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In order to effectively reduce the accident rate of mountain highways,the traffic accident data of mountain highways in Yunnan province from 2016 to 2021 was taken as the research object,based on the DEMATEL-AISM. This paper analyzes the causality of risk factors and draws the UP and DOWN directed topological hierarchical diagrams,and finally determines 19 risk factors,constructs an N-K-coupling degree model to quantify the risk factors,couples the risk factors of mountain highway traffic accidents in all dimensions,explores the relationship between risk factors,and proposes a full-dimensional coupling model of traffic accidents in mountainous areas. The results show that in the single dimension,the coupling value of human factors being too close to the vehicle and fatigue driving is 0.741,and the coupling value of road factors is 0.816,which are the two effects that have a greater impact on the system in the single dimension,and the coupling values of human-vehicle and human-road are 0.157 and 0.124 in the two-dimensional. The maximum effect of human factors is human-road-ring in multi-dimensional,with a coupling value of 0.891,in which the driver's bad driving behavior,the sharp bend of the road and the long downhill,and the rain,fog,and ice and snow days of the environment are easy to be coupled with other factors more than 70%,which constitutes a strong coupling relationship and the probability of traffic accidents is large.

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为有效降低山区高速公路事故率,以2016—2021年云南省山区高速公路交通事故数据为研究对象,基于集成决策实验法-对抗解释结构模型(DEMATEL-AISM),筛选识别山区高速公路交通风险要素,从人-车-路-环境-管理时空全维度出发,分析风险要素因果并绘制UP和DOWN型有向拓扑层级图,最终确定19种风险因素;构建N-K-耦合度模型量化风险因素,对山区高速公路交通事故风险因素间进行时空全维度耦合,探究风险因素间的关系,并提出山区高速公路交通事故全维耦合交通风险弹性解耦模型。研究结果表明:单维度中,人因的跟车太近与疲劳驾驶耦合值为0.741,路因长大下坡与急弯耦合值为0.816,为单维度中对系统影响较大的2种作用情况;双维度下,较大的作用情况为人-车及人-路,耦合值为0.157、0.124,其中,路因的长大下坡、人因的跟车太近与其他要素易形成强耦合;多维度下最大的作用情况为人-路-环,耦合值为0.891,其中,驾驶人的不良驾驶行为、道路的急弯与长大下坡、环境的雨天、雾天、冰雪天极易与其他因素耦合结果超过70%,构成强耦合关系,发生交通事故概率较大。

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胡立伟 (1978—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、城市交通流特性分析及控制理论与方法研究。E-mail:

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胡立伟 (1978—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、城市交通流特性分析及控制理论与方法研究。E-mail:

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胡立伟 (1978—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、城市交通流特性分析及控制理论与方法研究。E-mail:

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Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2022, 218: DOI:10.1016/j.ress.2021.108160., articleTitle=Risk coupling analysis of subsea blowout accidents based on dynamic Bayesian network and N-K model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172496682429329450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=胡立伟, 薛宇, 赵雪亭, journalName=安全与环境工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡立伟, 薛宇, 赵雪亭, 等. 驾驶员不同驾龄条件下公路交通风险致因耦合影响研究[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2023, 30(2):1-9., articleTitle=驾驶员不同驾龄条件下公路交通风险致因耦合影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172496682483855403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=31, authorNames=HU Liwei, XUE Yu, ZHAO Xueting, journalName=Safety and Environmental Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Liwei, XUE Yu, ZHAO Xueting, et al. Study on the coupling effect of road traffic risk causes under different driving ages[J]. 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caption=Multi-dimensional coupling topology diagram of traffic risk on mountain expressway, figureFileSmall=bko1COEr1HSXBhIPDeIkog==, figureFileBig=bv0+Owww3LkTEOFnfKhlww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172496679732391938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=CN, label=图10, caption=山区高速公路交通风险多维度耦合拓扑, figureFileSmall=bko1COEr1HSXBhIPDeIkog==, figureFileBig=bv0+Owww3LkTEOFnfKhlww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172496679791112195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Coupled risk decoupling mechanism for traffic risk on mountain highways, figureFileSmall=YVBS0k0TmJrSds8UZylYPg==, figureFileBig=GMpHuAkNURsyRiG9lLX1RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172496679849832452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=CN, label=图11, caption=山区高速公路交通风险耦合风险解耦机制, figureFileSmall=YVBS0k0TmJrSds8UZylYPg==, figureFileBig=GMpHuAkNURsyRiG9lLX1RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172496679912747013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

P-code risk factor classification criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 定量判断标准
(风险发生频率)P/%
基本描述
1 P<0.03 几乎不会发生
2 0.03≤P≤0.3 很少发生
3 0.3≤P≤3 偶然发生
4 3≤P≤30 可能发生
5 P≥30 频繁发生
), ArticleFig(id=1172496679971467270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

P准则风险因素等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 定量判断标准
(风险发生频率)P/%
基本描述
1 P<0.03 几乎不会发生
2 0.03≤P≤0.3 很少发生
3 0.3≤P≤3 偶然发生
4 3≤P≤30 可能发生
5 P≥30 频繁发生
), ArticleFig(id=1172496680042770439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Risk factors of mountain highway traffic system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单维度 多维度 P/% 风险因素解释
H 超速行驶H1 21.7 车辆的制动距离增大,易出现交通事故
超载行驶H2 4.56 车辆的制动距离增大,停车时的惯性增大
疲劳驾驶H3 13.16 驾驶员的反应速度降低,反应时长增加
违章驾驶H4 11.05 驾驶员不遵守交通规则,极易发生事故
跟车太近H5 8.39 高速上遇到紧急情况时反应需迅速,否则避让不及易追尾
转向不当H6 5.01 车辆操作性下降,极易发生追尾
C 制动失灵C1 3.63 导致车辆无法减速,易发生交通事故
车辆照明装置、反光标识不合格C2 4.90 导致夜间驾驶人视线不明,对于道路的判断能力减弱
车辆故障C3 12.32 车辆突发故障将会直接导致交通事故
爆胎C4 3.02 车辆失控易形成连环碰撞事故
R 路面状况不良R1 15.56 路面病害及不平整会使车辆制动性能受到影响
长大下坡R2 11.32 频繁制动导致车辆制动系统升温,影响车辆制动性能
急弯R3 5.21 不合理的圆、竖曲线易形成视野盲区,车辆会偏移、侧滑
路面附着系数R4 4.55 附着系数影响着车辆的平稳运行,容易发生侧滑、偏移
环境E 交通状况E1 3.90 流量大时极易堵车,易追尾
雨天E2 10.17 对于能见度、路面摩擦因数等有较大的影响,易追尾
雾天E3 5.20 极大影响环境能见度,易追尾
冰雪E4 14.21 路面摩擦系数较小,对制动和转向影响较大,易追尾、侧滑
大风E5 3.44 影响着车辆的稳定性,易发生追尾事故
管理M 交通安全设施不合格M1 4.29 道路行驶的安全性能降低,发生本可以避免的交通事故
标志或标线缺失M2 3.37 使驾驶员无法准确判断路况信息
道路养护不及时M3 3.61 路面状况不良会使高速行驶车辆的操作性降低
), ArticleFig(id=1172496680118267912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

山区高速公路交通系统风险因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单维度 多维度 P/% 风险因素解释
H 超速行驶H1 21.7 车辆的制动距离增大,易出现交通事故
超载行驶H2 4.56 车辆的制动距离增大,停车时的惯性增大
疲劳驾驶H3 13.16 驾驶员的反应速度降低,反应时长增加
违章驾驶H4 11.05 驾驶员不遵守交通规则,极易发生事故
跟车太近H5 8.39 高速上遇到紧急情况时反应需迅速,否则避让不及易追尾
转向不当H6 5.01 车辆操作性下降,极易发生追尾
C 制动失灵C1 3.63 导致车辆无法减速,易发生交通事故
车辆照明装置、反光标识不合格C2 4.90 导致夜间驾驶人视线不明,对于道路的判断能力减弱
车辆故障C3 12.32 车辆突发故障将会直接导致交通事故
爆胎C4 3.02 车辆失控易形成连环碰撞事故
R 路面状况不良R1 15.56 路面病害及不平整会使车辆制动性能受到影响
长大下坡R2 11.32 频繁制动导致车辆制动系统升温,影响车辆制动性能
急弯R3 5.21 不合理的圆、竖曲线易形成视野盲区,车辆会偏移、侧滑
路面附着系数R4 4.55 附着系数影响着车辆的平稳运行,容易发生侧滑、偏移
环境E 交通状况E1 3.90 流量大时极易堵车,易追尾
雨天E2 10.17 对于能见度、路面摩擦因数等有较大的影响,易追尾
雾天E3 5.20 极大影响环境能见度,易追尾
冰雪E4 14.21 路面摩擦系数较小,对制动和转向影响较大,易追尾、侧滑
大风E5 3.44 影响着车辆的稳定性,易发生追尾事故
管理M 交通安全设施不合格M1 4.29 道路行驶的安全性能降低,发生本可以避免的交通事故
标志或标线缺失M2 3.37 使驾驶员无法准确判断路况信息
道路养护不及时M3 3.61 路面状况不良会使高速行驶车辆的操作性降低
), ArticleFig(id=1172496680197959689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Diagram of elements of highway traffic risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驾驶人H 超速行驶H1
超载行驶H2
疲劳驾驶H3
违章驾驶H4
跟车太近H5
车辆C 制动失灵C1
车辆照明装置、反光标识不合格C2
车辆故障C3
爆胎C4
道路R 路面状况不良R1
长大下坡R2
急弯R3
环境E 交通状况E1
雨天E2
雾天E3
冰雪E4
管理M 交通安全设施不合格M1
标志标线缺失M2
养护不及时M3
), ArticleFig(id=1172496680273457162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708765598227, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

公路交通风险构成要素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驾驶人H 超速行驶H1
超载行驶H2
疲劳驾驶H3
违章驾驶H4
跟车太近H5
车辆C 制动失灵C1
车辆照明装置、反光标识不合格C2
车辆故障C3
爆胎C4
道路R 路面状况不良R1
长大下坡R2
急弯R3
环境E 交通状况E1
雨天E2
雾天E3
冰雪E4
管理M 交通安全设施不合格M1
标志标线缺失M2
养护不及时M3
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山区高速公路交通事故风险多维度耦合研究
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胡立伟 , 贺雨 , 侯智 , 张瑞杰 , 陈琛 , 刘冰
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(5): 17-27
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(5): 17-27
山区高速公路交通事故风险多维度耦合研究
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胡立伟 , 贺雨, 侯智, 张瑞杰, 陈琛, 刘冰
作者信息
  • 昆明理工大学 交通工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 胡立伟 (1978—),男,山东潍坊人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、城市交通流特性分析及控制理论与方法研究。E-mail:

Multi-dimensional coupling study on traffic accident risk of highway in mountainous areas
Liwei HU , Yu HE, Zhi HOU, Ruijie ZHANG, Chen CHEN, Bing LIU
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Transportation Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming Yunnan 650500,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1497
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为有效降低山区高速公路事故率,以2016—2021年云南省山区高速公路交通事故数据为研究对象,基于集成决策实验法-对抗解释结构模型(DEMATEL-AISM),筛选识别山区高速公路交通风险要素,从人-车-路-环境-管理时空全维度出发,分析风险要素因果并绘制UP和DOWN型有向拓扑层级图,最终确定19种风险因素;构建N-K-耦合度模型量化风险因素,对山区高速公路交通事故风险因素间进行时空全维度耦合,探究风险因素间的关系,并提出山区高速公路交通事故全维耦合交通风险弹性解耦模型。研究结果表明:单维度中,人因的跟车太近与疲劳驾驶耦合值为0.741,路因长大下坡与急弯耦合值为0.816,为单维度中对系统影响较大的2种作用情况;双维度下,较大的作用情况为人-车及人-路,耦合值为0.157、0.124,其中,路因的长大下坡、人因的跟车太近与其他要素易形成强耦合;多维度下最大的作用情况为人-路-环,耦合值为0.891,其中,驾驶人的不良驾驶行为、道路的急弯与长大下坡、环境的雨天、雾天、冰雪天极易与其他因素耦合结果超过70%,构成强耦合关系,发生交通事故概率较大。

山区高速公路  /  交通事故  /  风险因素  /  多维度耦合  /  耦合度模型  /  集成决策实验法-对抗解释结构模型(DEMATEL-AISM)

In order to effectively reduce the accident rate of mountain highways,the traffic accident data of mountain highways in Yunnan province from 2016 to 2021 was taken as the research object,based on the DEMATEL-AISM. This paper analyzes the causality of risk factors and draws the UP and DOWN directed topological hierarchical diagrams,and finally determines 19 risk factors,constructs an N-K-coupling degree model to quantify the risk factors,couples the risk factors of mountain highway traffic accidents in all dimensions,explores the relationship between risk factors,and proposes a full-dimensional coupling model of traffic accidents in mountainous areas. The results show that in the single dimension,the coupling value of human factors being too close to the vehicle and fatigue driving is 0.741,and the coupling value of road factors is 0.816,which are the two effects that have a greater impact on the system in the single dimension,and the coupling values of human-vehicle and human-road are 0.157 and 0.124 in the two-dimensional. The maximum effect of human factors is human-road-ring in multi-dimensional,with a coupling value of 0.891,in which the driver's bad driving behavior,the sharp bend of the road and the long downhill,and the rain,fog,and ice and snow days of the environment are easy to be coupled with other factors more than 70%,which constitutes a strong coupling relationship and the probability of traffic accidents is large.

mountain highways  /  traffic accidents  /  risk factors  /  multi-dimensional coupling  /  coupling degree model  /  decision experimental method-adversarial interpretative structural model (DEMATEL-AISM)
胡立伟, 贺雨, 侯智, 张瑞杰, 陈琛, 刘冰. 山区高速公路交通事故风险多维度耦合研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 17 -27 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1497
Liwei HU, Yu HE, Zhi HOU, Ruijie ZHANG, Chen CHEN, Bing LIU. Multi-dimensional coupling study on traffic accident risk of highway in mountainous areas[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 17 -27 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1497
2022年,全国(含港澳台)公路里程达535.48万km[1],形成以高速公路为骨架、普通干线为脉络、农村公路为基础的全国公路网。根据国家统计局数据,截止至2021年底,发生交通事故21.1万起,受伤21.4万人,死亡5.6万人,经济损失12.28万元[2]。与普通公路相比,山区高速公路地理环境的特殊性质和复杂多变的地形增加发生交通事故的风险[3],高速公路通行环境的特殊性造成其事故损失远大于普通公路的低速碰撞,也更易造成交通阻断、追尾及二次事故的发生[4];同时,山区高速公路较普通公路对于环境条件更为敏感,对于雨、雪、大雾等恶劣天气适应性要求更高[5],对于道路养护及交通管理都较普通公路更为困难[6]。为有效降低山区高速公路事故率,提升交通安全,深入研究交通风险要素的有效识别以及多维度耦合关系,成为当务之急。
目前,学者对于高速公路交通事故致因研究较多,陈昭明等[7]构建负二项分布事故分析模型,得到弯坡组合事故风险明显高于平曲线路段;胡立伟等[8]通过耦合度模型量化公路风险,发现超速、疲劳驾驶、长大下坡是云南公路事故的主要因素;BUCSUHÁZY等[9]基于捷克道路交通事故数据,探究导致事故的人为因素;HAMMAD等[10]分析巴基斯坦郊区公路事故数据,发现不良天气、车型以及驾驶人年龄均影响公路交通事故率。在交通事故风险因素识别模型应用方面,多数学者采用决策实验法-对抗解释结构模型/解释结构模型(Decision Experimental Method-Adversarial Interpretative Structural Model,DEMATEL-AISM/ISM)集成分析。李华等[11]用该模型系统分析了地铁站抗涝韧性影响因子间的重要程度及层级关系,并据此提升了地铁站的抗涝韧性;程宇峰等[12]研究发现,驾驶人和管理因素是重大护栏事故预防的重要根源;黄亚江等[13]从人员、机械设备、环境和管理4个因素,对地铁运营进行安全韧性评价;郑时求[14]分析了危化品槽罐车运输事故发生的关键致因及因子间的传递路径;YUAN Qi等[15]研究了煤矿安全生产的风险识别、管理和控制;XING Yandong等[16]研究了SBHFAs致病因素和逻辑结构的相互作用。在事故风险因素耦合模型上,N-K模型由KAUFFMAN提出[17],并将N-K模型用于研究自组织行为与自然选择之间的关系,为模型在交通安全领域应用奠定了基础[18];邵志国等[19]运用N-K分析191起新能源汽车燃爆事故,发现多风险因素耦合导致事故发生的概率较大;LIU ZENGKAi等[20]提出基于动态贝叶斯网络和N-K模型的海底井喷事故风险耦合方法。综上所述,国内外学者对于高速公路事故风险致因研究较多,但对于西南片区特有的山区地理环境下高速公路事故致因研究,还相对较少,且少有学者定性、定量分析诱发交通事故的风险因子与探究因子之间多维度关系。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于云南省山区高速公路交通事故数据,应用DEMATEL-AISM和N-K分析山区高速公路交通事故影响规律及特征,对风险因子进行定性、定量分析,提取诱发山区高速公路交通事故的主要风险因素;采用多维度耦合探究行车风险,并通过解耦模型对行车风险强耦合作用形式进行抑制避免其发生,可为预防交通事故提供有效对策,以期为改善山区高速公路交通安全状况提供参考。
根据云南省2016—2021年15 863条公路交通事故原始数据,筛选出5 214条山区高速公路交通事故有效数据,提取事故中的各要素内在关系和有用信息。绘制云南省山区高速公路事故类型分布(图1)并分析事故原始数据文本。
图1可知:追尾碰撞是云南省山区高速公路最常见的事故形态,刮擦、侧面碰撞紧随其后;超速行驶、疲劳驾驶、违章驾驶、跟车太近等驾驶人发生事故占比最大。因此,驾驶人的操作不当是影响事故发生最大的致因。
1) 驾驶人。主要关注驾驶人的不安全驾驶行为,包括但不限于超速行驶、疲劳驾驶、违章驾驶、跟车太近、转向不当、酒驾、超载行驶等不安全驾驶行为。将事故文本数据中驾驶与准驾车型不符的车辆、不遵守交通规则、无证驾驶等界定为违章驾驶。没有按规定保持车距、与前方车辆距离过近等归为跟车太近。
2) 车辆。主要侧重于车辆性能方面,具体包括制动失灵、车辆照明装置反光标识不合格、车辆故障、爆胎等。
3) 道路。主要从路面状况和线形2方面出发。路面状况包括路面病害、路面不平整等问题,而线形方面主要在山区高速公路中显现为急弯和长大下坡。
4) 环境。主要考虑天气和交通状况。西南片区特殊的气候环境下天气条件包括雨天、雾天、冰雪天以及大风等恶劣天气。将交通事故文本数据中的交通流量、交通构成等归于交通状况。
5) 交通管理。主要涵盖道路基础设施及管理养护。其中包括交通安全设施不合格、标志或标线缺失、道路养护不及时等问题。
采取P准则[21]确定二级风险因素,P准则是指根据公路所对应的历史交通事故数据定量分析与划分风险因素。P准则风险因素等级划分标准见表1
当风险因素处于4、5等级,即风险因素处于可能发生和频繁发生等级时,将其确定为二级风险因素。根据云南省山区高速公路交通事故原始数据,从人H、车C、路R、环境E、管理M共5个方面分析文本,初步确定22个影响山区高速公路交通事故发生的风险因素,见表2
基于集成DEMATEL-AISM模型的山区高速公路交通风险识别模型构建具体步骤如下:
1) 确定山区高速公路交通风险构成因素集X
X∈{H1H2H3H4H5H6C1C2C3C4R1R2R3R4E1E2E3E4E5M1M2M3}
2) 采用Delphi法确定各交通风险构成因素的关系,获取直接影响矩阵Y β i jxixj的作用情况,βij β j i,当i=j时, β i j=0。
3) 规范化直接影响矩阵Y,得到规范矩阵Z,进而得到综合影响矩阵A
Z = Y m a x j = 1 n β i j A = Z I I - Z = Z I - Z - 1
式中: m a x j = 1 n β i jY中最大的行和;I为单位矩阵。
4) 计算构成要素的影响度li与被影响度mi、中心度Di和原因度Fi

l i = i = 1 n t i j ( i = 1,2 n )

m i = j = 1 n t i j ( j = 1,2 n )

D i = l i + m i ( i = 1,2 n )

F i = l i - m i ( i = 1,2 n )
式中tij为综合影响矩阵A中第i行第j列元素。
5) 引入阈值 δ ( δ [ 0,1 ] ),计算关系矩阵J,与单位矩阵I之和连乘,得出可达矩阵L
R i j = 1 C i j λ 0 C i j λ
L = J + I k + 1 = J + I k J + I k - 1
式中k为满足(J+I)k=(J+I)k+1的值,k=1,2,…。 δ = X ¯ + σ,其中, X ¯为综合影响矩阵A中交通风险因素的平均值,σ为标准差。
6) 通过可达矩阵L,提取各因素可达集G(xi)、先行集N(xi)、共同集Q(xi)。
G ( x i ) = x i x i x x i j = 1
N ( x i ) = x i x i x x j i = 1
Q ( x i ) = G ( x i ) N ( x i )
G(xi)=Q(xi)时,为结果优先,所绘制为UP型层级图。当N(xi)=Q(xi)时,为原因优先,所绘制为DOWN型层级图。
综上,基于集成DEMATEL-AISM模型的山区高速公路交通风险识别模型构建思路如图2所示。
采取集成DEMATEL-AISM模型进行风险识别,计算各交通风险构成要素的limiDiFi(图3),并绘制交通风险构成要素因果关系(图4),且根据可达矩阵与骨架矩阵绘制UP和DOWN型有向拓扑层级图(图5)。
图4可以看出,H1H2H3C1R1R2R3E2E4M2M3最可能导致山区高速公路发生交通事故。从图5可以看出,H6R4E5是孤立的,对系统的影响程度较小,所以,剔除这3个交通风险构成要素。进一步筛选公路交通系统中风险构成要素,最终确定19项公路交通风险构成要素,见表3
N-K模型可定量分析系统中各风险因素间的复杂现状及相互影响的效果,多次应用在道路交通安全领域。山区高速公路交通系统风险耦合可分为单维度、双维度、多维度3种。
1) 单维度风险耦合。是指影响山区高速公路交通事故的单个风险因素之间相互作用所引发的风险。包括人-人、车-车、路-路、环境-环境、管理-管理5种,分别记为T11(H)、T12(C)、T13(R)、T14(E)、T15(M)。
单维度风险耦合度的计算公式为:
T 11 ( H ) = h = 1 H P h l o g 2 P h P h .
式中:T11(H)为驾驶人单类风险因素下的耦合度;h为在驾驶人单类风险下某一种状态;Ph为单类风险因素处于h状态下发生单因素风险耦合概率;Ph.为单类风险因素处于h状态时发生单维度风险耦合的概率总和。
2) 双维度风险耦合。是指影响山区高速公路交通事故的2个风险因素之间相互作用所引发的风险。包括人-车、人-路、人-环境、人-管理、车-路、车-环境、车-管理、路-环境、路-管理、环境-管理10种,分别记为T21(HC)、T22(HR)、T23(HE)、T24(HM)、T25(CR)、T26(CE)、T27(CM)、T28(RE)、T29(RM)、T210(EM)。双维度风险耦合度的计算公式为:
T 21 ( H C ) = h = 1 H c = 1 C P h c l o g 2 P h c P h . P . c
式中:T21(HC)为驾驶人与车辆2类风险因素下的耦合度;c为车辆风险因素下的某一种状态;Phc为2类风险因素分别处于hc状态下发生双因素风险耦合概率;Ph.P.c为2类风险因素分别处于hc状态时发生双维度风险耦合概率总和。
3) 多维度风险耦合。是指影响山区高速公路交通事故的3个及以上风险因素之间相互作用所引发的风险。包括人-车-路、人-车-环境、人-车-管理、人-路-环境、人-路-管理、人-环境-管理、车-路-环境、车-路-管理、车-环境-管理、路-环境-管理、人-车-路-环境、人-车-路-管理、人-车-环境-管理、车-路-环境-管理、人-车-路-环境-管理15种,分别记为T31(HCR)、T32(HCE)、T33(HCM)、T34(HRE)、T35(HRM)、T36(HEM)、 T 3 7(CRE)、 T 3 8(CRM)、 T 3 9(CEM)、 T 3 10(REM)、T40(HCRE)、T41(HCRM)、T42(HREM)、T43(CREM)、T50(HCREM)。多维度风险耦合度的计算公式为:
T 3 = h = 1 H c = 1 C r = 1 R P h c r l o g 2 P h c r P h . . P . c . P . . r
式中:T31(HCR)为驾驶人、车辆与道路3类风险因素下的耦合度;r为道路风险因素下某一种状态;Phcr为风险因素分别处于hcr状态下发生3因素风险耦合概率;Ph..P.c.P..r为3类风险因素分别处于hcr状态时发生三维度风险耦合的概率总和。
在分析风险因素耦合的不同维度时,单维度风险耦合主要关注系统内某一因素对整体的影响。双维度风险耦合则考虑2个因素之间的相互作用以及对系统的综合影响。相比之下,多维度风险耦合更为复杂,同时,考虑系统内多因素对整体的影响以及这些因素之间的相互作用。这种分层的维度分析有助于更全面地理解交通系统中各个因素之间的复杂关系。
参照耦合度模型对于耦合作用强度的分级方法,将山区高速公路交通风险耦合重要度分为3级:强耦合(70%~100%)、中度耦合(30%~70%)及弱耦合(0%~30%)。
对山区高速公路交通系统进行安全风险交互场景识别,从人-车-路-环-管进行耦合分析,根据搜集到的5 214条云南省山区高速公路交通事故详细数据,用式(9)—式(11)计算风险耦合度,并对其进行分级,如图6所示。
图6可知:在山区高速公路交通系统风险整体一级指标交互信息值中,人-车、人-路、路-环、人-车-路、人-路-环、人-车-路-环是耦合程度较高的作用情况,说明人因对于整个山区高速公路交通系统风险影响最大。山区地理环境的特殊性以及复杂多变的地形环境使得道路与驾驶人之间更易形成强耦合关系,可得驾驶人与道路条件的双重原因是致使交通事故的最危险因素。在山区高速公路交通风险系统中,多维度耦合普遍比双维度耦合更易形成强耦合状态,说明参与耦合的风险因素越多,越容易形成强耦合,其在山区高速公路交通风险分析中指数占比越高,风险概率越大,越容易发生交通事故。
1) 基于层次分析法的指标权重确定。根据1~9标度法构造判断矩阵:
a i j m × n = a 11 a 12 a 1 n   a 21 a 22 a 2 n       a n 1 a n 2 a n n
计算各风险因素权重。各风险因素间的权重:
a - i j = a i j i = 1 n a - i j ω - i = j = 1 n a - i j ω i j = ω - i i = 1 n ω - i
通过计算一致性指标CI和平均随机一致性指标RI来验证判断矩阵的一致性。
C I = λ m a x - n n - I
式中:λmax为判断矩阵的最大特征值;n为阶数;I为单位矩阵。
根据RI计算一致性比率CR:
C R = C I / R I
当CR<0.1,判断矩阵通过一致性检验,计算判断矩阵的所有特征值以及对应的特征向量,选取最大特征值λ对应的特征向量 ω = { ω 1 ω 2 ω n } T作为该层元素对上一层某元素的权重,将指标权重记为 ω i j
2) 确定功效函数Wij
W i j = S i j - B i j A i j - B i j
式中:Sij为山区高速公路交通系统风险第i个子系统第j个构成要素的期望值;AijBij分别为期望值S的上限和下限。
则各类交通风险因素对整个山区高速公路交通系统风险的有序贡献度Oi为:
O i = i = 1 m ω i j W i j j = 1 m ω i j = 1
3) 计算耦合度。w个风险构成要素的耦合度Tw为:
T w = U 1 U 2 U 3 U m ( U i + U j ) 1 m
耦合度Tw∈[0,1],由物理学中的耦合状态的等级划分可得到:当Tw∈[0,0.3]时,为低耦合;当Tw∈[0.3,0.7]时,为中耦合;当Tw∈[0.7,1]时,为强耦合。综上,基于N-K-耦合度模型的山区高速公路交通风险多维度耦合模型构建思路如图7所示。
根据层次分析法确定山区高速公路交通风险构成要素的指标权重,采用耦合度模型(式(12)—式(18))计算耦合度,构建部分山区高速公路交通风险时空全维耦合拓扑分析图,如图8图10所示。
图8可知:单维度耦合下的超速行驶、跟车太近、违章驾驶、制动失灵、急弯、长大下坡、雾天等极易与维度内的其他因素形成强耦合作用,发生此种情况时对系统的影响较大,较易引发事故。由图9可知:双维度耦合下的强耦合作用情况明显比单维度要多,说明系统内部风险因素越多,越容易强耦合,此时系统越脆弱越容易发生事故。由图10可知:多维度耦合下,山区高速公路交通风险系统驾驶人下的超速行驶、跟车太近、违章行车在多维度耦合中极易跟路面、线形及天气等方面因素形成强耦合;道路下的急弯、长大下坡等道路线形极易与天气、驾驶人的不良驾驶行为形成强耦合作用;车辆下的因素很少与其他风险因素形成强耦合作用,但由于山区道路的特殊线形与驾驶人的不当操作经常会造成车辆制动失灵因而引发事故;环境下的雨天、雾天、冰雪天会造成能见度低,驾驶人视线不明等现象,尤其是在碰上跟车距离太近或特殊线形时很容易造成车辆故障引发追尾碰撞事故。表明山区高速公路交通风险系统下的多维度风险耦合明显较双维度时更为复杂,且强耦合的组合出现更多,此时系统更为脆弱,多维度耦合下的山区高速公路极易发生交通事故,发生事故的风险概率更大,且几种风险因素的叠加作用会使山区高速公路系统受到更大的冲击与生命财产损失。
基于安全、可行、前瞻、系统性的原则,结合山区高速公路交通事故的阻断原理,提出山区高速公路交通事故全维耦合交通风险弹性解耦模型(图11),弹性解耦模型要求针对于强耦合作用形式进行抑制,避免其发生。
图11可知:跟车太近与急弯、长大下坡极易形成强耦合,在道路设计运营与管理中要尽量避免甚至杜绝3因素甚至多因素之间的耦合,其造成的事故严重程度更高。
从总体上看,对于云南省山区高速公路系统来说,驾驶人-车辆-道路的组合作用形式对山区高速公路交通事故体系的影响最大,其中,驾驶员的不良驾驶行为如超速、超载、疲劳驾驶等,极易与道路的急弯、长大下坡,车辆制动等形成强耦合,因此,建议相关部门对于驾驶人应加强安全知识普及、提高安全驾驶技能水平,建议公路管理部门在设计时应尽量避免急弯与长大下坡的线形,或在道路两侧设置提示牌提前预警,保持充足的视距视线;由于云南省特殊的地形环境条件,环境因素在山区高速公路交通事故风险中占比很大,不良天气状况导致路面湿滑、视线不明,车辆容易熄火、制动失灵,建议有关部门提前对不良天气进行预警预报,清理路面的积雪防止冰冻,对于特别不良天气时应封锁高速公路禁止进入;车辆因素在山区高速公路交通事故体系中风险较小,其中,车辆故障是最常见的风险因素,建议驾驶人定期维修检查车辆性能,学习突发故障的应急处理办法。
1) 超速行驶、超载行驶、疲劳驾驶、制动失灵、路面状况不良、长大下坡、急弯、雨天、冰雪、标志或标线缺失、道路养护不及时是最可能导致山区高速公路发生交通事故的因素。
2) 参与耦合的风险因素越多,发生交通事故的概率越大,系统越危险。对山区高速公路交通系统影响最大的单因素是驾驶人因素,驾驶人-道路、驾驶人-道路-环境的耦合作用形式是对系统影响最大的双、多因素作用情况。
3) 驾驶人的不良驾驶行为如超速、超载、疲劳驾驶等、道路的急弯与长大下坡、环境的雨天、雾天、冰雪天极易与其他因素构成强耦合的关系。因此,山区高速公路管理部门应注重对驾驶人和道路的管控,将降低强耦合作用因素之间的耦合作用情况作为主要管控目标,并在雨季以及冰雪天气,加强道路行车的安全保护措施。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42277476)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1497
  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-08
  • 修回日期:2024-02-22
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国家自然科学基金资助(42277476)
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    昆明理工大学 交通工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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