Article(id=1151591708048847097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0001-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1987, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490458738, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490458738, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490458738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490458738, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591708401168634, articleId=1151591708048847097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on network security education of college students based on KAP theory, columnId=1149735801703023337, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety science theory and safety system science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the situation of network security education and the quality of network security education in colleges and universities,a cognitive-attitude-behavior theoretical model of college students was constructed. Through the distribution and screening of questionnaires,659 valid questionnaires were obtained. SEM was used to test the influence of network security education on network security cognition,network security attitude and network security behavior in the collected data. The results show that network security education can have a significant influence on network security cognition,network security attitude and network security behavior. During the influenced process,network security cognition and network security attitude play an independent and chain intermediary role. Legal and moral education,knowledge education,practical activities,and leading by example can directly affect network security behavior. Legal and moral education has the strongest influence,followed by knowledge education. Practical activities and leading by example are the weakest. In terms of specific paths of process,legal and moral education mainly affects network security behavior through direct effect,while knowledge education,practical activities and leading by example mainly affect network security behavior indirectly through security cognition.

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为改善大学生网络安全教育现状,提高大学生网络安全教育水平,结合知识-态度-行为(KAP)理论,构建大学生安全教育KAP模型;通过问卷发放和筛选,获取659份有效问卷;采用结构方程模型(SEM)检验网络安全教育对网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为的影响,以及可能存在的中介作用影响路径。结果表明:网络安全教育显著影响网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为,其中,网络安全认知、网络安全态度起到独立中介及链式中介作用;法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领均能直接影响网络安全行为,其中,法律道德教育对网络安全行为的影响最强,知识教育次之,实践活动和榜样引领最弱。在具体作用路径方面,法律道德教育主要通过直接效应来影响网络安全行为,知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领主要通过安全认知间接影响网络安全行为。

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李媛媛 (1985—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事行为金融、家庭金融等方面研究。E-mail:

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李媛媛 (1985—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事行为金融、家庭金融等方面研究。E-mail:

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李媛媛 (1985—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事行为金融、家庭金融等方面研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Yangzhou University:Higher Education Study Edition, 2020, 24(6):48-56., articleTitle=Compilation and testing of network literacy questionnaire for college students, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490781559501094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=许博洋, 周由, 夏一巍, journalName=中国人民公安大学学报:社会科学版, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许博洋, 周由, 夏一巍. 社会控制对青少年网络被害的影响:有调节的链式中介模型[J]. 中国人民公安大学学报:社会科学版, 2021, 37(5):13-28., articleTitle=社会控制对青少年网络被害的影响:有调节的链式中介模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490781651775783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=37, authorNames=XU Boyang, ZHOU You, XIA Yiwei, journalName=Journal of People's Public Security University of China:Social Sciences Edition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Boyang, ZHOU You, XIA Yiwei. 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Journal of People's Public Security University of China:Social Sciences Edition, 2021, 37(5):13-28., articleTitle=The effect of social control on the juveniles' online victimization:a mediation model of moderated chain, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172490778023702785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, awardId=20CRK010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金资助(20CRK010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172490773963616440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490773972005049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, companyId=1172490773963616440, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Economics and Management,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300131,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490773976199354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, companyId=1172490773963616440, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北工业大学 经济管理学院,天津 300131)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172490776270483699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Conceptual model figure, figureFileSmall=GTugGK9aoyDGkU0Riesy0A==, figureFileBig=d2g3qvP+2UhIl5CiSqhPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490776408895732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=概念模型, figureFileSmall=GTugGK9aoyDGkU0Riesy0A==, figureFileBig=d2g3qvP+2UhIl5CiSqhPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490776522141941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM, figureFileSmall=sRTQaRRvQAXla719OvaR8A==, figureFileBig=g/SxHYEZwq9E8sXB7FisGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490776639582454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SEM

注:e为残差,Q为问题项。

, figureFileSmall=sRTQaRRvQAXla719OvaR8A==, figureFileBig=g/SxHYEZwq9E8sXB7FisGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490776710885623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of reliability and validity test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
量表维度 潜变量 Cronbach's系数 α值 KMO值 Bartlett 球形检验显著性 CR AVE
网络安全教育A 法律道德A1 0.948 0.775 0.000 0.948 0.858
知识教育A2 0.941 0.769 0.000 0.941 0.842
实践活动A3 0.923 0.727 0.000 0.927 0.81
榜样引领A4 0.96 0.779 0.000 0.96 0.889
网络安全认知B 0.902 0.739 0.000 0.905 0.760
网络安全态度C 0.892 0.734 0.000 0.895 0.740
网络安全行为D 安全行为D1 0.907 0.843 0.000 0.908 0.712
安全行为C1 0.899 0.835 0.000 0.882 0.714
安全行为P1 0.781 0.683 0.000 0.79 0.558
安全行为N1 0.814 0.698 0.000 0.817 0.601
安全行为V1 0.856 0.73 0.000 0.856 0.665
), ArticleFig(id=1172490776798966008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

信效度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
量表维度 潜变量 Cronbach's系数 α值 KMO值 Bartlett 球形检验显著性 CR AVE
网络安全教育A 法律道德A1 0.948 0.775 0.000 0.948 0.858
知识教育A2 0.941 0.769 0.000 0.941 0.842
实践活动A3 0.923 0.727 0.000 0.927 0.81
榜样引领A4 0.96 0.779 0.000 0.96 0.889
网络安全认知B 0.902 0.739 0.000 0.905 0.760
网络安全态度C 0.892 0.734 0.000 0.895 0.740
网络安全行为D 安全行为D1 0.907 0.843 0.000 0.908 0.712
安全行为C1 0.899 0.835 0.000 0.882 0.714
安全行为P1 0.781 0.683 0.000 0.79 0.558
安全行为N1 0.814 0.698 0.000 0.817 0.601
安全行为V1 0.856 0.73 0.000 0.856 0.665
), ArticleFig(id=1172490776916406521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of correlation analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 M S A1 A2 A3 A4 B C D
A1 3.78 0.90 1
A2 3.31 0.96 1
A3 3.20 1.02 1
A4 3.19 1.00 1
B 4.02 0.76 0.432** 0.436** 0.391** 0.419** 1
C 4.28 0.72 0.331** 0.254** 0.025** 0.308** 0.579** 1
D 3.83 0.54 0.391** 0.335** 0.293** 0.288** 0.480** 0.341** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777038041338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

相关性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 M S A1 A2 A3 A4 B C D
A1 3.78 0.90 1
A2 3.31 0.96 1
A3 3.20 1.02 1
A4 3.19 1.00 1
B 4.02 0.76 0.432** 0.436** 0.391** 0.419** 1
C 4.28 0.72 0.331** 0.254** 0.025** 0.308** 0.579** 1
D 3.83 0.54 0.391** 0.335** 0.293** 0.288** 0.480** 0.341** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777168064763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of direct effect test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准化系数显著性 A1 A2 A3 A4 B C D
A1 0
A2 0
A3 0
A4 0
B 0.371*** 0.352*** 0.285*** 0.309*** 0
C 0.094*** 0.004*** 0.012*** 0.058*** 0.593*** 0
D 0.152*** 0.086*** 0.042*** 0.038*** 0.223*** 0.193*** 0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777260339452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

直接效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准化系数显著性 A1 A2 A3 A4 B C D
A1 0
A2 0
A3 0
A4 0
B 0.371*** 0.352*** 0.285*** 0.309*** 0
C 0.094*** 0.004*** 0.012*** 0.058*** 0.593*** 0
D 0.152*** 0.086*** 0.042*** 0.038*** 0.223*** 0.193*** 0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777394557181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of mediation effect test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 效应值
β
置信区
间下限
置信区
间上限
效应占
比/%
AD总效应 0.269
AD直接效应 0.130 0.081 0.176 48.33
AD总中介效应 0.139 0.096 0.186 51.67
ABD 0.068 0.039 0.097 25.28
ACD 0.011 -0.002 0.026 4.09
ABCD 0.060 0.037 0.090 22.30
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777478443262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 效应值
β
置信区
间下限
置信区
间上限
效应占
比/%
AD总效应 0.269
AD直接效应 0.130 0.081 0.176 48.33
AD总中介效应 0.139 0.096 0.186 51.67
ABD 0.068 0.039 0.097 25.28
ACD 0.011 -0.002 0.026 4.09
ABCD 0.060 0.037 0.090 22.30
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777562329343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of multidimensional mediation effect of network security education

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 效应值
β
置信区
间下限
置信区
间上限
效应占
比/%
A1D总效应 0.243
A1D直接效应 0.123 0.08 0.167 50.6
A1D总中介效应 0.120 0.082 0.161 49.4
A1BD 0.059 0.037 0.83 24.3
A1CD 0.015 0.004 0.029 6.2
A1BCD 0.046 0.026 0.07 18.9
A2D总效应 0.180
A2D直接效应 0.069 0.028 0.11 38.3
A2D总中介效应 0.111 0.097 0.149 61.7
A2BD 0.06 0.038 0.084 33.3
A2CD 0.001 -0.01 0.013 0.6
A2BCD 0.05 0.03 0.073 27.8
A3D总效应 0.139
A3D直接效应 0.042 0.006 0.079 30.2
A3D总中介效应 0.097 0.068 0.128 69.8
A3BD 0.054 0.036 0.073 38.8
A3CD 0.003 -0.008 0.014 2.2
A3BCD 0.04 0.03 0.073 28.8
A4D总效应 0.152
A4D直接效应 0.038 0.001 0.077 25.0
A4D总中介效应 0.114 0.079 0.152 75.0
A4BD 0.06 0.04 0.083 39.5
A4CD 0.013 0.002 0.025 8.6
A4BCD 0.041 0.024 0.063 27.0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490777709129984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591708048847097, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

网络安全教育中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径 效应值
β
置信区
间下限
置信区
间上限
效应占
比/%
A1D总效应 0.243
A1D直接效应 0.123 0.08 0.167 50.6
A1D总中介效应 0.120 0.082 0.161 49.4
A1BD 0.059 0.037 0.83 24.3
A1CD 0.015 0.004 0.029 6.2
A1BCD 0.046 0.026 0.07 18.9
A2D总效应 0.180
A2D直接效应 0.069 0.028 0.11 38.3
A2D总中介效应 0.111 0.097 0.149 61.7
A2BD 0.06 0.038 0.084 33.3
A2CD 0.001 -0.01 0.013 0.6
A2BCD 0.05 0.03 0.073 27.8
A3D总效应 0.139
A3D直接效应 0.042 0.006 0.079 30.2
A3D总中介效应 0.097 0.068 0.128 69.8
A3BD 0.054 0.036 0.073 38.8
A3CD 0.003 -0.008 0.014 2.2
A3BCD 0.04 0.03 0.073 28.8
A4D总效应 0.152
A4D直接效应 0.038 0.001 0.077 25.0
A4D总中介效应 0.114 0.079 0.152 75.0
A4BD 0.06 0.04 0.083 39.5
A4CD 0.013 0.002 0.025 8.6
A4BCD 0.041 0.024 0.063 27.0
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基于KAP理论的大学生网络安全教育研究
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李媛媛 , 袁玉林 , 随力瑞
中国安全科学学报 | 安全科学理论与安全系统科学 2024,34(5): 1-8
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全科学理论与安全系统科学 2024, 34(5): 1-8
基于KAP理论的大学生网络安全教育研究
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李媛媛 , 袁玉林, 随力瑞
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学 经济管理学院,天津 300131
  • 李媛媛 (1985—),女,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要从事行为金融、家庭金融等方面研究。E-mail:

Study on network security education of college students based on KAP theory
Yuanyuan LI , Yulin YUAN, Lirui SUI
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300131,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1987
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为改善大学生网络安全教育现状,提高大学生网络安全教育水平,结合知识-态度-行为(KAP)理论,构建大学生安全教育KAP模型;通过问卷发放和筛选,获取659份有效问卷;采用结构方程模型(SEM)检验网络安全教育对网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为的影响,以及可能存在的中介作用影响路径。结果表明:网络安全教育显著影响网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为,其中,网络安全认知、网络安全态度起到独立中介及链式中介作用;法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领均能直接影响网络安全行为,其中,法律道德教育对网络安全行为的影响最强,知识教育次之,实践活动和榜样引领最弱。在具体作用路径方面,法律道德教育主要通过直接效应来影响网络安全行为,知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领主要通过安全认知间接影响网络安全行为。

知识-态度-行为(KAP)  /  网络安全教育  /  法律道德教育  /  实践活动  /  榜样引领  /  结构方程模型(SEM)

In order to improve the situation of network security education and the quality of network security education in colleges and universities,a cognitive-attitude-behavior theoretical model of college students was constructed. Through the distribution and screening of questionnaires,659 valid questionnaires were obtained. SEM was used to test the influence of network security education on network security cognition,network security attitude and network security behavior in the collected data. The results show that network security education can have a significant influence on network security cognition,network security attitude and network security behavior. During the influenced process,network security cognition and network security attitude play an independent and chain intermediary role. Legal and moral education,knowledge education,practical activities,and leading by example can directly affect network security behavior. Legal and moral education has the strongest influence,followed by knowledge education. Practical activities and leading by example are the weakest. In terms of specific paths of process,legal and moral education mainly affects network security behavior through direct effect,while knowledge education,practical activities and leading by example mainly affect network security behavior indirectly through security cognition.

knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP) theory  /  network security education  /  legal and moral education  /  practical activities  /  leading by example  /  structural equation model(SEM)
李媛媛, 袁玉林, 随力瑞. 基于KAP理论的大学生网络安全教育研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1987
Yuanyuan LI, Yulin YUAN, Lirui SUI. Study on network security education of college students based on KAP theory[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1987
中国最高检察院发布的检察机关打击治理电信网络诈骗及其关联犯罪工作(2023年)数据显示,2023年1—10月,涉案人员中在校及刚毕业学生逐渐成为犯罪集团拉拢吸收对象,且受过高等教育的涉案人数呈上升趋势;2023年前3季度,全国检察机关起诉电信网络诈骗、帮信、掩隐3类犯罪人员中,大学专科以上(包括本科、硕士、博士)人员分别为 4 400余人、5 900余人、7 600余人[1]。大学生自身社会阅历不足、法律意识淡薄、虚荣心强,且没有稳定的经济来源,自尊心强,渴望实现经济独立,在高薪实习兼职机会的诱惑中容易误入电信网络诈骗分子的“洗钱跑分业务”圈套。在此背景下,高校网络安全教育对于降低在校学生的网络犯罪率和减少学生被诈骗事件具有重要现实意义。
目前,有关网络安全教育的研究集中在宏观教育制度和高校微观教育实践2个方面,在宏观教育制度方面,当前存在网络安全教育体系不完善[2]、内容缺乏系统性与完整性[3]、评估效果薄弱[4]等问题;在高校微观教育实践方面,在时间上存在网络安全教育严重的滞后性[5],在教育指导原则上存在教育重点不凸出、教育原则把握不清晰等问题[6],在法制观念上部分大学生存在网络法治观念淡薄的问题[7]。现有研究多针对网络安全教育实践中存在的具体问题开展对策研究,而从学生角度开展网络安全教育的研究还较为鲜见。
鉴于此,笔者拟从大学生这一受教育者视角出发,基于知识-态度-行为(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice,KAP)理论,构建大学生安全教育KAP模型,结合问卷调查,运用结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM),揭示网络安全教育不同内容与形式对大学生网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为的影响,以及可能存在的中介作用影响路径,以期为高校实施和开展网络安全教育工作和预防高校网络安全事故提供参考。
杨震[8]认为,以人为本、生命至上是高校安全教育的核心理念,高校应在实际工作中注意理论和实践并重,全程、全面构建多层次的安全教育体系,同时,利用微博等新兴网络工具提升学生安全意识和安全能力。笔者提出,网络安全教育是指为规范网络安全行为,以网络安全教育为主要内容,采用微信、微博、安全课程、安全演练、主题讲座等多种形式,传授网络安全知识并改变大学生网络安全态度,最终影响其网络安全行为的系列活动总称。网络安全教育包括网络安全教育内容和网络安全教育方式,其中,网络安全教育内容有法律道德教育、知识教育2类;网络安全教育方式有实践活动和榜样引领2类。
ALANAZI等[9]基于降低风险角度提出用户网络安全行为的概念;ALSHARIDA等[10]认为,鼓励网络安全行为的本质在于保护在家和在工作场所中的个人预防网络攻击,而信息安全中的人为因素和网络因素应该为此提供一个安全的网络环境。对于大学生的网络安全行为,应该更关注其使用网络的安全过程和结果,网络安全行为是指大学生通过访问互联网或信息系统获取信息的一系列避免或减轻潜在网络威胁的行为。
KAP模型起源于学习与行为,为解释、量化和分析大学生的网络安全行为提供了一个理论框架[11]。根据KAP理论,相关知识引发态度改变,态度的改变影响实际行为,因此,增加相关知识是前提条件,态度是行为的动机,实际行为改变是最终目标[12]。KAP理论的核心要求是知识改变态度,态度改变影响行为,依据KAP理论的基本观点,把大学生网络安全教育、网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为作为KAP分析框架中的研究变量,建立基于KAP理论的大学生网络安全教育模型,基于此分析大学生网络安全教育的影响机制。
网络法律道德是指网络行为中道德伦理关系及网络安全相关的法律法规。网络道德和法律法规的教育能起到网络安全行为引导作用,使大学生树立法制意识,自觉规范个人上网行为,文明安全上网[7]
知识教育是指教授网络信息安全知识。通过网络安全知识教育增加大学生的网络信息安全相关知识,使大学生网络安全认知水平得到提升,改善其网络安全态度,从而调整其自身网络行为。
网络安全教育实践活动是指学校组织的以网络安全为主题的实践类活动,如上机练习、攻防模拟训练等。让学生体验网络安全的重要性,改变其网络安全认知和网络安全态度,并提升其实际操作能力。
榜样引领是指通过对网络安全教育典型学生和对网络安全作出突出贡献个人或组织的奖励,形成一种榜样示范效应。通过树立典型优秀人物,营造关注网络安全行为的文化氛围,提升学生在网络安全教育活动方面的积极性和主动性,在这种文化氛围中引导学生关注和改变自身网络安全行为[13]。基于此,提出如下假设:
H1:网络安全教育正向影响网络安全行为。
H1a:法律道德教育正向影响网络安全行为。
H1b:知识教育正向影响网络安全行为。
H1c:实践活动正向影响网络安全行为。
H1d:榜样引领正向影响网络安全行为。
网络安全认知是指学生对网络危险因素的认识,是网络风险因素在学生头脑中的主观反映,包含对网络危险信息的识别与防护、对相关网络安全规定的了解、网络安全教育活动参与3个方面。通常,网络危险是由人为因素造成的,而在技术、安全管理规定、安全知识3个方面的常见认知问题会导致危险的产生[14]。个体在接受安全教育后,会经过个人对网络安全教育信息的获取、处理、加工和输出,最终改变个体的安全行为[15-16]。当学生了解较多的网络安全规定时,会提升学生对网络安全的认知水平,自觉遵守相关规定改善自身的网络行为。基于此,提出如下假设:
H2:网络安全认知在网络安全教育与网络安全行为之间存在中介效应。
H2a:网络安全教育正向影响网络安全认知。
H2b:网络安全认知正向影响网络安全行为。
网络安全态度是指大学生对网络安全和网络安全教育活动的态度。态度改变-说服理论模型认为,安全态度的最终形成会受到外界环境的刺激影响,当外界存在传播者内容通过特定的方式传播给传播对象,可引起传播对象态度的改变[17]。当学生在接受网络安全教育后,会清楚了解网络安全法律法规和道德在网络空间对自身的约束和不遵守这些规则所带来的潜在风险,促使其网络安全态度向积极的方面调整,最终影响网络安全行为。基于此,提出如下假设:
H3:网络安全态度在网络安全教育与网络安全行为之间存在中介效应。
H3a:网络安全教育正向影响网络安全态度。
H3b:网络安全态度正向影响网络安全行为。
现有研究证明,安全教育能够改变安全认知,并促使安全态度向积极的一面转变[18]。大学生接受网络安全教育频率越高,其积累的网络安全知识越多,越能提升网络安全认知水平,进而改善网络安全态度,即当大学生更多地了解和重视网络安全的意义及潜在风险时,其网络安全态度会得到改变,最终影响其网络安全行为。基于此,提出如下假设:
H4:网络安全认知、网络安全态度在网络安全教育与网络安全行为之间存在链式中介效应。
H4a:网络安全认知正向影响网络安全态度。
基于上述理论假设建立概念模型,如图1所示。
网络安全教育采用李克特五级量表,1~5分表示从未到一直,具体量表内容如下:
1) 网络安全法律道德教育。参考陈琦等[19]开发的网络安全教育的测量量表,包含伦理及道德的基本概念和要素等3个题项。
2) 网络安全知识教育。参考陈琦等[19]开发的网络安全教育的测量量表,包含各种病毒(木马等)的危害及工作传播原理知识等3个题项。
3) 网络安全实践活动。参考华南农业大学高校师生网络安全素养教育指南[20]编制,包含学校会定期组织开展网络安全攻防实操演练(钓鱼邮件演练)等3个题项。
4) 榜样引领。包含学校对网络安全知识竞赛或网络安全攻防比赛等活动中有优异表现的个人或组织颁发奖章给予物质奖励等3个题项。
参考彭川宇等[21]研究网络安全认知的问卷设计,网络安全认知测度包含我了解互联网数据泄露危害及常见途径等3个题项,利用李克特5点量表从完全不符合到完全符合(1~5分)打分。
参考杨文杰等[22]研究,安全态度的测度包含我认为网络中的危险很多等3个题项,利用李克特5点量表从完全不符合到完全符合(1~5分)打分。
网络安全行为分为信息鉴别行为、遵守法律法规、信息保护行为、网络控制行为、避免网络被害行为5类,所有题项采用李克特5点量表,从完全不符合到完全符合(1~5分)打分,具体量表信息如下:
1) 参考李爽等[23]开发的量表,网络信息鉴别行为包含对网上未证实的信息内容或知识我会核实信息源、判断其真实性等4个题项。
2) 参考陈琦等[19]的研究,安全信息保护行为包含我会认真浏览并设置账号隐私(如APP设置中的隐私里的选项)等3个题项。
3) 参考黄斌等[24]的研究,遵守法律法规行为包含我不会在网上发表带有人身攻击的言论等3个题项。
4) 网络控制行为包含我从不在网上过度消费,双十一也能理性囤货等3个题项。
5) 参考许博洋等[25]的研究,避免网络被害行为包含收到他人在网络上的性骚扰信息等3个题项。
采用问卷调查法,调查问卷分为5个部分共60个题目,针对受访者基本信息、网络安全教育、网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为进行调查。受访者基本信息主要包括性别、专业、成长所在地区类型、年级、学校、父母最高学历、家庭月度人均收入、月度生活费用;网络安全教育分为网络安全法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领4个部分。总共回收问卷700份,剔除无效或关键信息缺失问卷41份,整理获得有效问卷659份,问卷有效率94.14%。
使用SPSS23.0对样本数据进行共同方法偏差检验,根据检验结果共提取7个特指值大于1的因子,最大公因子的方差解释率为35.06%,低于40%的临界值,说明样本数据不存在严重的共同方差偏差。
通过问卷星收集数据,采用SPSS23.0进行数据处理,检验样本数据的信效度。信度检验分析结果显示,量表各个维度Cronbach's系数α值均大于0.75,表明问卷具有较高的信度;KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)检验值均大于0.68,且Bartlett 球形检验结果均为0.000,表明样本数据具有较好的相关性,适合做因子分析;各个维度的组合信度(Composite Reliability,CR)值均大于0.7,说明量表设计和变量的测量具有较高的可信度水平;采用平均方差提取值(Average Variance Extracted,AVE)测量量表的效度,AVE均大于0.50,表明数据结果具有较好的收敛效度,具体信效度检验结果见表1
对网络安全教育、网络安全认知、网络安全态度不同变量进行描述性和相关性分析,M为各变量均值,S为各变量标准差。网络安全教育不同维度与网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为两两间显著正相关,具体见表2
根据理论概念模型,使用AMOS24.0软件构建SEM,经过计算得到模型的整体拟合指标为:χ2/df =2.240,近似误差方根(Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation,RMSEA)=0.886,拟合优度指数(Goodness of Fit Index,GFI)=0.902,非规范拟合指数(Tucker-Lewis Index,TLI)=0.963,规范拟合指数(Normal Fit Index,NFI)=0.941,比较拟合指数(Comparative Fit Index,CFI)=0.975,修正拟合优度指数(Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index,AGFI)=0.886,表明模型拟合度较好。SEM如图2所示。
直接效应检验结果见表3。从表3可以看出,多条路径影响显著性系数小于0.05,表明网络安全教育对网络安全行为存在多条影响路径。从具体内容上看,法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领对网络安全行为的影响系数分别为0.152、0.086、0.042、0.038,均为正值,且p<0.01,假设H1成立。网络安全认知对网络安全行为的影响系数为0.223(p<0.01),网络安全态度对网络安全行为的影响系数为0.193(p<0.01),假设H2b、H3b得到验证。法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领对网络安全认知的影响系数分别为0.371、0.352、0.285、0.309,且p<0.01,假设H2a得到验证;法律道德教育、知识教育、实践活动、榜样引领对网络安全态度的系数分别为0.094、0.004、0.012、0.058,且p<0.01,假设H3a得到验证。
利用ABCD的均值得分通过SPSS23.0进行中介效应Bootstrap分析检验,分析结果见表4。从表4可以看出,ACD置信区间包含0,其他2条影响路径的置信区间不包含0,说明ABDABCD中介效应影响路径存在,ABD的中介效应最强,ABCD链式中介效应较弱。
利用网络安全教育不同维度、网络安全认知、网络安全态度、网络安全行为的均值得分通过SPSS23.0进行中介效应Bootstrap分析检验,分析结果见表5。总效应为各种有效中介效应值和直接效应值之和。其中,法律道德教育总效应值0.243,直接效应值0.123,中介效应值0.120,3条中介效应的置信区间上下限均不包含0,说明法律道德教育对安全行为存在3条中介效应路径,也表明法律道德教育主要通过直接效应影响大学生网络安全行为;知识教育总效应值0.180,直接效应值0.069,中介效应值0.111,3条中介效应的置信区间上下限除知识教育→态度→行为包含0,其他2条不包含0,说明知识教育对网络安全行为存在2条中介效应路径,知识教育→认知→行为的中介效应作用最强,说明知识教育主要通过影响网络安全认知影响大学生的网络安全行为;实践活动总效应值0.139,直效应值0.042,中介效应值0.097,3条中介效应的置信区间上下限除了教育→态度→行为外均不包含0,说明实践活动对网络安全行为的其余2条中介效应路径均存在,实践活动→认知→行为的中介效应最强,说明实践活动主要通过影响网络安全认知影响大学生的网络安全行为;榜样引领总效应值0.152,直效应值0.038,中介效应值0.114,3条中介效应的置信区间上下限均不包含0,说明榜样引领对网络安全行为影响的3条中介效应路径均存在,榜样引领→认知→行为的中介效应最强,中介效应值为0.060,说明榜样引领主要通过影响网络安全认知影响大学生的网络安全行为。
1) 网络安全教育对网络安全行为、网络安全认知、网络安全态度均有影响,网络安全教育的不同维度对其影响不同。在网络安全行为方面,法律道德教育对网络安全行为影响最强,知识教育和实践活动次之,榜样引领对网络安全行为的影响最弱;在网络安全认知方面,法律道德教育对网络安全认知的影响作用最强,知识教育和榜样引领次之,实践活动对网络安全认知的影响作用最弱;在网络安全态度方面,法律道德教育对网络安全态度的影响作用最强,实践活动和榜样引领次之,知识教育对网络安全态度的影响作用最弱。
2) 网络安全教育对网络安全行为的影响路径存在“安全教育→安全认知→安全行为”、“安全教育→安全态度→安全行为”、“安全教育→安全认知→安全态度→安全行为”3条中介效应作用路径,3条中介效用路径均得到验证,知识教育、实践活动、法律道德教育、榜样引领均存在通过网络安全认知影响网络安全行为的影响路径,法律道德教育、榜样引领存在通过网络安全态度影响网络安全行为的影响路径。
  • 国家社会科学基金资助(20CRK010)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1987
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
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国家社会科学基金资助(20CRK010)
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    河北工业大学 经济管理学院,天津 300131
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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