Article(id=1151591706979299572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)05-0175-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1552, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700409600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-20, revisedDate=1708444800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752490458482, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752490458482, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752490458482, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752490458482, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151591705854751239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='251', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752490458214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757398693384, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172178336315985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1151591705854751239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151591707524559095, articleId=1151591706979299572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Coupling mechanism of air traffic operation safety risk based on N-K-FRAM, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the coupled evolution mechanism of air traffic operation safety risk,clarify the mechanism of coupling and mutation formation in air traffic operation systems based on a combination of the N-K model and FRAM. Firstly,textual data on unsafe incidents was collected. The risk factors involved were categorized,and their historical frequency of occurrence and the coupling relationship between risk factors were obtained. Secondly,the N-K model was used to solve the coupling degree values between air traffic operational risk factors. Finally,based on the output time and accuracy,the variability of the FRAM functional module was quantitatively evaluated,analyzing the coupling mechanism of air traffic operational safety risks,and safety risk analysis was conducted using regional area navigation(RNAV)approach unsafe events and deviation route unsafe events as examples. The results indicate that the evaluation method based on improved FRAM can quantitatively calculate the variability between functional modules in a reasonable and effective manner,weaken the dependence of traditional analysis methods on subjective consciousness,and make the analysis results more objective and scientific.

, correspAuthors=Honghai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yike LI, Honghai ZHANG, Zongbei SHI, Jinlun ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151591728496079339, articleId=1151591706979299572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于N-K-FRAM的空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究空中交通运行安全风险耦合演化特征,厘清基于N-K模型与功能共振分析方法(FRAM)相结合的空中交通运行系统耦合变异形成机制,首先,收集不安全事件文本数据,归纳事件中的风险因素并归类,得到其历史发生频率以及风险因素之间的耦合关系;其次,利用N-K模型求解运行风险因素间的耦合度值;然后,结合输出时间与精度,定量评估FRAM功能模块的可变性,分析空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制;最后,分别以区域导航(RNAV)进近不安全事件与偏离航路不安全事件为例,分析其安全风险。结果表明:基于N-K-FRAM的风险耦合机制能够合理有效地定量计算功能模块间的变异性,弱化了传统分析方法对主观意识的依赖性,分析结果更为客观科学。

, correspAuthors=张洪海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**张洪海(1979—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事空中交通管理、通用航空及无人机管控等方面的研究。E-mail:
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李一可 (1997—),女,甘肃临夏人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为航空安全管理。E-mail:

张洪海 教授

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李一可 (1997—),女,甘肃临夏人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为航空安全管理。E-mail:

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China Safety Science Journal, 2008, 18(1):131-138., articleTitle=Application of multi-layer fuzzy evaluation method to risk assessment in civil aviation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172490799444017768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, awardId=U2133207, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(U2133207), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172490799565652585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, awardId=MJZ1-7N22, language=CN, fundingSource=中国工业和信息化部民用飞机专项科研(MJZ1-7N22), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172490791810384418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490791818773027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, companyId=1172490791810384418, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Civil Aviation,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing Jiangsu 211106,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490791827161636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, companyId=1172490791810384418, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京航空航天大学 民航学院,江苏 南京 211106)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172490791890076197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490791898464806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, companyId=1172490791890076197, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of National Air Traffic Control Flight Flow Management Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 211106,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172490791906853415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, companyId=1172490791890076197, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国家空管飞行流量管理技术重点实验室,江苏 南京 211106)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172490795333599818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=FRAM hexagonal function module, figureFileSmall=4ai7E7MQJYuZvsV+aWjUCA==, figureFileBig=MHibCNyNouIp0/guE/QW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490795467817547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FRAM六角功能模块, figureFileSmall=4ai7E7MQJYuZvsV+aWjUCA==, figureFileBig=MHibCNyNouIp0/guE/QW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490795572675148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=System operational evolutionary mechanism of risk coupling based on FRAM, figureFileSmall=CtDNTmwTb4DwGNtYMT4oaQ==, figureFileBig=ilU0r43KxFeHkWXC1Ei0jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490795685921357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于FRAM的空中交通运行系统风险耦合演化, figureFileSmall=CtDNTmwTb4DwGNtYMT4oaQ==, figureFileBig=ilU0r43KxFeHkWXC1Ei0jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490795774001742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Factors on function performance variability, figureFileSmall=JVfMod2UHPuOaPOyGbyWVQ==, figureFileBig=TcDkzGKOhjAOnQKtdpFSiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490795874665039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=图3, caption=因素对模块性能可变性的影响, figureFileSmall=JVfMod2UHPuOaPOyGbyWVQ==, figureFileBig=TcDkzGKOhjAOnQKtdpFSiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490796008882768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Failed links in flowchart for RNAV approach, figureFileSmall=WQen8ae4658kxsfIqbnL4Q==, figureFileBig=NJsIljUC4h2gVSAqI+MMAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490796084380241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=图4, caption=RNAV进近流程图中的失误连接, figureFileSmall=WQen8ae4658kxsfIqbnL4Q==, figureFileBig=NJsIljUC4h2gVSAqI+MMAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172490796189237842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Risk factors of air traffic operation system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险因素 详细内容
人为因素 机务人员:心理感知、行为错误/遗忘/缺少/延迟、计划有误、设备使用不当、身体不适、程序相关知识经验不足等;
机组人员:与理解与解释相关的沟通能力,行为上错误/延迟/遗忘,信息处理/决策判断,设备操作经验不足,心理认知/注意力/个性态度等;
管制人员:语言与口音/通信准确性等沟通问题,不正确行为表现/信息处理、设备使用问题等
机器设备
因素
飞机系统:通信系统对讲机故障,防冰/雨/雪系统故障,电力系统故障、起落架系统损坏、飞机控制系统问题、自动飞行系统、数据记录仪、中央警告面板故障等;
飞机结构:挡风玻璃维护不当、尾翼损坏、尾翼维护不当、桁条损坏、短舱结构损坏、座椅损坏等;
飞机动力装置:发动机故障、发动机压缩机磨损、发动机引气系统故障等
环境气象
因素
气象环境:晴空湍流,对流湍流,顺风、大风、降雨、闪电等;
物理环境:地面设备、鸟类动物出现、工作空间环境、跑道表面潮湿、跑道表面覆盖雪/雪泥/冰、周边建筑、地形潮湿泥泞等;
运行环境:机场设施(照明等)、航向道信息准确性、交通拥堵、气象服务信息准确性等
组织管理
因素
政策管理问题、设备设计问题、培训、文件信息充分性与可用性、文件未记录保存等
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796260541011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空中交通运行系统风险因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险因素 详细内容
人为因素 机务人员:心理感知、行为错误/遗忘/缺少/延迟、计划有误、设备使用不当、身体不适、程序相关知识经验不足等;
机组人员:与理解与解释相关的沟通能力,行为上错误/延迟/遗忘,信息处理/决策判断,设备操作经验不足,心理认知/注意力/个性态度等;
管制人员:语言与口音/通信准确性等沟通问题,不正确行为表现/信息处理、设备使用问题等
机器设备
因素
飞机系统:通信系统对讲机故障,防冰/雨/雪系统故障,电力系统故障、起落架系统损坏、飞机控制系统问题、自动飞行系统、数据记录仪、中央警告面板故障等;
飞机结构:挡风玻璃维护不当、尾翼损坏、尾翼维护不当、桁条损坏、短舱结构损坏、座椅损坏等;
飞机动力装置:发动机故障、发动机压缩机磨损、发动机引气系统故障等
环境气象
因素
气象环境:晴空湍流,对流湍流,顺风、大风、降雨、闪电等;
物理环境:地面设备、鸟类动物出现、工作空间环境、跑道表面潮湿、跑道表面覆盖雪/雪泥/冰、周边建筑、地形潮湿泥泞等;
运行环境:机场设施(照明等)、航向道信息准确性、交通拥堵、气象服务信息准确性等
组织管理
因素
政策管理问题、设备设计问题、培训、文件信息充分性与可用性、文件未记录保存等
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796340232788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Coupled risk intensity values and functional performance variability between time and accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准确率 时间特征
过早 适时 过晚 未发生
精确 U01:U∈(0,0.1] U02:U=0 U03:U∈(0.1,0.3] U04:U∈(0.7,0.9]
可接受 U05:U∈(0.1,0.3] U06:U=0 U07:U∈(0.3,0.5] U08:U∈(0.9,1)
不精确 U09:U∈(0.3,0.5] U10:U∈(0.5,0.7] U11:U∈(0.7,0.9] U12:U=1
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796415730261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

耦合风险强度值与功能性能可变性在时间与精度间的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准确率 时间特征
过早 适时 过晚 未发生
精确 U01:U∈(0,0.1] U02:U=0 U03:U∈(0.1,0.3] U04:U∈(0.7,0.9]
可接受 U05:U∈(0.1,0.3] U06:U=0 U07:U∈(0.3,0.5] U08:U∈(0.9,1)
不精确 U09:U∈(0.3,0.5] U10:U∈(0.5,0.7] U11:U∈(0.7,0.9] U12:U=1
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796508004950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relationship description of F4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系 描述
输入 RNAV航路点数据
输出 在有效地FMS飞行计划中验证程序的正确
时间/s 60
前提 FMC飞行计划中的RNAV程序
资源 RNAV进场图
控制 PF和PNF验证程序
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796575113815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

F4关系描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系 描述
输入 RNAV航路点数据
输出 在有效地FMS飞行计划中验证程序的正确
时间/s 60
前提 FMC飞行计划中的RNAV程序
资源 RNAV进场图
控制 PF和PNF验证程序
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796642222680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Coupled probability of each risk factor in F1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=0.298 5 Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=0.417 9 Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=0
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=0.283 6 Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=0 Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=0 Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=0 Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796705137241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

F1中各风险因素的耦合概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=0.298 5 Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=0.417 9 Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=0
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=0.283 6 Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=0 Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=0 Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=0 Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=0 Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=0 Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796784829018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Risk change probability of each risk factor in Fl

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.417 9 Ph=1=0.582 1 Pm=0=1.000 0 Pm=1=0.000 0 P e = 0=1.000 0 P e = 1=0.000 0 P g = 0=0.298 5 P g = 1=0.701 5
Ph=0,m=0=
0.417 9
Ph=0,m=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0=
0.582 1
Ph=1,m=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0=
0.417 9
P h = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0=
0.582 1
Ph=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=1,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=1,g=1=
0.283 6
Pm=0,e=0=
1.000 0
P m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,g=1=
0.701 5
Pm=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,g=1=
0.000 0
P e = 0 g = 0=
0.298 5
P e = 0 g = 1=
0.701 5
P e = 1 g = 0=
0.000
P e = 1 g = 1=
0.000
Nh=0,m=0,e=0=
0.417 9
N h = 0 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Nh=0,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Nh=1,m=0,e=0=
0.582 1
Nh=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000
N h = 1 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000
Nh=1,m=1,e=0=
0.000
Nh=1,m=1,e=1=
0.000
Ph=0,m=0,e=0=
0.417 9
P h = 0 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,e=0=
0.582 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
P h = 1 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.283 6
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.124 7
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.293 2
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.173 8
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.408 3
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.283 6
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.124 7
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.293 2
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.173 8
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.408 3
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.701 5
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490796956795483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

F1中各风险因素的风险变化概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.417 9 Ph=1=0.582 1 Pm=0=1.000 0 Pm=1=0.000 0 P e = 0=1.000 0 P e = 1=0.000 0 P g = 0=0.298 5 P g = 1=0.701 5
Ph=0,m=0=
0.417 9
Ph=0,m=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0=
0.582 1
Ph=1,m=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0=
0.417 9
P h = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0=
0.582 1
Ph=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=1,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=1,g=1=
0.283 6
Pm=0,e=0=
1.000 0
P m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,g=1=
0.701 5
Pm=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,g=1=
0.000 0
P e = 0 g = 0=
0.298 5
P e = 0 g = 1=
0.701 5
P e = 1 g = 0=
0.000
P e = 1 g = 1=
0.000
Nh=0,m=0,e=0=
0.417 9
N h = 0 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Nh=0,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Nh=1,m=0,e=0=
0.582 1
Nh=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000
N h = 1 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000
Nh=1,m=1,e=0=
0.000
Nh=1,m=1,e=1=
0.000
Ph=0,m=0,e=0=
0.417 9
P h = 0 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,e=0=
0.582 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
P h = 1 m = 0 e = 1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.283 6
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.124 7
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.293 2
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.173 8
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.408 3
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.283 6
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.417 9
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.124 7
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.293 2
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.173 8
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.408 3
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.298 5
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.701 5
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797061653084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Coupled probability of each risk factor in F9

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=
0.287 6
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.146 7
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.001 9
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.075 3
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.094 6
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.040 5
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.015 4
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.023 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.015 4
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.021 2
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.005 8
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.003 9
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.023 3
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797242008157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

F9中各风险因素的耦合概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=
0.287 6
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.146 7
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.001 9
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.075 3
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.094 6
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.040 5
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.015 4
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.023 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.015 4
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.021 2
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.005 8
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.003 9
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.023 3
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797413974622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Risk change probability of each risk factor in F9

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.436 3 Ph=1=0.563 7 Pm=0=0.675 6 Pm=1=0.324 4 Pe=0=0.596 4 Pe=1=0.403 6 Pg=0=0.864 8 Pg=1=0.135 2
Ph=0,m=0=
0.247 1
Ph=0,m=1=
0.189 2
Ph=1,m=0=
0.428 5
Ph=1,m=1=
0.135 2
Ph=0,e=0=
0.171 8
Ph=0,e=1=
0.260 6
Ph=1,e=0=
0.424 6
Ph=1,e=1=
0.139 1
Ph=0,g=0=
0.407 3
Ph=0,g=1=
0.029 0
Ph=1,g=0=
0.472 9
Ph=1,g=1=
0.090 8
Pm=0,e=0=
0.330 0
Pm=0,e=1=
0.345 6
Pm=1,e=0=
0.266 4
Pm=1,e=1=
0.058 0
Pm=0,g=0=
0.627 4
Pm=0,g=1=
0.048 2
Pm=1,g=0=
0.252 8
Pm=1,g=1=
0.071 6
Pe=0,g=0=
0.509 6
Pe=0,g=1=
0.086 8
Pe=1,g=0=
0.370 6
Pe=1,g=1=
0.033 0
Ph=0=0.436 3 Ph=1=0.563 7 Pm=0=0.675 6 Pm=1=0.324 4 Pe=0=0.596 4 Pe=1=0.403 6 Pg=0=0.864 8 Pg=1=0.135 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=0=
0.001 9
Ph=0,m=0,e=1=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=1,e=0=
0.169 9
Ph=1,m=0,e=0=
0.328 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=1=
0.019 3
Ph=1,m=0,e=1=
0.100 4
Ph=1,m=1,e=0=
0.096 5
Ph=1,m=1,e=1=
0.038 7
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.001 9
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.162 1
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.382 2
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.027 1
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.046 3
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.090 7
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.044 5
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.146 7
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.025 1
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.260 6
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.362 9
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.003 9
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.061 7
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.110 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.029 1
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.287 6
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.042 4
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.339 8
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.222 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.005 8
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.044 4
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.030 8
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.027 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797514637919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

F9中各风险因素的风险变化概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.436 3 Ph=1=0.563 7 Pm=0=0.675 6 Pm=1=0.324 4 Pe=0=0.596 4 Pe=1=0.403 6 Pg=0=0.864 8 Pg=1=0.135 2
Ph=0,m=0=
0.247 1
Ph=0,m=1=
0.189 2
Ph=1,m=0=
0.428 5
Ph=1,m=1=
0.135 2
Ph=0,e=0=
0.171 8
Ph=0,e=1=
0.260 6
Ph=1,e=0=
0.424 6
Ph=1,e=1=
0.139 1
Ph=0,g=0=
0.407 3
Ph=0,g=1=
0.029 0
Ph=1,g=0=
0.472 9
Ph=1,g=1=
0.090 8
Pm=0,e=0=
0.330 0
Pm=0,e=1=
0.345 6
Pm=1,e=0=
0.266 4
Pm=1,e=1=
0.058 0
Pm=0,g=0=
0.627 4
Pm=0,g=1=
0.048 2
Pm=1,g=0=
0.252 8
Pm=1,g=1=
0.071 6
Pe=0,g=0=
0.509 6
Pe=0,g=1=
0.086 8
Pe=1,g=0=
0.370 6
Pe=1,g=1=
0.033 0
Ph=0=0.436 3 Ph=1=0.563 7 Pm=0=0.675 6 Pm=1=0.324 4 Pe=0=0.596 4 Pe=1=0.403 6 Pg=0=0.864 8 Pg=1=0.135 2
Ph=0,m=0,e=0=
0.001 9
Ph=0,m=0,e=1=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=1,e=0=
0.169 9
Ph=1,m=0,e=0=
0.328 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=1=
0.019 3
Ph=1,m=0,e=1=
0.100 4
Ph=1,m=1,e=0=
0.096 5
Ph=1,m=1,e=1=
0.038 7
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.245 2
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.001 9
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.162 1
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.382 2
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.027 1
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.046 3
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.090 7
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.044 5
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.146 7
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.025 1
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.260 6
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.362 9
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.003 9
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.061 7
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.110 0
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.029 1
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.287 6
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.042 4
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.339 8
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.222 0
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.005 8
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.044 4
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.030 8
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.027 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797736936032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Coupling risk intensity of each functional module in unsafe RNAV approach events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能
模块
U(H,M) U(H,E) U(H,G) U(M,E) U(M,G) U(H,M,E) U(H,M,G) U(H,E,G) U(M,E,G) U(H,M,E,G)
F1 0.097 6 0.017 1 0.297 6
F5 0.030 0 0.008 3 0.031 7 0.234 1
F6 0.073 6 0.125 2 0.285 7
F8 0.018 2 0.027 4 0.335 9
F9 0.030 3 0.088 7 0.017 4 0.077 9 0.032 6 0.444 1 0.097 3 0.137 8 0.152 3 0.542 8
), ArticleFig(id=1172490797875348065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

RNAV进近不安全事件中各模块的耦合风险度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能
模块
U(H,M) U(H,E) U(H,G) U(M,E) U(M,G) U(H,M,E) U(H,M,G) U(H,E,G) U(M,E,G) U(H,M,E,G)
F1 0.097 6 0.017 1 0.297 6
F5 0.030 0 0.008 3 0.031 7 0.234 1
F6 0.073 6 0.125 2 0.285 7
F8 0.018 2 0.027 4 0.335 9
F9 0.030 3 0.088 7 0.017 4 0.077 9 0.032 6 0.444 1 0.097 3 0.137 8 0.152 3 0.542 8
), ArticleFig(id=1172490798005371490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Coupling probability of each risk factors in function⑨ of unsafe deviation from route events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.055 6
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.166 7
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.129 5
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.222 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490798236058211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

偏离航路不安全事件模块⑨中各风险因素的耦合概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=0,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,e=0,g=1=
0.055 6
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=0,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,m=1,e=0,g=1=
0.166 7
Ph=1,m=0,e=1,g=1=
0.129 5
Ph=0,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=1,e=1,g=1=
0.222 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490798428996196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Risk change probability for each risk factors in function⑨ of unsafe deviation from route events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.203 7 Ph=1=0.796 3 Pm=0=0.407 3 Pm=1=0.592 7 P e = 0=0.518 6 P e = 1=0.481 4 P g = 0=0.389 P g = 1=0.611
Ph=0,m=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1=
0.092 6
Ph=1,m=0=
0.296 2
Ph=1,m=1=
0.500 1
Ph=0,e=0=
0.129 6
Ph=0,e=1=
0.074 1
Ph=1,e=0=
0.389
Ph=1,e=1=
0.407 3
Ph=0,g=0=
0.166 7
Ph=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=1,g=0=
0.222 3
Ph=1,g=1=
0.57 4
Pm=0,e=0=
0.203 7
Pm=0,e=1=
0.203 6
Pm=1,e=0=
0.314 9
Pm=1,e=1=
0.277 8
Ph=0=0.203 7 Ph=1=0.796 3 Pm=0=0.407 3 Pm=1=0.592 7 P e = 0=0.518 6 P e = 1=0.481 4 P g = 0=0.389 P g = 1=0.611
Pm=0,g=0=
0.185 2
Pm=0,g=1=
0.222 2
Pm=1,g=0=
0.203 7
Pm=1,g=1=
0.388 9
Pe=0,g=0=
0.259 3
Pe=0,g=1=
0.259 3
Pe=1,g=0=
0.129 6
Pe=1,g=1=
0.351 8
Nh=0,m=0,e=0=
0.037 0
Nh=0,m=0,e=1=
0.074 1
Nh=0,m=1,e=0=
0.092 6
Nh=1,m=0,e=0=
0.166 7
Nh=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Nh=1,m=0,e=1=
0.129 5
Nh=1,m=1,e=0=
0.222 3
Nh=1,m=1,e=1=
0.277 8
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.185 1
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.111 2
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.388 9
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.166 7
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.222 3
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.351 7
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.092 8
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.148 2
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.129 5
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.166 7
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.222 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490798588379749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

偏离航路不安全事件模块⑨中各风险因素的风险变化概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ph=0=0.203 7 Ph=1=0.796 3 Pm=0=0.407 3 Pm=1=0.592 7 P e = 0=0.518 6 P e = 1=0.481 4 P g = 0=0.389 P g = 1=0.611
Ph=0,m=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1=
0.092 6
Ph=1,m=0=
0.296 2
Ph=1,m=1=
0.500 1
Ph=0,e=0=
0.129 6
Ph=0,e=1=
0.074 1
Ph=1,e=0=
0.389
Ph=1,e=1=
0.407 3
Ph=0,g=0=
0.166 7
Ph=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=1,g=0=
0.222 3
Ph=1,g=1=
0.57 4
Pm=0,e=0=
0.203 7
Pm=0,e=1=
0.203 6
Pm=1,e=0=
0.314 9
Pm=1,e=1=
0.277 8
Ph=0=0.203 7 Ph=1=0.796 3 Pm=0=0.407 3 Pm=1=0.592 7 P e = 0=0.518 6 P e = 1=0.481 4 P g = 0=0.389 P g = 1=0.611
Pm=0,g=0=
0.185 2
Pm=0,g=1=
0.222 2
Pm=1,g=0=
0.203 7
Pm=1,g=1=
0.388 9
Pe=0,g=0=
0.259 3
Pe=0,g=1=
0.259 3
Pe=1,g=0=
0.129 6
Pe=1,g=1=
0.351 8
Nh=0,m=0,e=0=
0.037 0
Nh=0,m=0,e=1=
0.074 1
Nh=0,m=1,e=0=
0.092 6
Nh=1,m=0,e=0=
0.166 7
Nh=0,m=1,e=1=
0.000 0
Nh=1,m=0,e=1=
0.129 5
Nh=1,m=1,e=0=
0.222 3
Nh=1,m=1,e=1=
0.277 8
Ph=0,m=0,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=0,m=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=0,m=1,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=1,m=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Ph=0,m=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,m=0,g=1=
0.185 1
Ph=1,m=1,g=0=
0.111 2
Ph=1,m=1,g=1=
0.388 9
Ph=0,e=0,g=0=
0.092 6
Ph=0,e=0,g=1=
0.037 0
Ph=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Ph=1,e=0,g=0=
0.166 7
Ph=0,e=1,g=1=
0.000 0
Ph=1,e=0,g=1=
0.222 3
Ph=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Ph=1,e=1,g=1=
0.351 7
Pm=0,e=0,g=0=
0.111 1
Pm=0,e=0,g=1=
0.092 8
Pm=0,e=1,g=0=
0.074 1
Pm=1,e=0,g=0=
0.148 2
Pm=0,e=1,g=1=
0.129 5
Pm=1,e=0,g=1=
0.166 7
Pm=1,e=1,g=0=
0.055 6
Pm=1,e=1,g=1=
0.222 2
), ArticleFig(id=1172490798764540518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Coupling risk intensity of each functional module in unsafe deviation from route events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能
模块
U(H,M) U(H,E) U(H,G) U(M,G) U(E,G) U(H,M,E) U(H,M,G) U(H,E,G) U(H,M,E,G)
F② 0.186 5
F③ 0.057 8 0.103 1 0.216 5
F⑧ 0.035 4 0.125 2 0.295 8
F⑨ 0.292 7 0.432 3
F⑩ 0.014 4 0.030 5 0.144 6 0.041 0 0.307 5 0.245 2 0.552 9
), ArticleFig(id=1172490799016198759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1151591706979299572, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

偏离航路不安全事件中各模块的耦合风险度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能
模块
U(H,M) U(H,E) U(H,G) U(M,G) U(E,G) U(H,M,E) U(H,M,G) U(H,E,G) U(H,M,E,G)
F② 0.186 5
F③ 0.057 8 0.103 1 0.216 5
F⑧ 0.035 4 0.125 2 0.295 8
F⑨ 0.292 7 0.432 3
F⑩ 0.014 4 0.030 5 0.144 6 0.041 0 0.307 5 0.245 2 0.552 9
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基于N-K-FRAM的空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制
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李一可 1, 2 , 张洪海 1, 2, ** , 石宗北 1, 2 , 周锦伦 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(5): 175-185
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(5): 175-185
基于N-K-FRAM的空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制
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李一可1, 2 , 张洪海1, 2, ** , 石宗北1, 2, 周锦伦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 南京航空航天大学 民航学院,江苏 南京 211106
  • 2 国家空管飞行流量管理技术重点实验室,江苏 南京 211106
  • 李一可 (1997—),女,甘肃临夏人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为航空安全管理。E-mail:

    张洪海 教授

通讯作者:

**张洪海(1979—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事空中交通管理、通用航空及无人机管控等方面的研究。E-mail:
Coupling mechanism of air traffic operation safety risk based on N-K-FRAM
Yike LI1, 2 , Honghai ZHANG1, 2, ** , Zongbei SHI1, 2, Jinlun ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Civil Aviation,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing Jiangsu 211106,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of National Air Traffic Control Flight Flow Management Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 211106,China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1552
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为探究空中交通运行安全风险耦合演化特征,厘清基于N-K模型与功能共振分析方法(FRAM)相结合的空中交通运行系统耦合变异形成机制,首先,收集不安全事件文本数据,归纳事件中的风险因素并归类,得到其历史发生频率以及风险因素之间的耦合关系;其次,利用N-K模型求解运行风险因素间的耦合度值;然后,结合输出时间与精度,定量评估FRAM功能模块的可变性,分析空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制;最后,分别以区域导航(RNAV)进近不安全事件与偏离航路不安全事件为例,分析其安全风险。结果表明:基于N-K-FRAM的风险耦合机制能够合理有效地定量计算功能模块间的变异性,弱化了传统分析方法对主观意识的依赖性,分析结果更为客观科学。

空中交通运行  /  安全风险耦合  /  N-K模型  /  功能共振分析方法(FRAM)  /  不安全事件

In order to explore the coupled evolution mechanism of air traffic operation safety risk,clarify the mechanism of coupling and mutation formation in air traffic operation systems based on a combination of the N-K model and FRAM. Firstly,textual data on unsafe incidents was collected. The risk factors involved were categorized,and their historical frequency of occurrence and the coupling relationship between risk factors were obtained. Secondly,the N-K model was used to solve the coupling degree values between air traffic operational risk factors. Finally,based on the output time and accuracy,the variability of the FRAM functional module was quantitatively evaluated,analyzing the coupling mechanism of air traffic operational safety risks,and safety risk analysis was conducted using regional area navigation(RNAV)approach unsafe events and deviation route unsafe events as examples. The results indicate that the evaluation method based on improved FRAM can quantitatively calculate the variability between functional modules in a reasonable and effective manner,weaken the dependence of traditional analysis methods on subjective consciousness,and make the analysis results more objective and scientific.

air traffic operations  /  safety risk coupling  /  N-K model  /  functional resonance analysis method (FRAM)  /  unsafe events
李一可, 张洪海, 石宗北, 周锦伦. 基于N-K-FRAM的空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (5) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1552
Yike LI, Honghai ZHANG, Zongbei SHI, Jinlun ZHOU. Coupling mechanism of air traffic operation safety risk based on N-K-FRAM[J]. China Safety Science Journal(CSSJ), 2024 , 34 (5) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1552
安全是民航运行的第一要义,空中交通运行系统是一个动态的复杂系统,具有多技术、多人及人机交互的特点[1]。空中交通不安全事件的发生往往是各种因素综合作用的结果,难以准确地对其量化。因此,从耦合机制角度出发,阐述系统运行耦合变异过程,计算耦合效应,对空中交通运行系统安全风险评估与管理具有重要意义。
近年来国内外学者[2-4]十分重视系统运行安全性分析方面的研究,例如:徐远[4]利用功能共振分析方法(Functional Resonance Analysis Method,FRAM)分析了空中交通运行中的碰撞事件,通过识别系统潜在风险,评估运行系统的安全性。FRAM法是一种基于随机共振理论的定性型系统事故分析方法[5],可改善复杂系统中确定性与概率性分析的局限性,解释功能共振的产生,并发现复杂系统中的弱点,提出系统运行改进措施,已被应用于铁路交通[6]、医疗卫生[7]、工业运营[8]等多方面的复杂任务环境风险评估或事故调查中。由于FRAM法为定性类的分析方法,因此,学者们[9-11]对其加以改进,并分为定性改进和定量改进2类。定性改进的研究重点主要集中在更精确地识别系统功能或定义功能的可变性;对于精确识别系统功能,最初在功能模块的细化上通常是主观定义,无明确的停止规则和分析分辨率,导致了功能模块识别的随机性。为了克服这一局限,有学者通过引入其他方法改进对系统功能识别的效果,如结合行动者网络理论[12]、风险矩阵[13]、事故因果关系理论[14]等;另一方面是定义功能的可变性,有研究在FRAM法中定义了11种可能影响人员绩效的共同绩效条件(Common Performance Conditions,CPCs)[15],将包括弹性系统、预期失效分析[16]等在内的CPCs与FRAM法相结合,以定性改进FRAM法。定量改进则主要集中在定量或半定量评估FRAM模型功能的可变性方面,一些学者通过使用其他技术与FRAM相结合进行研究,如定义了考虑耦合的CPCs效应的可变性[17],利用层次分析法[18]、认知可靠性与失误分析方法[19]、蒙特卡罗模拟方法[20]以及应用蒙特卡罗量化可变性识别共振函数[21-23],应用综合动态贝叶斯[24]、人与系统交互[25]以及概率分布[26]等方法,来弱化传统FRAM法的主观性缺点。
鉴于此,笔者拟研究一种基于N-K模型与FRAM相结合的空中交通运行安全风险耦合变异形成机制,通过引入N-K模型,并基于不安全事件数据,求解风险因素间的耦合性,定量评价FRAM中功能模块的可变性,同时可以更清晰地展现事故发生过程,为安全管理人员开展空中交通运行安全风险耦合机制研究提供参考。
N-K模型是一种研究生物进化理论的耦合模型[27-28],其在不同领域的应用证明了在安全风险因素分析方面的可行性[29],同时也为空中交通运行安全风险耦合演化分析提供了理论基础。利用N-K模型分析因素间耦合度时,N表示因素的数量,K表示相互作用的因素数量,0≤KN-1。
在FRAM中,复杂系统运行过程在时间维度上可通过多个功能模块进行表述,每个功能模块可用于表述复杂运行系统中的一个子系统。利用输入(Input,I)、输出(Output,O)、时间(Time,T)、前提(Preconditions,P)、资源(Resources,R)以及控制(Control,C)6个属性建立每个功能模块,如图1所示。其中,输入为启动功能模块所需相关事物;前提为功能模块执行前所需具备的条件;资源为功能模块执行时所需相关资源;控制为对功能模块进行检测、控制等;输出为功能模块运行输出的实体或状态结果;时间为对功能模块运行时间的约束条件,如起始时间、结束时间、持续时间。
FRAM的步骤分为:识别、描述空中交通运行过程的基本功能模块;分析功能模块的潜在可变性;发现功能模块之间的共振并构建网络图;基于结果设置屏障,并提出事故或风险控制措施。
从理论上讲,在空中交通运行风险因素的影响下,其功能模块会产生非正常振动并变异,变异性可能会传播并影响与其相关的功能模块,导致相关功能模块出现异常振动。从物理角度来看,上/下游功能模块中的异常振动会引起功能共振,上游功能模块和下游功能模块间的正常连接会被破坏,当功能共振强度超过系统风险事故的临界阈值时,系统将发生事故[9]。基于FRAM的空中交通系统运行风险耦合演化过程如图2所示。
图2可以看出,在时间t1时,因空中交通运行系统中,风险因素所带风险能量对系统运行带来扰动,从而造成风险震荡 S t 1,其对空中交通运行子防御系统 d t 1进行攻击,若 S t 1 d t 1,则未冲破防御系统,系统安全;若 S t 1> d t 1,则冲破防御系统。随后风险因素与其他风险因素进行耦合,形成新的风险震荡 S t 2,其对FRAM功能模块防御系统 D t 2进行攻击,若 S t 2 D t 2,新的耦合风险震荡冲破防御系统,但系统安全;若 S t 2> D t 2,则耦合风险震荡冲破总防御系统,并导致系统状态发生变化,FRAM中的功能模块发生变化。
针对空中交通运行安全问题,根据文献[30],结合不安全事件报告文本数据内容,将系统运行过程中每个功能模块中的风险因素进行定性分类,得到人为因素、设备因素、环境因素和组织因素的历史发生频率,接着在每个功能模块中确定风险因素间的耦合关系,并基于N-K模型计算耦合风险度。空中交通运行中的风险因素总结见表1
使用 H M E G表示人、机、环和管。 h m e g表示人、机、环和管的状态,其用二进制数0和1表示。
以人为失误为例, i f h = 1则人为失误的风险震荡冲破了防御系统, i f h = 0则人为失误的风险震荡没有冲破防御系统。交互信息U表示风险因素间的耦合风险强度值, U ( H M )表示人与航空器间的耦合风险强度, U ( H M E )表示人、航空器、环之间的耦合风险强度, U ( H M E G )表示人、航空器、环和管间的耦合风险强度。空中交通运行安全风险耦合按组合类型数量分为以下4大类:
1) 单因素风险耦合是指空中交通运行安全的单类因素之间相互作用,其耦合风险值分别记为 U ( H ) U ( M ) U ( E ) U ( G )
2) 双因素风险耦合是指影响空中交通运行安全的2类因素之间相互作用,其耦合风险值分别记为 U ( H M ) U ( H E ) U ( H G ) U ( M E ) U ( M G ) U ( E G )
3) 三因素风险耦合是指影响空中交通运行安全的3类因素之间相互作用,耦合风险值分别记为 U ( H M E ) U ( H M G ) U ( H E G ) U ( M E G )
4) 四因素风险耦合是指影响空中交通运行安全的4类因素之间相互作用,耦合风险值分别记为 U ( H M E G ),总耦合风险值用U表示。
空中交通运行系统中双因素、三因素与四因素风险耦合效应度量如下:
1) 空中交通运行系统双因素耦合。

U ( H M ) = h H m M P h m . . · l o g 2 [ P h m . . / P h · P . m . . ] U ( H E ) = h H e E P h . e . · l o g 2 [ P h . e . / P h · P . . e . ] U ( H G ) = h H g G P h . . g · l o g 2 [ P h . . g / P h · P g ] U ( M E ) = m M e E P . m e . · l o g 2 [ P . m e . / P . m . . · P . . e . ] U ( M G ) = m M g G P . m . g · l o g 2 [ P . m . g / P . m . . · P g ] U ( E G ) = e E g G P . . e g · l o g 2 [ P . . e g / P . . e . · P g ]

H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }
式中 P h m . . P . m e . P h . e . P h . . g P . m . g P . . e g为双因素相互作用的风险因素的风险变化率。以 P h m . .为例,计算过程如下:

P h m . . = e E g G P ' h m e g H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }

式中: P ' h m e g为飞行员/机组人员/管制员等处于第h种状态,飞机系统/结构等处于第m种状态,气象环境/运行环境等处于第e种状态,组织管理处于第g种状态4种因素风险耦合发生的概率; P h P . m . . P . . e . P g分别为空中交通运行系统中各风险因素在不同状态下的概率。以 P h 为例,计算过程如下:
P h = m M e E g G P ' h m e g H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }
2) 空中交通运行系统三因素耦合。

U ( H M E ) = h H m M e E P h m e . · l o g 2 [ P h m e . / P h · P . m . . · P . . e . ] U ( H E G ) = h H e E g G P h . e g · l o g 2 [ P h . e g / P h · P . . e . · P g ] U ( H M G ) = h H m M g G P h m . g · l o g 2 [ P h m . g / P h · P . m . . · P g ] U ( M E G ) = m M e E g G P . m e g · l o g 2 [ P . m e g / P . m . . · P . . e . · P g ]

H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }
式中 P h m e . P h m . g P h . e g P . m e g为三因素相互作用的风险因素的风险变化率,以 P h m e .为例,计算过程如下:
P h m e . = g G P ' h m e g H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }
3) 空中交通运行系统四因素耦合。
U ( H M E G ) = h m e g P h m e g · l o g 2 [ P h m e g / P h · P . m . . · P . . e . · P g ] H = { 0,1 } M = { 0,1 } E = { 0,1 } G = { 0,1 }
式中 U ( H M E G )表示对空中交通运行安全风险耦合效应的综合度量,其值越大则代表发生风险的概率越大。从式(1)、式(4)和式(6)可以发现,耦合次数与系统运行安全相关,耦合次数越多,耦合风险度越大。基于公式计算求得耦合风险度值,对由风险因素引起的功能模块的可变性进行排序和定量分析。
基于式(1)、式(4)和式(6),求解耦合风险强度值U后,可定量分析由空中交通运行风险因素引起的功能模块的变异性。一般来说,耦合风险强度值U在[0,1][31],耦合风险度的数值越大,FRAM功能模块的可变性概率越大。根据耦合强度将U的值从高到低划分为8个等级,即U = 0、U∈(0, 0.1]、U∈(0.1, 0.3]、U∈(0.3,0.5]、U∈(0.5, 0.7]、U∈(0.7, 0.9]、U∈(0.9, 1)和U = 1。如果U = 0,则风险因素之间没有耦合,功能模块没有变化。如果U = 1,风险因素和功能模块的可变性之间一定存在耦合。在FRAM的步骤2中,通过时间与精度对输出(Output)进行定义[27]。建立基于N-K模型的耦合风险强度值与功能性能可变性在时间与精度间的关系[32],见表2;耦合风险因素对模块可变性影响度如图3所示。
民航不安全运行事件报告是民航领域内所有不正常事件的第一手资料,是不正常事件演化经过真实详细的记录总结[33]
文中对美国国家运输安全委员会航空事故数据库中2012—2022年不安全事件报告进行筛选、统计与分类,最终得到共计518份报告,根据不安全事件报告文本,以文本主题以及包含事件发生基本情况、发生原因、最终结果等全过程为框架对其进行拆分,统计“人、机、管、环”4种风险因素的发生频次,以“0”表示该因素处于安全状态,“1”表示该风险因素突破防御系统。通过筛出与文中研究无关的文本数据信息、拆解不安全事件、总结风险因素、多因素风险耦合组合等步骤对不安全事件进行统计与处理。
区域导航(Regional Area Navigation,RNAV)技术是近年来民航导航领域出现的新技术,随着星基导航(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)的发展,其有着广泛的应用前景,因此,文中选择RNAV进近不安全事件以及较为常规的偏离航路不安全事件为例,进行实例分析。
以RNAV进近不安全事件为背景进行案例研究,根据事件报告,有11个功能模块,需要基于FRAM进行分析,包括F1:将进近程序编码载入导航数据库;F2:在A/C中加载导航数据库;F3:在飞行管理计算机(Flight Management Computer,FMC)的飞行计划中添加RNAV程序;F4:检查添加的程序是否正确;F5:在侧向导航(Lateral Navigation,LNAV)和垂直导航(Vertical Navigation,VNAV)模式下启动自动驾驶AP或飞行指引FD;F6:导航监视性能;F7:控制飞行技术误差;F8:管理速度使之最晚在决断高着陆;F9:使用决断高的视觉提示使飞机着陆;F10:飞机着陆成功完成;F11:飞机到达机停机位。
利用FRAM六角功能模块原则对每个功能模块进行描述,如F4“检查添加的程序是否正确”中,对其功能模块的具体描述见表3
描述所有模块后,模块之间的正常耦合可以通过描述每个函数的6个关系来确定。利用FRAM工具进行可视化,基于FRAM的RNAV进近不安全事件网络流程图如图4所示。从图4可以看出,主要的关系存在于输出和输入之间,但在输出和资源之间的也会存在关联,即一个模块的输出是另一个模块的资源。此外,耦合关系不代表模块的简单序列,存在一对多和多对一的耦合关系,模块的相对位置不具有任何意义。
由于功能模块F1、F5、F6和F8存在潜在连接失败,统计人为失误(H)、机械故障(M)、环境气象(E)和组织管理(G)的历史发生频率,以及上述功能模块的风险因素耦合,并计算出耦合概率。用 N h m e g h { 0,1 } m { 0,1 } e { 0,1 } g { 0,1 }表示历史发生频率,用 P h m e g h { 0,1 } m { 0,1 } e { 0,1 } g { 0,1 }表示当H处于状态hM处于状态mE处于状态eG处于状态g时每个风险因素的耦合概率。据此求解F1、F5、F6、F8和F9中各风险因素的耦合概率,F1与F9中各风险因素的耦合概率结果及各风险因素的风险变化概率见表4表7
分别统计F1、F5、F6、F8、F9的发生频率以及风险因素耦合概率,并结合式(1)、式(4)和式(6)得各功能模块的耦合风险度值,见表8。从中可以看出,人为风险因素和组织风险因素会影响正常的操作,导致F1的变异性。人为风险因素、机械故障风险因素以及组织风险因素会影响正常运行,导致F5、F6和F8的变异性。人为风险因素、机械故障风险因素、环境风险因素和组织风险因素将影响正常运行并导致F9的变异性。
根据计算结果以及表8图3可以发现,F1(U03级,或U05级)、F5(U03级,或U05级)和F6(U03级,或 U 0 5级)的耦合风险强度小,而F8(U09级,或U07级)的耦合风险强度中等。F9(U10级)具有最高的耦合风险强度。
由不安全事件报告可知:飞行员在降落过程中忽略了来自F8的信息,所掌握的速度可以降落,不需要复飞,这说明F9及时收到了F8的信息,但信息不精确,其结果与表2中的U10级结果一致。由图4可以发现,F9的可变性传输至F10,导致2个功能模块间的共振,F9和F10之间的联系被打破,导致了不安全事件的发生。求解所得结果与实际的不安全事件相一致,说明N-K模型能够定量计算FRAM中功能模块的可变性,FRAM与N-K的结合模型是合理有效的。根据数据结果可以发现,耦合次数越频繁,耦合概率就越大,耦合度的计算可认为是耦合频率的层叠过程。
根据不安全事件报告,偏离航路不安全事件有以下12个功能模块:①飞行员驾驶航空器沿规定航路飞行;②航空器在某台偏置进入某扇区;③导航监视性能;④管制员发现航空器偏离指定航迹,询问原因;⑤地空通信性能;⑥机组回复导致偏离航迹的原因;⑦管制员指挥航空器左/右偏置;⑧管制员指挥航空器归航;⑨飞行员回复管制员;⑩管制员指挥飞行员沿指令飞行并通报前方;⑪飞行员收到指令;⑫飞机恢复正常飞行。
依据统计到的人、机、环、管因素的历史发生频率,以及潜在连接失败功能模块风险因素间的耦合关系,计算出耦合概率,进而求解模块中各风险因素的耦合概率,模块⑨中各风险因素的耦合概率与风险变化概率结果分别见表9表10,偏离航路不安全事件中功能模块的耦合风险度见表11
根据不安全事件报告可知:飞行员对来自功能模块⑨的信息未接收完整或对其忽略,而当前已接收到的信息可以进行归航,这说明模块⑪及时收到了模块⑩的信息,但信息内容并不完整或信息内容不够精准,其结果与表2中的等级U10一致。
1) 引入N-K模型,利用民航运行不安全事件数据,求解分析风险因素间的风险变化率与功能模块的可变性,避免了空中交通运行安全风险耦合研究的主观性和片面性,大大提升了评估结果的客观性与科学性。
2) 基于上述分析,提出对空中交通运行安全的相关建议:空中交通运行中人员因素对不安全事件发生有较大影响,因此,需将空中交通运行相关工作人员的行为规范放在首位,减少人因失误;对于常见的气象风险因素,需制定完善的应对方案,以便工作人员及时应对,减轻气象环境因素对系统安全运行的影响;风险因素耦合度的定量计算可视为耦合频率叠加的过程。耦合次数越多,耦合概率越大,耦合度越大,进而风险越大,事故发生概率也越大,因此,应尽量避免多因素耦合风险事件。
3) 文中针对N-K模型,只考虑了风险因素间没有耦合、功能模块没有变化,以及风险因素和功能模块的可变性之间一定存在耦合等2种状态,对于中间状态未作考虑,后续应考虑多种或连续状态对耦合概率的影响并加以改进。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(U2133207)
  • 中国工业和信息化部民用飞机专项科研(MJZ1-7N22)
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2024年第34卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.05.1552
  • 接收时间:2023-11-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-20
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(U2133207)
中国工业和信息化部民用飞机专项科研(MJZ1-7N22)
作者信息
    1 南京航空航天大学 民航学院,江苏 南京 211106
    2 国家空管飞行流量管理技术重点实验室,江苏 南京 211106

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**张洪海(1979—),男,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事空中交通管理、通用航空及无人机管控等方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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