后的重建和修复策略,包括基础设施、居住区等的重建计划,确保灾后能够快速、有效地进行重建 有灾后重建计划记5分;无灾后重建计划记1分
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175196033879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

室内型应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价指标内涵及赋值依据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级
指标
二级指标 指标说明 指标赋值依据
场所安
全性
建筑结
构安全
应急避难场所要定期做好房屋质量安全鉴定工作,主要包括建筑年代、建筑材料、房屋完损等级 建筑年代为近15年,且建筑材料为钢筋混凝土,房屋完损等级为完好房及基本完好房,记5分;不满足一项扣1分
远离自
然灾害
风险区
应远离地质灾害(地质灾害风险防范区)、洪水灾害(大中小型水闸、远离堤防、洪水危险区块)、历史涝点等 不处于自然灾害风险区记5分;处于自然灾害风险区记1分
远离重大
危险源
应远离如易燃易爆危化企业、加油加气加氢站、矿山等重大危险源 距离重大危险源1 000 m以外记5分;距离重大危险源500~1 000 m记3分;距离重大危险源500以内记1分
地形平
坦空旷
应选择地势较为平坦开阔、周围无高层建筑垮塌风险的地形 满足坡度小于7°且周围无高层建筑垮塌风险记5分;满足坡度小于7°但周围存在高层建筑垮塌风险记3分;不满足坡度小于7°记1分
管理规
范性
建立应
急预案
各级应急管理部门会同当地社区政府应根据应急避难场所的要求,制定相应的应急预案 有应急预案记5分;无应急预案记1分
日常维
护管理
应急避难场所权属单位应配备专门的日常管理人员,负责定期检查物资储备、设施维护等工作 配有日常管理人员且定期检查记5分;配有日常管理人员未进行定期检查记3分;无日常管理人员记1分
避难宣
传教育
应急避难场所内应张贴悬挂有关图片资料或以展架、易拉宝等形式宣传防灾减灾救灾科普知识 有宣传教育记5分;无宣传教育记1分
应急培
训演练
应急避难场所应定期组织开展应急培训和演练,增强群众应急意识和保证灾时能够快速发挥人员疏散和安置的功能 组织过应急培训和演练记5分;未组织过应急培训和演练记1分
交通可
达性
周边道路
连通性
应急避难场所应有多个出入口,且位于主要道路或有良好道路连接的地方,以便灾时人员能够快速疏散,救援车辆能够快速到达 有多个出入口且周边道路连通性满足要求记5分;满足其一记3分;无多个出入口且周边道路连通性不满足要求记1分
标识牌指
引设置
应在应急避难场所建筑外墙、多个路口或路边建筑上设置引导路标;场所各功能分区和人员疏导的标牌、安全警示标志齐备明晰 标识牌齐备明晰记5分;标识牌不够完善记3分;无标识牌记1分
与最近医
院距离
应急避难场所与医院距离越近,救助就会越及时 距离最近医院500 m以内记5分;距离最近医院5 000 000 m记3分;距离最近医院2 000 m以上记1分
与最近消
防站距离
应急避难场所距离消防站越近,救援越能尽早开展 距离最近消防站500 m以内记5分;距离最近消防站500~2 000 m记3分;距离最近消防站2 000 m以上记1分
服务保
障性
物资供给 应急避难场所应保障生活类和食品类的救灾物资储备或协议储备 有完善的物资储备与供应记5分;有物资储备与供应记3分;无物资储备与供应记1分
基础设施 应急避难场所内应配置各类与场所规模相匹配的基础设施,如供水设施、照明设施、通信设施、消防设施、环卫设施、广播(指挥系统)、临时供电设施、医疗急救设施、淋浴设施、视频监控等。其中,乡镇(街道)级可不具备广播(指挥系统),村(社区)级可不具备通信设施和广播(指挥系统) 设有完善的基础设施记5分;设有基础设施记3分;未设配套设施记1分
功能用
房设置
应设置不同功能的房间或区域,如特殊人员休息室、管理人员办公室、救灾物资储备室、卫生间、医疗室等 设有完善的功能用房分区记5分;设有功能用房分区记3分;未设功能用房分区记1分
人均有效
避难面积
以服务责任区范围内的常住人口为基准核定,规划安置人口数不宜低于常住人口数的10%,人均有效避难面积不宜低于3 m2 满足安置人口数不低于常住人口数10%,人均有效避难面积不低于3 m2记5分;只满足其一记3分;二者都不满足记1分
重建恢
复性
能源补充 应急避难场所救灾物资每次使用后,需及时补充到位。在汛期,补充应在2周内完成;其余时间应在3个月内补充到位 及时补充到位记5分;未及时补充到位记3分;未进行补充记1分
损失减
轻策略
应建立相关保险或财务计划,以减轻灾害损失,为灾后重建提供经济保障 有相关保险或财务计划记5分;无相关保险或财务计划记1分
灾后重
建计划
应制定受灾后的重建和修复策略,包括基础设施、居住区等的重建计划,确保灾后能够快速、有效地进行重建 有灾后重建计划记5分;无灾后重建计划记1分
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175279919960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data type and source

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称 数据内容 数据来源
应急避难场所 县级、乡级、村级应急避难场所 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
自然灾害易发区 滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地质灾害风险防范区、历史涝点等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
水利设施危险区 大中小型水闸、堤防、洪水危险区块等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
重大危险源 危险化学品企业、加油站、加气站、加氢站等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
救援设施点 医院、消防站等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
地理信息数据 行政区划、路网、30 m地表高程数据 天地图、ASTER GDEM V3(30 m)数据集
人口数据 瓯海区各街道(镇)的人口统计数据 瓯海区2022年统计年鉴
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175351223129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数据类型及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称 数据内容 数据来源
应急避难场所 县级、乡级、村级应急避难场所 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
自然灾害易发区 滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地质灾害风险防范区、历史涝点等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
水利设施危险区 大中小型水闸、堤防、洪水危险区块等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
重大危险源 危险化学品企业、加油站、加气站、加氢站等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
救援设施点 医院、消防站等 第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查
地理信息数据 行政区划、路网、30 m地表高程数据 天地图、ASTER GDEM V3(30 m)数据集
人口数据 瓯海区各街道(镇)的人口统计数据 瓯海区2022年统计年鉴
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175405749082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distribution of the number of emergency shelters with different resilience levels at different administrative levels个

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行政级别 高韧性 较高韧性 中等韧性 低韧性
县级 2 0 0 0
乡级 10 4 4 0
村级 35 38 48 21
), ArticleFig(id=1172494175472857947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591709763842584, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各行政级别不同韧性水平的应急避难场所统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行政级别 高韧性 较高韧性 中等韧性 低韧性
县级 2 0 0 0
乡级 10 4 4 0
村级 35 38 48 21
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韧性视角下应急避难场所防灾减灾能力综合评价:以温州市瓯海区为例
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朱安峰 1, 2 , 范秀芳 3 , 杜温瑞 4 , 孙婉馨 2 , 徐刚 1, 5, **
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(5): 223-230
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(5): 223-230
韧性视角下应急避难场所防灾减灾能力综合评价:以温州市瓯海区为例
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朱安峰1, 2 , 范秀芳3, 杜温瑞4, 孙婉馨2, 徐刚1, 5, **
作者信息
  • 1 浙江安防职业技术学院 人工智能学院,浙江 温州 325016
  • 2 温州市自然灾害遥感监测预警重点实验室,浙江 温州 325016
  • 3 温州市未来城市研究院,浙江 温州 325000
  • 4 温州市瓯海区应急管理局,浙江 温州 325016
  • 5 中南大学 地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 朱安峰 (1991—),男,河南信阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市安全、应急管理、智慧城市等方面的研究。E-mail:

    徐刚 教授

通讯作者:

**徐 刚(1980—),男,江苏南通人,博士,教授,主要从事地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:
Comprehensive evaluation of disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of emergency shelters based on resilience perspective: a case study of Ouhai district in Wenzhou
Anfeng ZHU1, 2 , Xiufang FAN3, Wenrui DU4, Wanxin SUN2, Gang XU1, 5, **
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Artificial Intelligence,Zhejiang College of Security Technology,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035,China
  • 2 Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Natural Disaster Remote Sensing Monitoring and Early Warning,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035,China
  • 3 Wenzhou Future City Research Institute,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325000,China
  • 4 Emergency Management Agency of Ouhai District,Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035,China
  • 5 School of Geosciences and Info-Physics,Central South University,Changsha Hu'nan 410083
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1763
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为进一步提高应急避难场所在综合防灾减灾中的基础作用,基于韧性视角,从场所安全性、管理规范性、交通可达性、服务保障性、重建恢复性5个维度,构建多维度的应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价指标体系;采用层次分析法(AHP)和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析法相结合的方法,建立综合评价模型;并以温州市瓯海区为例,根据其第一次自然灾害综合风险普查数据和开源数据,综合评估该区应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,验证模型的科学性和有效性。研究结果表明:文中构建的指标体系和综合评价模型,能够分析评估应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,可找出应急避难场所的薄弱指标,为管理者提供优化提升的方向。实例分析中,瓯海区低韧性的应急避难场所主要集中在西部山区,且村级应急避难场所韧性较低,符合实际情况。

韧性  /  应急避难场所  /  防灾减灾能力  /  综合评价  /  评价指标体系

In order to further improve the basic role of emergency shelters in comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation,a multi-dimensional evaluation index system for emergency shelters was constructed based on the resilience perspective in five aspects: safety of the place,standardization of management,accessibility to transportation,guarantee of service and reconstruction and recovery. A comprehensive evaluation model was established by combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. Taking the Ouhai District of Wenzhou City as an example,based on the first comprehensive natural disaster risk survey data and open source data,the disaster prevention and mitigation ability of emergency shelters in the district was comprehensively evaluated,and the scientific and effectiveness of the model was verified. The study shows that the constructed index system and comprehensive evaluation model can be used to analyze and evaluate the disaster prevention and mitigation ability of emergency shelters,the weak indicators of emergency shelters can be found,and the direction of optimization and improvement can be provided for managers. In the case analysis,the low resilience emergency shelters in Ouhai District are mainly concentrated in the western mountainous areas,and the resilience of village-level emergency shelters is relatively low,which is consistent with the actual situation,proving.

resilience  /  emergency shelter  /  disaster prevention and mitigation capacity  /  comprehensive evaluation  /  evaluation index system
朱安峰, 范秀芳, 杜温瑞, 孙婉馨, 徐刚. 韧性视角下应急避难场所防灾减灾能力综合评价:以温州市瓯海区为例. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 223 -230 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1763
Anfeng ZHU, Xiufang FAN, Wenrui DU, Wanxin SUN, Gang XU. Comprehensive evaluation of disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of emergency shelters based on resilience perspective: a case study of Ouhai district in Wenzhou[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 223 -230 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1763
近年来,全球自然灾害频繁发生,如海啸、台风、地震等,给居民生活带来巨大破坏和威胁。应急避难场所防灾减灾功能的完备性对保障社区居民的生命安全发挥着至关重要的作用,因而成为城市防灾及公共安全建设的重要组成部分。然而,在长期的发展规划中,大多选择已有公共建筑物作为应急避难场所,其场所规划设计的合理性及应急设施管理的规范性,即防灾减灾功能,能否达到预期服务水平和避难目的,需要科学、系统地进行评估。
目前,针对应急避难场所防灾减灾功能的研究,主要集中在空间布局合理性、区位选择及选址优化、建筑与设计规划、应急管理等方面。常见的评价方法包括加权Voronoi图法[1]、灰色关联与熵值权重法[2]、两步移动搜寻法[3]、粒子群算法[4]、数据包络分析法[5]等。黄典剑等[6]利用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP),从规划设计、硬件设施和软件环境3个维度构建了应急避难场所的适应能力综合评价体系;季婉婧等[7]将AHP和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术相结合,从多个维度研究了应急避难场所评价指标。传统的应急避难场所防灾减灾评价方法更加侧重某一特定维度或依据现存标准规范进行指标选取,缺乏整体性、系统性。
2002年,联合国可持续发展峰会提出韧性理念[8]。在灾害风险管理领域中,韧性理念存在3个基本要素,即具备抵御灾害或突发事件影响的能力、从灾害或突发事件中高效恢复的能力以及对灾害或突发事件的适应能力[9]。防灾韧性理念追求从全方位、多视角深入研究场所的防灾问题[10],继而韧性城市、韧性社区成为防灾减灾领域的研究热点[11-13]。丁依婷[14]、钟鸣[15]等针对风暴潮和山洪等,构建了城市和社区的综合风险评价体系与模型。杜修力[16]、李亚[17]等从韧性的不同维度出发,开展了地铁、城市基础设施的安全性评价。
鉴于此,笔者引入韧性理念,从5个关键维度确定相应的韧性指标,形成一套能完整描述应急避难场所各层面灾害应对能力的应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价指标体系;并基于该体系,结合AHP和GIS方法,建立应急避难场所的综合评价模型;以温州市瓯海区为例,验证该模型的科学性和有效性,以期为提升应急避难场所的防灾减灾能力提供一定的参考。
基于应急避难场所的韧性概念框架,按照应急避难场所在灾害发生的不同阶段(灾前、灾中、灾后)所发挥的韧性能力,确定应急避难场所的5个关键维度,分别为场所安全性、管理规范性、交通可达性、服务保障性、重建恢复性。按照独立性、全面性、可操作性的原则,筛选每个关键维度下的基础评价指标,并进行系统性地分类和整合,构建应急避难场所的防灾减灾能力评价指标体系,如图1所示。
场所安全性和管理规范性是应急避难场所在灾害发生前最核心的建设需求。相对于开放空间,应急避难场所必须具备较低的危险性,以确保群众的生命安全。明确的管理职责、管理制度及详细的应急预案等,有助于应急避难场所在灾害发生时正常运转,提高场所运行效率。而交通可达性和服务保障性反映了应急避难场所在灾害发生时的响应能力。交通便利、转移便捷可有效提高救援效率,资源完备、设施齐全可确保避难时的基本生活保障。重建恢复性则主要针对灾害发生后的快速恢复和适应能力。能源补给及时到位,设备设施修复升级,有助于场所功能快速恢复正常。制定有效的损失减轻策略如覆盖灾害的保险等,能够降低灾害损失,增强应对下一次灾害的能力。
收集评价指标的原始数据,利用GIS空间分析得到部分指标结果。
1) 缓冲区分析计算指标。缓冲区分析是研究不同的地理要素之间的空间关系,主要分析其空间接近度。获取研究区域应急避难场所、重大危险源、自然灾害易发区、水利设施危险区的矢量数据,建立不同范围的缓冲区,分析应急避难场所远离自然灾害风险区、远离重大危险源等指标结果。
2) 空间网络分析计算指标。空间网络分析是对地理网络、城市基础设施网络等进行地理分析和模型化。主要用于交通可达性中的最短路径分析,即通过获取路网数据,计算与最近医院距离、与最近消防站距离,分析周边道路连通性。
3) 坡度分析计算指标。坡度分析用于计算地表或地形的坡度或斜度。获取30m精度星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model,ASTER GDEM)数据和应急避难场所矢量数据,利用地理信息分析工具的坡度分析功能,进行坡度提取,分析地形平坦空旷程度。
采用AHP,由应急管理、防灾减灾相关领域的专家,依据自身的专业知识和经验对各个评价指标的重要程度打分,根据专家打分的结果构建AHP模型,并计算应急避难场所各级指标权重值,结果见表1
为提高数据的准确性与全面性,对各指标的原始数据作标准化处理,将不同尺度或不同单位的数据转化为相对值或占比。
参考相关应急避难场所建设和管理规范,将各评价指标分为好、中、差3个级别,分别赋值5、3、1分。以场所安全性二级指标为例,参考《避灾安置场所建设与管理规范》[18],应急避难场所的建筑结构安全评价需要考虑建筑年代、建筑材料和房屋完损等级等因素,根据指标评价标准,将收集到的相关数据整合,给二级指标“建筑结构安全”赋分。指标说明和赋值依据见表2
利用加权求和模型评价应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,用综合评价指数表示其防灾减灾能力的高低[19]。其中,综合评价指数等于各二级指标的权重值与标准化后的指标赋值的乘积之和,其计算公式如下:
R i = i = 1 m W i D i
式中:Ri为应急避难场所的综合韧性指数;Wi为各二级指标的权重值;Di为标准化后的指标赋值。其中,Ri值越高,代表应急避难场所防灾减灾能力越好。
以温州市瓯海区为例,该区域共有162个室内型应急避难场所,包括2个县级、18个乡级和142个村级,其空间分布如图2所示。
收集瓯海区内的相关数据,主要包括自然灾害易发区等危险源、应急避难场所、医院、消防站等救援设施点的相关信息、以及辖区的地理信息数据以及人口数据等,见表3
采用综合评价模型得到瓯海区162个应急避难场所的防灾减灾能力综合评价指数,如图3所示。从图3中可以看出,瓯海区的应急避难场所的综合韧性指数为3.5%~5.93%的应急避难场所综合韧性指数分布在4以上。
采用自然断点法将综合韧性指数分为4个数值区间,由低到高对应4个防灾减灾能力等级,[3.603 2,4.068 3]为低韧性;[4.068 4,4.302 1]为中等韧性;[4.302 2,4.446 1]为较高韧性;[4.446 2,4.728 7]高韧性。以乡镇(街道)为单位,统计各等级避难场所的分布情况,结果如图4所示。
图4中可以看出,高韧性和较高韧性的应急避难场所在瓯海区的东部和中部地区分布较多,而低韧性的应急避难场所主要集中在瓯海区的西部。这是由于瓯海区的西部地区大部分是山地,导致该区域的应急避难场所交通可达性受限,道路连通性较差,从而影响了应急避难场所到周边医院、消防站的通达度。综上所述,瓯海区西部地区的应急避难场所整体防灾减灾能力韧性较差。
考虑到行政管理级别带来的差异,对应急避难场所的防灾减灾韧性水平进行分级统计,结果见表4。由表4可知:县级和乡级应急避难场所韧性水平主要分布在高韧性范围内,而村级应急避难场所韧性水平则参差不齐。特别值得注意的是,低韧性水平的应急避难场所全部集中在村级。这与实际情况是一致的。
利用村(社区)级应急避难场所的综合韧性指数,计算各乡镇(街道)平均综合韧性指数,结果如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,景山街道平均综合韧性指数相对最高,而泽雅镇则相对最低。这是由于景山街道位于城市核心区域,交通便利,人口密度较高,这使得在灾害发生时,人员转移安置和救援措施更容易得到保障,应急响应能力相对更强。而泽雅镇的人口相对较少,面积较大,社会组织和资源配置方面有一定的挑战,特别是人口分散且相对较少的地区,灾害发生后的应急响应和资源供给也会受到限制。
1) 强化瓯海区西部应急避难场所的选址和建设标准,同时,健全场所管理机制,加强应急宣传教育和培训演练,以有效提升场所的应急响应能力。
2) 优化资源配置,加大村级应急避难场所建筑设施方面的投入,升级建筑结构、强化建筑材料,优化空间布局,并建立弹性供应链和物资储备。
1) 考虑韧性的应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价体系更加全面、合理。文中构建的指标体系和综合评价模型,能够分析评价应急避难场所防灾减灾能力,可找出应急避难场所的薄弱指标,为管理者提供优化提升的方向。
2) 将所构建的应急避难场所防灾减灾能力评价体系用于实例分析结果表明:温州市瓯海区162个室内型应急避难场所评价结果基本符合实际情况,证明文中所提综合评价模型具有一定的科学性和有效性。
3) 评价指标更多侧重应急避难场所防灾减灾的固有能力指标,且在权重计算和专家打分阶段存在主观性。在后续研究中对于指标的选取可以将应急避难场所在防灾减灾过程中的实际运行能力指标纳入其中;在指标权重赋值方面,要兼具主客观性。
特别感谢瓯海区第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查办在数据共享和课题研究方面的资助和支持。
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1763
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2024-02-16
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    1 浙江安防职业技术学院 人工智能学院,浙江 温州 325016
    2 温州市自然灾害遥感监测预警重点实验室,浙江 温州 325016
    3 温州市未来城市研究院,浙江 温州 325000
    4 温州市瓯海区应急管理局,浙江 温州 325016
    5 中南大学 地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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**徐 刚(1980—),男,江苏南通人,博士,教授,主要从事地理信息系统相关研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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