Article(id=1151591707868017167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0122-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1692, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701187200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-29, revisedDate=1709136000000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490458695, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490458695, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490458695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490458695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591708321002002, articleId=1151591707868017167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Simulation study on fire spread of different exterior insulation facade structures in high rise buildings, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the relationship between the exterior insulation facade structure and fire spread in high-rise buildings,Pyrosim fire simulation software was used to study the impact of different exterior insulation facade structures on fire spread in high-rise buildings. The results show that during the process of fire spread on the exterior facade of high-rise buildings,the insulation systems of different exterior facade structures reduce the air entrainment capacity and heat release rate as the degree of structural space limitation increases. However,their chimney effect is significantly enhanced,and the smoke flow rate is faster,leading to an accelerated vertical fire spread speed. As the thickness of the air layer increases,the temperature and smoke flow rate of the aluminum curtain wall structure insulation system first increase and then show significant fluctuations. The aging of the performance of the external wall insulation system will increase the risk of fire on the exterior facade of high-rise buildings.

, correspAuthors=Guohong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying ZHANG, Guohong HUANG, Yujiao LONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151591738033451995, articleId=1151591707868017167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=高层建筑不同外保温立面结构火蔓延模拟研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确高层建筑外保温立面结构与火灾蔓延的关系,采用Pyrosim火灾仿真软件,研究不同外保温立面结构对高层建筑火蔓延的影响。结果表明:高层建筑外立面火蔓延过程中,不同外立面结构保温系统随其结构空间受限程度的增大,正面空气卷吸能力减小,热释放速率降低,但其烟囱效应显著增强、烟气流速更快,导致竖向火蔓延速度加快;铝板幕墙结构保温系统随其空气层厚度的增加,温度和烟气流速先增大后呈现较大波动;外墙保温系统性能的老化将增加高层建筑外立面火灾风险。

, correspAuthors=黄国洪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**黄国洪(2000—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为建筑火灾模拟。E-mail:
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张 颖 (1988—),男,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事机械设计、油气井工程安全、建筑火灾防控等方面的研究。E-mail:

龙雨娇 讲师

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张 颖 (1988—),男,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事机械设计、油气井工程安全、建筑火灾防控等方面的研究。E-mail:

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龙雨娇 讲师

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龙雨娇 讲师

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Fire safety evaluation study of existing high-rise residential buildings[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490879005766421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=潘晓菲, journalName=凹型建筑外立面火灾蔓延特性数值模拟研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘晓菲. 凹型建筑外立面火灾蔓延特性数值模拟研究[D]. 淮南: 安徽理工大学, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490879085458202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=PAN Xiaofei, journalName=Study on numerical simulation study on fire spread characteristics of facade in high-rise building, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Xiaofei. Study on numerical simulation study on fire spread characteristics of facade in high-rise building[D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490879202898717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=31, pageStart=065, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=吕辰, 夏新兴, 潘锴, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕辰, 夏新兴, 潘锴, 等. 高层建筑凹型结构外立面火灾竖向蔓延规律数值模拟[J]. 科学技术与工程. 2022, 22(31): 14 065-14 071., articleTitle=高层建筑凹型结构外立面火灾竖向蔓延规律数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490879299367711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=31, pageStart=065, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LYU Chen, XIA Xinxing, PAN Kai, journalName=Science Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LYU Chen, XIA Xinxing, PAN Kai, et al. 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Fire Science and Technology, 2014, 33 (12): 1361-1363., articleTitle=Influence of thermal oxidative aging on the combustion propreties of XPS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490883497866123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=43, authorNames=王国辉, 王俊胜, 刘丹, journalName=合成材料老化与应用, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王国辉, 王俊胜, 刘丹, 等. 高低温交变老化对聚合物基保温材料燃烧性能的影响[J]. 合成材料老化与应用, 2017, 46(6): 1-4, 33., articleTitle=高低温交变老化对聚合物基保温材料燃烧性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172490883577557903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=44, authorNames=WANG Guohui, WANG Junsheng, LIU Dan, journalName=Synthetic Materials Aging and Application, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Guohui, WANG Junsheng, LIU Dan, et al. 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Synthetic Materials Aging and Application, 2017, 46 (6): 1-4, 33., articleTitle=The effect of high-low temperature cycle aging on combustion properties of polymer-based thermal insulation materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172490878548587267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, awardId=51974271, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(51974271), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172490878645056263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, awardId=2020YFSY0038, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重点研发计划项目(2020YFSY0038), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172490872911442556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490872936608381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, companyId=1172490872911442556, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of heat release rates of EPS at different service times, figureFileSmall=kPKZrBtBp7SGt5ANAq1C+w==, figureFileBig=0O6/vQMfqRIXBhO0b/sELQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490876870865634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EPS不同使用时间的热释放速率对比, figureFileSmall=kPKZrBtBp7SGt5ANAq1C+w==, figureFileBig=0O6/vQMfqRIXBhO0b/sELQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490877009277669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scale parameters and top view profile diagram of each group of models

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外立面
结构
X
R/m
Y /
m
建筑外立面结构
俯视剖面
平面
凹面1.0 1.0 1.0
凹面2.0 0.6 1.2
凸弧形1.0 1.0
凸弧形1.5 1.5
凸弧形2.0 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490877319656167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组模型的比例参数及俯视剖面

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外立面
结构
X
R/m
Y /
m
建筑外立面结构
俯视剖面
平面
凹面1.0 1.0 1.0
凹面2.0 0.6 1.2
凸弧形1.0 1.0
凸弧形1.5 1.5
凸弧形2.0 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490877453873896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grid sensitivity analysis

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网格单元
格尺寸/m
网格数
量/个
不同高度(中心线)探测点的温度/℃ 平均
误差/%
4 m 10 m 16 m 22 m 28 m
0.09 113 520 897.1 897.7 899.0 797.6 843.3
0.10 89 280 885.5 882.5 924.2 911.3 850.4 4.1
0.12 51 600 810.8 886.2 922.0 875.2 891.0 5.7
0.14 27 846 825.5 896.0 829.8 749.5 724.2 7.2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490877575508714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格单元
格尺寸/m
网格数
量/个
不同高度(中心线)探测点的温度/℃ 平均
误差/%
4 m 10 m 16 m 22 m 28 m
0.09 113 520 897.1 897.7 899.0 797.6 843.3
0.10 89 280 885.5 882.5 924.2 911.3 850.4 4.1
0.12 51 600 810.8 886.2 922.0 875.2 891.0 5.7
0.14 27 846 825.5 896.0 829.8 749.5 724.2 7.2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490877881692907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation results of fire spread in different facade structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外立面
结构
最大热释放
速率/kW
火焰达到顶部
的时间/s
最高
温度/℃
平面 35 877 20.2 1 006
凹面1.0 28 313 15.9 950
凹面2.0 19 100 15.2 1 121
凸弧形 51 550 20.7 1 014
), ArticleFig(id=1172490877969773295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同外立面结构火蔓延的仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外立面
结构
最大热释放
速率/kW
火焰达到顶部
的时间/s
最高
温度/℃
平面 35 877 20.2 1 006
凹面1.0 28 313 15.9 950
凹面2.0 19 100 15.2 1 121
凸弧形 51 550 20.7 1 014
), ArticleFig(id=1172490878171099892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Basic characteristic parameters of EPS at each aging stage

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EPS使用
时间/a
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
燃点/
阻燃剂占
EPS含量/%
老化
降解
1 0.041 450 1.0 无变化
10 0.044 400 0.5 降解1/2
25 0.050 100 0 基本完全
降解
), ArticleFig(id=1172490878313706233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591707868017167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

EPS每个老化阶段的基本特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EPS使用
时间/a
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
燃点/
阻燃剂占
EPS含量/%
老化
降解
1 0.041 450 1.0 无变化
10 0.044 400 0.5 降解1/2
25 0.050 100 0 基本完全
降解
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高层建筑不同外保温立面结构火蔓延模拟研究
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张颖 1, 2 , 黄国洪 1, 2, ** , 龙雨娇 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 122-128
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 122-128
高层建筑不同外保温立面结构火蔓延模拟研究
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张颖1, 2 , 黄国洪1, 2, ** , 龙雨娇2
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学 机械工程学院,四川 宜宾 644000
  • 2 四川轻化工大学 应急与安全学院,四川 宜宾 644000
  • 张 颖 (1988—),男,四川自贡人,博士,副教授,主要从事机械设计、油气井工程安全、建筑火灾防控等方面的研究。E-mail:

    龙雨娇 讲师

通讯作者:

**黄国洪(2000—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为建筑火灾模拟。E-mail:
Simulation study on fire spread of different exterior insulation facade structures in high rise buildings
Ying ZHANG1, 2 , Guohong HUANG1, 2, ** , Yujiao LONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical Engineering,Sichuan University of Science&Engineering,Yibin Sichuan 644000,China
  • 2 College of Emergency and Safety,Sichuan University of Science& Engineering,Yibin Sichuan 644000,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1692
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为明确高层建筑外保温立面结构与火灾蔓延的关系,采用Pyrosim火灾仿真软件,研究不同外保温立面结构对高层建筑火蔓延的影响。结果表明:高层建筑外立面火蔓延过程中,不同外立面结构保温系统随其结构空间受限程度的增大,正面空气卷吸能力减小,热释放速率降低,但其烟囱效应显著增强、烟气流速更快,导致竖向火蔓延速度加快;铝板幕墙结构保温系统随其空气层厚度的增加,温度和烟气流速先增大后呈现较大波动;外墙保温系统性能的老化将增加高层建筑外立面火灾风险。

高层建筑  /  外立面结构  /  火蔓延  /  数值模拟  /  外墙保温

In order to clarify the relationship between the exterior insulation facade structure and fire spread in high-rise buildings,Pyrosim fire simulation software was used to study the impact of different exterior insulation facade structures on fire spread in high-rise buildings. The results show that during the process of fire spread on the exterior facade of high-rise buildings,the insulation systems of different exterior facade structures reduce the air entrainment capacity and heat release rate as the degree of structural space limitation increases. However,their chimney effect is significantly enhanced,and the smoke flow rate is faster,leading to an accelerated vertical fire spread speed. As the thickness of the air layer increases,the temperature and smoke flow rate of the aluminum curtain wall structure insulation system first increase and then show significant fluctuations. The aging of the performance of the external wall insulation system will increase the risk of fire on the exterior facade of high-rise buildings.

high rise buildings  /  facade structure  /  fire spread  /  numerical simulation  /  external wall insulation
张颖, 黄国洪, 龙雨娇. 高层建筑不同外保温立面结构火蔓延模拟研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 122 -128 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1692
Ying ZHANG, Guohong HUANG, Yujiao LONG. Simulation study on fire spread of different exterior insulation facade structures in high rise buildings[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 122 -128 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1692
据统计,2021年,我国(不含港澳台地区)共发生高层建筑火灾4 057起,造成168人死亡,死亡人数比上年增加22.6%。其中,高层住宅火灾发生3 438起、死亡155人,分别占高层建筑火灾的84.7%和92.3%[1]。在高层建筑火灾中,外立面引发的火灾最为常见[2-4]
近年来,国内外学者就高层建筑外墙保温材料火灾蔓延开展了大量研究。张威[5]、丁超[6]和章涛林[7]等采用数值模拟及小尺寸试验方法探讨了膨胀聚苯乙烯(Expanded Polystyrene,EPS)、挤塑聚苯乙烯和硬质聚氨酯等保温材料对竖向燃烧及火蔓延特性的影响;AN Weiguang等[8]采用小尺寸竖直燃烧试验装置模型,分析了平行幕墙保温系统沿中轴线向下蔓延的多种情况;吕辰[3]、张玉涛[9]等运用数值模拟方法,研究了风向和防火隔离带对凹型结构建筑外立面保温材料火蔓延行为的影响;BAKHTIYARI等[10] 讨论了材料厚度和密度对外墙保温材料燃烧性能的影响;田佳鑫[11]、彭志昊[12]和史健勇[13]等探究了风速与风向对高层建筑火灾烟气运动的影响;汪华兵[14]、汪帅[15]等通过数值模拟方法,分析了建筑外墙窗口尺寸及位置对建筑外立面火灾的影响。包肖萌[16]、赵金[17]和江文[18]等结合试验验证与数值模拟方法,探讨了防火隔离带和防火挑檐对建筑外墙火势蔓延的抑制作用。王宇等[19]通过数值模拟分析了室外温度条件对凹型超高层建筑窗口羽流火焰融合高度的影响。然而,目前针对外保温立面结构以及外保温材料性能老化对高层建筑火灾蔓延的影响研究还较少。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用Pyrosim软件,模拟高层建筑外立面火灾蔓延过程,分析不同外保温立面结构及外保温材料性能老化下火灾热释放速率、温度和烟气流速的变化,分析其对高层建筑外立面火蔓延行为的影响,以期为高层建筑外立面防火安全提供科学依据与理论指导。
运用Pyrosim建立平面、凹面和凸弧形等高层建筑外立面结构的火蔓延(不考虑保温材料的熔融和滴落过程)数值模型,模拟外墙保温材料硬质聚氨酯(Rigid Polyurethane,R-PU)火灾蔓延过程。R-PU的密度、比热容、导热系数、燃烧热和燃点分别为44kg/m3、1.75~2.35 kJ/(kg·K)、0.024 W/(m·K)、23.1MJ/kg和350 ℃[6]。模拟环境温度为20 ℃。凸弧形的曲率半径R分别为1.0、1.5和2.0 m;每组模型总高30m,层高3m,外墙为厚度0.2m的混凝土墙,其外部设30mm厚的R-PU。各组模型外墙保温外侧的总长为3m,其比例参数及俯视剖面见表1X为凹形外立面的宽度;Y为凹形外立面的进深。火源位于距外墙0.1m的位置,其长和宽分别为1.0和0.2m,按t2超快速火[20]模拟。从距离外墙0.1m的建筑外立面中心线1m高度起,每隔3m高度设置温度和烟气流速探测器。
采用大涡模拟法模拟火灾发展过程,模拟时间100 s。为合理确定网格尺寸大小,根据网格敏感性验证式进行计算[3]:
D * / δ x [ 8,10 ]  
D * = ( Q / ρ c p T g ) 2 / 5  
式中:D*为火源特征尺寸,δx为火源所在网格单元尺寸;Q为火源热释放速率,取1 000 kW[9];ρ为气体的密度,取ρ =1.2kg/m3;cp为空气的定压比热容,取1.02 kJ/(kg·K);T为环境温度,取293 K;g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2
由式(1)和式(2)得到网格尺寸取值范围为0.09~0.12m。分别取网格尺寸0.09、0.10、0.12、0.14m进行模拟,并分析网格敏感性。对比模拟稳定状态30s时不同测点的温度值,以最小网格单元格尺寸的模拟结果为标准计算相对误差,结果见表2。网格单元格尺寸设为0.1 m×0.1 m×0.1 m时,平均相对误差低于5%,能够满足工程上的需求[9]
高层建筑不同外立面结构的热释放速率与10m高度处的烟气流速模拟结果如图1所示;不同外立面结构火灾蔓延过程的仿真结果数据见表3
图1可以看出,凹面型外立面结构的热释放速率更快达到稳定阶段,而烟气流速的排列顺序依次为:凹面2.0 >凹面1.0>平面>凸弧形。这主要是因为受限空间内的火蔓延会产生烟囱效应,进而在竖向方向上加强热流气体的流动,火灾发展加快,更快达到稳定阶段。由图1a可以看出,不同外立面结构火灾稳定阶段的热释放速率排列顺序依次为:凸弧形>平面>凹面1.0>凹面2.0。这是因为在火灾发生过程中,不同外立面结构的正面空气卷吸能力存在差异,导致燃烧过程中的氧含量也不同。凸弧形外立面结构的正面空气卷吸能力较强,因此火灾热释放速率最高;而凹面型外立面结构的正面空气卷吸能力较弱,火灾热释放速率最低。
表3可以看出,最大热释放速率和最高温度的排列次序与不同外立面结构的正面空气卷吸能力和烟囱效应密切相关。当正面空气卷吸能力占主要因素时,外立面正面空气卷吸能力越强,最大热释放速率和最高温度越高;而当烟囱效应占主要因素时,随着凹面比例增大,烟囱效应更为显著,导致最高温度增加。火焰到达顶部的时间排列次序分别为:凹面<平面和凸弧形。这主要是因为凹面型外立面结构的空间受限程度较大,烟囱效应更强,使得竖向火蔓延速度更快,所以火焰到达顶部的时间比平面更短。
高层建筑凸弧形外立面结构热释放速率随弧形曲率半径变化关系模拟结果如图2所示。
图2可以看出,稳定阶段的热释放速率由大至小的顺序为:凸弧形1.0>凸弧形1.5>凸弧形2.0。这表明在弧长相等的情况下,凸弧形外立面结构火灾稳定阶段热释放速率随曲率半径的增大而减小。
幕墙结构如图3所示。铝板幕墙(金属幕墙)保温系统模型的空气层厚度分别为50、100、150和200 mm。每组模型高6m,层高3m,外墙为厚度0.2m的混凝土墙,其外部设50mm厚的R-PU保温层与4mm厚的聚乙烯(Polyethylene,PE)芯材铝塑板幕墙层。保温层宽度与幕墙层宽度的比例为1∶1。从距离外墙0.025m的建筑外立面中心线1m高度起,每隔1m高度设置温度、烟气流速探测器。铝板幕墙的密度、比热容、导热系数、燃烧热和燃点分别为1 250kg/m3、1.0 kJ/(kg·K)、0.35 W/(m·K)、15MJ/kg和300 ℃[21]
由外墙保温材料老化后燃烧性能参数[22-24]变化可知:EPS材料老化后的性能变化较为显著。因此,假设EPS每个老化阶段的密度与比热容基本不变,分别为17.1kg/m3和1.35 kJ/(kg·K),同时,其他的基本特性参数见表4
铝板幕墙不同空气层厚度的温度和烟气速率对比如图4所示。
图4可以看出,在火蔓延过程中,30~70s的3m高度处的温度、烟气流速排列的次序分别为:空气层200> 150> 100>50mm;70~100s的温度与烟气流速呈现出明显的波动。这表明,随着铝板幕墙空气层厚度的增加,3m处的温度和烟气流速先增大后呈现出较大波动。这一现象的解释涉及到火蔓延过程中的几个关键因素:幕墙夹层热反馈、烟囱效应以及幕墙约束效应。因此,不同阶段的温度和烟气流速排列次序会有所不同。
在火灾初期(30~70s),大部分幕墙层尚未燃烧,此时幕墙约束效应是主要因素。因此,随着空气层厚度的增加,幕墙约束效应减小,侧面空气卷吸能力增强,导致温度和烟气流速的增加。而在火势蔓延至较晚阶段(70~100s),大部分幕墙层已经燃烧,此时幕墙夹层热反馈、烟囱效应和幕墙约束效应共同起作用。因此,随着空气层厚度的增加,温度和烟气流速都呈现出明显的波动。
EPS不同使用时间的热释放速率对比如图5所示。
图5可以看出,EPS的最大热释放速率按使用时间排序分别为:25年>10年>1年;而达到最大热释放速率的时间次序分别为:1年>10年>25年。这表明,随着EPS保温系统的老化,其热释放速率逐渐上升,且更早地达到最大值。因此,外墙保温系统性能的老化将进一步增加高层建筑外立面的火灾风险。
1) 不同外立面结构火蔓延过程中,随结构空间受限程度的增大,正面空气卷吸能力减小,热释放速率降低,但烟囱效应显著增强、烟气流速更快,使得竖向火蔓延速度加快。在弧长相等的情况下,凸弧形外立面结构火灾稳定阶段的热释放速率随其曲率半径的增大而减小。
2) 铝板幕墙结构保温系统随着空气层厚度的增加,温度和烟气流速先增大后呈现较大波动。
3) 随着EPS保温系统的老化,外墙保温系统燃烧时热释放速率逐渐上升,且更早地达到最大值。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(51974271)
  • 四川省重点研发计划项目(2020YFSY0038)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1692
  • 接收时间:2023-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-29
  • 修回日期:2024-02-29
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(51974271)
四川省重点研发计划项目(2020YFSY0038)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学 机械工程学院,四川 宜宾 644000
    2 四川轻化工大学 应急与安全学院,四川 宜宾 644000

通讯作者:

**黄国洪(2000—),男,四川宜宾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为建筑火灾模拟。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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